Inverted repeats direct repair of adenovirus minichromosome ends

Human adenovirus type 35: nucleotide sequence and vector development

In this report, we describe the complete 34,794 base pair genomic sequence of the human adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) Holden strain. The viral genome exhibits a compact organization similar to other adenoviral serotypes, with overlapping genes on both strands. In all, 47 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, including early (E1, 2, 3, 4) and late (L1, 2, 3, 4, 5) regions conserved among the adenoviridae family. In addition, 14 ORFs were identified that do not encode known adenoviral genes. Comparison of the predicted translational products of the conserved genes with those of other adenoviruses revealed that Ad35 has high homology to Ad7, Ad3, Ad21, Ad17, and simian Ads25. Based on the complete Ad35 DNA sequence, E3-, E1-, and E1/E3-deleted Ad35-based vector systems were developed. An HEK293-derived cell line was established for the propagation of the E1-deleted Ad35 vector, avoiding the emergence of replication-competent adenovirus. Moreover, production of the E1-deleted recombinant Ad35 vector was achieved by transient transduction of a plasmid encoding the Ad35 E1B gene in HEK293 cells. Testing showed that the Ad35-based vector efficiently infects both human and rhesus macaque dendritic cells. Our novel Ad35-based vectors and their corresponding packaging cell lines will provide a versatile and powerful system for DNA-based vaccine development and gene therapy applications.

A 72-bp internal deletion in the left inverted terminal repeat of the bovine adenovirus type 3 genome does not affect virus replication

The genome of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) is flanked by 195-base pair (bp) inverted terminal repeats (ITR). We isolated a BAV3 mutant (BAV3c29) having an internal deletion within the left ITR. The deletion eliminated 72 bp between nucleotides (nt) 89 and 162, including most of the GC-rich sequences located close to the end of the ITR sequences. This deletion did not seem to have any affect on the virus plaque size or morphology and the kinetics of viral replication compared to wild-type (wt) BAV3. The nt sequence of the right ITR of BAV3c29 remained identical to the right or left ITR of wt BAV3. These results indicate that the cis-acting sequences present within the 72 bp between nt 89 and 162 of the left ITR are not essential for BAV3 DNA replication in cultured cells.

Mechanism of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells: cellular host factors stimulating adenovirus DNA replication

Replication of adenovirus (Ad) DNA depends on interactions between three viral and three cellular proteins. Human transcription factors NFI and Oct-1 recruit the Ad DNA polymerase to the origin of DNA replication as a complex with the Ad protein primer pTP. High affinity and specificity DNA binding to recognition sites in this origin by the transcription factors stimulate and stabilize pre-initiation complex formation to compensate for the low binding specificity of the pTP/pol complex. In this review, we discuss the properties of NFI and Oct-1 and the mechanism by which they enhance initiation of DNA replication. We propose a model that describes the dynamics of initiation and elongation as well as the assembly and disassembly of the pre-initiation complex.

Evidence for giant linear plasmids in the ascomycete Podospora anserina

In the extrachromosomal mutant AL2 of the ascomycete Podospora anserina longevity is correlated with the presence of the linear mitochondrial plasmid pAL2-1. In addition to this autonomous genetic element, two types of closely related pAL2-1-homologous molecules were detected in the high-molecular-weight mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). One of these molecules is of linear and the other of circular structure. Both molecules contain pAL2-1 sequences which appear to be integrated at the same site in the mtDNA. Sequence analysis of a DNA fragment cloned from one of these molecules revealed that it contains an almost full-length copy of pAL2-1. At the site of plasmid integration a 15-nucleotide AT-spacer and long inverted mtDNA sequences were identified. Finally, two giant linear plasmid-like DNAs of about 50 kbp and 70 kbp were detected in pulsed-field gels of mutant AL2. These molecules are composed of mtDNA and pAL2-1-specific sequences and may result from the integration of mtDNA sequences into linear plasmid pAL2-1.

Protein-primed DNA replication: role of inverted terminal repeats in the Escherichia coli bacteriophage PRD1 life cycle

Escherichia coli bacteriophage PRD1 and its relatives contain linear double-stranded DNA genomes, the replication of which proceeds via a protein-primed mechanism. Characteristically, these molecules contain 5'-covalently bound terminal proteins and inverted terminal nucleotide sequences (inverted terminal repeats [ITRs]). The ITRs of each PRD1 phage species have evolved in parallel, suggesting communication between the molecule ends during the life cycle of these viruses. This process was studied by constructing chimeric PRD1 phage DNA molecules with dissimilar end sequences. These molecules were created by combining two closely related phage genomes (i) in vivo by homologous recombination and (ii) in vitro by ligation of appropriate DNA restriction fragments. The fate of the ITRs after propagation of single genomes was monitored by DNA sequence analysis. Recombinants created in vivo showed that phages with nonidentical genome termini are viable and relatively stable, and hybrid phages made in vitro verified this observation. However, genomes in which the dissimilar DNA termini had regained identical sequences were also detected. These observations are explained by a DNA replication model involving two not mutually exclusive pathways. The generality of this model in protein-primed DNA replication is discussed.

Sequence conversion during postreplicative adenovirus overlap recombination

Sequence conversion efficiently transfers genetic information in high yield during postreplicative adenovirus overlap recombination. This process is intrinsically nonreciprocal, depends on adenovirus-specific strand-displacement replication by both partner molecules, and requires that complementary sequences on displaced strands must exceed a minimal length to form a heteroduplex intermediate.

Symmetrical adenovirus minichromosomes have hairpin replication intermediates

A special class of panhandles (hairpin or foldback structures) arising from the replication of symmetrical adenovirus (Ad) minichromosome dimers and oligomers have been identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Hairpins provide evidence for replicative intermediates in the pathway for Ad complementary-strand synthesis. Furthermore, larger inverted sequences give Ad minichromosomes a replicative advantage.