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Luton F, Hexham MJ, Zhang M, Mostov KE. Identification of a cytoplasmic signal for apical transcytosis. Traffic 2009; 10:1128-42. [PMID: 19522755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells contain apical and basolateral surfaces with distinct protein compositions. To establish and maintain this asymmetry, newly made plasma membrane proteins are sorted in the trans Golgi network for delivery to apical or basolateral surfaces. Signals for basolateral sorting are generally located in the cytoplasmic domain of the protein, whereas signals for apical sorting can be in any part of the protein and can depend on N-linked glycosylation of the protein. Signals for constitutive transcytosis to the apical surface have not been reported. In this study, we used the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which is biosynthetically delivered to the basolateral surface. There the pIgR can bind a ligand and, with or without bound ligand, the pIgR can then be transcytosed to the apical surface. We found that the glycosylation of the pIgR did not affect the biosynthetic transport of the pIgR. However, glycosylation had an effect on pIgR apical transcytosis. Importantly, analysis of the cytoplasmic tail of the pIgR suggested that a short peptide segment was sufficient to transcytose the pIgR or a neutral reporter from the basolateral to the apical surface. This apical transcytosis sorting signal was not involved in polarized biosynthetic traffic of the pIgR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Luton
- Department of Anatomy, and Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2140, USA
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2
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Lee PG, Chang JY, Yen MS, Cheng YC, Nutter LM. Enhancement of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA synthesis in infected cells that constitutively express the BglII-N region of the HSV-2 genome. Virus Genes 1989; 2:269-81. [PMID: 2548338 DOI: 10.1007/bf00125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The BglII-N fragment of the herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) genome encodes one of two known transforming regions of this DNA virus. In this study, we report the derivation of HeLa S3 cells (2DC4) that stably express the HSV-2 BglII-N region, including the small subunit of HSV-2 ribonucleotide reductase (RR). Superinfection of the 2DC4 cells with wild-type HSV-2 resulted in the efficient induction of HSV-2-encoded ICP10, DNA polymerase, and thymidine kinase. The amount of HSV-2 DNA synthesis in 8-hr HSV-2-infected 2DC4 cells was enhanced 2.6 +/- 0.6-fold relative to infected control cells. Furthermore, the replication kinetics of HSV-2 DNA in 2DC4 cells were accelerated relative to HeLa S3 cells; HSV-2 DNA synthesis was detectable as early as 3 hr postinfection in 2DC4 cells as compared to 6 hr postinfection in HeLa S3 cells. These results suggest that the BglII-N region of HSV-2 encodes function(s) that activate the viral DNA synthesis apparatus and that this activation could relate to the transforming ability of this DNA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Tapei, Republic of China
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3
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Thiele K, Kirchner H. Effects of different interferons on the replication of herpes simplex virus in human T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1988; 8:507-15. [PMID: 2459271 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1988.8.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells were activated with PHA and after 48 h they were treated with preparations of different human interferons (IFNs). After a further incubation period of 24 h, the cells were washed and infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Reduced virus titers were observed in T cells pretreated with IFN-alpha or IFN-beta, whereas IFN-gamma showed no antiviral effects. These findings indicate that IFN-gamma does not exert protection against viral infection in this system. We investigated the synthesis of HSV-coded early and late proteins in T cells pretreated with IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Immunofluorescence studies revealed inhibition of expression of the immediate early alpha-protein ICP 4. Induction of DNA-polymerase, a viral beta-protein, was inhibited both by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta in a dose-dependent manner. As suggested by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, other viral beta- and gamma-proteins of HSV were inhibited by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thiele
- Institute of Virus Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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4
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Suzutani T, Machida H, Sakuma T. Efficacies of antiherpesvirus nucleosides against two strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Vero and human embryo lung fibroblast cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32:1046-52. [PMID: 2847637 PMCID: PMC172341 DOI: 10.1128/aac.32.7.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral activities of five nucleoside analogs against the VR-3 and WT-34 strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were investigated in Vero and human embryo lung fibroblast (HEL) cells. In HEL cells, the compounds showed antiviral activities against both strains of HSV-1, but in Vero cells, the antiviral activities of the compounds were reduced in proportion to their antiviral indexes (the 50% inhibitory dose [ID50] for cell growth divided by the 50% plaque reduction dose for virus). The ratio of the ID50 in Vero cells to the ID50 in HEL cells was larger in VR-3-infected cells than in WT-34-infected cells. The following results were obtained. (i) Thymidine kinase (TK; EC 2.7.1.21) activity in the VR-3- or WT-34-infected Vero cells was about half that in VR-3- or WT-34-infected HEL cells. Induction of viral TK was especially low in the VR-3-infected Vero cells. (ii) The ID50 of the plaque reduction assay in hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine medium revealed that the activity of cellular thymidylate synthetase (EC 2.1.1.45) was important in viral replication in VR-3-infected Vero cells. (iii) The VR-3-infected cells required larger thymidine and thymidine phosphate pools for viral replication than the WT-34-infected cells did, although uptake of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl) uracil into infected cells was equal for both strains. (iv) In the VR-3-infected Vero cells, the quantity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil triphosphate was smaller than that in VR-3-infected HEL cells and WT-34-infected Vero and HEL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzutani
- Department of Microbiology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
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5
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Thomas MS, Banks LM, Purifoy DJ, Powell KL. Production of antibodies of predetermined specificity against herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase and their use in characterization of the enzyme. J Virol 1988; 62:1550-7. [PMID: 2833607 PMCID: PMC253181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.5.1550-1557.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides from preselected regions of the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase were used to generate monospecific antisera to defined regions of the enzyme. The antisera were used to localize the polymerase within the infected cell and to determine the time of synthesis during productive infection. Comparison with a neutralizing polyclonal antiserum was used to show the specificity of the peptide antisera. By using the antisera the stabilities of the DNA polymerase, the alkaline nuclease, and the major DNA-binding protein were determined, and the state of phosphorylation of the DNA polymerase was compared with each of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Thomas
- Department of Biochemical Virology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, United Kingdom
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6
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Massare MJ, Blough HA. Inhibition of herpesvirus-induced thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase by beta-hydroxynorvaline. FEBS Lett 1987; 223:122-6. [PMID: 2822476 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of HSV-infected cells with 5-10 mM beta-hydroxynorvaline (Hnv), a threonine analog, specifically affects herpesvirus DNA replication: both the rate of and total DNA synthesis are reduced, the former approximately 15-fold by Hnv (6 h post-infection) and the latter by 12-fold (between 3 and 12 h post-infection). The effect on DNA replication was due to inhibition of HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (DP) activities; the former is reduced by 75% and whereas DP returns to baseline levels (when compared to untreated and/or uninfected cells). Host cell TK and DP activities are unaffected. It is suggested that beta-hydroxynorvaline is incorporated into these enzyme(s), either close to or at the active site thus perturbing viral DNA synthesis. beta-Hydroxynorvaline should have unique utility as a targeted antiviral compound, acting on both membrane-mediated phenomena (fusion, penetration and attachment) and DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Massare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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7
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D'Aquila RT, Summers WC. Isolation and characterization of phosphonoacetic acid-resistant mutants of human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 1987; 61:1291-5. [PMID: 3029427 PMCID: PMC254097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.4.1291-1295.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that were 6- to 13-fold more resistant to phosphonoacetic acid than the wild-type HCMV (Towne) were isolated. Extracts from mycoplasma-free, mutant-infected cells had phosphonoacetate-resistant DNA polymerase activity in vitro. This strongly suggests that the selected mutations are in the HCMV DNA polymerase genes of these viruses.
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8
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Domke-Opitz I, Straub P, Kirchner H. Effect of interferon on replication of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in human macrophages. J Virol 1986; 60:37-42. [PMID: 3018299 PMCID: PMC253899 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.37-42.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages derived from human peripheral blood and cultured for 1 week were permissive for the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2. Low titers of interferon (IFN) were produced after virus infection. The yield of infectious virions was reduced by pretreatment of cells with natural and recombinant IFN-alpha and natural IFN-beta. Recombinant and natural IFN-gamma exhibited very low antiviral activity. Treatment of cells with IFN-gamma mixed with IFN-alpha or with IFN-beta did not result in a synergistic inhibition of virus yield. We studied the synthesis of HSV type 1- and HSV type 2-coded proteins in macrophages treated with IFN-beta. Induction of the HSV beta-protein DNA polymerase was strongly inhibited in IFN-treated cells in a dose-dependent manner. As shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, other beta- and gamma-proteins of HSV were inhibited as well. Immunofluorescence studies revealed a strong inhibition of the expression of immediate early alpha-protein ICP4. The results indicate that IFN acts early during the viral replication cycle to inhibit the synthesis of HSV alpha- and beta-proteins.
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9
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Synthesis of herpes simplex virus proteins and nucleic acids in interferon-treated macrophages. Virology 1986; 150:411-8. [PMID: 2421481 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mouse macrophages grown from spleen cells were found to be very sensitive to the interferon (IFN) activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Therefore we have used these cells to investigate the level at which IFN blocks the replication of HSV-1. IFN treatment resulted in a strong inhibition of the induction of HSV DNA polymerase and other beta proteins. RNA hybridization experiments revealed that the amount of mRNA for the beta protein thymidine kinase was strongly reduced in IFN treated HSV-1 infected cells. Analysis of the effect of IFN on expression of the alpha genes indicated a strong inhibition of alpha protein synthesis. In contrast the synthesis of mRNA of the alpha protein ICP 4 was only moderately inhibited. The results indicate that IFN primarily acts on the translation of HSV alpha proteins.
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Vaughan PJ, Purifoy DJ, Powell KL. DNA-binding protein associated with herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase. J Virol 1985; 53:501-8. [PMID: 2578573 PMCID: PMC254663 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.53.2.501-508.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified preparations of herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA polymerase made by many different laboratories always contain at least two polypeptides. The major one, of about 150,000 molecular weight, has been associated with the polymerase activity. The second protein, of about 54,000 molecular weight, which we previously designated ICSP 34, 35, has now been purified. The purified protein has been used to prepare antisera (both polyclonal rabbit serum and monoclonal antibodies). These reagents have been used to characterize the protein, to demonstrate its quite distinct map location from that of the DNA polymerase on the herpes simplex virus genome, and to demonstrate the close association between the two polypeptides.
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11
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Frank KB, Chiou JF, Cheng YC. Interaction of DNA polymerase and nucleotide analog triphosphates. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1985; 24:377-84. [PMID: 3012971 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(85)90087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The properties of virus and host DNA polymerases are important factors in determining the selectivity of deoxynucleotide analogs used in antiviral chemotherapy. The high affinity of herpes DNA polymerase for nucleotide analogs may be particularly important in CMV and EBV-infected cells, since these viruses do not induce the synthesis of a virus-specified thymidine kinase. In general, the effect of nucleotide analog incorporation into DNA may be summarized as follows: analogs with modifications at the base moiety do not affect the rate of DNA chain elongation whereas those modified at the sugar moiety will inhibit the rate of chain elongation. ACGTP and DHPGTP competitively inhibit incorporation of dGTP into DNA; however, steric freedom of the acyclic phosphate may allow these nucleotides to bind virus enzyme in a conformation similar to that assumed by dGTP only at the transitional stage of the enzyme reaction. This may explain the high affinity of virus enzyme for these inhibitors. The interaction of aphidicolin with virus enzyme differs from that with host enzyme. These differences suggest new strategies for antiviral chemotherapy using aphidicolin derivatives.
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12
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13
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Coen DM, Aschman DP, Gelep PT, Retondo MJ, Weller SK, Schaffer PA. Fine mapping and molecular cloning of mutations in the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase locus. J Virol 1984; 49:236-47. [PMID: 6317891 PMCID: PMC255447 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.49.1.236-247.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in five phenotypically distinct mutants derived from herpes simplex virus type 1 strain KOS which lie in or near the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase (pol) locus have been fine mapped with the aid of cloned fragments of mutant and wild-type viral DNAs to distinct restriction fragments of 1.1 kilobase pairs (kbp) or less. DNA sequences containing a mutation or mutations conferring resistance to the antiviral drugs phosphonoacetic acid, acyclovir, and arabinosyladenine of pol mutant PAAr5 have been cloned as a 27-kbp Bg+II fragment in Escherichia coli. These drug resistance markers have been mapped more finely in marker transfer experiments to a 1.1-kbp fragment (coordinates 0.427 to 0.434). In intratypic marker rescue experiments, temperature-sensitive (ts), phosphonoacetic acid resistance, and acyclovir resistance markers of pol mutant tsD9 were mapped to a 0.8-kbp fragment at the left end of the EcoRI M fragment (coordinates 0.422 to 0.427). The ts mutation of pol mutant tsC4 maps within a 0.3-kbp sequence (coordinates 0.420 to 0.422), whereas that of tsC7 lies within the 1.1-kbp fragment immediately to the left (coordinates 0.413 to 0.420). tsC4 displays the novel phenotype of hypersensitivity to phosphonoacetic acid; however, the phosphonoacetic acid hypersensitivity phenotype is almost certainly not due to the mutation(s) conferring temperature sensitivity. The ts mutation of mutant tsN20--which does not affect DNA polymerase activity--maps to a 0.5-kbp fragment at the right-hand end of the EcoRI M fragment (coordinates 0.445 to 0.448). The mapping of the mutations in these five mutants further defines the limits of the pol locus and separates mutations differentially affecting catalytic functions of the polymerase.
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14
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Kuhn W, Schneider FW. Induced hydrolytic activity of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase by tRNAPhe-CC. Nucleic Acids Res 1982; 10:2439-51. [PMID: 7045811 PMCID: PMC320621 DOI: 10.1093/nar/10.7.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
"Induced hydrolysis" a new hydrolytic activity, was found by measuring AMP-production during aminoacylation of tRNAPhe-CCA by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase in the presence of tRNAPhe-CC under conditions of low ionic strength at pH 8.5. Experiments using the elongation factor Tu . GTP provide evidence that transfer of phenylalanine to the tRNAPhe-CCA is followed by rapid hydrolysis in the presence of tRNAPhe-CC. A simple mechanism shows good agreement with the experimental data.
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15
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Allaudeen HS, Rani G. Cellular and Epstein-Barr virus specific DNA polymerases in virus-producing Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 1982; 10:2453-65. [PMID: 6283481 PMCID: PMC320622 DOI: 10.1093/nar/10.7.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have determined the levels of cellular DNA polymerases and Epstein-Barr virus specific DNA polymerase in three Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines producing varying amounts of EBV, one of which was induced by 12-0-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). There was a proportional increase in the level of EBV-DNA polymerase with an increase in the percent of virus-producing cells. However, there was a reciprocal relationship between the levels of EBV-DNA polymerase and DNA polymerase alpha i.e., in cell line containing the highest level of EBV-DNA polymerase, activity of DNA polymerase alpha, but not of DNA polymerase beta, was reduced to an insignificantly low level. TPA does not have any direct effect on activities of either EBV-DNA polymerase or DNA polymerase alpha. EBV-DNA polymerases isolated from cells grown with or without TPA are indistinguishable in their properties such as elution position on phosphocellulose column, molecular weight, mono and divalent cation requirements, pH optimum, and other requirements for optimum activity. Addition of crude extracts of cells grown in presence of TPA to the purified DNA polymerase alpha did not inhibit its activity indicating that the observed loss was not due to any specific inhibitor present in TPA treated cells. Raji, a nonproducer cell line, did not contain EBV-DNA polymerase. There was no induction of EBV-DNA polymerase when Raji cells were grown in presence of TPA. The phenomenon of reduction in the levels of DNA polymerase alpha in cells induced to produce EBV may represent a mechanism by which the host DNA replication is shut off following virus infection.
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Powell KL, Littler E, Purifoy DJ. Nonstructural proteins of herpes simplex virus. II. Major virus-specific DNa-binding protein. J Virol 1981; 39:894-902. [PMID: 6270358 PMCID: PMC171323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.894-902.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA-binding infected cell-specific polypeptides 11 and 12 have been purified to homogeneity from extracts of virus-infected cells. Monospecific antiserum to the purified protein has been made and used to examine virus temperature-sensitive mutants for defects in the synthesis of the protein and to probe virus DNA synthesis in isolated chromatin. The purified protein acted directly on a polydeoxyadenylic acid-polydeoxythymidylic acid helix, reducing its melting temperature. The results indicated that the protein functions in virus DNA synthesis.
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17
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18
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19
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Nishigori H, Sato M, Nishimura C. Reversible inhibition of the induction of DNA polymerase of herpes simplex virus type 2 in HeLa cells. Arch Virol 1978; 58:335-40. [PMID: 216336 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of DNA polymerase of herpes simplex virus type 2 in HeLa cells was inhibited by 2-mercapto-1-(beta-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole added at an early time after infection. However, the inhibitory effect was easily released by removal of the inhibitor. Since the drug disorganizes nucleolar structure and prevents its function in HeLa cells in a reversible manner, it is possible that nucleoli are involved in the induction of DNA polymerase of this virus.
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20
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Purifoy DJ, Lewis RB, Powell KL. Identification of the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase gene. Nature 1977; 269:621-3. [PMID: 199849 DOI: 10.1038/269621a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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22
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Esparza J, Benyesh-Melnick B, Schaffer PA. Intertypic complementation and recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Virology 1976; 70:372-84. [PMID: 178095 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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