1
|
Campbell JS, Pearce JC, Bebes A, Pradhan A, Yuecel R, Brown AJP, Wakefield JG. Characterising phagocytes and measuring phagocytosis from live Galleria mellonella larvae. Virulence 2024; 15:2313413. [PMID: 38357909 PMCID: PMC10877982 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2313413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the larva of the greater waxmoth, Galleria mellonella, has rapidly increased in popularity as an in vivo mammalian replacement model organism for the study of human pathogens. Experimental readouts of response to infection are most often limited to observing the melanization cascade and quantifying larval death and, whilst transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, and methods to determine microbial load are also used, a more comprehensive toolkit of profiling infection over time could transform the applicability of this model. As an invertebrate, Galleria harbour an innate immune system comprised of both humoral components and a repertoire of innate immune cells - termed haemocytes. Although information on subtypes of haemocytes exists, there are conflicting reports on their exact number and function. Flow cytometry has previously been used to assay Galleria haemocytes, but protocols include both centrifugation and fixation - physical methods which have the potential to affect haemocyte morphology prior to analysis. Here, we present a method for live haemocyte analysis by flow cytometry, revealing that Galleria haemocytes constitute only a single resolvable population, based on relative size or internal complexity. Using fluorescent zymosan particles, we extend our method to show that up to 80% of the Galleria haemocyte population display phagocytic capability. Finally, we demonstrate that the developed assay reliably replicates in vitro data, showing that cell wall β-1,3-glucan masking by Candida albicans subverts phagocytic responses. As such, our method provides a new tool with which to rapidly assess phagocytosis and understand live infection dynamics in Galleria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Attila Bebes
- Exeter Centre for Cytomics, Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Raif Yuecel
- Exeter Centre for Cytomics, Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pereira SB, de Mattos DP, Gonzalez MS, Mello CB, Azambuja P, de Castro DP, Vieira CS. Immune signaling pathways in Rhodnius prolixus in the context of Trypanosoma rangeli infection: cellular and humoral immune responses and microbiota modulation. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1435447. [PMID: 39210973 PMCID: PMC11357937 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1435447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rhodnius prolixus is a hematophagous insect and one of the main vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli parasites in Latin America. Gut microbiota and insect immune responses affect T. cruzi and T. rangeli infection within triatomines. Particularly the Toll and IMD signaling pathways activations and how they orchestrate the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expressions in R. prolixus, especially when infected by T. rangeli. Objectives Examine how T. rangeli infection modulates R. prolixus cellular and humoral immunity and its impacts on insect microbiota. Methods R. prolixus was fed on blood containing epimastigotes of T. rangeli, and infection was quantified in insect tissues. The gene expression of dorsal, cactus, relish, PGRP, and AMPs was examined in the midgut, fat body, and salivary glands by quantitative real-time PCR. Microbiota composition was analyzed using RT-q PCR targeting specific bacterial species. Hemocyte numbers and phenoloxidase activity were quantified to assess cellular immune responses. Results T. rangeli infection modulated triatomine immunity in midgut and hemocoel, activating the expression of the NF-kB gene dorsal, associated with the Toll pathway; increasing expression of the gene encoding PGRP receptor, a component involved in the IMD pathway, both in the intestine and fat body; repressing the expression of the relish transcription factor, mainly in salivary glands. Among the R. prolixus AMPs studied, T. rangeli infection repressed all AMP gene expression, other than defensin C which increased mRNA levels. The PO activity was enhanced in the hemolymph of infected insects. T. rangeli infection did not induce hemocyte number alterations compared to control insects. However, an increase in hemocyte microaggregation was detected in infected insects. Discussion R. prolixus recognizes T. rangeli infection and triggers humoral and cellular immune responses involving Toll pathway activation, defensin C synthesis, increased phenoloxidase activity, and enhanced hemocyte aggregation. On the other hand, T. rangeli infection suppressed some IMD pathway components, suggesting that, in R. prolixus, this pathway is involved in defensins A and B gene regulation. Importantly, these immune responses altered the bacterial microbiota composition, potentially favoring T. rangeli establishment in the insect vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Bastos Pereira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora Passos de Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Niterói, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cicero Brasileiro Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Niterói, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Niterói, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Pereira de Castro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Stahl Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okumura Y, Sawa T, Tanaka T, Nakamatsu Y. Characterization of the serosal cells surrounding Cotesia kariyai larvae and their role in host immunosuppression. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 154:104631. [PMID: 38518982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
About half of the serosal cells (Scs) of Cotesia kariyai (Ck) eggs are released as teratocytes into the host body cavity after hatching, and another half remain attached to the larval epidermis until the 1st instar larvae of Ck ecdysis to 2nd instars. To investigate the role of the serosal cells surrounding Ck 1st instar larvae (1st Scs) in immune avoidance, Ck 1st instar larvae with and without Scs removed using dispase were transplanted into Mythimna separata larvae (MsLrv), respectively. As a result, Ck 1st instar larvae surrounded by Scs were less susceptible to the MsL encapsulation than Ck 1st instar larvae without the Scs, suggesting that the Scs are involved in suppressing the encapsulation of the MsL. Furthermore, when the granular cells and plasmatocytes of the MsL involved in the encapsulation were incubated in a medium supplemented with proteins extracted from 1st Scs, the plasmatocytes failed to adhere to glass slides, and did not spread their filopodium and lamellipodium. These findings suggest that 1st Scs express proteins that inhibit filopodium and lamellipodium spreading to prevent the MsL plasmatocytes from adhering to Ck larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okumura
- Kogakkan University, 1704, Kodakushimoto-cho, Ise-City, Mie-Prefecture 516-8555, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sawa
- Kogakkan University, 1704, Kodakushimoto-cho, Ise-City, Mie-Prefecture 516-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamatsu
- Kogakkan University, 1704, Kodakushimoto-cho, Ise-City, Mie-Prefecture 516-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barbosa HJ, Quevedo YS, Torres AM, Veloza GAG, Carranza Martínez JC, Urrea-Montes DA, Robello-Porto C, Vallejo GA. Comparative proteomic analysis of the hemolymph and salivary glands of Rhodnius prolixus and R. colombiensis reveals candidates associated with differential lytic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi Dm28c and T. cruzi Y. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011452. [PMID: 38568999 PMCID: PMC10990223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune response of triatomines plays an important role in the success or failure of transmission of T. cruzi. Studies on parasite-vector interaction have shown the presence of trypanolytic factors and have been observed to be differentially expressed among triatomines, which affects the transmission of some T. cruzi strains or DTUs (Discrete Typing Units). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Trypanolytic factors were detected in the hemolymph and saliva of R. prolixus against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of the Y strain (T. cruzi II). To identify the components of the immune response that could be involved in this lytic activity, a comparative proteomic analysis was carried out, detecting 120 proteins in the hemolymph of R. prolixus and 107 in R. colombiensis. In salivary glands, 1103 proteins were detected in R. prolixus and 853 in R. colombiensis. A higher relative abundance of lysozyme, prolixin, nitrophorins, and serpin as immune response proteins was detected in the hemolymph of R. prolixus. Among the R. prolixus salivary proteins, a higher relative abundance of nitrophorins, lipocalins, and triabins was detected. The higher relative abundance of these immune factors in R. prolixus supports their participation in the lytic activity on Y strain (T. cruzi II), but not on Dm28c (T. cruzi I), which is resistant to lysis by hemolymph and salivary proteins of R. prolixus due to mechanisms of evading oxidative stress caused by immune factors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The lysis resistance observed in the Dm28c strain would be occurring at the DTU I level. T. cruzi I is the DTU with the greatest geographic distribution, from the south of the United States to central Chile and Argentina, a distribution that could be related to resistance to oxidative stress from vectors. Likewise, we can say that lysis against strain Y could occur at the level of DTU II and could be a determinant of the vector inability of these species to transmit T. cruzi II. Future proteomic and transcriptomic studies on vectors and the interactions of the intestinal microbiota with parasites will help to confirm the determinants of successful or failed vector transmission of T. cruzi DTUs in different parts of the Western Hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton J. Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Yazmin Suárez Quevedo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Arlid Meneses Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A. Gaitán Veloza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Julio C. Carranza Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Daniel A. Urrea-Montes
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Carlos Robello-Porto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A. Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orbán-Bakk K, Witek M, Dubiec A, Heinze J, Markó B, Csata E. Infection with a non-lethal fungal parasite is associated with increased immune investment in the ant Myrmica scabrinodis. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108027. [PMID: 38042446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Social insects, such as ants, are preferred host organisms of pathogens and parasites because colonies are densely populated, and the number of potential hosts is high in the same place and time. Within a colony, individuals are exposed differentially to risks according to their function and age. Thus, older individuals forage and are therefore the most exposed to infection, predation, or physical stress, while young workers mostly stay inside the sheltered nest being less exposed. Immune investment is considered to be dependent on an individual's age and pathogen pressure. Long-term exposure to a parasite could affect the immune activity of individuals in an intriguing way that interferes with the age-dependent decline in immunocompetence. However, there are only few cases in which such interferences can be studied. The myrmecopathogenic fungus Rickia wasmannii, which infects entire colonies without killing the workers, is a suitable candidate for such studies. We investigated the general immunocompetence of Myrmica scabrinodis ant workers associated with non-lethal fungal infection by measuring the levels of active phenoloxidase (PO) and total PO (PPO) (reflecting the amount of both active and inactive forms of the enzyme) in two age classes. The level of PO proved to be higher in infected workers than in uninfected ones, while the level of PPO increased with age but was not affected by infection. Overall, these results indicate that a long-term infection could go hand in hand with increased immune activity of ant workers, conferring them higher level of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kincső Orbán-Bakk
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Center for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Sociobiology and Insect Ecology Lab, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania.
| | - Magdalena Witek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Anna Dubiec
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Bálint Markó
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Enikő Csata
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adegoke A, Ribeiro JMC, Smith R, Karim S. Tick innate immune responses to hematophagy and Ehrlichia infection at single-cell resolution. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305976. [PMID: 38274813 PMCID: PMC10808623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ticks rely on robust cellular and humoral responses to control microbial infection. However, several aspects of the tick's innate immune system remain uncharacterized, most notably that of the immune cells (called hemocytes), which are known to play a significant role in cellular and humoral responses. Despite the importance of hemocytes in regulating microbial infection, our understanding of their basic biology and molecular mechanisms remains limited. Therefore, we believe that a more detailed understanding of the role of hemocytes in the interactions between ticks and tick-borne microbes is crucial to illuminating their function in vector competence and to help identify novel targets for developing new strategies to block tick-borne pathogen transmission. Methods This study examined hemocytes from the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) at the transcriptomic level using the 10X genomics single-cell RNA sequencing platform to analyze hemocyte populations from unfed, partially blood-fed, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis-infected ticks. The functional role of differentially expressed hemocyte markers in hemocyte proliferation and Ehrlichia dissemination was determined using an RNA interference approach. Results and discussion Our data exhibit the identification of fourteen distinct hemocyte populations. Our results uncover seven distinct lineages present in uninfected and Ehrlichia-infected hemocyte clusters. The functional characterization of hemocytin, cystatin, fibronectin, and lipocalin demonstrate their role in hemocyte population changes, proliferation, and Ehrlichia dissemination. Conclusion Our results uncover the tick immune responses to Ehrlichia infection and hematophagy at a single-cell resolution. This work opens a new field of tick innate immunobiology to understand the role of hemocytes, particularly in response to prolonged blood-feeding (hematophagy), and tick-microbial interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Adegoke
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Jose M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ryan C. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu H, Hu Q, Weng Q, Wang J. Hemocytin, the special aggregation factor connecting insect hemolymph immunity, a potential target of insecticidal immunosuppresant. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105704. [PMID: 38225099 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Insects possess an effective innate immunity that enables them to adapt to their intricate living environment and fend off various pathogens (or parasites). This innate immunity comprises both humoral and cellular immunity, which synergistically orchestrate immune responses. Hemocytin, a lectin with a distinctive structure, plays a crucial role in insect hemolymph immunity. Hemocytin is involved in the early immune response, facilitating processes such as coagulation, nodulation, and encapsulation in the hemolymph. It prevents hemolymph overflow and microbial pathogens invasion resulting from epidermal damage, and also aids in the recognition and elimination of invaders. However, the research on hemocytin is still limited. Our previous findings demonstrated that destruxin A effectively inhibits insect hemolymph immunity by interacting with hemocytin, suggesting that hemocytin could be a potential target for insecticides development. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of hemocytin. This review integrates recent advancements in the study of the structure and function of insect hemocytin and also explores the potential of hemocytin as a target for insecticides. This review aims to enhance our comprehension of insect innate immunity and provide innovative ideas for the development of environmentally friendly pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qunfang Weng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin G, Hrithik MTH, Lee DH, Kim IH, Jung JS, Bode HB, Kim Y. Manipulation of GameXPeptide synthetase gene expression by a promoter exchange alters the virulence of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata temperata, by modulating insect immune responses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1271764. [PMID: 38173677 PMCID: PMC10764021 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata, is mutualistic to its host nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis. The infective juvenile nematodes enter target insects through natural openings and release the symbiotic bacteria into the insect hemocoel. The released bacteria suppress the insect immune responses and cause septicemia through their secondary metabolites. GameXPeptide (GXP) is one of the common secondary metabolites of most Photorhabdus species and is produced by the catalytic activity of a specific non-ribosomal peptide synthetase called GxpS encoded by the gxpS gene. This study confirmed gxpS to be encoded in the P. temperata temperata genome and analyzed its expression during bacterial growth. LC-MS/MS analysis of the bacterial culture broth contained at least four different GXPs (GXP-A to GXP-D), in which GXP-A was the most abundant. To investigate GXP synthesis following gxpS expression, the gxpS promoter of P. temperata temperata was replaced with an inducible arabinose promoter by homologous recombination. The gxpS transcript levels in the mutant were altered by the addition of l-arabinose. Without the inducer, the gxpS transcript level was significantly lower compared to the wild type and produced significantly lower amounts of the four GXPs. The addition of the inducer to the mutant significantly increased gxpS expression and produced significantly higher levels of the four GXPs compared to the wild type. The metabolite extracts obtained from wild-type and mutant bacteria showed differential immunosuppressive activities according to their GXP contents against the cellular and humoral immune responses of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Interestingly, the gxpS-mutant bacteria showed less insecticidal activity compared to the wild type, whereas the addition of GXP to the mutant significantly restored insecticidal activity. These results suggest that the gxpS gene encoded in P. temperata temperata is responsible for the production of at least four different GXPs, which play crucial roles in bacterial virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Phillips Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Phillips Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cunha F, Burne A, Casaro S, Brown MB, Bisinotto RS, Galvao KN. Establishing Galleria mellonella as an invertebrate model for the emerging multi-host pathogen Helcococcus ovis. Virulence 2023; 14:2186377. [PMID: 36862000 PMCID: PMC10026881 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2186377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Helcococcus ovis (H. ovis) can cause disease in a broad range of animal hosts, including humans, and has been described as an emerging bacterial pathogen in bovine metritis, mastitis, and endocarditis. In this study, we developed an infection model that showed H. ovis can proliferate in the hemolymph and induce dose-dependent mortality in the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella). We applied the model and identified H. ovis isolates with attenuated virulence originating from the uterus of a healthy post-partum dairy cow (KG38) and hypervirulent isolates (KG37, KG106) originating from the uterus of cows with metritis. Medium virulence isolates were also isolated (KG36, KG104) from the uterus of cows with metritis. A major advantage of this model is that a clear differentiation in induced mortality between H. ovis isolates was detected in just 48 h, resulting in an effective infection model able to identify virulence differences between H. ovis isolates with a short turnaround time. Histopathology showed G. mellonella employs hemocyte-mediated immune responses to H. ovis infection, which are analogous to the innate immune response in cows. In summary, G. mellonella can be used as an invertebrate infection model for the emerging multi-host pathogen Helcococcus ovis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Burne
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and PerinatalBiology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Segundo Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary B Brown
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and PerinatalBiology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rafael S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvao
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reis NF, de Jesus MCS, de Souza LCDSV, Alcântara LM, Rodrigues JADC, Brito SCP, Penna PDA, Vieira CS, Silva JRS, Penna BDA, Machado RLD, Mora-Montes HM, Baptista ARDS. Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection Modulates Antimicrobial Peptides and Stress Management Gene Expression in the Invertebrate Biomodel Galleria mellonella. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1053. [PMID: 37998858 PMCID: PMC10672515 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most pathogenic species, responsible for the Brazilian cat-transmitted sporotrichosis hyperendemic. In this scenario, an investigation of the pathogen-host interaction can provide relevant information for future treatment strategies. To this end, the invertebrate Galleria mellonella has proven to be a suitable alternative for evaluating the virulence of pathogenic fungi, since the insect immune system is similar to the mammalian innate immune response. The aim of this work was to investigate phenotypic and molecular aspects of the immune response of G. mellonella throughout the S. brasiliensis infection. Hemocyte density and the evolution of the fungal load were evaluated. In parallel, RT-qPCR expression analysis of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (Gallerimycin and Galiomycin) and stress management genes (C7 Contig 15362 and C8 Contig 19101) was conducted. The fungal load and hemocyte densities increased simultaneously and proportionally to the deleterious morphological events and larvae mortality. Gallerimycin, C7 Contig 15362 and C8 Contig 19101 genes were positively regulated (p < 0.05) at distinct moments of S. brasiliensis infection, characterizing a time-dependent and alternately modulated profile. Galiomycin gene expression remained unchanged. Our results contribute to the future proposal of potential alternative pathways for treating and consequently controlling S. brasiliensis zoonosis, a major public health issue in Latin America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Faria Reis
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Myrela Conceição Santos de Jesus
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Lais Cavalcanti dos Santos Velasco de Souza
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Lucas Martins Alcântara
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Julia Andrade de Castro Rodrigues
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Simone Cristina Pereira Brito
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Patrícia de Azambuja Penna
- Laboratory of Insect Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.P.); (C.S.V.)
| | - Cecília Stahl Vieira
- Laboratory of Insect Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.P.); (C.S.V.)
| | - José Rodrigo Santos Silva
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49107-230, SE, Brazil;
| | - Bruno de Araújo Penna
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Hector M. Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico;
| | - Andréa Regina de Souza Baptista
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (N.F.R.); (M.C.S.d.J.); (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (J.A.d.C.R.); (S.C.P.B.); (R.L.D.M.)
- Rede Micologia RJ—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-630, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang K, Nakamura S, Furukawa S. Cloak Scavenges the Reactive Oxygen Species around the Larvae of Drino inconspicuoides (Diptera: Tachinidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:602. [PMID: 37504608 PMCID: PMC10380580 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Drino inconspicuoides (Diptera: Tachinidae) is an endoparasitoid that develops inside the lepidopteran host. When the larva of D. inconspicuoides penetrates into the host, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the larva creates a cap-like structure, called the funnel, by using host hemocytes, forming a respiratory attachment to permit efficient respiration. A newly described cloudy and cottony structure, called the "cloak", is formed outside the funnel within 24 h of parasitism. The cloak contains the host fat body and hemocytes. In this study, we aimed to clarify the function of the cloak, which has to date remained unknown. We hypothesized that the funnel generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through melanization, and that the cloak detoxifies them. We confirmed that the black pigments of the funnel were caused by melanization, which inevitably generates ROS that are potentially harmful to the D. inconspicuoides larva inside the funnel. The cloak showed high activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. These results suggest that the cloak scavenged the ROS from the melanized funnel through the diversion of antioxidant enzymes in the fat body, thereby protecting the D. inconspicuoides larva from oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Doctoral Program in Biosphere Resource Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba 305-8686, Japan
| | - Seiichi Furukawa
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sato R. Mechanisms and roles of the first stage of nodule formation in lepidopteran insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 37405874 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Nodule formation is a process of cellular immunity in insects and other arthropods with open circulatory systems. Based on histological observations, nodule formation occurs in 2 stages. The first stage occurs immediately after microbial inoculation and includes aggregate formation by granulocytes. The second stage occurs approximately 2-6 h later and involves the attachment of plasmatocytes to melanized aggregates produced during the first stage. The first stage response is thought to play a major role in the rapid capture of invading microorganisms. However, little is known regarding how granulocytes in the hemolymph form aggregates, or how the first stage of the immunological response protects against invading microorganisms. Since the late 1990s, our understanding of the molecules and immune pathways that contribute to nodule formation has improved. The first stage of nodule formation involves a hemocyte-induced response that is triggered by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition proteins in the hemolymph regulated by a serine proteinase cascade and cytokine (Spätzle) and Toll signaling pathways. Hemocyte agglutination proceeds through stepwise release of biogenic amine, 5-HT, and eicosanoids that act downstream of the Toll pathway. The first stage of nodule formation is closely linked to melanization and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production, which is critical for insect humoral immunity. Nodule formation in response to artificial inoculation with millions of microorganisms has long been studied. It has recently been suggested that this system is the original natural immune system, and enables insects to respond to a single invading microorganism in the hemocoel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wrońska AK, Kaczmarek A, Boguś MI, Kuna A. Lipids as a key element of insect defense systems. Front Genet 2023; 14:1183659. [PMID: 37359377 PMCID: PMC10289264 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1183659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between insect pathogenic fungi and their insect hosts is a classic example of a co-evolutionary arms race between pathogen and target host: parasites evolve towards mechanisms that increase their advantage over the host, and the host increasingly strengthens its defenses. The present review summarizes the literature data describing the direct and indirect role of lipids as an important defense mechanism during fungal infection. Insect defense mechanisms comprise anatomical and physiological barriers, and cellular and humoral response mechanisms. The entomopathogenic fungi have the unique ability to digest the insect cuticle by producing hydrolytic enzymes with chitin-, lipo- and proteolytic activity; besides the oral tract, cuticle pays the way for fungal entry within the host. The key factor in insect resistance to fungal infection is the presence of certain types of lipids (free fatty acids, waxes or hydrocarbons) which can promote or inhibit fungal attachment to cuticle, and might also have antifungal activity. Lipids are considered as an important source of energy, and as triglycerides are stored in the fat body, a structure analogous to the liver and adipose tissue in vertebrates. In addition, the fat body plays a key role in innate humoral immunity by producing a range of bactericidal proteins and polypeptides, one of which is lysozyme. Energy derived from lipid metabolism is used by hemocytes to migrate to the site of fungal infection, and for phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation. One polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, is used in the synthesis of eicosanoids, which play several crucial roles in insect physiology and immunology. Apolipoprotein III is important compound with antifungal activity, which can modulate insect cellular response and is considered as important signal molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kuna
- Independent Researcher, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Otuka H, Sato R. Serotonin- and eicosanoid-dependent rapid hemocyte aggregation in the hemolymph is the first step in nodule formation in Bombyx mori larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 145:104486. [PMID: 36669557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nodule formation is a well-known process in cellular immunity of insects. However, few studies have investigated the role of hemocytes in rapid aggregation before tissue adhesion. In addition, since nodule formation is usually elicited by injecting large quantities of microbes, it remains unclear whether nodule formation is a natural response. The present study addressed these issues. A small number of nodules adhered to the dorsal vessels 1 min after Saccharomyces cerevisiae injection, while numerous aggregates of hemocytes and S. cerevisiae cells were observed in the hemolymph. The aggregate number decreased sharply after 5 min, corresponding to a rapid increase in the number of nodules. This suggests that aggregates formed in the hemolymph in response to S. cerevisiae injection eventually attached to the tissues. Nodules were induced using conditions that do not occur in nature, i.e., injection of nearly 2,000,000 S. cerevisiae cells. However, many aggregates contained only one S. cerevisiae cell, suggesting that aggregate formation can begin with the invasion of a single cell and that nodule formation is not an unnatural response. Biosynthesis inhibitors of serotonin (5-HT) and eicosanoids inhibited aggregate and nodule formation. In addition, injection of 5-HT and prostaglandin E2 induced hemocyte aggregation within 1 min in the hemolymph, along with hemocytin release. This suggested that 5-HT and eicosanoids induce rapid aggregation in response to invading microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hinata Otuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tang S, Tezuka M, Otsuka H, Sato R. Spätzle1 is a constituent of the extracellular signaling pathway that promotes nodule formation, a cell-mediated immune response, in caterpillar hemolymph. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21975. [PMID: 36205068 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The existence of an extracellular signaling pathway that mediates nodule formation, a cell-mediated immune response, has been reported in Bombyx mori larvae. In this pathway, C-type lectins and the hemolymph serine proteinase BmHP-8 function in pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) recognition and signaling transduction. However, which molecule elicits the cellular response at the end of the pathway is unknown. In this study, the Toll ligand Bombyx mori Spätzel1 was shown to be involved in the pathway by applying anit-Spätzel1 antiserum in an in vitro nodule-like aggregate formation assay and an in vivo nodule formation assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Tang
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Tezuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hinata Otsuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suzuki T, Tang S, Otuka H, Ito K, Sato R. Nodule formation in Bombyx mori larvae is regulated by BmToll10-3. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 142:104441. [PMID: 36116535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nodule formation is a two-step cell-mediated immune response that is elicited by the cytokine spätzle1. Spätzle1 is activated within 30 s of invasion by microorganisms via an extracellular signaling pathway that consists of pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors, C-type lectins, and serine proteases. Here, we investigated a hemocyte molecule that is involved in eliciting the first step of nodule formation. BmToll10-3 was one of 14 Toll homologs identified in the silkworm Bombyx mori; it is an ortholog of Spodoptera exigua Toll. Previous research suggested that SeToll elicits nodule formation, but no evidence was presented to indicate whether SeToll elicited the first or second step of nodule formation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining confirmed that BmToll10-3 is expressed in granulocytes. To determine whether BmToll10-3 is involved in eliciting the first step of nodule formation, we tested an antiserum raised against BmToll10-3 in a nodule formation assay. The antiserum strongly inhibited the first step of nodule formation in B. mori larvae. Next, we tried to knock out BmToll10-3 using genome editing. Strains that were heterozygous for a truncated BmToll10-3 allele were generated, but no strain that was homozygous for truncated BmToll10-3 was generated. Nonetheless, several healthy homozygous larvae were identified before pupation, and we used these larvae in a nodule formation assay. The larvae that were homozygous for truncated BmToll10-3 did not form nodules. These results suggest that BmToll10-3 is involved in a cellular immunity, nodule formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shuyi Tang
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hinata Otuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dib K, El Banna A, Radulescu C, Lopez Campos G, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. Histamine Produced by Gram-Negative Bacteria Impairs Neutrophil's Antimicrobial Response by Engaging the Histamine 2 Receptor. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:153-173. [PMID: 35858582 PMCID: PMC10643892 DOI: 10.1159/000525536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that histamine (10-9 M) did not have any effect on the in vitro capture of Escherichia coli by neutrophils but accelerated its intracellular killing. In contrast, histamine (10-6 M) delayed the capture of Escherichia coli by neutrophils and reduced the amounts of pHrodo zymosan particles inside acidic mature phagosomes. Histamine acted through the H4R and the H2R, which are coupled to the Src family tyrosine kinases or the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, respectively. The protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 abrogated the delay in bacterial capture induced by histamine (10-6 M) and the Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 blocked histamine (10-9 M) induced acceleration of bacterial intracellular killing and tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins. To investigate the role of histamine in pathogenicity, we designed an Acinetobacter baumannii strain deficient in histamine production (hdc::TOPO). Galleria mellonella larvae inoculated with the wild-type Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 strain (1.1 × 105 CFU) died rapidly (100% death within 40 h) but not when inoculated with the Acinetobacter baumannii hdc::TOPO mutant (10% mortality). The concentration of histamine rose in the larval haemolymph upon inoculation of the wild type but not the Acinetobacter baumannii hdc::TOPO mutant, such concentration of histamine blocks the ability of hemocytes from Galleria mellonella to capture Candida albicans in vitro. Thus, bacteria-producing histamine, by maintaining high levels of histamine, may impair neutrophil phagocytosis by hijacking the H2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Dib
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Amal El Banna
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Clara Radulescu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Guillermo Lopez Campos
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kausar S, Abbas MN, Gul I, Liu Y, Tang BP, Maqsood I, Liu QN, Dai LS. Integrins in the Immunity of Insects: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906294. [PMID: 35757717 PMCID: PMC9218073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large group of cell-surface proteins that are classified as transmembrane proteins. Integrins are classified into different types based on sequence variations, leading to structural and functional diversity. They are broadly distributed in animals and have a wide range of biological functions such as cell-to-cell communication, intracellular cytoskeleton organization, cellular signaling, immune responses, etc. Integrins are among the most abundant cell surface proteins in insects, exhibiting their indispensability in insect physiology. Because of their critical biological involvement in physiological processes, they appear to be a novel target for designing effective pest control strategies. In the current literature review, we first discuss the discovery and expression responses of integrins against various types of pathogens. Secondly, we examine the specific biological roles of integrins in controlling microbial pathogens, such as phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodulation, immune signaling, and so on. Finally, we describe the possible uses of integrins to control agricultural insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Isma Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Iram Maqsood
- Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Woman University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Qiu-Ning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Shang Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moure UAE, Tan T, Sha L, Lu X, Shao Z, Yang G, Wang Y, Cui H. Advances in the Immune Regulatory Role of Non-Coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) in Insect-Pathogen Interactions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856457. [PMID: 35464405 PMCID: PMC9020863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are by far the most abundant and diverse living organisms on earth and are frequently prone to microbial attacks. In other to counteract and overcome microbial invasions, insects have in an evolutionary way conserved and developed immune defense mechanisms such as Toll, immune deficiency (Imd), and JAK/STAT signaling pathways leading to the expression of antimicrobial peptides. These pathways have accessory immune effector mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, encapsulation, melanization, nodulation, RNA interference (RNAi), lysis, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, pathogens evolved strategies that circumvent host immune response following infections, which may have helped insects further sophisticate their immune response mechanisms. The involvement of ncRNAs in insect immunity is undeniable, and several excellent studies or reviews have investigated and described their roles in various insects. However, the functional analyses of ncRNAs in insects upon pathogen attacks are not exhaustive as novel ncRNAs are being increasingly discovered in those organisms. This article gives an overview of the main insect signaling pathways and effector mechanisms activated by pathogen invaders and summarizes the latest findings of the immune modulation role of both insect- and pathogen-encoded ncRNAs, especially miRNAs and lncRNAs during insect–pathogen crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Aymard Ekomi Moure
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingshan Tan
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Sha
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Shao
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eleftherianos I, Heryanto C, Bassal T, Zhang W, Tettamanti G, Mohamed A. Haemocyte-mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites. Immunology 2021; 164:401-432. [PMID: 34233014 PMCID: PMC8517599 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The host defence of insects includes a combination of cellular and humoral responses. The cellular arm of the insect innate immune system includes mechanisms that are directly mediated by haemocytes (e.g., phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation). In addition, melanization accompanying coagulation, clot formation and wound healing, nodulation and encapsulation processes leads to the formation of cytotoxic redox-cycling melanin precursors and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, demarcation between cellular and humoral immune reactions as two distinct categories is not straightforward. This is because many humoral factors affect haemocyte functions and haemocytes themselves are an important source of many humoral molecules. There is also a considerable overlap between cellular and humoral immune functions that span from recognition of foreign intruders to clot formation. Here, we review these immune reactions starting with the cellular mechanisms that limit haemolymph loss and participate in wound healing and clot formation and advancing to cellular functions that are critical in restricting pathogen movement and replication. This information is important because it highlights that insect cellular immunity is controlled by a multilayered system, different components of which are activated by different pathogens or during the different stages of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity LaboratoryDepartment of Biological SciencesInstitute for Biomedical SciencesThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity LaboratoryDepartment of Biological SciencesInstitute for Biomedical SciencesThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Taha Bassal
- Department of EntomologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life SciencesUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
- BAT Center‐Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro‐Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of EntomologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong Z, An L, Lu M, Tang M, Chen H, Huang X, Hou Y, Shen G, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. SPINK7 Recognizes Fungi and Initiates Hemocyte-Mediated Immune Defense Against Fungal Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735497. [PMID: 34603317 PMCID: PMC8484702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors of Kazal-type (SPINKs) were widely identified in vertebrates and invertebrates, and played regulatory roles in digestion, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. In this study, we reported the important role of SPINK7 in regulating immune defense of silkworm, Bombyx mori. SPINK7 contains three Kazal domains and has 6 conserved cysteine residues in each domain. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that SPINK7 was exclusively expressed in hemocytes and was upregulated after infection with two fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Enzyme activity inhibition test showed that SPINK7 significantly inhibited the activity of proteinase K from C. albicans. Additionally, SPINK7 inhibited the growth of three fungal spores, including S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, and Beauveria bassiana. The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) binding assays suggested that SPINK7 could bind to β-D-glucan and agglutinate B. bassiana and C. albicans. In vitro assays were performed using SPINK7-coated agarose beads, and indicated that SPINK7 promoted encapsulation and melanization of agarose beads by B. mori hemocytes. Furthermore, co-localization studies using immunofluorescence revealed that SPINK7 induced hemocytes to aggregate and entrap the fungi spores of B. bassiana and C. albicans. Our study revealed that SPINK7 could recognize fungal PAMP and induce the aggregation, melanization, and encapsulation of hemocytes, and provided valuable clues for understanding the innate immunity and cellular immunity in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingna An
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanwang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stączek S, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Wiater A, Pleszczyńska M, Cytryńska M. Activation of cellular immune response in insect model host Galleria mellonella by fungal α-1,3-glucan. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:6000214. [PMID: 33232457 PMCID: PMC7726367 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1,3-glucan, in addition to β-1,3-glucan, is an important polysaccharide component of fungal cell walls. It is reported for many fungal species, including human pathogenic genera: Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Pneumocystis, plant pathogens, e.g. Magnaporthe oryzae and entomopathogens, e.g. Metarhizium acridum. In human and plant pathogenic fungi, α-1,3-glucan is considered as a shield for the β-1,3-glucan layer preventing recognition of the pathogen by the host. However, its role in induction of immune response is not clear. In the present study, the cellular immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan was investigated for the first time. The changes detected in the total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count (DHC), formation of hemocyte aggregates and changes in apolipophorin III localization indicated activation of G. mellonella cellular mechanisms in response to immunization with A. niger α-1,3-glucan. Our results, which have clearly demonstrated the response of the insect immune system to this fungal cell wall component, will help in understanding the α-1,3-glucan role in immune response against fungal pathogens not only in insects but also in mammals, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stączek
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tokunaga K, Tezuka M, Tang S, Shu M, Yamagishi T, Sato R. A humoral factor, hemolymph proteinase 8, elicits a cellular defense response of nodule formation in Bombyx mori larvae in association with recognition by C-type lectins. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104252. [PMID: 34022191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that nodule formation, a cellular defense response in insects, is regulated by humoral factors called C-type lectins in the hemolymph. To elucidate the factors that elicit nodule formation following the recognition of microorganisms by C-type lectins, a reproducible quantitative in vitro assay system was constructed. Then, using this system, the inhibitory activities of antisera raised against hemolymph proteases (HPs), serine protease homologues (SPHs), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-recognition proteins were assessed. Among the antisera raised against HP and SPH, only that against HP8, a terminal proteinase that activates Spätzle, consistently inhibited in-vitro nodule-like aggregate formation in all three tested microorganisms, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antisera raised against C-type lectins, BmLBP, and BmMBP also inhibited nodule-like aggregate formation, while those against β-glucan recognition proteins and peptidoglycan recognition protein-S1 did not. Microorganisms pretreated with hemolymph, which contains HP8 and C-type lectins, also induced nodule-like aggregate formation, indicating that nodulation factors are present on microbial cells. Furthermore, antisera raised against HP8, BmLBP, and BmMBP showed inhibitory activities in the in vivo nodule formation system using Bombyx mori larvae. Thus, two humoral factors in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae, BmHP8 and C-type lectins, were found to play significant roles in eliciting the cellular defense response of nodule formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Moeko Tezuka
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shuyi Tang
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Min Shu
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lapointe JF, McCarthy CD, Dunphy GB, Mandato CA. Physiological evidence of integrin-antibody reactive proteins influencing the innate cellular immune responses of larval Galleria mellonella hemocytes. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:239-255. [PMID: 30328680 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Larval Galleria mellonella (L.) hemocytes form microaggregates in response to stimulation by Gram-positive bacteria. Hemocyte adhesion to foreign materials is mediated by the cAMP/ protein kinase A pathway and the β-subunit of cholera toxin using a cAMP-independent mechanism. Cholera toxin-induced microaggregation was inhibited by the integrin inhibitory RGDS peptide, implying integrins may be part of the mechanism. Based on the types of mammalian integrin-antibody reactive proteins affecting hemocyte adhesion and bacterial-induced responses α5 , αv , β1 , and β3 subunits occurred on both granular cell and plasmatocyte hemocyte subtypes. A fluorescent band representing the binding of rabbit α5 -integrin subunit antibodies occurred between adhering heterotypic hemocytes. The frequency of the bands was increased by cholera toxin. The α5 and β1 rabbit integrin subunit antibodies inhibited removal of Bacillus subtilis (Cohn) from the hemolymph in vivo. A α5 β1 -specific synthetic peptide blocker similarly diminished hemocyte function whereas the αv β3 -specific inhibitory peptide and the corresponding integrin subunit antibodies did not influence nonself hemocyte activities. Western blots revealed several proteins reacting with a given integrin-antibody subtype. Thus integrin-antibody reactive proteins (which may include integrins) with possible α5 and β1 epitopes modulate immediate hemocyte function. Confocal microscopy established plasmatocyte adhesion to and rosetting over substrata followed by granular cell microaggregate adhesion to plasmatocytes during early stage nodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason F Lapointe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Connor D McCarthy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne De Bellevue, Canada
| | - Gary B Dunphy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne De Bellevue, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Different model systems have, over the years, contributed to our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the various types of interaction between bacteria and their animal hosts. The genus
Photorhabdus
comprises Gram-negative insect pathogenic bacteria that are normally found as symbionts that colonize the gut of the infective juvenile stage of soil-dwelling nematodes from the family Heterorhabditis. The nematodes infect susceptible insects and release the bacteria into the insect haemolymph where the bacteria grow, resulting in the death of the insect. At this stage the nematodes feed on the bacterial biomass and, following several rounds of reproduction, the nematodes develop into infective juveniles that leave the insect cadaver in search of new hosts. Therefore
Photorhabdus
has three distinct and obligate roles to play during this life-cycle: (1)
Photorhabdus
must kill the insect host; (2)
Photorhabdus
must be capable of supporting nematode growth and development; and (3)
Photorhabdus
must be able to colonize the gut of the next generation of infective juveniles before they leave the insect cadaver. In this review I will discuss how genetic analysis has identified key genes involved in mediating, and regulating, the interaction between
Photorhabdus
and each of its invertebrate hosts. These studies have resulted in the characterization of several new families of toxins and a novel inter-kingdom signalling molecule and have also uncovered an important role for phase variation in the regulation of these different roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Clarke
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Staphylococcus aureus aggregation in the plasma fraction of silkworm hemolymph. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217517. [PMID: 31145754 PMCID: PMC6542516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus formed bacterial aggregates in the plasma fraction of the hemolymph of silkworm, the larva of Bombyx mori, in a growth-dependent manner. The addition of arabinose or galactose inhibited the formation of S. aureus aggregates in the silkworm plasma. Formation of the bacterial aggregates depended on S. aureus genes required for the synthesis of bacterial surface polysaccharides–ypfP and ltaA, which are involved in lipoteichoic acid synthesis, and the tagO gene, which is involved in wall teichoic acid synthesis. These findings suggest that S. aureus forms bacterial aggregates in the silkworm plasma via bacterial surface teichoic acids.
Collapse
|
27
|
Quantitative proteomics analysis provides insight into the biological role of Hsp90 in BmNPV infection in Bombyx mori. J Proteomics 2019; 203:103379. [PMID: 31102755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90, an essential chaperone responsible for the correct maturation of key proteins, has been confirmed to facilitate Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) proliferation but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, we use quantitative proteomics analysis to investigate the mechanism of Hsp90 in BmNPV replication. In total, 195 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified with 136 up-regulated proteins and 59 down-regulated proteins. The protein expression level of small heat shock proteins, immune-related proteins, cellular DNA repair-related proteins and zinc finger proteins is significantly enhanced while that of protein kinases is declined. KEGG pathway analysis reveals that DEPs are involved in longevity regulating pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway and Toll and Imd signaling pathway. Based on the DEPs results, we speculate that inhibition of Hsp90 suppresses the BmNPV infection may because it could not only stimulate the host innate immune, induce small heat shock proteins expression to maintain the cellular proteostasis but activate host transcription factors to bind to virus DNA or protein and subsequently hinder virus replication. The results will help understand the roles of Hsp90 in BmNPV infection and shed light on new clue to illustrate the molecular mechanism of silkworm-virus interaction. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first report on Hsp90 roles in BmNPV infection based on proteomic analysis. Our findings may provide new clue and research orientation to illustrate the molecular mechanism of silkworm-virus interaction and a set of BmHsp90 candidate clients, which may involve in BmNPV infection in BmN cells.
Collapse
|
28
|
Salem HAM, Hussein MA, Hafez SE, Hussein MA, Sayed RM. Ultrastructure changes in the haemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae treated with gamma irradiated Steinernema carpocapsae BA2. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedayat-allah M. Salem
- Natural Product Dept., National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEU), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Soryia E. Hafez
- Entomology Dept., Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Hussein
- Pests and Plant Protection Dept., National Research Center, Egypt
| | - Rehab M. Sayed
- Natural Product Dept., National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEU), Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singkum P, Suwanmanee S, Pumeesat P, Luplertlop N. A powerful in vivo alternative model in scientific research: Galleria mellonella. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:31-55. [PMID: 30816806 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Murine models are suggested as the gold standard for scientific research, but they have many limitations of ethical and logistical concern. Then, the alternative host models have been developed to use in many aspects especially in invertebrate animals. These models are selected for many areas of research including genetics, physiology, biochemistry, evolution, disease, neurobiology, and behavior. During the past decade, Galleria mellonella has been used for several medical and scientific researches focusing on human pathogens. This model commonly used their larvae stage due to their easy to use, non-essential special tools or special technique, inexpensive, short life span, and no specific ethical requirement. Moreover, their innate immune response close similarly to mammals, which correlate with murine immunity. In this review, not only the current knowledge of characteristics and immune response of G. mellonella, and the practical use of these larvae in medical mycology research have been presented, but also the better understanding of their limitations has been provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pantira Singkum
- 1 Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - San Suwanmanee
- 1 Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Potjaman Pumeesat
- 1 Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Medical TechnologyBansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- 1 Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
D'Alba L, Shawkey MD. Melanosomes: Biogenesis, Properties, and Evolution of an Ancient Organelle. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1-19. [PMID: 30255724 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00059.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are organelles that produce and store melanin, a widespread biological pigment with a unique suite of properties including high refractive index, semiconducting capabilities, material stiffness, and high fossilization potential. They are involved in numerous critical biological functions in organisms across the tree of life. Individual components such as melanin chemistry and melanosome development have recently been addressed, but a broad synthesis is needed. Here, we review the hierarchical structure, development, functions, and evolution of melanosomes. We highlight variation in melanin chemistry and melanosome morphology and how these may relate to function. For example, we review what is known of the chemical differences between different melanin types (eumelanin, pheomelanin, allomelanin) and whether/how melanosome morphology relates to chemistry and color. We integrate the distribution of melanin across living organisms with what is known from the fossil record and produce hypotheses on its evolution. We suggest that melanin was present in life forms early in evolutionary history and that melanosomes evolved at the origin of organelles. Throughout, we discuss the (sometimes gaping) holes in our knowledge and suggest areas that need particular attention as we move forward in our understanding of these still-mysterious organelles and the materials that they contain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Grizanova EV, Semenova AD, Komarov DA, Chertkova EA, Slepneva IA, Dubovskiy IM. Maintenance of redox balance by antioxidants in hemolymph of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae during encapsulation response. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21460. [PMID: 29570844 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The lipid peroxidation process in hemocytes, activities of phenoloxidase and key enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase) and nonenzymatic antioxidants (thiols, ascorbate) in hemolymph of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were studied during the encapsulation process of nylon implants. It has been established that as soon as 15 min after piercing a cuticle with the implant, a capsule is formed on its surface. Active melanization of the capsule has been shown to last for 4 h. During the first hours after incorporating the implant, an increase in phenoloxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in the insect hemocytes has been revealed. Adhesion and degranulation on the surface of foreign object lead to the depletion of total hemocytes count (THC). Our results indicated that thiols and ascorbate molecules take part in the immediate antioxidant response, during later stages of encapsulation process hemolymph glutathione-S-transferase detoxifies and protects insect organism thereby restoring the internal redox balance. We suggest that nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants of hemolymph plasma play a key role in the maintenance of redox balance during encapsulation of foreign targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra D Semenova
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Denis A Komarov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Chertkova
- Institute of Systematic and Ecology of Animals, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A Slepneva
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan M Dubovskiy
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Azambuja P, Garcia ES, Waniek PJ, Vieira CS, Figueiredo MB, Gonzalez MS, Mello CB, Castro DP, Ratcliffe NA. Rhodnius prolixus: from physiology by Wigglesworth to recent studies of immune system modulation by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 97:45-65. [PMID: 27866813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the memory of Professor Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth (VW) in recognition of his many pioneering contributions to insect physiology which, even today, form the basis of modern-day research in this field. Insects not only make vital contributions to our everyday lives by their roles in pollination, balancing eco-systems and provision of honey and silk products, but they are also outstanding models for studying the pathogenicity of microorganisms and the functioning of innate immunity in humans. In this overview, the immune system of the triatomine bug, Rhodnius prolixus, is considered which is most appropriate to this dedication as this insect species was the favourite subject of VW's research. Herein are described recent developments in knowledge of the functioning of the R. prolixus immune system. Thus, the roles of the cellular defences, such as phagocytosis and nodule formation, as well as the role of eicosanoids, ecdysone, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals, and the gut microbiota in the immune response of R. prolixus are described. The details of many of these were unknown to VW although his work gives indications of his awareness of the importance to R. prolixus of cellular immunity, antibacterial activity, prophenoloxidase and the gut microbiota. This description of R. prolixus immunity forms a backdrop to studies on the interaction of the parasitic flagellates, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli, with the host defences of this important insect vector. These parasites remarkably utilize different strategies to avoid/modulate the triatomine immune response in order to survive in the extremely hostile host environments present in the vector gut and haemocoel. Much recent information has also been gleaned on the remarkable diversity of the immune system in the R. prolixus gut and its interaction with trypanosome parasites. This new data is reviewed and gaps in our knowledge of R. prolixus immunity are identified as subjects for future endeavours. Finally, the publication of the T. cruzi, T. rangeli and R. prolixus genomes, together with the use of modern molecular techniques, should lead to the enhanced identification of the determinants of infection derived from both the vector and the parasites which, in turn, could form targets for new molecular-based control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Azambuja
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - E S Garcia
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - P J Waniek
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - C S Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M B Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M S Gonzalez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - C B Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - D P Castro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - N A Ratcliffe
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Cataneo AHD, Orsini TM, Thomazelli APFDS, Dalevedo GA, de Oliveira AG, Panagio LA, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, Almeida RS. Galleria mellonella hemocytes: A novel phagocytic assay for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 131:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Glupov VV, Kryukova NA. Physiological and biochemical aspects of interactions between insect parasitoids and their hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0013873816050018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
35
|
Hillyer JF. Insect immunology and hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:102-18. [PMID: 26695127 PMCID: PMC4775421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Butt TM, Coates CJ, Dubovskiy IM, Ratcliffe NA. Entomopathogenic Fungi: New Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:307-64. [PMID: 27131329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many insects successfully live in dangerous environments exposed to diverse communities of microbes, they are often exploited and killed by specialist pathogens. Studies of host-pathogen interactions (HPI) provide valuable insights into the dynamics of the highly aggressive coevolutionary arms race between entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and their arthropod hosts. The host defenses are designed to exclude the pathogen or mitigate the damage inflicted while the pathogen responds with immune evasion and utilization of host resources. EPF neutralize their immediate surroundings on the insect integument and benefit from the physiochemical properties of the cuticle and its compounds that exclude competing microbes. EPF also exhibit adaptations aimed at minimizing trauma that can be deleterious to both host and pathogen (eg, melanization of hemolymph), form narrow penetration pegs that alleviate host dehydration and produce blastospores that lack immunogenic sugars/enzymes but facilitate rapid assimilation of hemolymph nutrients. In response, insects deploy an extensive armory of hemocytes and macromolecules, such as lectins and phenoloxidase, that repel, immobilize, and kill EPF. New evidence suggests that immune bioactives work synergistically (eg, lysozyme with antimicrobial peptides) to combat infections. Some proteins, including transferrin and apolipophorin III, also demonstrate multifunctional properties, participating in metabolism, homeostasis, and pathogen recognition. This review discusses the molecular intricacies of these HPI, highlighting the interplay between immunity, stress management, and metabolism. Increased knowledge in this area could enhance the efficacy of EPF, ensuring their future in integrated pest management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Butt
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - C J Coates
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - N A Ratcliffe
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kostanjšek R, Pirc Marolt T. Pathogenesis, tissue distribution and host response to Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis infection in rough woodlouse Porcellio scaber. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 125:56-67. [PMID: 25593037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis is a known intracellular pathogen in digestive glands of the terrestrial isopod crustacean Porcellio scaber. To describe the pathogenesis, tissue distribution and host response to R. porcellionis, we conducted microscopic observations and localization of infection in tissues by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Digestive glands were confirmed as the primary site of infection. From there, R. porcellionis disseminates either through the apical membrane of infected cells into the lumen of digestive glands and further throughout the digestive tract or into the surrounding hemocoel by rupture of the basal membrane and lamina of infected digestive gland cells. Once in the hemocoel, R. porcellionis infects hindgut cells, hemocytes and hemopoetic tissues while the ventral nerve cord and gonads seem to be devoid of infection despite the presence of rhabdochlamydia on the surface of these organs. The host response to R. porcellionis includes aggregation of hemocytes around the infected cells and formation of multilayered melanized nodules exhibiting endogenous fluorescence. The structure of nodules is asymmetric when hemocytes are deposited on the basal side of infected gut and digestive glands cells, or symmetric, when nodules entrapping clusters of rhabdochlamydiae are deposited on other organs in the hemocoel. The study also revealed a high prevalence of infection in P. scaber populations (up to 27%) and confirmed its detrimental effect on the host. Although agility, behavior and molting cycle of infected animals appear unaffected, in the later stages R. porcellionis infection manifests as severe damage to the digestive system and decreased feeding, which eventually lead to the death of the host organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tinkara Pirc Marolt
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Satyavathi VV, Minz A, Nagaraju J. Nodulation: An unexplored cellular defense mechanism in insects. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1753-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
Quantitative determination of nitric oxide production in haemocytes: Nitrite reduction activity as a potential pathway of NO formation in haemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae. Nitric Oxide 2014; 37:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
40
|
Harding CR, Schroeder GN, Collins JW, Frankel G. Use of Galleria mellonella as a model organism to study Legionella pneumophila infection. J Vis Exp 2013:e50964. [PMID: 24299965 PMCID: PMC3923569 DOI: 10.3791/50964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires' disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and replicates within alveolar macrophages. Its virulence depends on the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), which is essential to establish a replication permissive vacuole known as the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV). L. pneumophila infection can be modeled in mice however most mouse strains are not permissive, leading to the search for novel infection models. We have recently shown that the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella are suitable for investigation of L. pneumophila infection. G. mellonella is increasingly used as an infection model for human pathogens and a good correlation exists between virulence of several bacterial species in the insect and in mammalian models. A key component of the larvae's immune defenses are hemocytes, professional phagocytes, which take up and destroy invaders. L. pneumophila is able to infect, form a LCV and replicate within these cells. Here we demonstrate protocols for analyzing L. pneumophila virulence in the G. mellonella model, including how to grow infectious L. pneumophila, pretreat the larvae with inhibitors, infect the larvae and how to extract infected cells for quantification and immunofluorescence microscopy. We also describe how to quantify bacterial replication and fitness in competition assays. These approaches allow for the rapid screening of mutants to determine factors important in L. pneumophila virulence, describing a new tool to aid our understanding of this complex pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare R Harding
- Center for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
de Melo NR, Abdrahman A, Greig C, Mukherjee K, Thornton C, Ratcliffe NA, Vilcinskas A, Butt TM. Myriocin significantly increases the mortality of a non-mammalian model host during Candida pathogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78905. [PMID: 24260135 PMCID: PMC3829820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major human pathogen whose treatment is challenging due to antifungal drug toxicity, drug resistance and paucity of antifungal agents available. Myrocin (MYR) inhibits sphingosine synthesis, a precursor of sphingolipids, an important cell membrane and signaling molecule component. MYR also has dual immune suppressive and antifungal properties, potentially modulating mammalian immunity and simultaneously reducing fungal infection risk. Wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae, alternatives to mice, were used to establish if MYR suppressed insect immunity and increased survival of C. albicans-infected insects. MYR effects were studied in vivo and in vitro, and compared alone and combined with those of approved antifungal drugs, fluconazole (FLC) and amphotericin B (AMPH). Insect immune defenses failed to inhibit C. albicans with high mortalities. In insects pretreated with the drug followed by C. albicans inoculation, MYR+C. albicans significantly increased mortality to 93% from 67% with C. albicans alone 48 h post-infection whilst AMPH+C. albicans and FLC+C. albicans only showed 26% and 0% mortalities, respectively. MYR combinations with other antifungal drugs in vivo also enhanced larval mortalities, contrasting the synergistic antifungal effect of the MYR+AMPH combination in vitro. MYR treatment influenced immunity and stress management gene expression during C. albicans pathogenesis, modulating transcripts putatively associated with signal transduction/regulation of cytokines, I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade, G-protein coupled receptor and inflammation. In contrast, all stress management gene expression was down-regulated in FLC and AMPH pretreated C. albicans -infected insects. Results are discussed with their implications for clinical use of MYR to treat sphingolipid-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Abdrahman
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Greig
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnendu Mukherjee
- Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie, Abteilung Angewandte Entomologie, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Catherine Thornton
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Norman A. Ratcliffe
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie, Abteilung Angewandte Entomologie, Gieβen, Germany
| | - Tariq M. Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Dot/Icm effector SdhA is necessary for virulence of Legionella pneumophila in Galleria mellonella and A/J mice. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2598-605. [PMID: 23649096 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00296-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular bacterium that resides within amoebae and macrophages in a specialized compartment termed the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). As well as providing an intracellular niche for replication, the LCV helps to prevent the release of bacterial components into the cytoplasm. Recognition of these components as danger signals by the host activates immune responses leading to clearance of the bacterium. Here, we examined the role of two important virulence factors of L. pneumophila, the potent danger signal flagellin and the translocated Dot/Icm type IVB secretion system effector SdhA, which is crucial to maintain LCV integrity, in the Galleria mellonella infection model. We demonstrate that flagellin expression does not contribute to virulence, replication, or induction of clearance mechanisms. Conversely, SdhA expression is important for virulence. We found that in the absence of SdhA, the LCV in hemocytes showed signs of instability and leakage. Furthermore, in contrast to wild-type L. pneumophila, a ΔsdhA mutant caused a transient depletion of hemocytes and reduced mortality. Analysis of the ΔsdhA mutant in the A/J mouse model also showed a significant replication defect. Together, our data underline the crucial importance of SdhA in infection across different model organisms.
Collapse
|
43
|
Grigorian M, Hartenstein V. Hematopoiesis and hematopoietic organs in arthropods. Dev Genes Evol 2013; 223:103-15. [PMID: 23319182 PMCID: PMC3873168 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes (blood cells) are motile cells that move throughout the extracellular space and that exist in all clades of the animal kingdom. Hemocytes play an important role in shaping the extracellular environment and in the immune response. Developmentally, hemocytes are closely related to the epithelial cells lining the vascular system (endothelia) and the body cavity (mesothelia). In vertebrates and insects, common progenitors, called hemangioblasts, give rise to the endothelia and blood cells. In the adult animal, many differentiated hemocytes seem to retain the ability to proliferate; however, in most cases investigated closely, the bulk of hemocyte proliferation takes place in specialized hematopoietic organs. Hematopoietic organs provide an environment where undifferentiated blood stem cells are able to self-renew, and at the same time generate offspring that differentiate into different blood cell types. Hematopoiesis in vertebrates, taking place in the bone marrow, has been subject to intensive research by immunologists and stem cell biologists. Much less is known about blood cell formation in invertebrate animals. In this review, we will survey structural and functional properties of invertebrate hematopoietic organs, with a main focus on insects and other arthropod taxa. We will then discuss similarities, at the molecular and structural level, that are apparent when comparing the development of blood cells in hematopoietic organs of vertebrates and arthropods. Our comparative review is intended to elucidate aspects of the biology of blood stem cells that are more easily missed when focusing on one or a few model species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Grigorian
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Arai I, Ohta M, Suzuki A, Tanaka S, Yoshizawa Y, Sato R. Immunohistochemical analysis of the role of hemocytin in nodule formation in the larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:125. [PMID: 24766322 PMCID: PMC4015701 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytin, a multidomain protein from Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), is an ortholog of von Willebrand factor and is expected to be a major mediator of hemocyte aggregation. Antiserum was generated against hemocytin, and immune staining of hemocytes, hemolymph, and nodules was performed. Hemocytin was observed in steady-state hemocytes but not in plasma, even after bacterial injection. When hemolymph was smeared on glass slides, hemocytin-containing fibrous structures formed a cellular network mainly consisting of granulocytes and oenocytoids. Hemocytin was stained only in the granules of the granulocytes. When nodule-like aggregates formed 30 sec after bacterial injection, both granulocytes and bacterial cells were observed binding to hemocytin-containing fibrous structures. When nodule sections were stained with antiserum, hemocytin was seen in the matrix of the nodules surrounding the hemocytes. These data suggest that hemocytin plays a major role in nodule formation as a component of the sticky fibrous structure exocytosed from granulocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Arai
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohta
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Asahi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lapointe JF, Dunphy GB, Mandato CA. Hemocyte-hemocyte adhesion and nodulation reactions of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella are influenced by cholera toxin and its B-subunit. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:54-65. [PMID: 24371567 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nodulation, the lepidopteran insect immune response to large numbers of microbes in the blood (hemolymph) consists of the coordination of the blood cell (hemocyte) types the granular cells and plasmatocytes in terms of granular cell-bacteria adhesion and hemocyte-hemocyte adhesion (microaggregation). Hemocyte-microbe adhesion is influenced by the secondary messenger, cAMP, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. In the present study, cholera toxin, an AB5 protein known to indirectly stimulate adenylate cyclase, is used to examine the hemocyte responses to glass, bacteria and hemocyte-hemocyte microaggregates. In vitro, this toxin induces a bimodal hemocyte adhesion response that varies with the holotoxin concentration in terms of the individual and aggregated hemocyte adhesion responses: the lower CTX concentration (1.2 nM) increases microaggregate adhesion and decreases individual hemocyte binding to glass, as does higher concentrations (6-120 nM), however microaggregates induced by lower concentrations do not adhere to glass. Cholera toxin-induced microaggregation is inhibited by RGDS, suggestive of integrin involvement. In vivo, cholera toxin (1.2-120 nM) injected into larvae induces also a bimodal hemocytic response: low levels (1.2-6 nM) cause reduced hemocyte adhesion, while high levels (12-120 nM) increase hemocyte release or mobilization of adhesive hemocyte counts in the hemolymph. Increasing levels of cholera toxin concomitantly injected with the non-pathogenic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis produces a bimodal pattern in bacterial removal from the hemolymph which correlates with nodule frequency in larvae injected with cholera toxin only. The effects of higher concentrations of cholera toxin in vitro (6-120 nM) and in vivo (12-120 nM) are mediated by the B-subunit, whereas the isolated A-subunit has no effect on hemocyte activity. Cholera toxin and its individual subunits did not detectably alter levels of intracellular cAMP in the hemocytes, suggesting a cAMP-independent mechanism stimulating the nodulation response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason F Lapointe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
| | - Gary B Dunphy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lapointe JF, Dunphy GB, Giannoulis P, Mandato CA, Nardi JB, Gharib OH, Niven DF. Cell lines, Md108 and Md66, from the hemocytes of Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera) display aspects of plasma-free innate non-self activities. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 108:180-93. [PMID: 21907208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
47
|
Sakamoto M, Ohta M, Suzuki A, Takase H, Yoshizawa Y, Kitami M, Sato R. Localization of the serine protease homolog BmSPH-1 in nodules of E. coli-injected Bombyx mori larvae and functional analysis of its role in nodule melanization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:611-619. [PMID: 21237196 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying nodule formation and melanization, an important pathogen defense mechanism in insects, are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of BmSPH-1, a catalytically inactive Bombyx mori serine protease homolog, in nodule melanization induced by injection of Escherichia coli cells into the B. mori larval hemocoel. Addition of the melanization substrate L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to newly formed nodules prompted nodule melanization, confirming that nodules contain activated prophenoloxidase needed for melanization. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot studies demonstrated that BmSPH-1 interacts with BmLBP, a C-type lectin that binds Gram-negative bacteria, and that BmSPH-1 is present in a truncated, putatively activated form at the E. coli cell surface in nodules. Pretreatment of larvae with anti-BmSPH-1 serum inhibited nodule melanization in E. coli-injected larvae. These results suggest that BmSPH-1 regulates nodule melanization and is recruited into nodules from the hemolymph by BmLBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Dubovskii IM, Grizanova EV, Chertkova EA, Slepneva IA, Komarov DA, Vorontsova YL, Glupov VV. Generation of reactive oxygen species and activity of antioxidants in hemolymph of the moth larvae Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Piralidae) at development of the process of encapsulation. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093010010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
50
|
Haemostatic and immune role of cellular clotting in the sipunculan Themiste petricola. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 339:597-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|