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Ni F, Shah FA, Ren J. Identification and characterization of the karrikins signaling gene SsSMAX1 in Sapium sebiferum. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16610. [PMID: 38089914 PMCID: PMC10712317 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 LIKE 1 (SMAX1) is a member of the SUPPRESSOR of MAX2 1‑LIKE family of genes and is known as a target protein of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2)-MORE AXILLARY BRANCHES2 (MAX2), which mediates karrikin signaling in Arabidopsis. SMAX1 plays a significant role in seed germination, hypocotyl elongation, and root hair development in Arabidopsis. SMAX1 has not yet been identified and characterized in woody plants. This study identified and characterized SsSMAX1 in Sapium sebiferum and found that SsSMAX1 was highly expressed in the seed, hypocotyl, and root tips of S. sebiferum. SsSMAX1 was functionally characterized by ectopic expression in Arabidopsis. SsSMAX1 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis showed significantly delayed seed germination and produced seedlings with longer hypocotyl and roots than wild-type and Atsmax1 functional mutants. SsSMAX1 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis also had broader and longer leaves and petioles than wild-type and Atsmax1, suggesting that SsSMAX1 is functionally conserved. This study characterizes the SMAX1 gene in a woody and commercially valuable bioenergy plant, Sapium sebiferum. The results of this study are beneficial to future research on the molecular biology of woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ni
- Anhui Wenda University of Information Engineering, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Faheem Afzal Shah
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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He Q, Zhang L, Li T, Li C, Song H, Fan P. Genus Sapium (Euphorbiaceae): A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114206. [PMID: 34000366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Genus Sapium, belonging to Euphorbiaceae family, has a wide distribution in Asia and in temperate and tropical regions of Africa and America. The various parts of Sapium species have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of edema, skin-related diseases, bacterial infections, cancers, diabetes, and other ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY A comprehensive and updated review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional medicinal uses of Sapium has been summarized and discussed to facilitate further exploitation of the therapeutic values of Sapium species. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information of Sapium species was collected by scientific search engines including Elsevier, Google Scholar, Scifinder, and CNKI (China national knowledge infrastructure), and Master's dissertations and Summon from Shandong University Library. RESULTS Phytochemical studies revealed that approximately 259 compounds including terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, etc. have been isolated and identified from Sapium species, among which terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and tannins are the main constituents. Pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the extracts and pure compounds possessed significant antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive effects, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, molluscicidal effects. Terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids may be responsible for these activities. CONCLUSIONS The traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology described in this article demonstrated that the plants of Sapium genus possess many different types of compounds exhibiting wide range of biological activities, and they have high medicinal value and potential in the treatment of a variety of diseases. Detailed phytochemical studies have been conducted on only twelve species in the literature. More wide-ranging studies are still needed to explore this genus. Most of the existing bioactivity-related studies were implemented on crude extracts. More in-depth studies are necessary to reveal the links between the traditional uses and bioactivity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaobian He
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People's Hospital, No. 148 Jingyi Road, Jinan, 250001, PR China.
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Changhao Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Huina Song
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Peihong Fan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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Flores-Giubi ME, Botubol-Ares JM, Durán-Peña MJ, Escobar-Montaño F, Zorrilla D, Sánchez-Márquez J, Muñoz E, Macías-Sánchez AJ, Hernández-Galán R. Bond reactivity indices approach analysis of the [2+2] cycloaddition of jatrophane skeleton diterpenoids from Euphorbia gaditana Coss to tetracyclic gaditanone. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 180:112519. [PMID: 33038551 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition from a jatrophane precursor to the gaditanane skeleton, an unprecedented 5/6/4/6-fused tetracyclic ring framework recently isolated from Euphorbia spp., was studied using the bond reactivity indices approach. Furthermore, six diterpenoids, including three undescribed jatrophanes isolated from E. gaditana Coss, were described. The structures of these compounds were deduced by a combination of 2D NMR spectroscopy and ECD data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Flores-Giubi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Departamento Central, Paraguay
| | - Jose Manuel Botubol-Ares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María J Durán-Peña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Felipe Escobar-Montaño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David Zorrilla
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Sánchez-Márquez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédicas de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, C/ Maria Virgen y Madre s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J Macías-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosario Hernández-Galán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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4
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Shah FA, Ni J, Chen J, Wang Q, Liu W, Chen X, Tang C, Fu S, Wu L. Proanthocyanidins in seed coat tegmen and endospermic cap inhibit seed germination in Sapium sebiferum. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4690. [PMID: 29713566 PMCID: PMC5924686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapium sebiferum, an ornamental and bio-energetic plant, is propagated by seed. Its seed coat contains germination inhibitors and takes a long time to stratify for germination. In this study, we discovered that the S. sebiferum seed coat (especially the tegmen) and endospermic cap (ESC) contained high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Seed coat and ESC removal induced seed germination, whereas exogenous application with seed coat extract (SCE) or PAs significantly inhibited this process, suggesting that PAs in the seed coat played a major role in regulating seed germination in S. sebiferum. We further investigated how SCE affected the expression of the seed-germination-related genes. The results showed that treatment with SCE upregulated the transcription level of the dormancy-related gene, gibberellins (GAs) suppressing genes, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signalling genes. SCE decreased the transcript levels of ABA catabolic genes, GAs biosynthesis genes, reactive oxygen species genes and nitrates-signalling genes. Exogenous application of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, gibberellic acid, hydrogen peroxide and potassium nitrate recovered seed germination in seed-coat-extract supplemented medium. In this study, we highlighted the role of PAs, and their interactions with the other germination regulators, in the regulation of seed dormancy in S. sebiferum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Afzal Shah
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiaojian Wang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Caiguo Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Songling Fu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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5
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Flores-Giubi ME, Durán-Peña MJ, Botubol-Ares JM, Escobar-Montaño F, Zorrilla D, Macías-Sánchez AJ, Hernández-Galán R. Gaditanone, a Diterpenoid Based on an Unprecedented Carbon Skeleton Isolated from Euphorbia gaditana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2161-2165. [PMID: 28678491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel diterpenoid, gaditanone (2), which possesses an unprecedented 5/6/4/6-fused gaditanane tetracyclic ring skeleton, and a new jatrophane (1) were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia gaditana. The chemical structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic NMR studies and ECD data analysis. A proposed biosynthetic pathway is presented for compound 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Flores-Giubi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas, and ‡Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María J Durán-Peña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas, and ‡Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M Botubol-Ares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas, and ‡Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Felipe Escobar-Montaño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas, and ‡Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David Zorrilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas, and ‡Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio J Macías-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas, and ‡Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosario Hernández-Galán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Biomoléculas, and ‡Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Puerto Real s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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6
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Wang L, Yang J, Kong LM, Deng J, Xiong Z, Huang J, Luo J, Yan Y, Hu Y, Li XN, Li Y, Zhao Y, Huang SX. Natural and Semisynthetic Tigliane Diterpenoids with New Carbon Skeletons from Euphorbia dracunculoides as a Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitor. Org Lett 2017; 19:3911-3914. [PMID: 28703597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ling-Mei Kong
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jun Deng
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianying Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yikao Hu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yan Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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7
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Chen X, Mao Y, Huang S, Ni J, Lu W, Hou J, Wang Y, Zhao W, Li M, Wang Q, Wu L. Selection of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-time PCR in Sapium sebiferum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:637. [PMID: 28523004 PMCID: PMC5415600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum L.) is a promising landscape and bioenergy plant. Measuring gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) can provide valuable information on gene function. Stably expressed reference genes for normalization are a prerequisite for ensuring the accuracy of the target gene expression level among different samples. However, the reference genes in Chinese tallow have not been systematically validated. In this study, 12 candidate reference genes (18S, GAPDH, UBQ, RPS15, SAND, TIP41, 60S, ACT7, PDF2, APT, TBP, and TUB) were investigated with qRT-PCR in 18 samples, including those from different tissues, from plants treated with sucrose and cold stresses. The data were calculated with four common algorithms, geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and the delta cycle threshold (ΔCt). TIP41 and GAPDH were the most stable for the tissue-specific experiment, GAPDH and 60S for cold treatment, and GAPDH and UBQ for sucrose stresses, while the least stable genes were 60S, TIP41, and 18S respectively. The comprehensive results showed APT, GAPDH, and UBQ to be the top-ranked stable genes across all the samples. The stability of 60S was the lowest during all experiments. These selected reference genes were further validated by comparing the expression profiles of the chalcone synthase gene in Chinese tallow in different samples. The results will help to improve the accuracy of gene expression studies in Chinese tallow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
- Institute of Technical Biology & Agriculture Engineering, Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
- Institute of Technical Biology & Agriculture Engineering, Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
| | - Weili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
- Institute of Technical Biology & Agriculture Engineering, Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Jinyan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
- Institute of Technical Biology & Agriculture Engineering, Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural ScienceHefei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
| | - Minghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
| | - Qiaojian Wang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei, China
- *Correspondence: Lifang Wu
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8
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Germplasm, chemical constituents, biological activities, utilization, and control of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small). Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Divi UK, Zhou XR, Wang P, Butlin J, Zhang DM, Liu Q, Vanhercke T, Petrie JR, Talbot M, White RG, Taylor JM, Larkin P, Singh SP. Deep Sequencing of the Fruit Transcriptome and Lipid Accumulation in a Non-Seed Tissue of Chinese Tallow, a Potential Biofuel Crop. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:125-37. [PMID: 26589268 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) is a valuable oilseed-producing tree that can grow in a variety of conditions without competing for food production, and is a promising biofuel feedstock candidate. The fruits are unique in that they contain both saturated and unsaturated fat present in the tallow and seed layer, respectively. The tallow layer is poorly studied and is considered only as an external fatty deposition secreted from the seed. In this study we show that tallow is in fact a non-seed cellular tissue capable of triglyceride synthesis. Knowledge of lipid synthesis and storage mechanisms in tissues other than seed is limited but essential to generate oil-rich biomass crops. Here, we describe the annotated transcriptome assembly generated from the fruit coat, tallow and seed tissues of Chinese tallow. The final assembly was functionally annotated, allowing for the identification of candidate genes and reconstruction of lipid pathways. A tallow tissue-specific paralog for the transcription factor gene WRINKLED1 (WRI1) and lipid droplet-associated protein genes, distinct from those expressed in seed tissue, were found to be active in tallow, underpinning the mode of oil synthesis and packaging in this tissue. Our data have established an excellent knowledge base that can provide genetic and biochemical insights for engineering non-seed tissues to accumulate large amounts of oil. In addition to the large data set of annotated transcripts, the study also provides gene-based simple sequence repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday K Divi
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | - Penghao Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - Jamie Butlin
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Shanghai Landscape Gardening Research Institute, Shanghai, China, 200232
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | - Thomas Vanhercke
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | - James R Petrie
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | - Mark Talbot
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | | | | | - Philip Larkin
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601 CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2601
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10
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Wang HB, Wang XY, Liu LP, Qin GW, Kang TG. Tigliane diterpenoids from the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2975-3011. [PMID: 25906056 DOI: 10.1021/cr200397n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bing Wang
- †Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wang
- †Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.,‡School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- †Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Wei Qin
- §Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Guo Kang
- ‡School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China
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Al Muqarrabun LMR, Ahmat N, Aris SRS. A review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Sapium. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:9-20. [PMID: 24877849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Several species from the genus Sapium possess a broad range of medicinal properties and they have been used as traditional medicines by indigenous groups in several regions such as Malaysia, Africa, Southern China and Bolivia. Most of the species reported to possess therapeutic effects which are used for the treatment of skin-related diseases such as eczema and dermatitis, but they may also be used for overstrain, lumbago, constipation and hernia. Species of this genus are also used to treat wounds and snake bites. In addition, the saps/latex of Sapium glandulosum, Sapium indicum and Sapium sebiferum have/has toxic effects and are used as bird and fish poisons. This review discusses the current knowledge of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicities of species from the genus Sapium to reveal their therapeutic potentials and gaps offering opportunities for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on a literature study of scientific journals and books from libraries and electronic sources, such as ScienceDirect, PubMed and ACS. RESULTS As many as 65 compounds are included in this review. They belong to different classes of compounds including flavonoids, terpenoids and several other types of compounds, such as alkaloids, phenolic acids and amides. The pharmacological studies revealed that various types of preparations, extracts and single compounds of species from this genus exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. However, Sapium glandulosum, Sapium indicum and Sapium sebiferum were reported to possess toxic effects and Sapium sebiferum was found to contain phorbol esters acting as a tumor-promoting agent. CONCLUSION The genus Sapium consists of 23 accepted (high confidence) species. However, only very few of species have been phytochemically and pharmacologically studied. There is great potential to discover new chemical constituents from this genus because only a few species have been phytochemically investigated thus far. Only 27 compounds of 65 identified compounds have been studied for their biological activities. Several extracts and single compounds from this genus were reported to exhibit interesting biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the toxicity studies of some phorbol esters suggested that the compounds acted as potential tumor-promoting agents by stimulating protein kinase C. This is an interesting fact in which a plant with medicinal properties also possesses toxic effects as well. Therefore, more clinical studies on the toxicity of the extracts of the plants and the compounds isolated from this genus are also crucial to ensure their safety and to assess their eligibility for use as sources for modern medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M R Al Muqarrabun
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - N Ahmat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S Ruzaina S Aris
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Al Muqarrabun LMR, Ahmat N, Aris SRS, Norizan N, Shamsulrijal N, Yusof FZM, Suratman MN, Yusof MIM, Salim F. A new triterpenoid from Sapium baccatum (Euphorbiaceae). Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1003-9. [PMID: 24697194 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.903396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new triterpene, malaytaraxerate (1), and four known compounds, taraxerol (2), taraxerone (3), docosyl isoferulate (4) and docosanoic acid 2',3'-dihydroxypropyl ester (5), were isolated from the acetone extract of Sapium baccatum stem bark. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined using several spectroscopic methods, including UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. Major isolated compounds were assayed for cytotoxicity. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also studied.
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Durán-Peña MJ, Botubol Ares JM, Collado IG, Hernández-Galán R. Biologically active diterpenes containing a gem-dimethylcyclopropane subunit: an intriguing source of PKC modulators. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:940-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review describes diterpenes containing thegem-dimethylcyclopropane subunit isolated from natural sources with a special emphasis on their intriguing biological activities as a source of PKC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isidro G. Collado
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Cádiz
- , Spain
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Liu HB, Zhang H, Yu JH, Xu CH, Ding J, Yue JM. Cytotoxic diterpenoids from Sapium insigne. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:722-727. [PMID: 22409148 DOI: 10.1021/np300004y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation into the twigs and leaves of Sapium insigne afforded seven new diterpenoids, sapinsignoids A-G (1-7), together with 10 known diterpenoids. The structures of 1-7 were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical degradation. Compounds 1-4 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the A-549 tumor cell line (IC(50) 0.2-1.8 μM), while compounds 1-3 showed moderate cytotoxicity against the HL-60 cell line (IC(50) 2.7-6.5 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Barrero RA, Chapman B, Yang Y, Moolhuijzen P, Keeble-Gagnère G, Zhang N, Tang Q, Bellgard MI, Qiu D. De novo assembly of Euphorbia fischeriana root transcriptome identifies prostratin pathway related genes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:600. [PMID: 22151917 PMCID: PMC3273484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Euphorbia fischeriana is an important medicinal plant found in Northeast China. The plant roots contain many medicinal compounds including 12-deoxyphorbol-13-acetate, commonly known as prostratin that is a phorbol ester from the tigliane diterpene series. Prostratin is a protein kinase C activator and is effective in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) by acting as a latent HIV activator. Latent HIV is currently the biggest limitation for viral eradication. The aim of this study was to sequence, assemble and annotate the E. fischeriana transcriptome to better understand the potential biochemical pathways leading to the synthesis of prostratin and other related diterpene compounds. Results In this study we conducted a high throughput RNA-seq approach to sequence the root transcriptome of E. fischeriana. We assembled 18,180 transcripts, of these the majority encoded protein-coding genes and only 17 transcripts corresponded to known RNA genes. Interestingly, we identified 5,956 protein-coding transcripts with high similarity (> = 75%) to Ricinus communis, a close relative to E. fischeriana. We also evaluated the conservation of E. fischeriana genes against EST datasets from the Euphorbeacea family, which included R. communis, Hevea brasiliensis and Euphorbia esula. We identified a core set of 1,145 gene clusters conserved in all four species and 1,487 E. fischeriana paralogous genes. Furthermore, we screened E. fischeriana transcripts against an in-house reference database for genes implicated in the biosynthesis of upstream precursors to prostratin. This identified 24 and 9 candidate transcripts involved in the terpenoid and diterpenoid biosyntehsis pathways, respectively. The majority of the candidate genes in these pathways presented relatively low expression levels except for 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase (HDS) and isopentenyl diphosphate/dimethylallyl diphosphate synthase (IDS), which are required for multiple downstream pathways including synthesis of casbene, a proposed precursor to prostratin. Conclusion The resources generated in this study provide new insights into the upstream pathways to the synthesis of prostratin and will likely facilitate functional studies aiming to produce larger quantities of this compound for HIV research and/or treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Barrero
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
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Woldemichael GM, Gutierrez-Lugo MT, Franzblau SG, Wang Y, Suarez E, Timmermann BN. Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth inhibition by constituents of Sapium haematospermum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:598-603. [PMID: 15104489 DOI: 10.1021/np0303411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Four novel compounds consisting of two new pimaranes, lecheronol A (1) and lecheronol B (2), an acylated cycloartane, 3-O-beta-lauroyl-cycloart-(23E)-en-25-ol (10), and a highly oxygenated novel chalconoid, alpha,beta,3,4,5,2',4',6'-octahydroxydihydrochalcone (12), were isolated along with seven known triterpene derivatives and three flavonol glucosides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth-inhibiting fractions of the CH(2)Cl(2)/MeOH (1:1) extract of the aerial parts of Sapium haematospermum. Compounds 1, 3 (3 alpha-hydroxyolean-12-ene), 8 [3 alpha-hydroxylup-20(29)-en], and 9 (cycloartanol) were found most active, with MIC values of 4, 12.2, 13.4, and 8 microg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests in Vero cells for compounds 1, 3, 8, and 9 gave IC(50) values of 104.8, 127.2, 127.2, and 102.4 microg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma M Woldemichael
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, USA
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Slater SJ, Ho C, Stubbs CD. The use of fluorescent phorbol esters in studies of protein kinase C-membrane interactions. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 116:75-91. [PMID: 12093536 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The family of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes belongs to a growing class of proteins that become active by associating with membranes containing anionic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine. Depending on the particular PKC isoform, this process is mediated by Ca(2+)-binding to a C2 domain and interaction of activators such as 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol or phorbol esters with tandem C1 domains. This cooperation between the C1 and C2 domains in inducing the association of PKC with lipid membranes provides the energy for a conformational change that consists of the release of a pseudosubstrate sequence from the active site, culminating in activation. Thus, the properties of the interactions of the C1 and C2 domains with membranes, both as isolated domains, and as modules in the full length PKC isoforms, have been the subject of intense scrutiny. Here, we review the findings of studies in which fluorescent phorbol esters have been utilized to probe the properties of the C1 domains of PKC with respect to the interaction with activators, the subsequent interaction with membranes, and the role of the activating conformational change that leads to activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Slater
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Room 271 JAH, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Endo Y, Ohno M, Hirano M, Itai A, Shudo K. Synthesis, Conformation, and Biological Activity of Teleocidin Mimics, Benzolactams. A Clarification of the Conformational Flexibility Problem in Structure−Activity Studies of Teleocidins. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953578v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Endo
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Institute of Medicinal Molecular Design, 4-1-11 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ohno
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Institute of Medicinal Molecular Design, 4-1-11 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirano
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Institute of Medicinal Molecular Design, 4-1-11 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Akiko Itai
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Institute of Medicinal Molecular Design, 4-1-11 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Koichi Shudo
- Contribution from the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Institute of Medicinal Molecular Design, 4-1-11 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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Brooks G, Goss MW, Hart IR. Differential induction of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate sequence gene expression in murine melanocytes and melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 1992; 5:328-33. [PMID: 1379817 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that growth of the nontumorigenic, immortal murine melanocyte line Mel-ab correlates with the depletion of protein kinase C (PKC), whereas quiescence is associated with elevated levels of this enzyme (Brooks G, et al., Cancer Res 51: 3281-3288, 1991). Here we report responses that occur in these cells downstream of PKC activation or downregulation. We examined induction of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-inducible sequence (TIS) gene expression in Mel-ab melanocytes and in their transformed counterparts, B16 melanoma cells. Exposure of quiescent Mel-ab cells to the PKC-activating phorbol esters TPA or sapintoxin A at 81 nM for 2 h increased levels of mRNA for six of seven TIS genes examined (twofold to 80-fold increase in steady-state RNA levels for TIS 1, 7, 8, 11, 21, and 28 (c-fos); TIS 10 expression was not affected). No induction of TIS gene expression was observed either in growing Mel-ab cells maintained in 324 nM phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate or in B16 cells previously unexposed to phorbol esters, in which normal PKC levels were endogenously depressed. The cAMP-elevating agents choleratoxin (10 nM) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (2.5 mM) increased levels of TIS mRNA (with the exception of TIS 10) in both proliferating Mel-ab and B16 cells, suggesting that downregulation of the PKC pathway is specific and not a consequence of a general inhibition of all signalling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Bucladesine/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genes, fos
- Melanocytes/drug effects
- Melanocytes/physiology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Weight
- Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate/pharmacology
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brooks
- Biology of Metastasis Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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Brooks G, Evans AT, Aitken A, Evans FJ. Sapintoxin A. A fluorescent phorbol ester that is a potent activator of protein kinase C but is not a tumour promoter. Cancer Lett 1987; 38:165-70. [PMID: 3690506 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(87)90211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this communication we report on the activity of the naturally occurring, highly fluorescent phorbol ester Sapintoxin A (12-o-[2-methylaminobenzoate]-4-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate). This compound potently activates the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) (Ka 76 nM) but is neither a complete nor second-stage tumour promoter in traditional Berenblum tests. Sapintoxin A has properties in common with promoters such as 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) in that it will induce erythema in vivo, induce lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro and cause aggregation of human and rabbit platelets. Accordingly, Sapintoxin A is a suitable negative control compound for biochemical studies concerning the involvement of PKC in tumour promotion and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brooks
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, U.K
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