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Abstract
Polyribosomes isolated from adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-infected HeLa cells late in productive infection can be used for translation in cell-free systems. At least eight viral polypeptides are synthesized, including the precursors to virion polypeptides VI and VII. Separation of polyribosomes by zonal rate centrifugation followed by translation in a cell-free system reveals a correlation between the sizes of the polyribosomes and the polypeptides synthesized. The cell-free extracts incorporate amino acid linearly for only 10 min and show little or no capacity to reinitiate protein synthesis. The elongation efficiency measured as the number of amino acids incorporated per ribosome in 20 min is low, ranging from 10 to 100. The maximum chain elongation rate is estimated to be 10 to 20 amino acids per min. The limited elongation has been used to assess the relative concentration of mRNA's engaged in translation.
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Furuichi Y, Muthukrishnan S, Tomasz J, Shatkin AJ. Mechanism of formation of reovirus mRNA 5'-terminal blocked and methylated sequence, m7GpppGmpC. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Kerr IM, Olshevsky U, Lodish HF, Baltimore D. Translation of murine leukemia virus RNA in cell-free systems from animal cells. J Virol 1976; 18:627-35. [PMID: 1271520 PMCID: PMC515589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.18.2.627-635.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The virion RNA of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) has been translated in eukaryotic cell-free systems derived from mouse L- and human HeLa cells. In both systems at least three polypeptides, approximately 60,000, 70,000, and 180,000 in apparent molecular weight, were formed in response to the added 35S MuLV RNA. All three polypeptides were precipitable with antiserum to detergent-disrupted MuLV. Fingerprint analysis of tryptic digests indicated that all three contain anino acid sequences in common with each other and with the major methionine-containing structural proteins of the virion.
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Etkind PR, Krug RM. Purification of influenza viral complementary RNA: its genetic content and activity in wheat germ cell-free extracts. J Virol 1975; 16:1464-75. [PMID: 1202245 PMCID: PMC355755 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.16.6.1464-1475.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viral complementary RNA (cRNA) was purified free from any detectable virion-type RNA (vRNA), and its genetic content and activity in wheat germ cell-free extracts were examined. After phenol-chloroform extraction of cytoplasmic fractions from infected cells, poly(A)-containing viral cRNA is found in two forms: in single-stranded RNA and associated with vRNA in partially and fully double-stranded RNA. To purify single-stranded cRNA free of these double-stranded forms, it was necessary to employ, as starting material, RNA fractions in which cRNA was predominantly single stranded. Two RNA fractions were successfully employed as starting material: polyribosomal RNA and the total cytoplasmic RNA from infected cells treated with 100 mug of cycloheximide (CM) per ml at 3 h after infection. In WSN virus-infected canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the addition of CM at 3 h after infection stimulates the production of cRNA threefold and causes a very large increase in the proportion of the cytoplasmic cRNA which is single stranded; double-stranded RNA forms are greatly reduced in amount. Total cRNA was obtained by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, and single-stranded cRNA was separated from double-stranded forms by Sepharose 4B chromatography. The cRNA preparation purified from polyribosomes consists of 95% single-stranded cRNA, with the remaining 5% apparently being double-stranded RNA forms. The cRNA preparation purified from CM-treated cells (CM cRNA) is even more pure: 100% of the radiolabeled RNA is single-stranded cRNA. Annealing experiments, in which a limited amount of 32P-labeled genome RNA was annealed to the cRNA, indicate that the purified cRNA contains at least 84 to 90% of the genetic information in the vRNA genome. Purified viral cRNA (CM cRNA) is very active in directing the synthesis of virus-specific proteins in wheat germ cell-free extracts.
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Morrison TG. Site of synthesis of membrane and nonmembrane proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Davies JW, Samuel CE. Translation of virus mRNA: comparison of reovirus and brome mosaic virus single-stranded RNAs in a wheat germ cell-free system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 65:788-96. [PMID: 1148014 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Sixteen virus-specific polypeptides have been resolved in reovirus-infected mouse L cells by using SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Of these, ten have been designated as primary products of the genome by the following criteria: they are present in lysates of infected cells labeled for a short time; they co-migrate on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels with polypeptides synthesized in cell-free-extracts of wheat germ in response to purified viral mRNA; and their molecular weights correspond to the values expected if all ten reovirus mRNA species are monocistronic. Reovirus mRNA species lack 3' poly(A) but are translated into proteins of the expected size. The pattern of synthesis of the primary gene products observed in vitro mimicks that observed in reovirus-infected cells suggesting that the structure of the mRNA may profoundly influence its translation. The results further indicate that there is little, if any, exclusively regulatory information in the reovirus genome since both in vivo and in vitro, transcripts of the ten genome segments direct the synthesis of ten polypeptides that presumably correspond to the primary gene products. The expression of the reovirus genome thus appears to be complete.
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Morrison TG, Lodish HF. Recognition of Protein Synthesis Initiation Signals on Bacteriophage Ribonucleic Acid by Mammalian Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)79897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lodish HF, Weinberg R, Ozer HL. Translation of mRNA from simian virus 40-infected cells into simian virus 40 capsid protein by cell-free extracts. J Virol 1974; 13:590-5. [PMID: 4362863 PMCID: PMC355342 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.3.590-595.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA was isolated from simian virus 40 (SV40)-infected and mock-infected cells by chromatography on poly(U) sepharose. When added to cell-free extracts from Chinese hamster ovary cells or rabbit reticulocytes, RNA from the infected cells, but not from mock-infected cells, stimulated synthesis of the major SV40 capsid protein. Identification of this species was done by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, and immunoprecipitation. The in vitro synthesized capsid protein was slightly different from virion assembled capsid protein, as shown by separation upon chromatography on hydroxylapatite and by minor differences in the peptide map.
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Morrison T, Stampfer M, Baltimore D, Lodish HF. Translation of vesicular stomatitis messenger RNA by extracts from mammalian and plant cells. J Virol 1974; 13:62-72. [PMID: 4359431 PMCID: PMC355259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.1.62-72.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA was isolated from polyribosomes of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected cells and tested for its ability to direct protein synthesis in extracts of animal and plant cells. In cell-free, non-preincubated extracts of rabbit reticulocytes, the 28S VSV RNA stimulated synthesis of a protein the size of the vesicular stomatitis virus L protein whereas the 13 to 15S RNA directed synthesis of the VSV M, N, NS, and possibly G proteins. In wheat germ extracts, 13 to 15S RNA also directed synthesis of the N, NS, M, and possibly G proteins. Analysis of extracts labeled with formyl [(35)S]methionine showed that the 28S RNA directed the initiation of synthesis of one protein, whereas the 13 to 15S RNA directed initiation of at least four proteins. It is concluded that the 28S RNA encodes only the L protein, whereas the 13 to 15S RNA is a mixture of species, presumably monocistronic, which code for the four other known vesicular stomatitis virus proteins.
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Villa-Komaroff L, McDowell M, Baltimore D, Lodish HF. Translation of reovirus mRNA, poliovirus RNA and bacteriophage Qbeta RNA in cell-free extracts of mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 1974; 30:709-23. [PMID: 4369395 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(74)30068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Stoltzfus CM, Shatkin AJ, Banerjee AK. Absence of Polyadenylic Acid from Reovirus Messenger Ribonucleic Acid. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Ghosh HP, Toneguzzo F, Wells S. Synthesis in vitro of vesicular stomatitis virus proteins in cytoplasmic extracts of L cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:228-33. [PMID: 4354945 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Graziadei WD, Roy D, Konigsberg W, Lengyel P. Translation of reovirus messenger ribonucleic acids synthesized in vitro into reovirus proteins in a mouse L cell extract. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 158:266-75. [PMID: 4738084 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Regulation of Synthesis of Non-Globin Proteins in Cell-free Extracts of Rabbit Reticulocytes. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lodish HF. Biosynthesis of reticulocyte membrane proteins by membrane-free polyribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:1526-30. [PMID: 4514321 PMCID: PMC433535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.5.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intact rabbit reticulocyte cells synthesize two predominant species of membrane polypeptides; at least 10 reticulocyte membrane polypeptide species are not produced by the cells. Cell-free extracts of reticulocytes, free of any membranes or membrane-bound polyribosomes, synthesize large amounts of these two membrane polypeptides; one of these polypeptides appears to be modified, probably by loss of 20-40 amino acids, after it is incorporated into the membrane. Deprivation of hemin results in inhibition of synthesis by lysates of membrane proteins, globin, and all other cytoplasmic proteins.
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Borsa J, Copps TP, Sargent MD, Long DG, Chapman JD. New intermediate subviral particles in the in vitro uncoating of reovirus virions by chymotrypsin. J Virol 1973; 11:552-64. [PMID: 4349495 PMCID: PMC355137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.4.552-564.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus virions, grown in suspension cultures of L cells and extensively purified by density gradient and velocity gradient centrifugation after their release from cell debris by fluorocarbon extraction, are characterized by a mean particle diameter of 73 nm and a density in CsCl of 1.36 to 1.37 g/cm(3). Treatment of intact virions by chymotrypsin (CHT) digestion in vitro converts them to subviral particles (SVP) having characteristics which are determined by the species of monovalent cation present during the digestion. In the presence of Cs(+) ions, CHT converts the virions to SVP of mean diameter 51 nm and density 1.43 to 1.44 g/cm(3). In the presence of K(+) ions, the conversion is to SVP of diameter 51 nm and density 1.39 to 1.40 g/cm(3). The SVP made in the presence of either Cs(+) or K(+) possess an extremely active RNA polymerase and nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase (NTPase) activity in vitro and are resistant to further digestion by CHT. Treatment of intact virions with CHT in the presence of Na(+) or Li(+) ions results in their conversion to SVP of mean diameter 64 nm and density 1.37 to 1.38 g/cm(3). Such SVP are not active in in vitro RNA synthesis or NTP hydrolysis and are resistant to further digestion by CHT even during prolonged exposure to high concentrations of enzyme. Addition of Cs(+) or K(+) ions to the digestion mixture allows conversion of the 64-nm diameter SVP to 51-nm diameter SVP in which the RNA polymerase and NTPase are active in vitro. Analysis of the proteins present in intact virions and in the different SVP reveals clear differences which indicate that the conversions are accomplished by removal or cleavage of particular species of polypeptides.
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Morrison TG, Lodish HF. Translation of bacteriophage Q RNA by cytoplasmic extracts of mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:315-9. [PMID: 4568725 PMCID: PMC433247 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic extracts from Krebs II mouse ascites cells and from L cells translate messenger RNA from coliphage Qbeta with fidelity to produce products that migrate on polyacrylamide gels with those products directed by Qbeta RNA in an Escherichia coli cell-free system. The mammalian cell extracts correctly initiate and terminate Qbeta coat protein synthesis, as shown by: (i) [(3)H]lysine-and [(3)H]arginine-labeled tryptic peptides derived from the coat-sized product resemble these from authentic Qbeta coat protein, (ii) Qbeta coat (which contains methionine only at the N-terminal end) can be radioactively labeled with methionine only if the methionine is formylated, and (iii) L cell extracts directed by Qbeta am(-)11 (an amber mutant in the coat protein) RNA make no completed coat-sized material, but do make a peptide the size of the authentic amber coat fragment.
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Bukrinskaya A. Nucleocapsids of Large Rna Viruses as Functionally Active Units in Transcription. Adv Virus Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Trimble RB, Maley GF, Maley F. The in vitro synthesis of T2 bacteriophage-induced deoxycytidylate deaminase and its regulation by allosteric effectors. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 153:515-25. [PMID: 4575434 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ito Y, Joklik WK. Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. 3. Evidence that mutants of group D ("RNA-negative") are structural polypeptide mutants. Virology 1972; 50:282-6. [PMID: 5081849 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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McDowell MJ, Joklik WK, Villa-Komaroff L, Lodish HF. Translation of reovirus messenger RNAs synthetesized in vitro into reovirus polypeptides by several mammalian cell-free extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:2649-53. [PMID: 4506788 PMCID: PMC427008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.9.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded reovirus RNA, synthesized in vitro by reovirus cores, functioned as messenger RNA in cell-free extracts prepared from several mammalian cells: Krebs II mouse ascites cells, mouse L cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, HeLa cells, and rabbit reticulocytes. As shown by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, all eight polypeptides known to be specified by reovirus were synthesized in the reticulocyte system. In the other extracts, from 5 to 7 complete virus proteins were made.
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Graziadei WD, Lengyel P. Translation of in vitro synthesized reovirus messenger RNAs into proteins of the size of reovirus capsid proteins in a mouse L cell extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46:1816-23. [PMID: 5062717 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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