1
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Garrison AR, Moresco V, Zeng X, Cline CR, Ward MD, Ricks KM, Olschner SP, Cazares LH, Karaaslan E, Fitzpatrick CJ, Bergeron É, Pegan SD, Golden JW. Nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies protect mice against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1722. [PMID: 38409240 PMCID: PMC10897337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a WHO priority pathogen. Antibody-based medical countermeasures offer an important strategy to mitigate severe disease caused by CCHFV. Most efforts have focused on targeting the viral glycoproteins. However, glycoproteins are poorly conserved among viral strains. The CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (NP) is highly conserved between CCHFV strains. Here, we investigate the protective efficacy of a CCHFV monoclonal antibody targeting the NP. We find that an anti-NP monoclonal antibody (mAb-9D5) protected female mice against lethal CCHFV infection or resulted in a significant delay in mean time-to-death in mice that succumbed to disease compared to isotype control animals. Antibody protection is independent of Fc-receptor functionality and complement activity. The antibody bound NP from several CCHFV strains and exhibited robust cross-protection against the heterologous CCHFV strain Afg09-2990. Our work demonstrates that the NP is a viable target for antibody-based therapeutics, providing another direction for developing immunotherapeutics against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura R Garrison
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
| | - Vanessa Moresco
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Curtis R Cline
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Keersten M Ricks
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Scott P Olschner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Collin J Fitzpatrick
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Joseph W Golden
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
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2
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Šantak M, Matić Z. The Role of Nucleoprotein in Immunity to Human Negative-Stranded RNA Viruses—Not Just Another Brick in the Viral Nucleocapsid. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030521. [PMID: 35336928 PMCID: PMC8955406 DOI: 10.3390/v14030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-stranded RNA viruses (NSVs) are important human pathogens, including emerging and reemerging viruses that cause respiratory, hemorrhagic and other severe illnesses. Vaccine design traditionally relies on the viral surface glycoproteins. However, surface glycoproteins rarely elicit effective long-term immunity due to high variability. Therefore, an alternative approach is to include conserved structural proteins such as nucleoprotein (NP). NP is engaged in myriad processes in the viral life cycle: coating and protection of viral RNA, regulation of transcription/replication processes and induction of immunosuppression of the host. A broad heterosubtypic T-cellular protection was ascribed very early to this protein. In contrast, the understanding of the humoral immunity to NP is very limited in spite of the high titer of non-neutralizing NP-specific antibodies raised upon natural infection or immunization. In this review, the data with important implications for the understanding of the role of NP in the immune response to human NSVs are revisited. Major implications of the elicited T-cell immune responses to NP are evaluated, and the possible multiple mechanisms of the neglected humoral response to NP are discussed. The intention of this review is to remind that NP is a very promising target for the development of future vaccines.
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3
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Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Stoycheva D, Sandu I, Gräbnitz F, Amorim A, Borsa M, Weber S, Becher B, Oxenius A. Non-neutralizing antibodies protect against chronic LCMV infection by promoting infection of inflammatory monocytes in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1423-1435. [PMID: 33547634 PMCID: PMC8247883 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an important role in host defense against microorganisms. Besides direct microbicidal activities, antibodies can also provide indirect protection via crosstalk to constituents of the adaptive immune system. Similar to many human chronic viral infections, persistence of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is associated with compromised T- and B-cell responses. The administration of virus-specific non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) prior to LCMV infection protects against the establishment of chronic infection. Here, we show that LCMV-specific nnAbs bind preferentially Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (IMs), promote their infection in an Fc-receptor independent way, and support acquisition of APC properties. By constituting additional T-cell priming opportunities, IMs promote early activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells, eventually tipping the balance between T-cell exhaustion and effector cell differentiation, preventing establishment of viral persistence without causing lethal immunopathology. These results document a beneficial role of IMs in avoiding T-cell exhaustion and an Fc-receptor independent protective mechanism provided by LCMV-specific nnAbs against the establishment of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Ana Amorim
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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5
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Caddy SL, Vaysburd M, Papa G, Wing M, O'Connell K, Stoycheva D, Foss S, Terje Andersen J, Oxenius A, James LC. Viral nucleoprotein antibodies activate TRIM21 and induce T cell immunity. EMBO J 2020; 40:e106228. [PMID: 33258165 PMCID: PMC7917548 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (N) is an immunodominant antigen in many enveloped virus infections. While the diagnostic value of anti‐N antibodies is clear, their role in immunity is not. This is because while they are non‐neutralising, they somehow clear infection by coronavirus, influenza and LCMV in vivo. Here, we show that anti‐N immune protection is mediated by the cytosolic Fc receptor and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Exploiting LCMV as a model system, we demonstrate that TRIM21 uses anti‐N antibodies to target N for cytosolic degradation and generate cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against N peptide. These CTLs rapidly eliminate N‐peptide‐displaying cells and drive efficient viral clearance. These results reveal a new mechanism of immune synergy between antibodies and T cells and highlights N as an important vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,CITIID, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Wing
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diana Stoycheva
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stian Foss
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Linero F, Sepúlveda C, Christopoulou I, Hulpiau P, Scolaro L, Saelens X. Neutralization of Junín virus by single domain antibodies targeted against the nucleoprotein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11451. [PMID: 30061671 PMCID: PMC6065417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) designates a broad range of diseases that are caused by different viruses including members of the family Arenaviridae. Prophylaxis for Argentine Haemorrhagic Fever (AHF), caused by the arenavirus Junín (JUNV), has been achieved by the use of a live attenuated vaccine, named Candid#1. The standard treatment of AHF is transfusion of convalescent human plasma. Our aim was to develop an alternative and safer treatment for AHF based on the use of virus-neutralizing single domain antibodies (VHHs). We describe the first reported VHHs directed against an arenavirus. These VHHs could neutralize Candid#1 by altering virion binding/fusion. Surprisingly, the neutralizing VHHs appeared to be specific for the viral nucleoprotein (N) that is not known to be involved in arenavirus entry. Candid#1 VHH-escape viruses had acquired a predicted N-glycosylation site in the surface glycoprotein GP1 that is present in highly pathogenic JUNV strains. Accordingly, the Candid#1-neutralizing VHHs could not neutralize pathogenic JUNV strains, but they could still bind to cells infected with a pathogenic strain or the escape mutant viruses. These results show that the attenuated strains of JUNV can be potently neutralized by nucleoprotein-specific VHHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Linero
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Claudia Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Ioanna Christopoulou
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Luis Scolaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.
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7
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Baca Jones C, Filippi C, Sachithanantham S, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Ehrhardt K, von Herrath M. Direct infection of dendritic cells during chronic viral infection suppresses antiviral T cell proliferation and induces IL-10 expression in CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90855. [PMID: 24613988 PMCID: PMC3948950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of systemic IL-10 have been associated with several chronic viral infections, including HCV, EBV, HCMV and LCMV. In the chronic LCMV infection model, both elevated IL-10 and enhanced infection of dendritic cells (DCs) are important for viral persistence. This report highlights the relationship between enhanced viral tropism for DCs and the induction of IL-10 in CD4 T cells, which we identify as the most frequent IL-10-expressing cell type in chronic LCMV infection. Here we report that infected CD8αneg DCs express elevated IL-10, induce IL-10 expression in LCMV specific CD4 T cells, and suppress LCMV-specific T cell proliferation. DCs exposed in vivo to persistent LCMV retain the capacity to stimulate CD4 T cell proliferation but induce IL-10 production by both polyclonal and LCMV-specific CD4 T cells. Our study delineates the unique effects of direct infection versus viral exposure on DCs. Collectively these data point to enhanced infection of DCs as a key trigger of the IL-10 induction cascade resulting in maintenance of elevated IL-10 expression in CD4 T cells and inhibition of LCMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Baca Jones
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christophe Filippi
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sowbarnika Sachithanantham
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katrin Ehrhardt
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Beta-cell specific production of IL6 in conjunction with a mainly intracellular but not mainly surface viral protein causes diabetes. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:24-32. [PMID: 24582317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. IL6, a pleiotropic cytokine with impact on immune and non-immune cell types, has been proposed to be involved in the events causing both forms of diabetes and to play a key role in experimental insulin-dependent diabetes development. The aim of this study was to investigate how beta-cell specific overexpression of IL-6 influences diabetes development. We developed two lines of rat insulin promoter (RIP)-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) mice that also co-express IL6 in their beta-cells. Expression of the viral nucleoprotein (NP), which has a predominantly intracellular localization, together with IL6 led to hyperglycemia, which was associated with a loss of GLUT-2 expression in the pancreatic beta-cells and infiltration of CD11b(+) cells, but not T cells, in the pancreas. In contrast, overexpression of the LCMV glycoprotein (GP), which can localize to the surface, with IL-6 did not lead to spontaneous diabetes, but accelerated virus-induced diabetes by increasing autoantigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses and reducing the regulatory T cell fraction, leading to increased pancreatic infiltration by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) cells. The production of IL-6 in beta-cells acts prodiabetic, underscoring the potential benefit of targeting IL6 in diabetes.
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9
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Straub T, Schweier O, Bruns M, Nimmerjahn F, Waisman A, Pircher H. Nucleoprotein-specific nonneutralizing antibodies speed up LCMV elimination independently of complement and FcγR. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2338-48. [PMID: 23749409 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells have an essential role in controlling lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice. Here, we examined the contribution of humoral immunity, including nonneutralizing antibodies (Abs), in this infection induced by low virus inoculation doses. Mice with impaired humoral immunity readily terminated infection with the slowly replicating LCMV strain Armstrong but showed delayed virus elimination after inoculation with the faster replicating LCMV strain WE and failed to clear the rapidly replicating LCMV strain Docile, which is in contrast to the results obtained with wild-type mice. Thus, the requirement for adaptive humoral immunity to control the infection was dependent on the replication speed of the LCMV strains used. Ab transfers further showed that LCMV-specific IgG Abs isolated from LCMV immune serum accelerated virus elimination. These Abs were mainly directed against the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and completely lacked virus neutralizing activity. Moreover, mAbs specific for the LCMV NP were also able to decrease viral titers after transfer into infected hosts. Intriguingly, neither C3 nor Fcγ receptors were required for the antiviral activity of the transferred Abs. In conclusion, our study suggests that rapidly generated nonneutralizing Abs specific for the viral NP speed up virus elimination and thereby may counteract T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Straub
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Quirin K, Eschli B, Scheu I, Poort L, Kartenbeck J, Helenius A. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus uses a novel endocytic pathway for infectious entry via late endosomes. Virology 2008; 378:21-33. [PMID: 18554681 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocytic entry of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) into host cells was compared to the entry of viruses known to exploit clathrin or caveolae/raft-dependent pathways. Pharmacological inhibitors, expression of pathway-specific dominant-negative constructs, and siRNA silencing of clathrin together with electron and light microscopy provided evidence that although a minority population followed a classical clathrin-mediated mechanism of entry, the majority of these enveloped RNA viruses used a novel endocytic route to late endosomes. The pathway was clathrin, dynamin-2, actin, Arf6, flotillin-1, caveolae, and lipid raft independent but required membrane cholesterol. Unaffected by perturbation of Rab5 or Rab7 and apparently without passing through Rab5/EEA1-positive early endosomes, the viruses reached late endosomes and underwent acid-induced penetration. This membrane trafficking route between the plasma membrane and late endosomes may function in the turnover of a select group of surface glycoproteins such as the dystroglycan complex, which serves as the receptor of LCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Quirin
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Martinic MM, Juedes AE, Bresson D, Homann D, Skak K, Huber C, Ling E, Ejrnaes M, Wolfe T, Togher L, Christen U, von Herrath MG. Minimal impact of a de novo-expressed beta-cell autoantigen on spontaneous diabetes development in NOD mice. Diabetes 2007; 56:1059-68. [PMID: 17395746 DOI: 10.2337/db05-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During an autoimmune process, the autoaggressive response spreads from the initiating autoantigen to other antigens expressed in the target organ. Based on evidence from experimental models for multiple sclerosis, such "antigenic spreading" can play an important role in the exacerbation of clinical disease. We evaluated whether pathogenesis of spontaneous diabetes in NOD mice could be accelerated in a similar way when a novel autoantigen was expressed in pancreatic beta-cells. Unexpectedly, we found that the expression of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein only led to marginal enhancement of diabetes, although such NOD-nucleoprotein mice were not tolerant to nucleoprotein. Although the frequency of nucleoprotein-specific CD8 T-cells in the pancreatic draining lymph node was comparable with the frequency of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)-specific T-cells, more IGRP-specific CD8 T-cells were found both systemically and in the islets where there was a fourfold increase. Interestingly, and in contrast to nucleoprotein-specific CD8 T-cells, IGRP-specific T-cells showed increased CXCR3 expression. Thus, autoreactivity toward de novo-expressed beta-cell autoantigens will not accelerate autoimmunity unless large numbers of antigen-experienced autoreactive T-cells expressing the appropriate chemokine receptors are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Martinic
- Immune Regulation Lab DI-3, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Bocharov G, Klenerman P, Ehl S. Modelling the dynamics of LCMV infection in mice: II. Compartmental structure and immunopathology. J Theor Biol 2003; 221:349-78. [PMID: 12642113 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2003.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we develop a mathematical model for analysis of the compartmental aspects and immunopathology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice. We used sets of original and published data on systemic (extrasplenic) virus distribution to estimate the parameters of virus growth and elimination for spleen and other anatomical compartments, such as the liver, kidney, thymus and lung as well as transfer rates between blood and the above organs. A mathematical model quantitatively integrating the virus distribution kinetics in the host, the specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in spleen and the re-circulation of effector CTL between spleen, blood and liver is advanced to describe the CTL-mediated immunopathology (hepatitis) in mice infected with LCMV. For intravenous and "peripheral" routes of infection we examine the severity of the liver disease, as a function of the virus dose and the host's immune status characterized by the numbers of precursor and/or cytolytic effector CTL. The model is used to predict the efficacy of protection against virus persistence and disease in a localized viral infection as a function of the composition of CTL population. The modelling analysis suggests quantitative demands to CTL memory for maximal protection against a wide range of doses of infection with a primarily peripheral site of virus replication without the risk of favoring immunopathology. It specifies objectives for CTL vaccination to ensure virus elimination with minimal immunopathology vs. vaccination for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Bocharov
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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André P, Groettrup M, Klenerman P, de Giuli R, Booth BL, Cerundolo V, Bonneville M, Jotereau F, Zinkernagel RM, Lotteau V. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease modulates proteasome activity, antigen presentation, and T cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13120-4. [PMID: 9789051 PMCID: PMC23730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the protease of HIV-1 have been used successfully for the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients and AIDS disease. We tested whether these protease inhibitory drugs exerted effects in addition to their antiviral activity. Here, we show in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and treated with the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir a marked inhibition of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and impaired major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitope presentation in the absence of direct effects on lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus replication. A potential molecular target was found: ritonavir selectively inhibited the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome. In view of the possible role of T cell-mediated immunopathology in AIDS pathogenesis, the two mechanisms of action (i.e., reduction of HIV replication and impairment of CTL responses) may complement each other beneficially. Thus, the surprising ability of ritonavir to block the presentation of antigen to CTLs may possibly contribute to therapy of HIV infections but potentially also to the therapy of virally induced immunopathology, autoimmune diseases, and transplantation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P André
- Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U98X, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Kyburz D, Speiser DE, Battegay M, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Lysis of infected cells in vivo by antiviral cytolytic T cells demonstrated by release of cell internal viral proteins. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1540-5. [PMID: 8325330 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompetent adult mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) generate a strong antiviral cytotoxic T cell response that clears virus from all organs. Although there is good evidence that immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) kill target cells in vitro, in vivo it is debated whether antiviral activity of CD8+ T cells is mediated via direct target cell lysis or via soluble mediators. To demonstrate CD8+ T cell-mediated destruction of infected cells in vivo a specific cell-internal releasable marker was used as label, i.e. the nucleoprotein (NP) of LCMV. Since LCMV is non-cytopathic the viral NP will only be released in substantial amounts because of destruction of infected host cells by immune CTL. It is shown here that the amount of NP released from infected and 51Cr-labeled target cells in vitro correlated well with the amount of radioactivity released. Viral NP released in vivo by CTL is bound and masked by the anti-NP antibodies that are produced very early and efficiently. However, NP could readily be detected in sera of LCMV-infected CD8+ competent mice that could not generate antibodies specific for the NP because they were treated with a depleting anti-CD4 antibody. NP was also detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice suffering from CD8+ T cell-mediated lymphocytic choriomeningitis after intracerebral infection. NP titers in sera of anti-CD4-treated LCMV-infected mice exhibited a peak around day 7-8 when CTL activity was highest. When mice were CD8 T cell-depleted with anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody or in LCMV-carrier mice, no NP was detected in the serum. Highly activated LCMV-specific CTL adoptively transfused to LCMV-infected irradiated recipient mice also caused a time-dependent release of NP into serum. This confirms that the CD8+ population is responsible for the release of NP from infected host cells. These results represent an in vivo correlate of CTL-mediated cytolysis and evidence that antiviral cytotoxic T cells are cytolytic in vivo. They also suggest that antibody responses to internal antigens of non-cytopathic viruses may signal CD8+ T cell-mediated destruction of infected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kyburz
- Kantonsspital Bruderholz, Basel, Switzerland
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Laviada MD, Videgain SP, Moreno L, Alonso F, Enjuanes L, Escribano JM. Expression of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus envelope antigens on the surface of infected cells: epitopes externally exposed. Virus Res 1990; 16:247-54. [PMID: 1697441 PMCID: PMC7134118 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(90)90051-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The peplomer protein (S) and the transmembrane protein (M) of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine were identified by iodination and serologically on the surface of infected cells. Of a total of 4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against four antigenic sites of S protein (Correa et al., 1988), 3 specific for sites A, B and D attached to the plasma membrane of infected cells, as disclosed by indirect immunofluorescence and by complement-mediated cytolysis. Four of the mAbs assayed were specific for the viral protein M and two of them gave plasma membrane immunofluorescence and mediated cytolysis in the presence of complement. The viral nucleoprotein N could not be demonstrated on the surface of infected cells either by iodination or employing 3 mAbs against this protein. Finally, a time course infection experiment demonstrated that S and M proteins were expressed on the surface of infected cells at 4 h after infection, before infective virus was released from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Laviada
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Madrid, Spain
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Géssner A, Lother H. Homologous interference of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus involves a ribavirin-susceptible block in virus replication. J Virol 1989; 63:1827-32. [PMID: 2926867 PMCID: PMC248467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1827-1832.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Depending on the multiplicity of infection (MOI), infection of L929 cells results in either productive lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus replication or homologous interference M. Bruns, A. Gessner, H. Lother, and F. Lehmann-Grube, Virology 166:133-139, 1988). As shown in this communication, productive lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus replication as observed at a low MOI was effectively inhibited by ribavirin. In contrast, virus yields increased if cells were infected with a high MOI and in the presence of 5 microM of the antiviral compound. This drug-dependent release of infectious virus was preceded by enhanced nucleoprotein (NP) synthesis, a change in intracellular NP distribution, and by an onset of glycoprotein synthesis. It is therefore proposed that this block in viral replication is brought about by a posttranslational effect on a viral gene product, probably the NP, present in reasonably large quantities both during homologous interference as well as persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Géssner
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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