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Rakonjac J, Gold VAM, León-Quezada RI, Davenport CH. Structure, Biology, and Applications of Filamentous Bacteriophages. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2024; 2024:pdb.over107754. [PMID: 37460152 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.over107754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
The closely related Escherichia coli Ff filamentous phages (f1, fd, and M13) have taken a fantastic journey over the past 60 years, from the urban sewerage from which they were first isolated, to their use in high-end technologies in multiple fields. Their relatively small genome size, high titers, and the virions that tolerate fusion proteins make the Ffs an ideal system for phage display. Folding of the fusions in the oxidizing environment of the E. coli periplasm makes the Ff phages a platform that allows display of eukaryotic surface and secreted proteins, including antibodies. Resistance of the Ffs to a broad range of pH and detergents facilitates affinity screening in phage display, whereas the stability of the virions at ambient temperature makes them suitable for applications in material science and nanotechnology. Among filamentous phages, only the Ffs have been used in phage display technology, because of the most advanced state of knowledge about their biology and the various tools developed for E. coli as a cloning host for them. Filamentous phages have been thought to be a rather small group, infecting mostly Gram-negative bacteria. A recent discovery of more than 10 thousand diverse filamentous phages in bacteria and archaea, however, opens a fascinating prospect for novel applications. The main aim of this review is to give detailed biological and structural information to researchers embarking on phage display projects. The secondary aim is to discuss the yet-unresolved puzzles, as well as recent developments in filamentous phage biology, from a viewpoint of their impact on current and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Rakonjac
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Nanophage Technologies Ltd., Palmerston North, Manawatu 4474, New Zealand
| | - Vicki A M Gold
- Living Systems Institute University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Rayén I León-Quezada
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Nanophage Technologies Ltd., Palmerston North, Manawatu 4474, New Zealand
| | - Catherine H Davenport
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Nanophage Technologies Ltd., Palmerston North, Manawatu 4474, New Zealand
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Rakonjac J, Russel M, Khanum S, Brooke SJ, Rajič M. Filamentous Phage: Structure and Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:1-20. [PMID: 29549632 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ff filamentous phage (fd, M13 and f1) of Escherichia coli have been the workhorse of phage display technology for the past 30 years. Dominance of Ff over other bacteriophage in display technology stems from the titres that are about 100-fold higher than any other known phage, efficacious transformation ensuring large library size and superior stability of the virion at high temperatures, detergents and pH extremes, allowing broad range of biopanning conditions in screening phage display libraries. Due to the excellent understanding of infection and assembly requirements, Ff phage have also been at the core of phage-assisted continual protein evolution strategies (PACE). This chapter will give an overview of the Ff filamentous phage structure and biology, emphasizing those properties of the Ff phage life cycle and virion that are pertinent to phage display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Rakonjac
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | - Sofia Khanum
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sam J Brooke
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marina Rajič
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Marvin DA, Symmons MF, Straus SK. Structure and assembly of filamentous bacteriophages. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 114:80-122. [PMID: 24582831 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages are interesting paradigms in structural molecular biology, in part because of the unusual mechanism of filamentous phage assembly. During assembly, several thousand copies of an intracellular DNA-binding protein bind to each copy of the replicating phage DNA, and are then displaced by membrane-spanning phage coat proteins as the nascent phage is extruded through the bacterial plasma membrane. This complicated process takes place without killing the host bacterium. The bacteriophage is a semi-flexible worm-like nucleoprotein filament. The virion comprises a tube of several thousand identical major coat protein subunits around a core of single-stranded circular DNA. Each protein subunit is a polymer of about 50 amino-acid residues, largely arranged in an α-helix. The subunits assemble into a helical sheath, with each subunit oriented at a small angle to the virion axis and interdigitated with neighbouring subunits. A few copies of "minor" phage proteins necessary for infection and/or extrusion of the virion are located at each end of the completed virion. Here we review both the structure of the virion and aspects of its function, such as the way the virion enters the host, multiplies, and exits to prey on further hosts. In particular we focus on our understanding of the way the components of the virion come together during assembly at the membrane. We try to follow a basic rule of empirical science, that one should chose the simplest theoretical explanation for experiments, but be prepared to modify or even abandon this explanation as new experiments add more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Marvin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - M F Symmons
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - S K Straus
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Fernandes F, Loura LMS, Prieto M, Koehorst R, Spruijt RB, Hemminga MA. Dependence of M13 major coat protein oligomerization and lateral segregation on bilayer composition. Biophys J 2004; 85:2430-41. [PMID: 14507706 PMCID: PMC1303467 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
M13 major coat protein was derivatized with BODIPY (n-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl)methyl iodoacetamide), and its aggregation was studied in 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and DOPC/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (DOPG) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE)/DOPG (model systems of membranes with hydrophobic thickness matching that of the protein) using photophysical methodologies (time-resolved and steady-state self-quenching, absorption, and emission spectra). It was concluded that the protein is essentially monomeric, even in the absence of anionic phospholipids. The protein was also incorporated in pure bilayers of lipids with a strong mismatch with the protein transmembrane length, 1,2-dierucoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DEuPC, longer lipid) and 1,2-dimyristoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMoPC, shorter lipid), and in lipidic mixtures containing DOPC and one of these lipids. The protein was aggregated in the pure vesicles of mismatching lipid but remained essentially monomeric in the mixtures as detected from BODIPY fluorescence emission self-quenching. From fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements (donor-n-(iodoacetyl)aminoethyl-1-sulfonaphthylamine (IAEDANS)-labeled protein; acceptor-BODIPY labeled protein), it was concluded that in the DEuPC/DOPC and DMoPC/DOPC lipid mixtures, domains enriched in the protein and the matching lipid (DOPC) are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Fernandes
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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Spruijt RB, Meijer AB, Wolfs CJ, Hemminga MA. Localization and rearrangement modulation of the N-terminal arm of the membrane-bound major coat protein of bacteriophage M13. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1509:311-23. [PMID: 11118542 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During infection the major coat protein of the filamentous bacteriophage M13 is in the cytoplasmic membrane of the host Escherichia coli. This study focuses on the configurational properties of the N-terminal part of the coat protein in the membrane-bound state. For this purpose X-Cys substitutions are generated at coat protein positions 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23 and 24, covering the N-terminal protein part. All coat protein mutants used are successfully produced in mg quantities by overexpression in E. coli. Mutant coat proteins are labeled and reconstituted into mixed bilayers of phospholipids. Information about the polarity of the local environment around the labeled sites is deduced from the wavelength of maximum emission using AEDANS attached to the SH groups of the cysteines as a fluorescent probe. Additional information is obtained by determining the accessibility of the fluorescence quenchers acrylamide and 5-doxyl stearic acid. By employing uniform coat protein surroundings provided by TFE and SDS, local effects of the backbone of the coat proteins or polarity of the residues could be excluded. Our data suggest that at a lipid to protein ratio around 100, the N-terminal arm of the protein gradually enters the membrane from residue 3 towards residue 19. The hinge region (residues 17-24), connecting the helical parts of the coat protein, is found to be more embedded in the membrane. Substitution of one or more of the membrane-anchoring amino acid residues lysine 8, phenylalanine 11 and leucine 14, results in a rearrangement of the N-terminal protein part into a more extended conformation. The N-terminal arm can also be forced in this conformation by allowing less space per coat protein at the membrane surface by decreasing the lipid to protein ratio. The influence of the phospholipid headgroup composition on the rearrangement of the N-terminal part of the protein is found to be negligible within the range thought to be relevant in vivo. From our experiments we conclude that membrane-anchoring and space-limiting effects are key factors for the structural rearrangement of the N-terminal protein part of the coat protein in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Spruijt
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physics, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Haigh NG, Webster RE. The pI and pXI assembly proteins serve separate and essential roles in filamentous phage assembly. J Mol Biol 1999; 293:1017-27. [PMID: 10547282 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three non-capsid, phage-encoded proteins, pI, pIV and pXI, are required for assembly of the filamentous bacteriophage at the envelope of Escherichia coli. pIV forms the outer membrane component of the assembly site, and pI and pXI are predicted to form the cytoplasmic membrane component. pXI is the result of an in-frame internal translational initiation event in gene I and is identical with the carboxyl-terminal third of pI in amino acid sequence, membrane localization and topology. The two proteins share a cytoplasmic domain predicted to be an amphipathic helix, a transmembrane domain, and a periplasmic domain. By mutating the initiation site for pXI, a phage was made that produced only pI and was shown to absolutely require functional plasmid-encoded pXI for growth. Further mutational analysis was done to examine the functional determinants of the amphipathic helix and periplasmic domains of the pI and pXI proteins. The results show that the amphipathic helix region is very important for pI function but not for pXI function. Mutational analysis of the periplasmic domains of pI and pXI implies that these domains also perform separate functions, and suggests that the interaction between pI and pIV in the periplasm is critical for assembly. The results are discussed with regard to the separate roles that the pI and pXI proteins play in the overall process of phage assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Haigh
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Haigh NG, Webster RE. The major coat protein of filamentous bacteriophage f1 specifically pairs in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. J Mol Biol 1998; 279:19-29. [PMID: 9636697 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophage are long, thin single-stranded DNA viruses that infect male strains of Escherichia coli without killing the host. Each phage contains approximately 2700 copies of the major coat protein, pVIII, which exists as a 5.2 kDa cytoplasmic membrane protein prior to incorporation into phage. Studies from a number of groups analyzing the behavior of wild-type and mutant pVIII in detergents suggested that pVIII might pair under these conditions. In order to test whether pVIII molecules pair in vivo in the cytoplasmic membrane, four plasmidencoded pVIII variants were constructed in which specific residues in the transmembrane region were mutated to cysteine in an attempt to stabilize any pair via disulfide bridges. Variants A35C and I39C were unable to complement phage with an amber mutation in gene VIII. The I39C variant was unable to be packaged into phage particles even though it was inserted into the membrane. In the case of A35C, the inability to complement was not due to a packaging defect because the variant protein could be packaged into phage in the presence of wild-type pVIII. Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic membrane samples revealed that the A35C variant formed stable disulfide dimers in vivo. Expression of A35C interfered with wild-type phage infection, indicating that the assembly machinery may recognize the disulfide dimers in some non-productive way. The results indicate that pVIII may specifically pair along a particular face in the cytoplasmic membrane prior to assembly; however, these pairs must be able to be separated in order for normal assembly to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Haigh
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Kuo TT, Chiang CC, Chen SY, Lin JH, Kuo JL. A long lytic cycle in filamentous phage Cf1tv infecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri. Arch Virol 1994; 135:253-64. [PMID: 7979966 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study the lytic cycle of a filamentous phage is reported. Under normal laboratory cultivation conditions a virulent form could spontaneously and easily arise from a temperate phage. The virulent one could superinfect cells containing Cf1t lysogen. Therefore, we have named it Cf1tv. In a colony formation assay using cells from an infected culture, two types of colonies were observed, small and large. It could be proven that the formation of small colonies is the result of killing during Cf1tv infection. The number of small colony forming units (cfu) increased with infection time and reached a maximum at 16 h after infection, then dropped to the initial cell concentration at 28 h after infection; 28 h were required to kill all infected cells. Large colonies contained uninfected or phage-resistant cells, but no lysogenic cells. Bacterial death was further confirmed by a microculture assay. At 2 h after infection, normal-dividing cells (cfu giving large colonies) contained about 40% of Cf1tv-infected cells, then the percentage decreased with infection time. Slow-dividing cells (infected cfu giving small colonies) initially contained 55% of cells; this percentage increased slightly at 4 h after infection, then decreased at 8 h after infection. Non-dividing cells initially contained 5% of infected cells, then their numbers rapidly increased with time after infection. The cell division was seriously affected and finally stopped. During one-step growth, the latent period was 30 min and there was no burst; phages were released at 30 min after infection and the rate of release increased gradually with time after infection. Phage DNA integration into host chromosome could not be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Kuo
- Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Republic of China
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Hemminga MA, Sanders JC, Wolfs CJ, Spruijt RB. Chapter 8 Lipid-protein interactions involved in bacteriophage M13 infection. PROTEIN-LIPID INTERACTIONS 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Hemminga MA, Sanders JC, Spruijt RB. Spectroscopy of lipid-protein interactions: structural aspects of two different forms of the coat protein of bacteriophage M13 incorporated in model membranes. Prog Lipid Res 1992; 31:301-33. [PMID: 1287668 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(92)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Hemminga
- Department of Molecular Physics, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Brissette JL, Russel M. Secretion and membrane integration of a filamentous phage-encoded morphogenetic protein. J Mol Biol 1990; 211:565-80. [PMID: 2407858 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(90)90266-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous phage-encoded gene IV protein is required at high levels for virus assembly, although it is not a constituent of the virion. It is an integral membrane protein that does not contain an extended hydrophobic region of the kind often required for stable integration in the inner membrane. Rather, like a number of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins, pIV is rich in charged amino acid residues and is predicted to consist of extensive beta-sheet structures. In phage-producing cells, pIV is primarily detected in the outer membrane, while in cells that produce it from the cloned gene, pIV is found in both the inner and outer membranes. The protein is synthesized as a precursor. Following cleavage of the signal sequence and translocation into the periplasm, the mature form is initially found as a soluble species. Soluble pIV then integrates into the membrane with a half-time of one to two minutes. Neither phage assembly nor other phage proteins are needed for this membrane integration, and phage assembly does not require the presence of the soluble form. The gene IV protein may be part of the structure through which the assembling phage is extruded.
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12
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Brissette JL, Russel M, Weiner L, Model P. Phage shock protein, a stress protein of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:862-6. [PMID: 2105503 PMCID: PMC53368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.3.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous phage infection induces the synthesis of large amounts of an Escherichia coli protein, phage shock protein (Psp), the product of a previously undescribed gene. This induction is due to the phage gene IV protein, pIV, an integral membrane protein. The uninduced level of Psp is undetectable, but when induced by prolonged synthesis of pIV, it can become one of the most abundant proteins in the cell. Psp is also synthesized transiently in response to several stresses (heat, ethanol, and osmotic shock). High-level synthesis occurs only after extreme treatment. Unlike the members of the heat shock regulon, Psp induction does not require the heat shock sigma factor, sigma 32; some stimuli that elicit sigma 32-dependent heat shock proteins do not induce Psp synthesis. The level of Psp induction after extreme stress is even higher in sigma 32 mutant cells, which are unable to mount a normal heat shock response, suggesting that these parallel stress responses are interrelated.
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Rowitch DH, Perham RN. Cloning and expression of the filamentous bacteriophage Pf1 major coat protein gene in Escherichia coli. Membrane protein processing and virus assembly. J Mol Biol 1987; 195:873-84. [PMID: 3309343 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A restriction fragment carrying the major coat protein gene (gene VIII) was excised from the replicative form (RF) DNA of the class II filamentous bacteriophage Pf1, which infects Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This fragment was cloned into the expression plasmid pKK223-3, where it came under the control of the tac promoter. In transformed Escherichia coli JM101 cells, in the presence of the inducer isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside, the bacteriophage Pf1 gene was strongly expressed. The bacteriophage Pf1 coat protein displays the same pattern of negatively charged N-terminal region, hydrophobic middle region and positively charged C-terminal region as that of its counterpart in the class I bacteriophage fd, which infects E. coli, but otherwise the two proteins have no sequence homology. However, the Pf1 procoat protein was found to undergo processing and insertion into the E. coli cell inner membrane, like its fd counterpart, demonstrating that this part of the assembly process is the same for these different bacteriophages. The complete transcriptional unit, incorporating the tac promoter and rrnB transcription terminators flanking the Pf1 coat protein gene, was excised from the expression plasmid and cloned into the intergenic space of bacteriophage R252, an fd bacteriophage that carries an amber mutation in its own major coat protein gene. The Pf1 coat protein gene was again well expressed in infected E. coli cells but the chimeric bacteriophage had growth properties identical to those of the parent bacteriophage R252 on suppressor and non-suppressor strains of E. coli. The class I bacteriophage Pf1 coat protein evidently cannot be recognized by the class I bacteriophage assembly complex at or in the E. coli cell inner membrane, either at the point of initiation of assembly or during the elongation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rowitch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, England
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14
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Vaccaro M, Boehler-Kohler B, Müller W, Rasched I. The inhibitory effect of dithiothreitol on the assembly of the filamentous phage fd. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 923:29-34. [PMID: 3542052 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the filamentous phage fd is preceded by the formation of a complex between the viral single-stranded (ss) DNA and the virally coded gene 5 protein (gene 5 protein-ssDNA complex). The presence of 5 mM dithiothreitol in the growth medium prevents phage production; however, phage infection, phage DNA replication and phage genome expression are still observed. In contrast, the gene 5 protein-ssDNA complex is not formed in the presence of dithiothreitol in vivo, although the complex is not affected by the disulfide reducing agent in vitro. Furthermore, host lipid composition is altered by growth in the presence of dithiothreitol. The zwitterionic lipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, increases while the cationic phospholipid content, cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol, decreases. This suggests a role for lipids or membranous structures in the process of gene 5 protein-ssDNA complex formation.
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Bayer ME, Bayer MH. Effects of bacteriophage fd infection on Escherichia coli HB11 envelope: a morphological and biochemical study. J Virol 1986; 57:258-66. [PMID: 2867229 PMCID: PMC252722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.57.1.258-266.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage fd-infected host bacteria revealed three characteristic changes in their envelope. (i) The preferred cleavage plane during freeze-fracturing shifted from the inner to the outer membrane (OM). (ii) The total lipids of the OM of the infected cells increased by 25% without major alterations in the relative concentration of phospholipids. We propose that such an increase would to some extent contribute to the change in the freeze-fracture behavior of the OM; however, additional factors will have to play a role in the apparent fracture resistance of the inner membrane. (iii) Ultrathin sectioning and immunolabeling methods revealed that extrusion of fd phages takes place at membrane adhesion sites of the infected cells.
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Boeke JD, Model P, Zinder ND. Effects of bacteriophage f1 gene III protein on the host cell membrane. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1982; 186:185-92. [PMID: 6955583 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmids which encode bacteriophage f1 coat protein genes VIII and III are responsible for a number of unusual properties suggesting that they have a drastic effect on the bacterial outer membrane. Analysis of several such recombinant plasmids and selection of mutant plasmids unable to cause this effect established that the properties were caused by gene III protein or its amino-terminal fragment.
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18
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Chapter 11 Genetic control of phospholipid bilayer assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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The role of cell membranes in infection with bacterial viruses and colicins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-80400-6.50012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Russel M, Model P. A mutation downstream from the signal peptidase cleavage site affects cleavage but not membrane insertion of phage coat protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:1717-21. [PMID: 7015343 PMCID: PMC319204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of filamentous phage includes synthesis of the phage major coat protein in precursor form, its insertion into the host cell plasma membrane, its cleavage to the mature form of the protein, and its assembly there into virions. The M13 mutant am8H1R6 encodes a coat protein in which leucine replaces glutamic acid as residue 2 of the mature protein [Boeke, J. D., Russel, M. & Model, P. (1980) J. Mol. Biol. 144, 103-116]. The coat protein precursor produced by this variant is a poor substrate for the Escherichia coli signal peptidase both in vivo and in vitro. This pre-coat protein, which is eventually processed and assembled into viable phage particles, is associated with the membrane fraction of the infected cell. We conclude that the domain recognized by the signal peptidase extends beyond the signal peptide itself. Furthermore, membrane association and signal peptide cleavage can be separated temporally under conditions that permit membrane insertion, cleavage, and phage assembly.
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21
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Chamberlain BK, Webster RE. Effect of membrane-associated f1 bacteriophage coat protein upon the activity of Escherichia coli phosphatidylserine synthetase. J Bacteriol 1978; 135:883-7. [PMID: 211116 PMCID: PMC222460 DOI: 10.1128/jb.135.3.883-887.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of insertion of the major coat protein of f1 bacteriophage into Escherichia coli membranes were investigated under conditions allowing in vivo analysis of phosphatidylserine synthesis. An E. coli strain possessing a temperature-sensitive phosphatidylserine decarboxylase was utilized under conditions in which the decarboxylase activity was reduced but nonlethal. The presence of the coat protein in the host membranes inhibits the activity of the phosphatidylserine synthetase and perhaps affects the activity of the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase.
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Pluschke G, Hirota Y, Overath P. Function of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a mutant deficient in cardiolipin synthesis. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis. Effects of cessation and reinitiation of phospholipid synthesis on macromolecular synthesis and phospholipid turnover. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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24
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Woolford JL, Steinman HM, Webster RE. Adsorption protein of bacteriophage fl: solubilization in deoxycholate and localization in the fl virion. Biochemistry 1977; 16:2694-700. [PMID: 329864 DOI: 10.1021/bi00631a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A complex containing the minor coat protein or adsorptionprotein (A protein) of bacteriophage fl has been solubilized from the fl virion, using the detergent deoxycholate. This complex was resolved from the fl DNA and from the fl major coat protein, or B protein, by gel filtration in the presence of deoxycholate. The A protein complex migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gels corresponding to a molecular weight of 60 000. Analysis of the amino acid composition and amino terminal residues of this preparation indicates that the preparation contains a 20% contamination of additional protein species. Antibody against purified fd A protein is cross-reactive with deoxycholate-purified fl A protein and with fl phage. Electron microscopic observation of negatively stained complexes of fl phage with this anti-fd A protein antibody and ferritin conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody revealed phages with ferritin particles at their termini or complexes of two or more phages joined together at one end by ferritin, indicating that the complex of A protein molecules is located at one end of the filamentous fl virion.
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Cashman JS, Webster RE. Effect of cessation of phospholipid synthesis on the synthesis of a specific membrane-associated bacteriophage protein in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1977; 129:1245-9. [PMID: 321420 PMCID: PMC235092 DOI: 10.1128/jb.129.3.1245-1249.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The major coat protein of the bacteriophage f1 is synthesized during infection of Escherichia coli and becomes tightly associated with the host membrane. This synthesis was studied in conjunction with the strain BB26-36, a mutant defective in phospholipid synthesis, to investigate basic questions concerning membrane protein and phospholipid synthesis. Coat protein synthesis is decreased in the absence of net phospholipid synthesis. The coat protein produced under these conditions is still found tightly associated with the membrane. Resumption of phospholipid synthesis leads to an increase in the synthesis and accumulation of the coat protein. Therefore, a correlation between coat protein and phospholipid synthesis seems to exist. However, the packaging of phage deoxyribonucleic acid into phage particles proceeds in the absence of phospholipid synthesis, and the number of phage particles produced appears to depend only on the amount of coat protein in the membrane.
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Chamberlain BK, Webster RE. Lipid-protein interactions in Escherichia coli. Membrane-associated f1 bacteriophage coat protein and phospholipid metabolism. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)56996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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27
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Tanford C, Reynolds JA. Characterization of membrane proteins in detergent solutions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 457:133-70. [PMID: 135582 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(76)90009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Raetz CR. Phosphatidylserine synthetase mutants of Escherichia coli. Genetic mapping and membrane phospholipid composition. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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