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Wang Y, Qiao J, Zhang D, Zhong C, Wang S, Li X, Feng L, Shi S, Wang B, Liu Q. Systematic identification of autophagy-related proteins in Aedes albopictus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245694. [PMID: 33465164 PMCID: PMC7815101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process playing a role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis and response to changing nutrient conditions via degradation and recirculation of cellular redundant components. Autophagy-related proteins (Atg) play important function in autophagy pathway. Aedes albopictus mosquito is an effective vector transmitting multiple viruses which cause serious human diseases. Moreover, Aedes albopictus mosquito is becoming a serious threat to human health due to its widening distribution in recent years and thus worth of more research attention. It was reported that autophagy might play a role in viral infection in Aedes mosquito. To better understand the interaction between autophagy and arbovirus infection in mosquito system, it is necessary to identify autophagy pathway in the system. However, autophagy in Aedes albopictus mosquito is still poorly understood so far. We recently identified AaAtg8, the first Atg protein reported in Aedes albopictus mosquito. This work further identified twelve atg genes in Aedes albopictus mosquito. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the twelve atg genes were performed. Expression profiles of all the twelve Aaatg genes in different developmental stages and genders of Aedes albopictus mosquito were conducted. Effects of chemicals inhibiting or inducing autophagy on the levels of eight identified AaAtg proteins were examined. The function of two identified AaAtg proteins AaAtg6 and AaAtg16 and their response to arbovirus SINV infection were studied preliminarily. Taken together, this work systematically identified Aedes albopictus atg genes and provided basic information which might help to elucidate the autophagy pathway and the role of autophagy in arbovirus infection in Aedes mosquito system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jialu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Dong S, Dimopoulos G. Antiviral Compounds for Blocking Arboviral Transmission in Mosquitoes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010108. [PMID: 33466915 PMCID: PMC7830659 DOI: 10.3390/v13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as the dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are important human pathogens that are responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. The recent emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) highlight the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines, therapeutics, and vector-control approaches to prevent MBVD outbreaks. In nature, arboviruses circulate between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors; therefore, disrupting the virus lifecycle in mosquitoes is a major approach for combating MBVDs. Several strategies were proposed to render mosquitoes that are refractory to arboviral infection, for example, those involving the generation of genetically modified mosquitoes or infection with the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. Due to the recent development of high-throughput screening methods, an increasing number of drugs with inhibitory effects on mosquito-borne arboviruses in mammalian cells were identified. These antivirals are useful resources that can impede the circulation of arboviruses between arthropods and humans by either rendering viruses more vulnerable in humans or suppressing viral infection by reducing the expression of host factors in mosquitoes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in small-molecule antiarboviral drugs in mammalian and mosquito cells, and discuss how to use these antivirals to block the transmission of MBVDs.
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Santana CJC, Magalhães ACM, Prías-Márquez CA, Falico DA, dos Santos Júnior ACM, Lima BD, Ricart CAO, de Pilger DRB, Bonotto RM, Moraes CB, Freitas-Júnior LH, Álvares ADCM, Freitas SM, Luz IS, Pires Jr. OR, Fontes W, Castro MS. Biological Properties of a Novel Multifunctional Host Defense Peptide from the Skin Secretion of the Chaco Tree Frog, Boana raniceps. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050790. [PMID: 32443921 PMCID: PMC7277517 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of new antimicrobial drugs launched on the market has decreased considerably even though there has been an increase in the number of resistant microbial strains. Thus, antimicrobial resistance has become a serious public health problem. Amphibian skin secretions are a rich source of host defense peptides, which generally are cationic and hydrophobic molecules, with a broad-spectrum of activity. In this study, one novel multifunctional defense peptide was isolated from the skin secretion of the Chaco tree frog, Boana raniceps. Figainin 2 (1FLGAILKIGHALAKTVLPMVTNAFKPKQ28) is cationic and hydrophobic, adopts an α-helical structure in 50% (v/v) trifluoroethanol (TFE), and is thermally stable. This peptide exhibited activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria arboviruses, T. cruzi epimastigotes; however, it did not show activity against yeasts. Figainin 2 also showed antiproliferative activity on cancer cells, is moderately active on human erythrocytes, and activates the oxidative burst in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos José Correia Santana
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (C.J.C.S.); (A.C.M.M.); (C.A.P.-M.); (D.A.F.); (O.R.P.J.)
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Magalhães
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (C.J.C.S.); (A.C.M.M.); (C.A.P.-M.); (D.A.F.); (O.R.P.J.)
| | - César Augusto Prías-Márquez
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (C.J.C.S.); (A.C.M.M.); (C.A.P.-M.); (D.A.F.); (O.R.P.J.)
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
| | - Diego A. Falico
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (C.J.C.S.); (A.C.M.M.); (C.A.P.-M.); (D.A.F.); (O.R.P.J.)
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
| | - Agenor C. M. dos Santos Júnior
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
- Laboratory of Gene Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil;
| | - Beatriz D. Lima
- Laboratory of Gene Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil;
| | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
| | - Denise Regina Bairros de Pilger
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05.508-900, Brazil; (D.R.B.d.P.); (R.M.B.); (C.B.M.); (L.H.F.-J.)
| | - Rafaela Milan Bonotto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05.508-900, Brazil; (D.R.B.d.P.); (R.M.B.); (C.B.M.); (L.H.F.-J.)
| | - Carolina Borsoi Moraes
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05.508-900, Brazil; (D.R.B.d.P.); (R.M.B.); (C.B.M.); (L.H.F.-J.)
| | - Lúcio H. Freitas-Júnior
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05.508-900, Brazil; (D.R.B.d.P.); (R.M.B.); (C.B.M.); (L.H.F.-J.)
| | - Alice da Cunha Morales Álvares
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.d.C.M.Á.); (S.M.F.)
| | - Sonia Maria Freitas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.d.C.M.Á.); (S.M.F.)
| | - Isabelle S. Luz
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
| | - Osmindo Rodrigues Pires Jr.
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (C.J.C.S.); (A.C.M.M.); (C.A.P.-M.); (D.A.F.); (O.R.P.J.)
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
| | - Mariana S. Castro
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (C.J.C.S.); (A.C.M.M.); (C.A.P.-M.); (D.A.F.); (O.R.P.J.)
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, Brazil; (A.C.M.d.S.J.); (C.A.O.R.); (I.S.L.); (W.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-61-3107-3109
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4
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Abstract
The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses and a number of arboviruses causing encephalitis, including alpha- and flaviviruses. All these viruses are of concern for public health services when they occur in natural outbreaks or emerge in unvaccinated populations. Recent events and intelligence reports point to a growing risk of dangerous biological agents being used for nefarious purposes. Public health responses effective in natural outbreaks of infectious disease may not be sufficient to deal with the severe consequences of a deliberate release of such agents. One important aspect of countermeasures against viral biothreat agents are the antiviral treatment options available for use in post-exposure prophylaxis. These issues were adressed by the organizers of the 16th Medical Biodefense Conference, held in Munich in 2018, in a special session on the development of drugs to treat infections with viruses currently perceived as a threat to societies or associated with a potential for misuse as biothreat agents. This review will outline the state-of-the-art methods in antivirals research discussed and provide an overview of antiviral compounds in the pipeline that are already approved for use or still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bugert
- Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - F Hucke
- Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - P Zanetta
- Bundeswehr Institute for Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - M Bassetto
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - A Brancale
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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5
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Akkina R, Garry R, Bréchot C, Ellerbrok H, Hasegawa H, Menéndez-Arias L, Mercer N, Neyts J, Romanowski V, Segalés J, Vahlne A. 2019 meeting of the global virus network. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104645. [PMID: 31697957 PMCID: PMC7127664 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral pandemics. There are now 52 GVN Centers of Excellence and 9 Affiliate laboratories in 32 countries. The 11th International GVN meeting was held from June 9-11, 2019 in Barcelona, Spain and was jointly organized with the Spanish Society of Virology. A common theme throughout the meeting was globalization and climate change. This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including severe virus epidemics, anticipation and preparedness for changing disease dynamics, host-pathogen interactions, zoonotic virus infections, ethical preparedness for epidemics and pandemics, one health and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Akkina
- Colorado State University. Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, USA
| | | | | | - Heinz Ellerbrok
- Robert Koch Institute. Center for International Health Protection, Germany
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Department of Pathology, Japan
| | | | | | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victor Romanowski
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata. IBBM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Argentina
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anders Vahlne
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Quyen DL, Thanh Le N, Van Anh CT, Nguyen NB, Hoang DV, Montgomery JL, Kutcher SC, Hoang Le N, Hien NT, Hue Kien DT, Rabaa M, O’Neill SL, Simmons CP, Anh DD, Anders KL. Epidemiological, Serological, and Virological Features of Dengue in Nha Trang City, Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:402-409. [PMID: 29313471 PMCID: PMC5929208 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Vietnam is endemic for dengue. We conducted a series of retrospective and prospective studies to characterize the epidemiology of dengue and population mobility patterns in Nha Trang city, Vietnam, with a view to rational design of trials of community-level interventions. A 10-year time series of dengue case notifications showed pronounced interannual variability, as well as spatial heterogeneity in ward-level dengue incidence (median annual coefficient of variation k = 0.47). Of 451 children aged 1-10 years enrolled in a cross-sectional serosurvey, almost one-third had evidence of a past dengue virus (DENV) infection, with older children more likely to have a multitypic response indicative of past exposure to ≥ 1 serotype. All four DENV serotypes were detected in hospitalized patients during 8 months of sampling in 2015. Mobility data collected from 1,000 children and young adults via prospective travel diaries showed that, although all ages spent approximately half of their daytime hours (5:00 am-9:00 pm) at home, younger age groups (≤ 14 years) spent a significantly greater proportion of their time within 500 m of home than older respondents. Together these findings inform the rational design of future trials of dengue preventive interventions in this setting by identifying 1) children < 7 years as an optimal target group for a flavivirus-naive serological cohort, 2) children and young adults as the predominant patient population for a study with a clinical end point of symptomatic dengue, and 3) substantial spatial and temporal variations in DENV transmission, with a consequent requirement for a trial to be large enough and of long enough duration to overcome this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Le Quyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute for Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nguyen Thanh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cao Thi Van Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Dong Van Hoang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Simon C. Kutcher
- Institute for Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nguyen Hoang Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Duong Thi Hue Kien
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia Rabaa
- Institute for Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Scott L. O’Neill
- Institute for Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Cameron P. Simmons
- Institute for Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Ciano KA, Saredy JJ, Bowers DF. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan: an arbovirus attachment factor integral to mosquito salivary gland ducts. Viruses 2014; 6:5182-97. [PMID: 25533661 PMCID: PMC4276947 DOI: 10.3390/v6125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of the prototype Alphavirus, Sindbis (SINV), were used in per os infections of adult female mosquitoes to investigate arbovirus interaction with the salivary gland (SG). Infection of Aedine mosquitoes with AR339, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-dependent variant, resulted in gross pathology in the SG lateral lobes while infection with TR339, a HSPG-independent variant, resulted in minimal SG pathology. HSPG was detected in the internal ducts of the SG lateral lobes by immunolabeling but not in the median lobe, or beyond the triad structure and external ducts. Reports that human lactoferrin interacts with HSPG, suggested an interference with virus attachment to receptors on vertebrate cells. Pre-incubation of Aedes albopictus cultured C7-10 cells with bovine lactoferrin (bLF) followed by adsorption of SINV resulted in earlier and greater intensity of cytopathic response to TR339 compared with AR339. Following pre-treatment of C7-10 cells with bLF, plaques from tissue culture-adapted high-titer SINVTaV-GFP-TC were observed at 48 h post-infection (p.i.), while plaques from low-titer SINVTaV-GFP-TC were not observed until 120 h p.i. Confocal optics detected this reporter virus at 30 days p.i. in the SG proximal lateral lobe, a region of HSPG-immunolocalization. Altogether these data suggest an association between SINV and HSPG in the host mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Ciano
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Jason J Saredy
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Doria F Bowers
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) diseases (ABVDs) remain major threats to human health and well-being and, as an epidemiologic group, inflict an unacceptable health and economic burden on humans and animals, including livestock. The developed world has been fortunate to have escaped much of the burden that arboviruses and their arthropod vectors inflict on humans in disease endemic countries, but the introduction and rapid spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere demonstrated that we can no longer be complacent in the face of these emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Unfortunately, as the burdens and threats of ABVDs have increased, the U.S. and international public health capacity to address them has decreased. Vaccines are not available for most of these agents. Previously successful strategies to control ABVDs emphasized vector control, but source reduction and vector control strategies using pesticides have not been sustainable. New insights into vector biology and vector pathogen interactions, and the novel targets that likely will be forthcoming in the vector post-genomics era, provide new targets and opportunities for vector control and disease reduction programs. These findings and approaches must be incorporated into existing strategies if we are to control these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Beaty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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9
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Pyke AT, Phillips DA, Chuan TF, Smith GA. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods for the production of arbovirus antigens inactivated by binary ethylenimine. BMC Microbiol 2004; 4:3. [PMID: 14720306 PMCID: PMC331405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods have been developed and standardised for the safe and reproducible production of inactivated arbovirus antigens which are appropriate for use in diagnostic serological applications. METHODS To optimise the maximum titre of growth during the propagation of arboviruses, the multiplicity of infection and choice of cell line were investigated using stocks of Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus grown in both mosquito and mammalian cell lines. To standardise and improve the efficacy of the inactivation of arboviral suspensions, stocks of Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus and Alfuy virus were chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine at a final concentration of 3 mM. Aliquots were then taken at hourly intervals and crude inactivation rates were determined for each virus using a plaque assay. To ensure complete inactivation, the same aliquots were each passaged 3 times in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells and the presence of viral growth was detected using an immunofluorescent assay. For larger quantities of viral suspensions, centrifugation on an isopycnic sucrose density gradient or cross-flow filtration was used to produce concentrated, pure antigens or partially concentrated, semi-purified antigens respectively. RESULTS The results of the propagation experiments suggested that the maximum viral titres obtained for both Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus were affected by the incubation period and choice of cell line, rather than the use of different multiplicity of infection values. Results of the binary ethylenimine inactivation trial suggested that standardised periods of 5 or 8 hours would be suitable to ensure effective and complete inactivation for a number of different arboviral antigens. CONCLUSION Two methods used to prepare inactivated arbovirus antigens have been standardised to minimise production failure and expenditure and to provide reagents that conform to the highest quality and safety requirements of a diagnostic serology laboratory. The antigens are suitable for use in either enzyme linked immunosorbent assays or haemagglutination inhibition assays and the optimised protocols can be directly applied to produce antigens from new or emerging arboviral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa T Pyke
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | | | - Teck F Chuan
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Greg A Smith
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Australia
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10
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Sandrock M, Frese M, Haller O, Kochs G. Interferon-induced rat Mx proteins confer resistance to Rift Valley fever virus and other arthropod-borne viruses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:663-8. [PMID: 11576460 DOI: 10.1089/107999001753124390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins belong to the interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral defense. The rat genome contains three Mx genes, ratMx1, ratMx2, and ratMx3. The Mx gene products differ in their subcellular localization and antiviral specificity. The nuclear ratMx1 protein confers resistance to influenza A virus, and the cytoplasmic ratMx2 is active against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), whereas the cytoplasmic ratMx3 protein is antivirally inactive. To investigate the antiviral potential of the rat Mx proteins against arboviruses, a phylogenetically diverse group of viruses that frequently infect rodents, we studied the replication of LaCrosse virus (LACV). Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (both family Bunyaviridae), and Thogoto virus (THOV) (family Orthomyxoviridae). To that end, we used transfected Vero cells constitutively expressing one of the rat Mx proteins. We observed that the antiviral activity of rat Mx proteins against these arboviruses correlates with their intracellular localization: ratMx1 is active against THOV, which replicates in the nucleus, whereas ratMx2 inhibits bunyaviruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. The results indicate that rats have evolved two Mx proteins to efficiently control viruses with different replication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sandrock
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Vynograd IA, Plastunov VA, Kozlovs'kiĭ MM, Benzel' LV, Bilets'ka GV, Lozyns'kiĭ IM, Rogochiĭ IG, Sholomeĭ MD. [Anti-arboviral properties of different substances of chemical and plant origin]. Mikrobiol Z 2001; 63:14-9. [PMID: 11558241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The paper deals with the results of search for inhibitors of two arboviral infections, including Alfavirus of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (family Togaviridae) and Bunyavirus Tahyna (family Bunyaviridae), interferon inducers among 99 substances of organic synthesis and 92 compounds of plant origin. Antiarboviral activity of some of these chemicals were investigated as well. Reproduction of the studied viruses in cell culture was inhibited by 8 derivatives of triazole, triazine and uracile (UPI-264 and UPI-273, PV-166, PV-169, PV-171, PV-184, PV-188 and PV-214) and 21 plant remedies (lyophilizates ASHCH-1, BL-1, VN, GAL-1, GAPr-1, GACH-1, GVPr-1, GVCH-1, GM-1, GCA-2, GCV-2, LGSHCHA, LSHCH-6, KIS-1, KJL-1, KKL-1, RDO-1, SX-2, SHCHKS-1, YA and YAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Vynograd
- Lviv Scientific-Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene, Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine, 12 Zelena St., Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
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12
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Badam L. Ammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid as an antiviral. Natl Med J India 1997; 10:98. [PMID: 9153993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Abstract
A novel nucleoside analog, 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxyadenosine (3'F3'dAdo), was evaluated for antiviral activity against several arthropod-borne and arenaviruses in Vero cell culture. The following 50% inhibitory concentrations (EC50) of virus plaque formation were obtained against the test viruses: Semliki Forest (10.3 microM) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (5.3 microM) alphaviruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (7.7 microM) and Pichinde (greater than 32 microM) arenaviruses, Punta Toro (greater than 32 microM) and San Angelo (1.6 microM) bunyaviruses, banzi flavivirus (4.0 microM), and Colorado tick fever orbivirus (0.6 microM). By comparison, the broad-spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin was active against lymphocytic choriomeningitis (18 microM), Pichinde (24 microM), Punta Toro (114 microM), and San Angelo (99 microM) viruses, but was less active against the other 4 viruses (greater than 200 microM). Vero cell proliferation and thymidine and uridine incorporation into replicating Vero cells were inhibited by 50% with 3'F3'dAdo concentrations of 36, 45, and 32 microM, respectively. In virus yield reduction assays, increasing the multiplicity of infections of Semliki Forest and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses reduced the inhibitory activity of 3'F3'dAdo. Using the same assay, 3'F3'dAdo was found to enhance Punta Toro virus replication up to 5-fold relative to the untreated control. By adding the nucleoside transport inhibitor nitrobenzylthioinosine (100 microM) to the culture medium, antiviral activity against the two alphaviruses was eliminated, indicating that 3'F3'dAdo uses the nucleoside transport system for cell entry. When actinomycin D (5 microM) was used to greatly suppress cellular RNA synthesis in Semliki Forest virus-infected and uninfected cells, 3'F3'dAdo preferentially inhibited viral RNA synthesis. The results of these studies indicate 3'F3'dAdo is a selective inhibitor of most of the viruses tested and should be a promising candidate for in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Smee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5600
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14
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Málková D, Holubová J. Physico-chemical properties of Estero Real virus. Acta Virol 1987; 31:265-8. [PMID: 2888292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Estero Real (ER) virus can pass through the Millipore membrane filter of 0.22 micron pore size; it is sensitive to heating, sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and ether treatments. It replicates to the highest titres in a slightly alkaline medium. Actinomycin D (Act. D) does not prevent its multiplication in cell culture. The presence of heamagglutinin was ascertained.
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15
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Kokorev VS, Kolotvinova EG. [Stimulation of arbovirus reproduction in cell cultures by hormones]. Vopr Virusol 1986; 31:623-9. [PMID: 3026097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of stimulation of reproduction and antigen production of arboviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, western equine encephalomyelitis) in cell cultures (SPEV, chick embryo fibroblasts) by using various hormones (insulin, ACTH, hydrocortisone) and optimal temperatures was demonstrated. The stimulating effect depended upon the type of cell culture, virus, method of cell treatment, and manifested by a significant increase of the hemagglutinating and infectious activity of the replicating viruses. Differences in the structure of populations, biophysical and antigenic properties of the viruses associated with the conditions of their reproduction in vitro were observed.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Arboviruses/drug effects
- Arboviruses/immunology
- Arboviruses/physiology
- Chick Embryo
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/drug effects
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/drug effects
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/physiology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
- Hormones/pharmacology
- Hydrocortisone/pharmacology
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Virus Cultivation
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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16
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Abstract
Twelve strains of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)-Congo group of viruses the Bunyaviridae family were investigated with respect to sensitivity to lipid solvents and temperature, pathogenicity for animals, interactions with cell cultures and antigenic relationships. Complement fixation, agar gel diffusion and precipitation, immunofluorescence and neutralization tests showed Hazara virus to have a number of features distinguishing it from the other antigenic type of the CHF-Congo group.
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17
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Abstract
Characteristics of two components of Oriboca virus were studied after they were separated and semipurified by velocity centrifugation. A component of low infectivity and broad cross-reactivity in the complement-fixation (CF) test had a sedimentation coefficient of 6--7S. Infectious Oriboca virions with hemagglutinating (HA) activity had a sedimentation coeffecient of 457S. These virions cross-reacted broadly with Murutucu viral antibody. The cross-reactive, virion-associated component and a type-specific CF fragment were released from virions by disruption with Nonidet P-40. These CF fragments separated by sucrose gradient equilibrium centrifugation had densities of 1.245gm/ml and 1.181 gm/ml, respectively, and were both interpreted to be envelope structures. The type-specific CF antigen appeared to be related to the viral hemagglutinin in that it blocked hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody, whereas the cross-reactive CF fragment did not.
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18
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Kadyrova AA, Fomina AN, Ershov FI, Novokhatskiĭ AS. [Interferonogenic and antiviral activity of the double-stranded replicative form of phage f2 RNA in tissue culture and on animals]. Antibiotiki 1978; 23:741-7. [PMID: 210710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological activity of a new natural interferon inductor, the replicative RNA form of phage f2 (RFf2) was studied. A possibility of using RFf2 for production of highly active interferon under conditions of superinduction providing an increase in the interferon yield by to 256--512 times as compared to the control samples was shown. The protective interferonogenic and antiviral effect of RFf2 in mice infected with Semliki forest virus (SFV) and tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was studied on administration of the inductor by various routes. It was found that intraperitoneal administration of RFf2 in a dose of 10 gamma per a mouse protected the infected animals from death. It was accompanied by production of up to 1280 units/ml of interferon in the blood serum of the animals. Maximum protection of the animals from death under conditions of the experiment (80 per cent on infection with SFV and 65 per cent on infection with TBEV) was observed when the preparation was administered twice: 4 hours after the infection. Combined use of RFf2 with chemotherapeutics (rimantadine) increased the protective effect both in the tissue culture and in vivo.
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19
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Boulton RW, Westaway EG. Togavirus RNA: reversible effect of urea on genomes and absence of subgenomic viral RNA in Kunjin virus-infected cells. Arch Virol 1977; 55:201-8. [PMID: 597036 DOI: 10.1007/bf01319906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic analyses showed that no RNase-sensitive RNA smaller than the genome was specified by the flavivirus Kunjin in infected Vero cells during the period of maximum RNA and protein synthesis. In contrast, RNA extracted from Sindbis virus-infected cells under similar conditions included the expected 42S RNA (equivalent to the genome) and the smaller 26S (interjacent) RNA. Treatment of the genome of both togaviruses with 12 M urea produced a reversible (possibly conformational) change; measurement of the molecular weights of the treated RNAs by co-electrophoresis with fully denatured ribosomal RNA markers in SDS-polyacrylamide gels yielded a value of 2.1 X 10(6) if 8 M urea was incorporated in the gels and 4.2 X 10(6) if urea was omitted from the gels. These results indicate that flavivirus messenger RNA is represented solely by the intact genome of m.wt. 4.2 X 10(6).
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Westaway EG. Strategy of the flavivirus genome: evidence for multiple internal initiation of translation of proteins specified by Kunjin virus in mammalian cells. Virology 1977; 80:320-35. [PMID: 888349 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(77)80008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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22
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23
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Novokhatskiĭ AS, Berezina LK, Kadyrova AA, L'vov DK, Ershov FI. [Interferonogenic activity and sensitivity to the effect of interferon of Okhotsk virus]. Vopr Virusol 1976:328-31. [PMID: 988675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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25
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Abstract
An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity has been found associated with Uukuniemi virions. The enzyme activity is expressed only after disrupting the virions with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and is absolutely dependent on Mn2+, whereas Mg2+ is not required, a finding that distinguishes this polymerase from those of other enveloped minus-strand RNA viruses. Within the range pH 7.2 to 8.5 no distinct optimum was found. The optimum temperature was between 37 and 40 C. The reaction was not inhibited by actinomycin D, rifampin, or DNase, whereas RNase was completely inhibitory. The partially RNase-resistant product consisted of rather small-sized RNA, which contained sequences complementary to Uukuniemi virus RNA as shown by hybridization to the template L, M, and S RNA species of Uukuniemi virus.
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26
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Befort N, Beck G, Ebel JP, Louisot P. Inhibition of viral multiplication by homologous methylated ribonucleic acids. IV. Subcellular localisation after uptake into fibroblasts and relation between antiviral activity and chain length. Chem Biol Interact 1974; 9:181-5. [PMID: 4426107 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(74)80003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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de Mitri MI, de Martinez Segovia ZM. [Protein synthesis and formation of Junin virus in BHK cells]. Medicina (B Aires) 1974; 34:345-50. [PMID: 4424508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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28
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Digoutte JP, Cordellier R, Robin Y, Pajot FX, Geoffroy B. [Zinga virus (Ar B 1976), a new arbovirus isolated in central africa (author's transl)]. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1974; 125B:107-18. [PMID: 4157115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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30
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31
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Froger C, Louisot P. [Biosynthesis of glycoproteins in cells infected with an arbovirus. 3. Effect of virus multiplication and of concanavalin A]. Experientia 1974; 30:250-2. [PMID: 4824594 DOI: 10.1007/bf01934809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Bouloy M, Hannoun C. [Effect of actinomycin D on the replication of Tahyna virus]. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1973; 124:547-53. [PMID: 4792488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Vinograd LA, Gaĭdamovich SI, Obukhova VR, Vigovskiĭ AI, Emdina IA. [Study of the biological properties of the Olyka virus isolated from mosquitoes (Culicidae) in the western Ukraine]. Vopr Virusol 1973; 18:714-9. [PMID: 4151318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Abstract
Purified epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus preparations were treated with urea and sodium perchlorate. The viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) released when spread on protein monolayers according to the Kleinschmidt technique was examined by rotary shadow-casting electron microscopy. The viral RNA released by urea treatment had filaments which frequently formed three to five loop-shaped figures of varied length. In 80% of the virus particles the lengths of the viral RNA released were 2.5 to 4.5 mum. The sodium perchlorate-released viral nucleic acid also appeared linear, and about 70% had lengths of 0.1 to 2.0 mum, the longest filament measuring 5.8 mum. Evidence was obtained that EHD virus contains double-stranded RNA as its genetic material and the molecular weight of the EHD viral RNA was calculated to be 12.2 x to 10(6) to 15.1 x 10(6) daltons.
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35
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Gaidamovich SY, Obukhova VR, Vinograd AI, Klisenko GA, Melnikova EE. Olkya--an arbovirus of the Bunyamwera group in the U.S.S.R. Acta Virol 1973; 17:444. [PMID: 4148121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Maeda A, Ueba N, Buei K, Mitsuda B, Kimura T. Kurotori virus: a virus newly isolated from Anopheles sinensis and pathogenic to mice. I. Isolation and properties. Biken J 1973; 16:43-50. [PMID: 4199703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Lvov DK, Karas FR, Timofeev EM, Tsyrkin YM, Vargina SG, Veselovskaya OV, Osipova NZ, Grebenyuk YI, Gromashevski VL, Steblyanko SN, Fomina KB. "Issyk-Kul" virus, a new arbovirus isolated from bats and Argas (Carios) vespertilionis (Latr., 1802) in the Kirghiz S.S.R. Brief report. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1973; 42:207-9. [PMID: 4747048 DOI: 10.1007/bf01270841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Saikku P, Korhonen P, Ulmanen I, Reunala T, Karvonen J. Arboviruses in Finland. IV. Isolation and characterization of Inkoo virus, a Finnish representative of the California group. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973; 22:404-13. [PMID: 4145218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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39
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Saikku P, Brummer-Korvenkontio M. Arboviruses in Finland. II. Isolation and characterization of Uukuniemi virus, a virus associated with ticks and birds. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973; 22:390-9. [PMID: 4122382 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1973.22.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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40
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Aspöck H. [Current problems in medical entomonology]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1973; 123:269-74. [PMID: 4574025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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42
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43
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Skofertsa PG, Gaidamovich SY, Obukhova VR, Korchmar ND, Yarovoi PI, Klisenko GA, Melnikova EE. Isolation in the Moldavian S.S.R. of a Kemerovo group arbovirus from Ixodes ricinus ticks. Acta Virol 1972; 16:362. [PMID: 4403184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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45
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Monath TP, Henderson BE, Kirya GB. Characterization of viruses (Witwatersrand and Germiston) isolated from mosquitoes and rodents collected near Lunyo Forest, Uganda, in 1968. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1972; 38:125-32. [PMID: 4146243 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Lvov DK, Timofeeva AA, Gromashevski VL, Chervonsky VI, Gromov AI, Tsyrkin YM, Pogrebenko AG, Kostyrko IN. "Sakhalin" virus--a new arbovirus isolated from Ixodes (Ceratixodes) putus Pick.-Camb. 1878 collected on Tuleniy Island, Sea of Okhotsk. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1972; 38:133-8. [PMID: 4664464 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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47
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De Mitri MI, Martinez-Segovia Z. Phytohaemagglutinin unresponsiveness in leukopenia induced by Junin virus in guinea pigs. Acta Virol 1972; 16:234-8. [PMID: 4402253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Gumina II. [Effect of polyelectrolytes on virus reproduction]. Vopr Virusol 1972; 17:259-66. [PMID: 4342656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Schaffer PA, Scherer WF. Growth of a candidate arbovirus (Tsuruse) in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes following intrathoracic inoculation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 139:1298-304. [PMID: 4554052 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-139-36351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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50
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Lab M, Koehren F. [Potentiation of the antiviral action of interferon by cycloheximide]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1972; 122:569-73. [PMID: 5051237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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