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Seligmann H. Giant viruses: spore‐like missing links betweenRickettsiaand mitochondria? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1447:69-79. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Seligmann
- The National Natural History Collectionsthe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
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Gypsy moth genome provides insights into flight capability and virus-host interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1669-1678. [PMID: 30642971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818283116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its accidental introduction to Massachusetts in the late 1800s, the European gypsy moth (EGM; Lymantria dispar dispar) has become a major defoliator in North American forests. However, in part because females are flightless, the spread of the EGM across the United States and Canada has been relatively slow over the past 150 years. In contrast, females of the Asian gypsy moth (AGM; Lymantria dispar asiatica) subspecies have fully developed wings and can fly, thereby posing a serious economic threat if populations are established in North America. To explore the genetic determinants of these phenotypic differences, we sequenced and annotated a draft genome of L. dispar and used it to identify genetic variation between EGM and AGM populations. The 865-Mb gypsy moth genome is the largest Lepidoptera genome sequenced to date and encodes ∼13,300 proteins. Gene ontology analyses of EGM and AGM samples revealed divergence between these populations in genes enriched for several gene ontology categories related to muscle adaptation, chemosensory communication, detoxification of food plant foliage, and immunity. These genetic differences likely contribute to variations in flight ability, chemical sensing, and pathogen interactions among EGM and AGM populations. Finally, we use our new genomic and transcriptomic tools to provide insights into genome-wide gene-expression changes of the gypsy moth after viral infection. Characterizing the immunological response of gypsy moths to virus infection may aid in the improvement of virus-based bioinsecticides currently used to control larval populations.
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Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:4-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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St Leger RJ. Society for Invertebrate Pathology 2009 Founders' Lecture: Donald W. Roberts--50 years of leadership in insect pathology. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:211-9. [PMID: 20970532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Specificity of developmental resistance in gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) to two DNA-insect viruses. Virol Sin 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-009-3053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Crnov R, Dall DJ. Virions of Heliothis armigera entomopoxvirus contain a homologue of the vaccinia VP8 major core protein. Virus Genes 1999; 19:23-31. [PMID: 10499447 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008132505315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An antigenic 30 K virion protein of Heliothis armigera entomopoxvirus (HaEPV) has been identified as a homologue of the chordopoxvirus (ChPV) VP8 major virion core protein. Like its homologue in vaccinia virus, the mature HaEPV 30 K protein is derived by post-translational cleavage of a precursor at a conserved AGA motif. The HaEPV 30 K protein is the first EPV structural virion protein to be described, and elucidation of its characteristics provides evidence for the assumption that morphological similarities observed between virions of the sub-families Entomopoxvirinae and Chordopoxvirinae by microscopy reflect corresponding similarities at a molecular level. Sequencing of the HaEPV genome adjacent to the 30K locus identified an ORF encoding a homologue of the regulatory sub-unit of the ChPV poly(A) polymerase enzyme; the conceptual product of this ORF showed 25-31% aa sequence identity to those of various ChPVs. The presence of this gene in the HaEPV genome supports the hypothesis that there is a substantial correspondence in basic metabolic processes of members of the two poxvirus sub-families, despite their utilization of divergent host groups. In contrast, the relative positions of the 30 K and poly(A) polymerase loci in the HaEPV genome provide further evidence of substantial genomic re-arrangement subsequent to divergence of these viral taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crnov
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Afonso CL, Tulman ER, Lu Z, Oma E, Kutish GF, Rock DL. The genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus. J Virol 1999; 73:533-52. [PMID: 9847359 PMCID: PMC103860 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.533-552.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Poxviridae contains two subfamilies: the Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects) and the Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates). Here we present the first characterization of the genome of an entomopoxvirus (EPV) which infects the North American migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes and other important orthopteran pests. The 236-kbp M. sanguinipes EPV (MsEPV) genome consists of a central coding region bounded by 7-kbp inverted terminal repeats and contains 267 open reading frames (ORFs), of which 107 exhibit similarity to previously described genes. The presence of genes not previously described in poxviruses, and in some cases in any other known virus, suggests significant viral adaptation to the arthropod host and the external environment. Genes predicting interactions with host cellular mechanisms include homologues of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein, stress response protein phosphatase 2C, extracellular matrixin metalloproteases, ubiquitin, calcium binding EF-hand protein, glycosyltransferase, and a triacylglyceride lipase. MsEPV genes with putative functions in prevention and repair of DNA damage include a complete base excision repair pathway (uracil DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease, DNA polymerase beta, and an NAD+-dependent DNA ligase), a photoreactivation repair pathway (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase), a LINE-type reverse transcriptase, and a mutT homologue. The presence of these specific repair pathways may represent viral adaptation for repair of environmentally induced DNA damage. The absence of previously described poxvirus enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism and the presence of a novel thymidylate synthase homologue suggest that MsEPV is heavily reliant on host cell nucleotide pools and the de novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. MsEPV and lepidopteran genus B EPVs lack genome colinearity and exhibit a low level of amino acid identity among homologous genes (20 to 59%), perhaps reflecting a significant evolutionary distance between lepidopteran and orthopteran viruses. Divergence between MsEPV and the Chordopoxvirinae is indicated by the presence of only 49 identifiable chordopoxvirus homologues, low-level amino acid identity among these genes (20 to 48%), and the presence in MsEPV of 43 novel ORFs in five gene families. Genes common to both poxvirus subfamilies, which include those encoding enzymes involved in RNA transcription and modification, DNA replication, protein processing, virion assembly, and virion structural proteins, define the genetic core of the Poxviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Afonso
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York 11944, USA
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Alaoui-Ismaili MH, Richardson CD. Insect virus proteins (FALPE and p10) self-associate to form filaments in infected cells. J Virol 1998; 72:2213-23. [PMID: 9499079 PMCID: PMC109518 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.3.2213-2223.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopoxviruses and baculoviruses are pathogens of insects which replicate in the cytoplasm and nuclei of their host cells, respectively. During the late stages of infection, both groups of viruses produce occlusion bodies which serve to protect virions from the external environment. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy studies have shown that large bundles of filaments are associated with these occlusion bodies. Entomopoxviruses produce cytoplasmic fibrils which appear to be composed of the filament-associated late protein of entomopoxviruses (FALPE). Baculoviruses, on the other hand, yield filaments in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the infected cell which are composed of a protein called p10. Despite significant differences in their sequences, FALPE and p10 have similar hydrophilicity profiles, and each has a proline-rich stretch of amino acids at its carboxyl terminus. Evidence that FALPE and p10 could produce filaments in the absence of other viral proteins is presented. When FALPE was expressed in insect cells from a recombinant baculovirus, filaments similar to those produced by the wild-type Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus were observed. In addition, when expression plasmids containing FALPE or p10 genes were transfected into Vero monkey kidney cells, filament structures similar to those found in infected insect cells were produced. The manner in which FALPE and p10 subunits interact to form polymers was investigated through deletion and site-specific mutagenesis in conjunction with immunofluorescence microscopy, yeast two-hybrid protein interaction analysis, and chemical cross-linking of adjacent molecules. These studies indicated that the amino termini of FALPE and p10 were essential for subunit interaction. Although deletion of the carboxy termini did not affect this interaction, it did inhibit filament formation. In addition, modification of several potential sites for phosphorylation also abolished filament assembly. We concluded that although the sequences of FALPE and p10 were different, the structural and functional properties of the two polypeptides appeared to be similar.
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Alaoui-Ismaili MH, Richardson CD. Identification and characterization of a filament-associated protein encoded by Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. J Virol 1996; 70:2697-705. [PMID: 8627743 PMCID: PMC190126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.5.2697-2705.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel protein which is expressed at high levels in insect cells infected with Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus was identified by our laboratory. This viral gene product migrates as a 25/27-kDa doublet when subjected to electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. It is expressed at late times of infection and is present in infected cells but is absent in purified extracellular virions and occlusion bodies. The gene encoding this polypeptide was mapped on the viral genome, and cDNA clones were generated and sequenced. The predicted protein was shown to be phosphorylated and contained an unusual 10-unit proline-glutamic acid repeat element. A polyclonal antiserum was produced against a recombinant form of the protein expressed in Escherichia coli, and a monoclonal antibody which reacted with the proline-glutamic acid motif was also identified. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy techniques revealed that this protein is associated with large cytoplasmic fibrils which accumulate in the cytoplasm between 96 and 120 h postinfection. We subsequently called this viral polypeptide filament-associated late protein of entomopoxvirus. The fibrils containing this polypeptide are closely associated with occlusion bodies and may play a role in their morphogenesis and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Alaoui-Ismaili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Cytopathic effects of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus infection on the cytoskeleton of Estigmene acrea cells. Virus Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(92)90145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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11
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Meynadier G, Amargier A, Girardie J, Vago C. Une entomopoxvirose chez l'orthoptèreAnacridium aegyptium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02373118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Replication of the entomopoxvirus from Amsacta moorei in serum-free cultures of a gypsy moth cell line. J Invertebr Pathol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(90)90101-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Pseudaletia separata entomopoxvirus replicated in two lepidopteran cell lines, SIE-MSH-805-F and BM-N. Microscopic examination, and the virus passage tests, of infected cultures indicated that the virus replicated more readily in the former cell line. Virus release by exocytosis occurred in both cell lines. A sequence of virus morphogenesis in the cultured cells was described, based on electron microscopic observations of thin sections. The nucleus of infected cells contained spherical inclusions, and the cytoplasm contained virions, immature virus forms, spheroids, and spindles. A portion of the virions in the cytoplasm was occluded within spheroids, which were often associated with crystallogenic matrix. Virions acquired a coat prior to their occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hukuhara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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14
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Hall RL, Hink WF. Physical mapping and field inversion gel electrophoresis of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus DNA. Arch Virol 1990; 110:77-90. [PMID: 2178590 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Agarose in situ digestion was used to prepare intact Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AmEPV) DNA from embedded occlusion bodies (OBs). Direct dissolution of OBs in agarose eliminated the necessity for separate purification of virions. A physical map of AmEPV DNA was constructed for five restriction enzymes (BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, and XhoI) using single and multiple digests, and isolated fragment digestions. End fragments were identified by Bal31 digestion and snap-back analysis. A least squares procedure was used to reconcile fragment lengths. AmEPV genome size estimates were based on restriction enzyme (REN) fragment length totals (222 kb), reconciled physical map distance (225 kb), and field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) (about 242 kb). Presumably due to the high A + T content (18.5% G + C) of AmEPV DNA, FIGE values for the intact genome and large REN fragments were about 6 to 10% higher than expected. Preparative FIGE was used to concentrate AmEPV DNA from agarose microbead encapsulated insect cells (Estigmene acrea, BTI-EAA). REN digests of this DNA were identical to those from OBs from caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hall
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus
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Consigli RA, Russell DL, Wilson ME. The biochemistry and molecular biology of the granulosis virus that infects Plodia interpunctella. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1986; 131:69-101. [PMID: 3545695 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71589-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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17
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Langridge WH, Granados RR, Greenberg JF. Detection of Autographa californica and Heliothis zea baculovirus proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). J Invertebr Pathol 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(81)90129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bilimoria SL, Arift BM. Structural polypeptides of Choristoneura biennis entomopoxvirus. Virology 1980; 104:253-7. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/1980] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Langridge WH, Roberts DW. Molecular weight of DNA from four entomopoxviruses determined by electron microscopy. J Virol 1977; 21:301-8. [PMID: 833926 PMCID: PMC353816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.21.1.301-308.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA was isolated from entomopoxviruses infected Amsacta moorei and Euxoa auxiliaris (Lepidoptera), Goeldichironomus holoprasinus (Diptera), and Othnonius batesi (Coleoptera) and compared with vertebrate virus DNA (vaccinia). After incubation in Pronase, sodium lauryl sulfate, and deoxycholate, poxvirus preparations shadowed with platinum and palladium revealed subcore particles 45 to 60 nm in diameter. Continued incubation in Pronase resulted in the gradual release of DNA from the particles. Metal-shadowed DNA molecules were photographed in the electron microscope and measured, and the average molecular weights were calculated. Lepidopteran poxvirus DNA (135 X 10(6)) was approximately equal to vaccinia DNA (131.7 X 10(6)) in molecular weight. The molecular weight of dipteran and coleopteran poxvirus DNA (200 X 10(6) to 251 X 10(6)) was approximately 50% greater than vaccinia DNA. Based on the concentration of DNA and protein per virion, Amsacta entomopoxvirus contained 5.7 to 7.7% DNA.
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McCarthy WJ, Granados RR, Sutter GR, Roberts DW. Characterization of entomopox virions of the army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). J Invertebr Pathol 1975; 25:215-20. [PMID: 1117167 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(75)90071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Morphology and development of entomopoxviruses from two Australian scarab beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Invertebr Pathol 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(75)90283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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McCarthy WJ, Granados RR, Roberts DW. Isolation and characterization of entomopox virions from virus-containing inclusions of Amsacta moorei (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Virology 1974; 59:59-69. [PMID: 4826214 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Stoltz AB. The structure of icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses. II. An alternative model. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1973; 43:58-74. [PMID: 4703273 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(73)90070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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30
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Granados RR. Entry of an insect poxvirus by fusion of the virus envelope with the host cell membrane. Virology 1973; 52:305-9. [PMID: 4803398 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Follett E, Pennington T. The Mode of Action of Rifamycins and Related Compounds on Poxvirus. Adv Virus Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Stoltz DB, Summers MD. Observations on the morphogenesis and structure of a hemocytic poxvirus in the midge Chironomus attenuatus. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 40:581-98. [PMID: 4560206 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)80045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Stoltz DB, Summers MD. Pathway of infection of mosquito iridescent virus. I. Preliminary observations on the fate of ingested virus. J Virol 1971; 8:900-9. [PMID: 4152171 PMCID: PMC376281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.6.900-909.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito iridescent virus (MIV) is ingested in large amounts by first- and second-instar Aedes taeniorhynchus larvae without causing a high rate of infection. Electron microscope studies have been undertaken to determine the fate of ingested virus. Preliminary observations suggest that most, if not all, ingested particles are degraded shortly after entering the midgut. MIV and other virus particles employed in this study were apparently unable to penetrate the peritrophic membrane; consequently, none was observed inside, or in contact with, midgut epithelial cells.
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Devauchelle G, Bergoin M, Vago C. [Ultrastructural study of the replication cycle of an entomopoxvirus in the hemocytes of its host]. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 37:301-21. [PMID: 4331147 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Hyde JM, Peters D. The organization of nucleoprotein within fowlpox virus. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 35:626-41. [PMID: 4111040 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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37
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Bergoin M, Devauchelle G, Vago C. Electron microscopy study of Melolontha poxvirus: the fine structure of occluded virions. Virology 1971; 43:453-67. [PMID: 5543831 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dahlberg JE, Franklin RM. Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. IV. Electron microscopic studies of PM2-infected Pseudomonas BAL-31. Virology 1970; 42:1073-86. [PMID: 4099077 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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