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Adams RH, Brown DT. Inhibition of Sindbis virus maturation after treatment of infected cells with trypsin. J Virol 1982; 41:692-702. [PMID: 6281478 PMCID: PMC256798 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.41.2.692-702.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brief treatment of Sindbis virus-infected BHK-21 or Vero cells with low concentrations of trypsin irreversibly blocked further production of progeny virions after removal of the enzyme. The inhibitory effects of the trypsin treatment could only be demonstrated in cells in which virus infection was established; optimal inhibition occurred at ca. 3 h postinfection. Production of virus structural proteins PE2, E1, and C occurred at normal levels in inhibited cells. PE2 and E1 were also transported to the cell plasma membrane during inhibition; however, PE2 was not cleaved to E2, and little capsid protein became membrane associated relative to control cells. Although trypsin treatment had no effect on Sindbis protein synthesis, the production of both 26S and 42S RNA was greatly reduced. Similar trypsin treatment of BHK cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus had no detectable effect on the course of virus infection.
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2
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Kamimura T, Yoshikawa A, Ichida F, Sasaki H. Electron microscopic studies of Dane particles in hepatocytes with special reference to intracellular development of Dane particles and their relation with HBeAg in serum. Hepatology 1981; 1:392-7. [PMID: 7308984 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopic observations in 30 cases of HBsAg positive liver disease and 12 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg suggested the following mechanism of intracellular development of Dane particles: core particles migrated from the nucleus into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. Intracytoplasmic core particles protruded into the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum by budding the outer coat of Dane particles being derived from the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Release of Dane particles into the blood stream by reversed pinocytosis was suggested by the finding of submembranous localization of endoplasmic reticulum containing these particles. No budding from the cell surface of the hepatocytes was encountered. Dane particles in the hepatocytes were detected in 14 of 15 cases positive for serum HBeAg while no particles were seen in 27 HBeAg negative cases, thus suggesting that serum HBeAg reflected ongoing replication of hepatitis B virus in the hepatocytes.
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Bell JR, Strauss EG, Strauss JH. Purification and amino acid compositions of the structural proteins of sindbis virus. Virology 1979; 97:287-94. [PMID: 473598 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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King CC, King MW, Garry RF, Wan KM, Ulug ET, Waite MR. Effect of incubation time on the generation of defective-interfering particles during undiluted serial passage of sindbis virus in Aedes albopictus and chick cells. Virology 1979; 96:229-38. [PMID: 462807 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Garry RF, Bishop JM, Parker S, Westbrook K, Lewis G, Waite MR. Na+ and K+ concentrations and the regulation of protein synthesis in Sindbis virus-infected chick cells. Virology 1979; 96:108-20. [PMID: 462804 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Strauss EG. Mutants of Sindbis virus. III. Host polypeptides present in purified HR and ts103 virus particles. J Virol 1978; 28:466-74. [PMID: 569218 PMCID: PMC354296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.28.2.466-474.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amounts of host-encoded protein present in purified Sindbis virions of both the HR strain and of a mutant (ts103) which makes multicored particles were examined. Cells were labeled with [35S]methionine before infection and with [3H]methionine postinfection. Virions were purified by velocity sedimentation and isopycnic banding, and their polypeptides were examined by polyacrylamide gels in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing discontinuous buffer system. Host prelabeled material was found principally in a small number of discrete polypeptides in HR virions, which contained as little as 0.2% host-encoded protein. Virus-sized particles of mutant ts103 contained significantly more host material, and multiploid particles from ts103 infection contained up to 12% host prelabeled protein.
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Smith JF, Brown DT. Envelopments of Sindbis virus: synthesis and organization of proteins in cells infected with wild type and maturation-defective mutants. J Virol 1977; 22:662-78. [PMID: 875134 PMCID: PMC515766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.22.3.662-678.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and organization of Sindbis virus structural proteins was investigated in BHK cells infected with wild-type virus (SVHR) or temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants defective in maturation. Cells infected with ts-23 or ts-20 (complementation groups D and E) were similar in the polypeptides synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature and differed from SVHR-infected cells in that the envelope protein E2 was not cleaved from the PE2 precursor. Data from experiments utilizing pulse-chase procedures or protein synthesis inhibitors indicated that although infectious virions were released from cells infected with these mutants in shift-down experiments, the particles were produced almost exclusively from proteins synthesized after the return to permissive temperature. This suggests that a stable complex may be formed among the structural proteins before budding. A membrane fraction isolated from cells infected with either ts mutants or SVHR contained the PE2, E1, and C polypeptides, whereas E2 was restricted to fractions obtained from SVHR-infected cells. Although equivalent amounts of virus-specific protein were synthesized in cells infected with either mutant and the cells contained qualitatively the same proteins in the isolated membranes, cells infected with ts-23 did not have virus-specific proteins exposed on their surface that could be detected by ferritin-conjugated antibody-labeling procedures or lactoperoxidase-mediated iodination. In contrast, ts-20-infected cells had significant amounts of viral protein, mainly E1, that could be detected on the plasma membrane by either procedure. Iodine was incorporated into E1 and E2 on the surface of SVHR-infected cells in the same relative amounts as seen in iodinated virions. PE2, however, although present in membranes, could not be iodinated on the surface of infected cells under any of the conditions used in this study. We also monitored the relative efficiency with which these viral proteins could be removed from intact cells by dilute solutions of nonionic detergents. The results indicated that E2 was most efficiently removed, followed by E1. PE2 (the precursor to E2) and C remained associated with the cell and could be subsequently isolated in the membrane fraction.
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Simizu B, Wagatsuma M, Oya A, Hanaoka F, Yamada M. Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis in hamster kidney cells infected with western equine encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 1976; 51:251-61. [PMID: 973797 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of BHK cells with western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus resulted in rapid inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis. The rate of inhibition of DNA synthesis depended on the multiplicity of infection, and was closely related to virus replication. Cellular DNA synthesis was not inhibited in infected BHK cells that had been irradiated with ultraviolet radiation. These results indicated that a functional viral genome was required for the inhibition of DNA synthesis by WEE virus. The sharp decrease in thymidine incorporation into the acid-insoluble fraction was not due to a change in the intracellular pool of the acid-soluble fraction. Sedimentation analysis in alkaline sucrose gradients was used to show that cellular DNA was not degraded during WEE viirus infection. DNA polymerase activity in infected cells was not significantly reduced.
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Krantz MJ, Lee YC, Hung PP. Characterization and comparison of the major glycoprotein from three strains of Rous sarcoma virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:66-73. [PMID: 180897 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Sefton BM, Keegstra K. Glycoproteins of Sindbis virus: priliminary characterization of the oligosaccharides. J Virol 1974; 14:522-30. [PMID: 4852175 PMCID: PMC355546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.3.522-530.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate content of Sindbis virus was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The two viral glycoproteins were found to be approximately 8% carbohydrate by weight. Mannose is the sugar present in the largest amount. Smaller amounts of glucosamine, galactose, sialic acid, and fucose were also detected. Each of the two viral glycoproteins appears to contain two structurally unrelated oligosaccharides. Two of the three Sindbis-specific glycoproteins found in infected chick cells were shown to contain short, unfinished oligosaccharides.
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Birdwell CR, Strauss JH. Replication of Sindbis virus. IV. Electron microscope study of the insertion of viral glycoproteins into the surface of infected chick cells. J Virol 1974; 14:366-74. [PMID: 4858787 PMCID: PMC355522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.2.366-374.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of Sindbis virus-envelope glycoproteins in the surfaces of chicken embryo fibroblasts was studied by an indirect labeling technique. This technique involved treating infected cells sequentially with rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for Sindbis virus followed by hemocyanin-conjugated goat (anti-rabbit IgG) IgG; surface replicas of these cells were then prepared and examined in the electron microscope. As early as 2 h after infection (and at least 1 h before mature virions were released), newly synthesized virus-envelope glycoproteins were detected at the cell surface. By 3 h after infection, cell surface membranes were extensively modified by the insertion of the Sindbis glycoproteins. When infected cells were prefixed with glutaraldehyde before labeling, the glycoproteins were distributed fairly evenly over the cell surface, although a slight clustering was observed on cells labeled early in infection. However, no evidence for large-scale clustering of virus glycoproteins corresponding to patches of budding virus was observed. Similar results were found with unfixed cells labeled at 4 C. However, when unfixed cells were labeled at 37 C, the glycoproteins were shown to be in discrete clusters, demonstrating that these glycoprotein antigens can diffuse laterally through the cell membrane at this temperature.
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Harrison SC, Jack A, Goodenough D, Sefton BM. Structural studies of spherical viruses. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1974; 2:486-95. [PMID: 4437182 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Sheffield JB. Membrane alterations which accompany MuMTV maturation. I. Studies by freeze-cleave techniques. Virology 1974; 57:287-90. [PMID: 4362027 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Brown DT, Gliedman JB. Morphological variants of Sindbis virus obtained from infected mosquito tissue culture cells. J Virol 1973; 12:1534-9. [PMID: 4128381 PMCID: PMC356796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.6.1534-1539.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-cultured Aedes albopictus cells infected with morphologically homogeneous Sindbis virus were found to produce progeny virions which could be divided into three classes based on size. The thickness of the envelope was constant on all three sizes of progeny virions suggesting that the variability in size rested with the viral nucleocapsid. It is suggested that the three classes of virions have icosahedral nucleocapsids composed of common subunits organized in decreasing triangulation numbers.
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Abstract
Sindbis virus was iodinated by using the enzyme lactoperoxidase, an iodination technique which labels only surface proteins. By this technique, the two viral glycoproteins are labeled, and the internal viral protein is not. The two glycoproteins are iodinated to strikingly different extents. This difference in susceptibility to iodination apparently is due to the position or conformation of the glycoproteins in the envelope spikes of the virion and not to differing contents of tyrosine, the amino acid substrate of lactoperoxidase. Both viral glycoproteins are iodinated by lactoperoxidase on the surface of Sindbis-infected chicken cells. Here, as in the virion, the glycoproteins are iodinated unequally, with the smaller glycoprotein again being preferentially iodinated. Another virus-specific protein found in large amounts in infected cells, and from which the preferentially iodinated virion glycoprotein is produced by a proteolytic cleavage, is not iodinated by lactoperoxidase. Thus it appears that the viral glycoproteins are present on the cell surface and that the precursor protein is not.
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17
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Birdwell CR, Strauss JH. Agglutination of Sindbis virus and of cells infected with Sindbis virus by plant lectins. J Virol 1973; 11:502-7. [PMID: 4735591 PMCID: PMC355130 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.4.502-507.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the agglutination of Sindbis virus and of chick and hamster cells infected with Sindbis virus by two of the plant lectins, concanavalin A and Ricinus communis agglutinin. Both lectins agglutinate the virus by binding to the polysaccharide chains of the envelope glycoproteins. Both chick and hamster cells exhibit increased agglutination by the lectins after infection by Sindbis virus. In the case of chick cells infected with Sindbis virus, this increase in agglutinability occurs between 3 and 5 h after infection. Infected and mock-infected cells bind the same amount of (3)H-labeled concanavalin A, which suggests that the increase in agglutination after infection is due to rearrangements at the cell surface rather than to insertion of new lectin binding sites per se.
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Shenk TE, Stollar V. Effect of double-stranded RNAs from Sindbis virus-infected cells on rabbit reticulocyte and chick embryo cell-free protein synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 287:501-13. [PMID: 4641255 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Bendersky S, De Martinez Segovia ZM. Density of an arbovirus in relation to its host cells. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 37:316-22. [PMID: 5064733 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Waite MR, Brown DT, Pfefferkorn ER. Inhibition of Sindbis virus release by media of low ionic strength: an electron microscope study. J Virol 1972; 10:537-44. [PMID: 4672394 PMCID: PMC356495 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.3.537-544.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of Sindbis virus from infected cells is inhibited by lowering the ionic strength of the medium. To determine the nature of the inhibited step, we examined, by electron microscopy, both freeze-etched and thin-sectioned preparations which had been fixed with either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde. Inhibitory medium had two different effects on Sindbis virus release: virus budding was partially inhibited, and those virions which did mature were precipitated on the surface of the cell. Freeze-etched, inhibited cells showed very few viral buds. After shift to normal medium, the number of budding virions increased dramatically, far exceeding the quantity found in normal controls. Thus, low ionic strength medium clearly inhibited an early stage of virus maturation. The results were the same regardless of the fixative. Thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, inhibited cells contained large extracellular aggregates of mature virus which were not present in similar, formaldehyde-fixed preparations. Fixation of radioactively-labeled, inhibited cultures revealed that approximately half of the virus that could be released from inhibited cells by raising the ionic strength of the medium could also be released by formaldehyde, but not by glutaraldehyde. This fraction probably represents mature virus attached to the cell surface by the ionic conditions.
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Brown DT, Waite MR, Pfefferkorn ER. Morphology and morphogenesis of Sindbis virus as seen with freeze-etching techniques. J Virol 1972; 10:524-36. [PMID: 4672393 PMCID: PMC356494 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.3.524-536.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Freeze-etch electron microscope studies of the morphogenesis and morphology of Sindbis virus confirmed results obtained by other workers employing thin-sectioning techniques. The 68-nm virion was found to have a nucleocapsid 36 nm in diameter surrounded by a double-layered, unit membrane. The membranous envelope is acquired as the capsid buds through the plasma membrane of the infected cell. The freeze-etch technique also provided the following new information. (i) At any one time, budding occurs in patches rather than evenly over the cell surface. (ii) The nucleocapsid is composed of capsomers 7 nm in diameter. (iii) The capsid interacts strongly with the membrane, both prior to budding and after maturation. (iv) The 7- to 10-nm particles characteristic of the internal faces of plasma membranes, which presumably represent host membrane proteins, are present in early stages of budding but disappear as morphogenesis progresses. (v) Fusion of the cell membrane at the base of the budding virion is a two-step process; the inner leaflet fuses into a sphere before the outer one. (vi) The outer surface of the viral envelope is covered with 4-nm subunits with a center-to-center spacing of 6 nm.
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Bose HR, Brundige MA. Selective association of Sindbis virion proteins with different membrane fractions of infected cells. J Virol 1972; 9:785-91. [PMID: 4337164 PMCID: PMC356374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.9.5.785-791.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma and smooth membranes obtained from chicken embryo cells infected with Sindbis virus were solubilized and subjected to electrophoresis on acrylamide gels. The electrophoretic patterns showed that (i) the major proteins synthesized and associated with plasma membranes from infected cells are virion proteins and (ii) at 4 hr after infection virion proteins are not present at detectable levels in the smooth membranes of the cell.
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Renkonen O, Kääräinen L, Simons K, Gahmberg CG. The lipid class composition of Semliki forest virus and plasma membranes of the host cells. Virology 1971; 46:318-26. [PMID: 4331728 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Koblet H. [Comparative studies on influenza virus proteins]. EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:233-5. [PMID: 5544765 DOI: 10.1007/bf02145916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Mussgay M, Enzmann PJ, Horst J. Influence of an arbovirus infection (Sindbis virus) on the protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis of cultivated chick embryo cells. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 31:81-92. [PMID: 5529071 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Scheele CM, Pfefferkorn ER. Virus-specific proteins synthesized in cells infected with RNA+ temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus. J Virol 1970; 5:329-37. [PMID: 5461887 PMCID: PMC376010 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.5.3.329-337.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All Sindbis virus temperature-sensitive mutants defective in "late" functions were systematically surveyed by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis for similarities and differences in the intracellular pattern of virus-specific proteins synthesized at the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. Only cells infected with mutants of complementation group C showed an altered pattern. At the nonpermissive temperature, these mutants failed to induce the synthesis of a polypeptide corresponding to the nucleocapsid protein and instead overproduced a protein of higher molecular weight than either viral structural protein. This defect was shown to be irreversible by the finding that (3)H-leucine incorporated at 41.5 C specifically failed to appear in the nucleocapsid of virions subsequently released at 29 C. Attempts to demonstrate a precursor protein in wild-type infections were inconclusive.
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Scheele CM, Pfefferkorn ER. Inhibition of interjacent ribonucleic acid (26S) synthesis in cells infected by Sindbis virus. J Virol 1969; 4:117-22. [PMID: 5817400 PMCID: PMC375845 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.2.117-122.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The interrelationship of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis in cells infected by Sindbis virus was investigated. When cultures were treated with puromycin early in the course of infection, the synthesis of interjacent RNA (26S) was preferentially inhibited. A similar result was obtained by shifting cells infected by one temperature-sensitive mutant defective in RNA synthesis from the permissive (29 C) to the nonpermissive (41.5 C) temperature. Under both conditions, the viral RNA produced appeared to be fully active biologically. Once underway, the synthesis of viral RNA in wild-type Sindbis infections did not require concomitant protein synthesis.
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31
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Evans MJ, Kingsbury DW. Separation of Newcastle disease virus proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Virology 1969; 37:597-604. [PMID: 5781862 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Strauss JH, Burge BW, Darnell JE. Sindbis virus infection of chick and hamster cells: synthesis of virus-specific proteins. Virology 1969; 37:367-76. [PMID: 5777557 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Strauss JH, Burge BW, Pfefferkorn ER, Darnell JE. Identification of the membrane protein and "core" protein of Sindbis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:533-7. [PMID: 5238983 PMCID: PMC224705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.2.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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35
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Studies on complement-potentiated neutralizing antibodies (C′-PNAb) induced in rabbits inoculated with japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Virology 1968; 34:46-59. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/1967] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Pfefferkorn ER, Burge BW, Coady HM. Intracellular conversion of the RNA of sindbis virus to a double-stranded form. Virology 1967; 33:239-49. [PMID: 6053141 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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37
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Martin EM, Sonnabend JA. Ribonucleic acid polymerase catalyzing synthesis of double-stranded arbovirus ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1967; 1:97-109. [PMID: 5623960 PMCID: PMC375509 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.1.97-109.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The large-particle fraction from the cytoplasm of chick embryo fibroblasts infected with Semliki Forest virus was found to catalyze the incorporation of the 5'-triphosphates of guanosine, adenine, cytidine, and uridine into an acid-insoluble alkali-labile product. The conditions affecting the preparation and assay of this enzyme were investigated. The ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase was not present in uninfected cells, and it appeared in infected cells at the time of rapid viral RNA synthesis. The polymerase was found to catalyze the synthesis of a species of RNA which was resistant to ribonuclease and which exhibited the sedimentation properties, buoyant density, and thermal transition temperature of the double-stranded RNA found in vivo in chick cells infected with Semliki forest virus. Attempts to demonstrate that the reaction product of this enzyme also included single-stranded viral RNA were not successful. Although other interpretations are possible, these results give some support to the suggestion that more than one enzyme may be involved in the replication of viral RNA.
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Consigli RA, Minocha HC, Abo-Ahmed H. Multiplication of polyoma virus. II. Source of constituents for viral deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. J Bacteriol 1966; 92:789-91. [PMID: 4288497 PMCID: PMC276325 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.3.789-791.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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39
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