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Yang JE, Rossignol ED, Chang D, Zaia J, Forrester I, Raja K, Winbigler H, Nicastro D, Jackson WT, Bullitt E. Complexity and ultrastructure of infectious extracellular vesicles from cells infected by non-enveloped virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7939. [PMID: 32409751 PMCID: PMC7224179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses support cell-to-cell viral transmission prior to their canonical lytic spread of virus. Poliovirus (PV), a prototype for human pathogenic positive-sense RNA enteroviruses, and picornaviruses in general, transport multiple virions en bloc via infectious extracellular vesicles, 100~1000 nm in diameter, secreted from host cells. Using biochemical and biophysical methods we identify multiple components in secreted microvesicles, including mature PV virions; positive-sense genomic and negative-sense replicative, template viral RNA; essential viral replication proteins; and cellular proteins. Using cryo-electron tomography, we visualize the near-native three-dimensional architecture of secreted infectious microvesicles containing both virions and a unique morphological component that we describe as a mat-like structure. While the composition of these mat-like structures is not yet known, based on our biochemical data they are expected to be comprised of unencapsidated RNA and proteins. In addition to infectious microvesicles, CD9-positive exosomes released from PV-infected cells are also infectious and transport virions. Thus, our data show that, prior to cell lysis, non-enveloped viruses are secreted within infectious vesicles that also transport viral unencapsidated RNAs, viral and host proteins. Understanding the structure and function of these infectious particles helps elucidate the mechanism by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the spread of non-enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie E Yang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Evan D Rossignol
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Deborah Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Isaac Forrester
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Kiran Raja
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Holly Winbigler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 20201, United States
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, United States
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 20201, United States
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States.
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In vitro viral RNA synthesis by a subcellular fraction of TMV-inoculated tobacco protoplasts. Virology 2008; 149:64-73. [PMID: 18640592 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/1985] [Accepted: 10/23/1985] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A subcellular fraction which can synthesize viral RNA and subgenomic RNA in vitro was prepared from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-inoculated tobacco protoplasts. S(1)-Resistant fragment analysis with strand specific TMV cDNA showed that a large amount of plus-stranded and a small amount of minus-stranded, genome-size RNA was synthesized by this subcellular fraction. Plus-stranded subgenomic RNA of coat protein mRNA size was also synthesized. The time course of the appearance of viral RNA synthetic activity was consistent with that of the appearance of TMV infectivity in vivo.
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Abstract
The discovery of viruses heralded an exciting new era for research in the medical and biological sciences. It has been realized that the cellular receptor guiding a virus to a target cell cannot be the sole determinant of a virus's pathogenic potential. Comparative analyses of the structures of genomes and their products have placed the picornaviruses into a large “picorna-like” virus family, in which they occupy a prominent place. Most human picornavirus infections are self-limiting, yet the enormously high rate of picornavirus infections in the human population can lead to a significant incidence of disease complications that may be permanently debilitating or even fatal. Picornaviruses employ one of the simplest imaginable genetic systems: they consist of single-stranded RNA that encodes only a single multidomain polypeptide, the polyprotein. The RNA is packaged into a small, rigid, naked, and icosahedral virion whose proteins are unmodified except for a myristate at the N-termini of VP4. The RNA itself does not contain modified bases. The key to ultimately understanding picornaviruses may be to rationalize the huge amount of information about these viruses from the perspective of evolution. It is possible that the replicative apparatus of picornaviruses originated in the precellular world and was subsequently refined in the course of thousands of generations in a slowly evolving environment. Picornaviruses cultivated the art of adaptation, which has allowed them to “jump” into new niches offered in the biological world.
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Neufeld KL, Galarza JM, Richards OC, Summers DF, Ehrenfeld E. Identification of terminal adenylyl transferase activity of the poliovirus polymerase 3Dpol. J Virol 1994; 68:5811-8. [PMID: 8057462 PMCID: PMC236985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5811-5818.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A terminal adenylyl transferase (TATase) activity has been identified in preparations of purified poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol). Highly purified 3Dpol is capable of adding [32P]AMP to the 3' ends of chemically synthesized 12-nucleotide (nt)-long RNAs. The purified 52-kDa polypeptide, isolated after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and renatured, retained the TATase activity. Two 3Dpol mutants, purified from Escherichia coli expression systems, displayed no detectable polymerase activity and were unable to catalyze TATase activity. Likewise, extracts from the parental E. coli strain that harbored no expression plasmid were unable to catalyze formation of the TATase products. With the RNA oligonucleotide 5'-CCUGCUUUUGCA-3' used as an acceptor, the products formed by wild-type 3Dpol were 9 and 18 nt longer than the 12-nt oligomer. GTP, CTP, and UTP did not serve as substrates for transfer to this RNA, either by themselves or when all deoxynucleoside triphosphates were present in the reaction. Results from kinetic and stoichiometric analyses suggest that the reaction is catalytic and shows substrate and enzyme dependence. The 3'-terminal 13 nt of poliovirus minus-strand RNA also served as an acceptor for TATase activity, raising the possibility that this activity functions in poliovirus RNA replication. The efficiency of utilization and the nature of the products formed during the reaction were dependent on the acceptor RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Neufeld
- Department of Cellular, Viral and Molecular Biology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Richards
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
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Richards OC, Martin SC, Jense HG, Ehrenfeld E. Structure of poliovirus replicative intermediate RNA. Electron microscope analysis of RNA cross-linked in vivo with psoralen derivative. J Mol Biol 1984; 173:325-40. [PMID: 6199505 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the poliovirus replicative intermediate RNA was examined by electron microscopy after cross-linking in vivo with 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen. After purification from infected cells, undenatured RI appeared as a double-stranded backbone of genome length, with an average of three (and occasionally up to eight) nascent, single-stranded tails. After denaturation, however, only single strands of heterogeneous length were visualized, indicating that the RI in the cell contains little or no duplex structure, and thus nascent chains are only transiently hydrogen-bonded to their template over short regions. The double-stranded backbone of undenatured RI, observed previously by others and in these experiments, is due to collapse of complementary chains during the deproteinization and purification procedures. The effectiveness of the in vivo cross-linking procedure was demonstrated by the complete inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in treated cells and by direct binding of [3H]AMT to RI molecules in vivo. Mature polio virions are impermeable to AMT; however, growth of virus in cells incubated with AMT in the dark resulted in normal yields of virus particles containing RNA genomes, whose infectivity could be subsequently photo-inactivated. The frequency of AMT-induced cross-linking was determined by analyses of double-stranded poliovirus RNA (RF). Cross-linking in vitro followed by spreading for electron microscopy under denaturing conditions yielded bubbled duplex structures with a minimum of one interstrand cross-link per 80 base-pairs. RF cross-linked in vivo also showed extensive cross-linking, decreased about fivefold from the in vitro cross-linked value. Thus, the failure to detect cross-linked RI under these conditions indicates that extensive base-pairing does not exist in vivo.
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Abstract
Protocols have been established for the preparation of large amounts of pure measles virus intracellular nucleocapsids. As a result, it has been possible to routinely achieve nucleocapsid RNA yields of approximately 200 micrograms (from approximately 5 X 10(8) infected cells). Electrophoretic analysis of this RNA under denaturing conditions revealed a single species whose mass was estimated at approximately 4.8 X 10(6) daltons. Electron microscopic assessment of nucleocapsid RNA contour lengths corroborated the electrophoretic size determination. Total nucleocapsid RNA was shown to contain both negative- and positive-stranded species distributed in a ratio of 2 to 3 genome polarity molecules for each antigenome RNA. Hybridization studies established that all of the virus-specified polyadenylated RNAs were encoded by the negative-stranded nucleocapsid RNA and, therefore, that this nucleocapsid RNA was the measles genome. Examination of the measles virus-specified, polyadenylated transcription products by HCHO-agarose gel electrophoresis revealed at least nine distinct RNA species (rather than the six predicted measles mRNAs). The significance of these observations is discussed.
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Roberson SM, Cheevers WP. Purification of retrovirus genomic RNA suitable for chemical radioiodination. J Virol Methods 1982; 4:315-21. [PMID: 6290519 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(82)90056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the purification of genomic RNA from the retrovirus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, is described. The method utilizes proteinase K, extraction with sodium perchlorate and chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose and results in highly purified RNA capable of being chemically iodinated with Na125 I to high specific radioactivity. The iodinated RNA exhibits 80-90% precipitability in 5% trichloroacetic acid and is greater than or equal to 99% sensitive to hydrolysis by ribonuclease. Several alternative methods which are effective for the preparation of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA are unreliable for purification of retrovirus RNA suitable for radioiodination.
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Richards OC, Ehrenfeld E. Heterogeneity of the 3' end of minus-strand RNA in the poliovirus replicative form. J Virol 1980; 36:387-94. [PMID: 6253664 PMCID: PMC353655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.387-394.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3' terminus of the strand (minus strand) complementary to poliovirion RNA (plus strand) has been examined to see whether this sequence extends to the 5'-nucleotide terminus of the plus strand, or whether minus-strand synthesis terminates prematurely, perhaps due to the presence of a nonreplicated nucleotide primer for initiation of plus-strand synthesis. The 3' terminus was labeled with 32P using [5'-32P]pCp and RNA ligase, and complete RNase digests were performed with RNases A, T1, and U2. 32P-oligonucleotides were analyzed for size by polyacrylamide-urea gel electrophoresis. The major oligonucleotide products formed were consistent with the minus strand containing 3' ends complementary and flush with the 5' end of the plus strand. However, a variable proportion of the isolated minus strands from different preparations were heterogeneous in length and appeared to differ from each other by the presence of one, two, or three 3'-terminal A residues.
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Lundquist RE, Sullivan M, Maizel JV. Characterization of a new isolate of poliovirus defective interfering particles. Cell 1979; 18:759-69. [PMID: 229964 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An independent isolate of poliovirus defective interfering particles has been analyzed. These particles, designated DI(A), are apparently analogous to the DI particles described by Baltimore and co-investigators. Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis reveals that the DI(A) isolate is a mixture of deletion mutants which changes with passage level. The DI(A) population consists of at least five distinct deletion mutants, including one double deletion. Electron microscopic mapping of the deleted regions indicates that most, if not all, of the viral capsid region can be deleted. Despite this heterogeneity, the mutant genomes are quite similar in physical size. We propose a model which suggests that the observed properties of poliovirus DI genomes reflect selective pressures extant during the amplification of the mutant genome. According to this model, only those deleted genomes which retain a minimal size and the capacity to synthesize a functional viral polymerase will replicate successfully in a mixed infection. Furthermore, this model proposes a mechanism for the enrichment of poliovirus DI genomes and an explanation for the low level of complementation observed in mixed infections of picornaviruses.
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Martin JD, Riggsby WS, Beck RW. The effect of ribonuclease on the replicative forms of Sindbis virus RNA. Arch Virol 1979; 60:131-46. [PMID: 39537 DOI: 10.1007/bf01348029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three species of double-stranded RNA, designated RF I, RF II, and RF III in order of decreasing size (25), are produced by ribonuclease treatment of extracts of chicken embryo cells infected for 6 hours with Sindbis virus. Only one class of replicative form RNA is present in extracts not treated with ribonuclease; this class contains some molecules which can be enzymatically cleaved to produce the other two replicative forms. At a low level of enzyme (0.001 microgram/ml) the major species obtained was RF I, the replicative form of the genome. When the enzyme concentration was increased 10-, 100-, and 1000-fold, there was a progressive increase in the proportions of RF's II and III and a concomitant decrease in the proportion of RF I. The generation of RF's II and III by nuclease resulted in the ratio expected for these two species if they are produced by cleavage of RF I-like molecules. In preparations of isolated double-stranded RNA, only RF I and replicative intermediate RNA were present. Mild nuclease treatment of these preparations converted the replicative intermediates primarily to RF I. Higher enzyme levels generated greater proportions of RF II and RF III, but RF I-like molecules were the major source for these increased proportions. Treatment of the isolated naturally occurring replicative form with 0.01 microgram of ribonuclease per ml cleaved some molecules migrating as RF I during gel electrophoresis into molecules which migrated as RF II and RF III.
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12
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Aujean O, Sanceau J, Falcoff E, Falcoff R. Location of enhanced ribonuclease activity and of a phosphoprotein kinase in interferon-treated mengovirus-infected cells. Virology 1979; 92:583-6. [PMID: 218359 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Meyer J, Lundquist RE, Maizel JV. Structural studies of the RNA component of the poliovirus replication complex. II. Characterization by electron microscopy and autoradiography. Virology 1978; 85:445-55. [PMID: 208235 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Lundquist RE, Maizel JV. Structural studies of the RNA component of the poliovirus replication complex. I. Purification and biochemical characterization. Virology 1978; 85:434-44. [PMID: 208234 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Wertz GW. Isolation of possible replicative intermediate structures from vesicular stomatitis virus-infected cells. Virology 1978; 85:271-85. [PMID: 206007 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Eaton BT. Evidence for the synthesis of defection interfering particles by Aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with Sindbis virus. Virology 1977; 77:843-8. [PMID: 855191 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Koza J. Changes in secondary structure of poliovirus ribonucleic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 170:724-30. [PMID: 172020 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Moyer SA, Banerjee AK. Messenger RNA species synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus. Cell 1975; 4:37-43. [PMID: 163702 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(75)90131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) synthesizes in vitro two size classes of RNA products similar to those observed in VSV-infected cells. One RNA product sediments at 31S with an approximate molecular weight of 2.1 X 106. The smaller products consist of at least three classes of RNA sedimenting at 17S, 14.5S, and 12S with molecular weights of 0.7 X 106, 0.52 X 106, and 0.37 X 106, respectively. Hybridization experiments show that both the 31S and 12-18S RNA products are complementary to the genome RNA, and that each class is transcribed from different nucleotide sequences. From the molecular weights of the RNA species and the hybridization experiments, it seems that almost the entire VSV genome RNA is transcribed in vitro.
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Kielland-Brandt MC. Studies on biosynthesis of tobacco mosaic virus. VII. Radioactivity of plus and minus strands in different forms of viral RNA after labelling of infected tobacco leaves. J Mol Biol 1974; 87:489-503. [PMID: 4444034 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Celma ML, Ehrenfeld E. Effect of poliovirus double-stranded RNA on viral and host-cell protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:2440-4. [PMID: 4366768 PMCID: PMC388473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.6.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein-synthesizing systems that initiate on endogenous messenger RNA have been developed from uninfected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Poliovirus double-stranded RNA is an effective inhibitor of protein synthesis in these extracts, and both cell-directed and virus-specific protein synthesis are equally sensitive to the inhibitory action of double-stranded RNA. The concentrations of double-stranded RNA required for inhibition are not achieved in the infected cell at early times after infection when host-cell shut-off occurs, but rather are achieved only late in infection when virus-specific protein synthesis begins to decline. This indicates that double-stranded RNA does not act as a direct agent to inhibit host cell protein synthesis following infection by poliovirus. The possible significance of inhibition by double-stranded RNA of poliovirus-specific protein synthesis is discussed.
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Thach SS, Dobbertin D, Lawrence C, Golini F, Thach RE. The mechanism of viral replication. Structure of replication complexes of encephalomyocarditis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:2549-53. [PMID: 4366773 PMCID: PMC388497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.6.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of the purified replicative intermediate of encephalomyocarditis virus was determined by electron microscopy. Approximately 80% of the replicative intermediate complexes were characterized by a filament of double-stranded RNA of widely variable length, which had a "bush" of single-stranded RNA at one end. In many examples one or more additional single-stranded bushes were appended internally to the double-stranded RNA filament. These results support the view that before deproteinization, replicative intermediate contains little if any double-stranded RNA.
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Haase AT, Garapin AC, Faras AJ, Taylor JM, Bishop JM. A comparison of the high molecular weight RNAs of visna virus and Rous sarcoma virus. Virology 1974; 57:259-70. [PMID: 4362024 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Mitchell WR, Tershak DR. The synthesis of complementary ribonucleic acid during infection with LSc poliovirus. Virology 1973; 54:290-3. [PMID: 4351613 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Jachertz D. RNA in the in vitro immune response. Flow of information and gene activation during antibody synthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 207:122-44. [PMID: 4582358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Lazarus LH, Itin A. Activity of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro: inhibition by polyamines and poly(amino acid)s. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 156:154-60. [PMID: 4354232 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Mechali M, Perez-Bercoff R, Carrara G, Falcoff E. An improved methodology for preparation of virus-induced double stranded RNA. Biochimie 1973; 55:361-3. [PMID: 4355394 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(73)80139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Falcoff E, Falcoff R, Cherby J, Florent J, Lunel J, Ninet L, De Ratuld Y, Tissier R, Vuillemin B, Werner GH. Double-stranded ribonucleic acid from Mengo virus: production, characterization, and interferon-inducing and antiviral activities in comparison with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 3:590-8. [PMID: 4364180 PMCID: PMC444463 DOI: 10.1128/aac.3.5.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mengo virus double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) was obtained on a semi-industrial scale from infected cultures of BHK-21 cells grown in suspension. Yield of the extraction and purification operations was small (about 22 mg from 10(11) cells in a 100-liter culture). Physicochemical characterization of this dsRNA gave an estimated molecular weight close to 4 x 10(6), a density of 1.59 (similar to that of the poliovirus dsRNA), and a thermal transition midpoint of 94 C. This product was a little more toxic for the mouse, by the intravenous route, than polyriboinosinic . polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) and strictly comparable in this respect to poliovirus dsRNA. The interferon-inducing capacity in the mouse and the antiviral activities in the mouse (infected with encephalomyocarditis, Semliki Forest, influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, and murine hepatitis viruses) and in the rabbit (Shope fibroma virus) of the ultraviolet light-inactivated product were practically identical, on a quantitative basis, with those of poly I:C. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed the dsRNA from Mengo virus to be slightly but significantly more resistant than poly I:C to the inactivating effect of human serum.
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Koch G, Vollertsen I. Interaction of viral RNA with Escherichia coli. 3. Synthesis of poliovirus-specific RNA directed by isolated poliovirus RNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 153:823-30. [PMID: 4350808 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Koch G, Vollertsen I. Interaction of viral RNA with Escherichia coli. II. Synthesis of poliovirus-specific RNA directed by poliovirus RF-RNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:475-87. [PMID: 4344125 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Schincariol AL, Howatson AF. Replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. II. Separation and characterization of virus-specific RNA species. Virology 1972; 49:766-83. [PMID: 4342082 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Kisseljov FL, Semjonova LA, Irlin IS, Shatalova GG. Partially double-stranded RNA in mouse spleen cells: the effect of Rauscher virus infection. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 36:265-74. [PMID: 5020677 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Varmus HE, Bishop JM, Nowinski RC, Sarker NH. Mammary tumour virus specific nucleotide sequences in mouse DNA. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 238:189-91. [PMID: 4340575 DOI: 10.1038/newbio238189a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Lempidakis GA, Koch G. Interaction of viral RNA with Escherichia coli. 1. Polycation augmented adsorption of poliovirus-induced double-stranded RNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 151:200-5. [PMID: 4339793 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Best M, Evans B, Bishop JM. Double-stranded replication form of poliovirus RNA: phenotype of heterozygous molecules. Virology 1972; 47:592-603. [PMID: 4335073 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Wiegers KJ, Koch G. Interaction of poliovirus-induced double-stranded RNA with HeLa cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 148:89-96. [PMID: 4333690 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Varmus HE, Weiss RA, Friis RR, Levinson W, Bishop JM. Detection of avian tumor virus-specific nucleotide sequences in avian cell DNAs (reassociation kinetics-RNA tumor viruses-gas antigen-Rous sarcoma virus, chick cells). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:20-4. [PMID: 4333039 PMCID: PMC427535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of unlabeled cellular DNA upon the reassociation kinetics of labeled double-stranded DNA made by DNA polymerase from avian tumor viruses has been used to measure virus-specific nucleotide sequences in cells. Multiple copies of these sequences were found equally in normal chick cells, in chick cells transformed in culture, and in Rous tumor cells. Copies were also present equally in cells harboring chick helper factor and group-specific antigen, and in cells lacking those characteristics. Quail DNA also contains multiple copies of these sequences, but no copies were detected in HeLa-cell DNA or salmon-sperm DNA.
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Koch G. Differential effect of phleomycin on the infectivity of poliovirus and poliovirus-induced ribonucleic acids. J Virol 1971; 8:28-34. [PMID: 4328413 PMCID: PMC356210 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.1.28-34.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The infectivity of intact poliovirus was not affected by exposure to the antibiotic phleomycin at concentrations as high as 200 mug/ml, whereas that of the singlestranded poliovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) was inactivated to 99% by pretreatment of the RNA with phleomycin at a concentration of 2 mug/ml. The infectivity of double and multistranded RNA was 10 times less sensitive than that of singlestranded RNA to the action of this antibiotic. Preincubation of HeLa cells for 30 min with 10 to 50 mug of phleomycin reduced the sensitivity of the cells to infection by viral RNA and intact virus, indicating that phleomycin interferes with cellular functions necessary for virus replication. When phleomycin was added to cells at different times after infection with single- or double-stranded RNA, the highest inactivation of infective centers was observed immediately after infection. With time of incubation at 37 C, the infective centers became more resistant to the action of phleomycin.
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Wentzky P, Koch G. Influence of polycations on the interaction between poliovirus multistranded ribonucleic acid and HeLa cells. J Virol 1971; 8:35-60. [PMID: 4328414 PMCID: PMC356211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.1.35-40.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to single-stranded viral ribonucleic acid (RNA), poliovirus multistranded RNA (RI-RNA) is poorly adsorbed to suspended HeLa cells in the absence of polycations. In the presence of 20 mug of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran per ml and other polycations, 90% or more of the RI-RNA is adsorbed to HeLa cells within 2 min at 37 C. However, only 30% of the RI-RNA label penetrates into the cells independent of the concentration of DEAE dextran applied. DEAE dextran is adsorbed almost quantitatively to HeLa cells within 3 min at 37 C. Most of the DEAE dextran remains bound to the cell membrane and available for binding of RI-RNA for 15 min at 37 C.
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Jackson AO, Mitchell DM, Siegel A. Replication of tobacco mosaic virus. I. Isolation and characterization of double-stranded forms of ribonucleic acid. Virology 1971; 45:182-91. [PMID: 5000130 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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McDonnell JP, Levintow L. Kinetics of appearance of the products of poliovirus-induced RNA polymerase. Virology 1970; 42:999-1006. [PMID: 4321316 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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47
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Bishop JM, Levinson WE, Sullivan D, Fanshier L, Quintrell N, Jackson J. The low molecular weight RNAs of Rous sarcoma virus. II. The 7 S RNA. Virology 1970; 42:927-37. [PMID: 4321311 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hovi T, Vaheri A. Infectivity and some physicochemical characteristics of rubella virus ribonucleic acid. Virology 1970; 42:1-8. [PMID: 5460130 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Nilsson-Tillgren T. Studies on the biosynthesis of TMV. 3. Isolation and characterization of the replicative form and the replicative intermediate RNA. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1970; 109:246-56. [PMID: 5519987 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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