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Calabrese E, Hayes AW, Pressman P, Kapoor R, Dhawan G, Calabrese V, Agathokleous E. Polyamines and hormesis: Making sense of a dose response dichotomy. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110748. [PMID: 37816449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The diverse biological effects of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were reviewed in the context of hormesis in an integrative manner for the first time. The findings illustrate that each of these polyamines commonly induces hormetic dose responses in a wide range of biological models and types of cells for multiple endpoints in numerous plant species and animal models. Plant research emphasized preconditioning experimental studies in which the respective polyamines conferred some protection against the damaging effects of a broad range of environmental stressors such as drought, salinity, cold/heat, heavy metals and UV-damage in an hormetic manner. Polyamine-based animal hormesis studies emphasized biomedical endpoints such as longevity and neuroprotection. These findings have important biological and biomedical implications and should guide experimental designs of low dose investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall, Room 201, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | | | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania, 95123, Italy.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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2
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Ami Y, Kodama N, Umeda M, Nakamura H, Shirasawa H, Koyanagi T, Kurihara S. Levilactobacillus brevis with High Production of Putrescine Isolated from Blue Cheese and Its Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119668. [PMID: 37298617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamine intake has been reported to help extend the lifespan of animals. Fermented foods contain high concentrations of polyamines, produced by fermenting bacteria. Therefore, the bacteria, isolated from fermented foods that produce large amounts of polyamines, are potentially used as a source of polyamines for humans. In this study, the strain Levilactobacillus brevis FB215, which has the ability to accumulate approximately 200 µM of putrescine in the culture supernatant, was isolated from fermented foods, specifically the Blue Stilton cheese. Furthermore, L. brevis FB215 synthesized putrescine from agmatine and ornithine, which are known polyamine precursors. When cultured in the extract of Sakekasu, a byproduct obtained during the brewing of Japanese rice wine containing high levels of both agmatine and ornithine, L. brevis FB215 grew to OD600 = 1.7 after 83 h of cultivation and accumulated high concentrations (~1 mM) of putrescine in the culture supernatant. The fermentation product also did not contain histamine or tyramine. The Sakekasu-derived ingredient fermented by the food-derived lactic acid bacteria developed in this study could contribute to increasing polyamine intake in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ami
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Narumi Kodama
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Umeda
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hanae Nakamura
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hideto Shirasawa
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi 921-8836, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin Kurihara
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
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3
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Tangella AV, Gajre AS, Chirumamilla PC, Rathhan PV. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and Neuroblastoma: A Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e37680. [PMID: 37206500 PMCID: PMC10190116 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that affects the sympathetic nervous system and is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a drug that has shown promise as a treatment option for high-risk neuroblastoma. This review aims to provide an overview of the current research on the use of DFMO in neuroblastoma treatment. The review includes a discussion of the mechanisms of action of DFMO, as well as its potential for use in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The review also examines the current clinical trials involving DFMO in high-risk neuroblastoma patients and provides insights into the challenges and future directions for the use of DFMO in neuroblastoma treatment. Overall, the review highlights the potential of DFMO as a promising therapy for neuroblastoma and highlights the need for further research to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwin S Gajre
- Internal Medicine, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and Hospital, Mumbai, IND
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4
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Wang L, Li S, Wang K, Wang N, Liu Q, Sun Z, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Q, Song C, Yang Q. Spermine enhances antiviral and anticancer responses by stabilizing DNA binding with the DNA sensor cGAS. Immunity 2023; 56:272-288.e7. [PMID: 36724787 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-nonself discrimination is vital for the immune system to mount responses against pathogens while maintaining tolerance toward the host and innocuous commensals during homeostasis. Here, we investigated how indiscriminate DNA sensors, such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), make this self-nonself distinction. Screening of a small-molecule library revealed that spermine, a well-known DNA condenser associated with viral DNA, markedly elevates cGAS activation. Mechanistically, spermine condenses DNA to enhance and stabilize cGAS-DNA binding, optimizing cGAS and downstream antiviral signaling. Spermine promotes condensation of viral, but not host nucleosome, DNA. Deletion of viral DNA-associated spermine, by propagating virus in spermine-deficient cells, reduced cGAS activation. Spermine depletion subsequently attenuated cGAS-mediated antiviral and anticancer immunity. Collectively, our results reveal a pathogenic DNA-associated molecular pattern that facilitates nonself recognition, linking metabolism and pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Siru Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chengli Song
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Qingkai Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
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5
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Spermine Suppresses Adipocyte Differentiation and Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911818. [PMID: 36233120 PMCID: PMC9569936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous polyamines such as putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) affect adipocyte differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenously supplemented polyamines on mouse adipocyte differentiation and anti-obesity actions in vitro and in vivo. The preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, was cultured with Put, Spd, or Spm, and lipid accumulation in the cells was measured by Oil Red O staining. Lipid accumulation was significantly suppressed by Spm. Suppression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α mRNA by Spm suggested that the decreased lipid accumulation was due to delaying the cell differentiation. The body weight and fat of obese mice induced with a high-fat diet were reduced by oral ingestion of Spm. In conclusion, oral supplementation of Spm has the ability to prevent obesity through inhibition of adipocyte differentiation.
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6
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Zhang Q, Kong WL, Yuan JJ, Chen Q, Gong CX, Liu L, Wang FX, Huang JC, Yang GQ, Zhou K, Xu R, Xiong XY, Yang QW. Redistribution of Histone Marks on Inflammatory Genes Associated With Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Acute Brain Injury in Aging Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:639656. [PMID: 35495024 PMCID: PMC9051396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.639656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of histone mark redistribution to the age-induced decline of endogenous neuroprotection remains unclear. In this study, we used an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced acute brain injury rat model to study the transcriptional and chromatin responses in 13- and 22-month-old rats. Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) revealed that the expression of neuroinflammation-associated genes was systematically upregulated in ICH rat brains, irrespective of age. Further, we found that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) response genes were activated in both 13- and 22-month-old rats. Anti-IFN-γ treatment markedly reduced ICH-induced acute brain injury in 22-month-old rats. At the chromatin level, ICH induced the redistribution of histone modifications in the promoter regions, especially H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, in neuroinflammation-associated genes in 13- and 22-month-old rats, respectively. Moreover, ICH-induced histone mark redistribution and gene expression were found to be correlated. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that histone modifications related to gene expression are extensively regulated in 13- and 22-month-old rats and that anti-IFN-γ is effective for ICH treatment, highlighting the potential of developing therapies targeting histone modifications to cure age-related diseases, including brain injury and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-lin Kong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Xiong Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fa-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Third Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
- Xiao-Yi Xiong ;
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qing-Wu Yang
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7
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Barba-Aliaga M, Alepuz P. Role of eIF5A in Mitochondrial Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1284. [PMID: 35163207 PMCID: PMC8835957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that binds ribosomes to facilitate the translation of peptide motifs with consecutive prolines or combinations of prolines with glycine and charged amino acids. It has also been linked to other molecular functions and cellular processes, such as nuclear mRNA export and mRNA decay, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, and apoptosis. The growing interest in eIF5A relates to its association with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, viral infection, and diabetes. It has also been proposed as an anti-aging factor: its levels decay in aged cells, whereas increasing levels of active eIF5A result in the rejuvenation of the immune and vascular systems and improved brain cognition. Recent data have linked the role of eIF5A in some pathologies with its function in maintaining healthy mitochondria. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A is upregulated under respiratory metabolism and its deficiency reduces oxygen consumption, ATP production, and the levels of several mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, as well as altering mitochondria dynamics. However, although all the accumulated data strongly link eIF5A to mitochondrial function, the precise molecular role and mechanisms involved are still unknown. In this review, we discuss the findings linking eIF5A and mitochondria, speculate about its role in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis, and highlight its potential as a target in diseases related to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Barba-Aliaga
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed), Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Paula Alepuz
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed), Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
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8
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Teratani T, Kasahara N, Ijichi T, Fujimoto Y, Sakuma Y, Sata N, Kitayama J. Activation of whole body by high levels of polyamine intake in rats. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1695-1703. [PMID: 34654958 PMCID: PMC8592999 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are important to the survival and activation of organs and tissues via a homeostatic cell-metabolic process, and the polyamine content in cytoplasm decreases with aging. Decreases in cellular polyamine have been known to augment mutagenesis and cell death. Thus, supplementary polyamine in food is important to the prevention of aging. Here we show the anti-aging effects of oral intake of polyamine using luciferase-transgenic rats. Healthy rats, 10–12 weeks old, were given foods containing 0.01% and 0.1% (w/w) of polyamine, as compared a control food without polyamine, for 4 weeks. Using a bioimaging system, the photon intensities seen in the whole bodies and livers of rats consuming 0.1% of polyamine in food were stronger than those in rats consuming 0.01% and 0% of polyamine. However, there were no differences between groups in other characteristics, such as liver damage and body weight. In conclusion, we found that polyamine intake can activate cells throughout the whole body, providing an anti-aging effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Teratani
- Division of Translational Research, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Naoya Kasahara
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ijichi
- Division of Translational Research, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobeshi, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yasunaru Sakuma
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Division of Translational Research, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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9
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Weston WC, Hales KH, Hales DB. Flaxseed Increases Animal Lifespan and Reduces Ovarian Cancer Severity by Toxically Augmenting One-Carbon Metabolism. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185674. [PMID: 34577143 PMCID: PMC8471351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We used an LC-MS/MS metabolomics approach to investigate one-carbon metabolism in the plasma of flaxseed-fed White Leghorn laying hens (aged 3.5 years). In our study, dietary flaxseed (via the activity of a vitamin B6 antagonist known as "1-amino d-proline") induced at least 15-fold elevated plasma cystathionine. Surprisingly, plasma homocysteine (Hcy) was stable in flaxseed-fed hens despite such highly elevated cystathionine. To explain stable Hcy, our data suggest accelerated Hcy remethylation via BHMT and MS-B12. Also supporting accelerated Hcy remethylation, we observed elevated S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an elevated SAM:SAH ratio, and elevated methylthioadenosine (MTA), in flaxseed-fed hens. These results suggest that flaxseed increases SAM biosynthesis and possibly increases polyamine biosynthesis. The following endpoint phenotypes were observed in hens consuming flaxseed: decreased physiological aging, increased empirical lifespan, 9-14% reduced body mass, and improved liver function. Overall, we suggest that flaxseed can protect women from ovarian tumor metastasis by decreasing omental adiposity. We also propose that flaxseed protects cancer patients from cancer-associated cachexia by enhancing liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Weston
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Karen H. Hales
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Dale B. Hales
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-618-453-1544
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10
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Grimm M, Grube M, Schiefelbein U, Zühlke D, Bernhardt J, Riedel K. The Lichens' Microbiota, Still a Mystery? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:623839. [PMID: 33859626 PMCID: PMC8042158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.623839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens represent self-supporting symbioses, which occur in a wide range of terrestrial habitats and which contribute significantly to mineral cycling and energy flow at a global scale. Lichens usually grow much slower than higher plants. Nevertheless, lichens can contribute substantially to biomass production. This review focuses on the lichen symbiosis in general and especially on the model species Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm., which is a large foliose lichen that occurs worldwide on tree trunks in undisturbed forests with long ecological continuity. In comparison to many other lichens, L. pulmonaria is less tolerant to desiccation and highly sensitive to air pollution. The name-giving mycobiont (belonging to the Ascomycota), provides a protective layer covering a layer of the green-algal photobiont (Dictyochloropsis reticulata) and interspersed cyanobacterial cell clusters (Nostoc spec.). Recently performed metaproteome analyses confirm the partition of functions in lichen partnerships. The ample functional diversity of the mycobiont contrasts the predominant function of the photobiont in production (and secretion) of energy-rich carbohydrates, and the cyanobiont's contribution by nitrogen fixation. In addition, high throughput and state-of-the-art metagenomics and community fingerprinting, metatranscriptomics, and MS-based metaproteomics identify the bacterial community present on L. pulmonaria as a surprisingly abundant and structurally integrated element of the lichen symbiosis. Comparative metaproteome analyses of lichens from different sampling sites suggest the presence of a relatively stable core microbiome and a sampling site-specific portion of the microbiome. Moreover, these studies indicate how the microbiota may contribute to the symbiotic system, to improve its health, growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grimm
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Ma L, Ni Y, Wang Z, Tu W, Ni L, Zhuge F, Zheng A, Hu L, Zhao Y, Zheng L, Fu Z. Spermidine improves gut barrier integrity and gut microbiota function in diet-induced obese mice. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-19. [PMID: 33151120 PMCID: PMC7668533 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1832857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Spermidine, a polyamine that acts as an autophagy inducer, has important benefits in patients with aging-associated diseases and metabolic dysfunction. However, the mechanism of spermidine on obesity remains unclear. Here, we show that spermidine intake is negatively correlated with obesity in both humans and mice. Spermidine supplementation causes a significant loss of weight and improves insulin resistance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. These effects are associated with the alleviation of metabolic endotoxemia and enhancement of intestinal barrier function, which might be mediated through autophagy pathway and TLR4-mediated microbial signaling transduction. Moreover, spermidine causes the significant alteration of microbiota composition and function. Microbiota depletion compromises function, while transplantation of spermidine-altered microbiota confers protection against obesity. These changes might partly be driven by an SCFA-producing bacterium, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, which was decreased in obese subjects and subsequently increased by spermidine. Notably, the change of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group is significantly correlated with enhanced gut barrier function induced by spermidine. Our results indicate that spermidine supplementation may serve as a viable therapy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China,CONTACT Yinhua Ni
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Liyang Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aqian Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luting Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujie Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China,Zhengwei Fu College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310032, China
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12
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Chevalier C, Kieser S, Çolakoğlu M, Hadadi N, Brun J, Rigo D, Suárez-Zamorano N, Spiljar M, Fabbiano S, Busse B, Ivanišević J, Macpherson A, Bonnet N, Trajkovski M. Warmth Prevents Bone Loss Through the Gut Microbiota. Cell Metab 2020; 32:575-590.e7. [PMID: 32916104 PMCID: PMC7116155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease, characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration. Here, we show that warmth exposure (34°C) protects against ovariectomy-induced bone loss by increasing trabecular bone volume, connectivity density, and thickness, leading to improved biomechanical bone strength in adult female, as well as in young male mice. Transplantation of the warm-adapted microbiota phenocopies the warmth-induced bone effects. Both warmth and warm microbiota transplantation revert the ovariectomy-induced transcriptomics changes of the tibia and increase periosteal bone formation. Combinatorial metagenomics/metabolomics analysis shows that warmth enhances bacterial polyamine biosynthesis, resulting in higher total polyamine levels in vivo. Spermine and spermidine supplementation increases bone strength, while inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis in vivo limits the beneficial warmth effects on the bone. Our data suggest warmth exposure as a potential treatment option for osteoporosis while providing a mechanistic framework for its benefits in bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chevalier
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silas Kieser
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melis Çolakoğlu
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noushin Hadadi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia Brun
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dorothée Rigo
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Suárez-Zamorano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Spiljar
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Fabbiano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Björn Busse
- Institute for Osteology and Biomechanics, University Clinics Hamburg, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julijana Ivanišević
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Macpherson
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, University Clinics for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospitals, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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13
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Madeo F, Hofer SJ, Pendl T, Bauer MA, Eisenberg T, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Kroemer G. Nutritional Aspects of Spermidine. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:135-159. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-120419-015419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyamines (spermidine and spermine) are small, positively charged molecules that are ubiquitously found within organisms and cells. They exert numerous (intra)cellular functions and have been implicated to protect against several age-related diseases. Although polyamine levels decline in a complex age-dependent, tissue-, and cell type–specific manner, they are maintained in healthy nonagenarians and centenarians. Increased polyamine levels, including through enhanced dietary intake, have been consistently linked to improved health and reduced overall mortality. In preclinical models, dietary supplementation with spermidine prolongs life span and health span. In this review, we highlight salient aspects of nutritional polyamine intake and summarize the current knowledge of organismal and cellular uptake and distribution of dietary (and gastrointestinal) polyamines and their impact on human health. We further summarize clinical and epidemiological studies of dietary polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian J. Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Central Lab Graz Cell Informatics and Analyses (GRACIA), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jiangsu 215163, Suzhou, China
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University, S-17177 Solna, Sweden
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Guo Y, Ye Q, Deng P, Cao Y, He D, Zhou Z, Wang C, Zaytseva YY, Schwartz CE, Lee EY, Evers BM, Morris AJ, Liu S, She QB. Spermine synthase and MYC cooperate to maintain colorectal cancer cell survival by repressing Bim expression. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3243. [PMID: 32591507 PMCID: PMC7320137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of polyamine metabolism has been linked to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the underlying mechanism is incompletely characterized. Here, we report that spermine synthase (SMS), a polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, is overexpressed in CRC. Targeted disruption of SMS in CRC cells results in spermidine accumulation, which inhibits FOXO3a acetylation and allows subsequent translocation to the nucleus to transcriptionally induce expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim. However, this induction is blunted by MYC-driven expression of miR-19a and miR-19b that repress Bim production. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of MYC activity in SMS-depleted CRC cells dramatically induces Bim expression and apoptosis and causes tumor regression, but these effects are profoundly attenuated by silencing Bim. These findings uncover a key survival signal in CRC through convergent repression of Bim expression by distinct SMS- and MYC-mediated signaling pathways. Thus, combined inhibition of SMS and MYC signaling may be an effective therapy for CRC. Polyamine metabolism is frequently dysregulated in cancers. Here, the authors show that a polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, spermine synthase, is overexpressed in colorectal cancers and cooperates with MYC to prevent cancer cell apoptosis by repression of proapoptotic protein, Bim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Pan Deng
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Yanan Cao
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Daheng He
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Zhaohe Zhou
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Yekaterina Y Zaytseva
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | | | - Eun Y Lee
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - B Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qing-Bai She
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
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15
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Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. Identification of longevity compounds with minimized probabilities of side effects. Biogerontology 2020; 21:709-719. [PMID: 32562114 PMCID: PMC7541369 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that treating the general aging population with compounds that slow aging, geroprotectors, could provide many benefits to society, including a reduction of age-related diseases. It is intuitive that such compounds should cause minimal side effects, since they would be distributed to otherwise healthy individuals for extended periods of time. The question therefore emerges of how we should prioritize geroprotectors discovered in model organisms for clinical testing in humans. In other words, which compounds are least likely to cause harm, while still potentially providing benefit? To systematically answer this question we queried the DrugAge database—containing hundreds of known geroprotectors—and cross-referenced this with a recently published repository of compound side effect predictions. In total, 124 geroprotectors were associated to 800 unique side effects. Geroprotectors with high risks of side effects, some even with risk for death, included lamotrigine and minocycline, while compounds with low side effect risks included spermidine and d-glucosamine. Despite their popularity as top geroprotector candidates for humans, sirolimus and metformin harbored greater risks of side effects than many other candidate geroprotectors, sirolimus being the more severe of the two. Furthermore, we found that a correlation existed between maximum lifespan extension in worms and the likelihood of causing a side effect, suggesting that extreme lifespan extension in model organisms should not necessarily be the priority when screening for novel geroprotectors. We discuss the implications of our findings for prioritizing geroprotectors, suggesting spermidine and d-glucosamine for clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges E Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Partridge L, Fuentealba M, Kennedy BK. The quest to slow ageing through drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:513-532. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang J, Li S, Wang J, Wu F, Chen Y, Zhang H, Guo Y, Lin Y, Li L, Yu X, Liu T, Zhao Y. Spermidine alleviates cardiac aging by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:650-671. [PMID: 31907336 PMCID: PMC6977682 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines have been shown to delay cellular and organismal aging and to provide cardiovascular protection in humans. Because age-related cardiovascular dysfunction is often accompanied by impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and function, we explored the ability of spermidine (SPD), a major mammalian polyamine, to attenuate cardiac aging through activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Cardiac polyamine levels were reduced in aged (24-month-old) rats. Six-week SPD supplementation restored cardiac polyamine content, preserved myocardial ultrastructure, and inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction. Immunoblotting showed that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and SPD/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in the myocardium of older rats. These changes were paralleled by age-dependent downregulation of components of the sirtuin-1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator alpha (SIRT1/PGC-1α) signaling pathway, an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. SPD administration increased SIRT1, PGC-1α, nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF1, NRF2), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression; decreased ROS production; and improved OXPHOS performance in senescent (H2O2-treated) cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis or SIRT1 activity abolished these effects. PGC-1α knockdown experiments confirmed that SPD activated mitochondrial biogenesis through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of PGC-1α. These data provide new insight into the antiaging effects of SPD, and suggest potential applicability to protect against deterioration of cardiac function with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Medical Technology, Beijing Health Vocational College, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feixiang Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yubo Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lingxu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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18
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Horie Y, Goto A, Tsubuku S, Itoh M, Ikegawa S, Ogawa S, Higashi T. Changes in Polyamine Content in Rice Bran due to Fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae Analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS Combined with Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:427-432. [PMID: 30584182 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that the dietary supplementation of polyamines, especially spermidine (SPD), prevents age-related diseases. Rice bran is rich in polyamines and their amounts could be increased by fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae). In this study, we developed a method for the determination of putrescine (PUT), SPD and spermine (SPM) in rice bran samples by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) after derivatization with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F). The derivatization improved the LC retention and ESI-MS/MS detectability of the polyamines, and consequently enabled precise and accurate quantification. Using this method, we found that the SPD content increased to 158% due to fermentation with A. oryzae, while the content of PUT and SPM decreased. SPD is known as the polyamine playing a central role in cell proliferation and growth, and therefore has health benefits. The fermented rice bran might be a good material for functional foods aimed at SPD supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Horie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science.,Research and Development Division, Koken Co., Ltd
| | - Ayaka Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sumi Tsubuku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Mari Itoh
- Research and Development Division, Koken Co., Ltd
| | | | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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19
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Ramos-Molina B, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Lambertos A, Tinahones FJ, Peñafiel R. Dietary and Gut Microbiota Polyamines in Obesity- and Age-Related Diseases. Front Nutr 2019; 6:24. [PMID: 30923709 PMCID: PMC6426781 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are widely distributed polycationic compounds essential for cellular functions. Intracellular polyamine pools are tightly regulated by a complex regulatory mechanism involving de novo biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport across the plasma membrane. In mammals, both the production of polyamines and their uptake from the extracellular space are controlled by a set of proteins named antizymes and antizyme inhibitors. Dysregulation of polyamine levels has been implicated in a variety of human pathologies, especially cancer. Additionally, decreases in the intracellular and circulating polyamine levels during aging have been reported. The differences in the polyamine content existing among tissues are mainly due to the endogenous polyamine metabolism. In addition, a part of the tissue polyamines has its origin in the diet or their production by the intestinal microbiome. Emerging evidence has suggested that exogenous polyamines (either orally administrated or synthetized by the gut microbiota) are able to induce longevity in mice, and that spermidine supplementation exerts cardioprotective effects in animal models. Furthermore, the administration of either spermidine or spermine has been shown to be effective for improving glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity and reducing adiposity and hepatic fat accumulation in diet-induced obesity mouse models. The exogenous addition of agmatine, a cationic molecule produced through arginine decarboxylation by bacteria and plants, also exerts significant effects on glucose metabolism in obese models, as well as cardioprotective effects. In this review, we will discuss some aspects of polyamine metabolism and transport, how diet can affect circulating and local polyamine levels, and how the modulation of either polyamine intake or polyamine production by gut microbiota can be used for potential therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, University and Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, University and Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, University and Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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20
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Polyamines in Microalgae: Something Borrowed, Something New. Mar Drugs 2018; 17:md17010001. [PMID: 30577419 PMCID: PMC6356823 DOI: 10.3390/md17010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae of different evolutionary origins are typically found in rivers, lakes, and oceans, providing more than 45% of global primary production. They provide not only a food source for animals, but also affect microbial ecosystems through symbioses with microorganisms or secretion of some metabolites. Derived from amino acids, polyamines are present in almost all types of organisms, where they play important roles in maintaining physiological functions or against stress. Microalgae can produce a variety of distinct polyamines, and the polyamine content is important to meet the physiological needs of microalgae and may also affect other species in the environment. In addition, some polyamines produced by microalgae have medical or nanotechnological applications. Previous studies on several types of microalgae have indicated that the putative polyamine metabolic pathways may be as complicated as the genomes of these organisms, which contain genes originating from plants, animals, and even bacteria. There are also several novel polyamine synthetic routes in microalgae. Understanding the nature of polyamines in microalgae will not only improve our knowledge of microalgal physiology and ecological function, but also provide valuable information for biotechnological applications.
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21
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Madeo F, Bauer MA, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Kroemer G. Spermidine: a physiological autophagy inducer acting as an anti-aging vitamin in humans? Autophagy 2018; 15:165-168. [PMID: 30306826 PMCID: PMC6287690 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1530929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is a natural polyamine that stimulates cytoprotective macroautophagy/autophagy. External supplementation of spermidine extends lifespan and health span across species, including in yeast, nematodes, flies and mice. In humans, spermidine levels decline with aging, and a possible connection between reduced endogenous spermidine concentrations and age-related deterioration has been suggested. Recent epidemiological data support this notion, showing that an increased uptake of this polyamine with spermidine-rich food diminishes overall mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Here, we discuss nutritional and other possible routes to counteract the age-mediated decline of spermidine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Madeo
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences , University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,b BioTechMed Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Maria A Bauer
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences , University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | | | - Guido Kroemer
- c Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer , Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U , Paris , France.,d Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms , Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center , Villejuif , France.,e Sorbonne Paris Cité , Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France.,f Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France.,g Pôle de Biologie , Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Paris , France.,h Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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22
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Uncovering Natural Longevity Alleles from Intercrossed Pools of Aging Fission Yeast Cells. Genetics 2018; 210:733-744. [PMID: 30072377 PMCID: PMC6216586 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronological lifespan of non-dividing yeast cells is a quantitative trait that reflects cellular aging. By monitoring allele frequencies in aging segregant pools, Ellis et al. uncover regulatory variants in the 5'-untranslated regions of two genes... Quantitative traits often show large variation caused by multiple genetic factors . One such trait is the chronological lifespan of non-dividing yeast cells, serving as a model for cellular aging. Screens for genetic factors involved in aging typically assay mutants of protein-coding genes. To identify natural genetic variants contributing to cellular aging, we exploited two strains of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that differ in chronological lifespan. We generated segregant pools from these strains and subjected them to advanced intercrossing over multiple generations to break up linkage groups. We chronologically aged the intercrossed segregant pool, followed by genome sequencing at different times to detect genetic variants that became reproducibly enriched as a function of age. A region on Chromosome II showed strong positive selection during aging. Based on expected functions, two candidate variants from this region in the long-lived strain were most promising to be causal: small insertions and deletions in the 5′-untranslated regions of ppk31 and SPBC409.08. Ppk31 is an ortholog of Rim15, a conserved kinase controlling cell proliferation in response to nutrients, while SPBC409.08 is a predicted spermine transmembrane transporter. Both Rim15 and the spermine-precursor, spermidine, are implicated in aging as they are involved in autophagy-dependent lifespan extension. Single and double allele replacement suggests that both variants, alone or combined, have subtle effects on cellular longevity. Furthermore, deletion mutants of both ppk31 and SPBC409.08 rescued growth defects caused by spermidine. We propose that Ppk31 and SPBC409.08 may function together to modulate lifespan, thus linking Rim15/Ppk31 with spermidine metabolism.
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23
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Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G. Spermidine in health and disease. Science 2018; 359:359/6374/eaan2788. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Clinical practice and experimental studies have shown the necessity of sufficient quantities of folic acid intake for normal embryogenesis and fetal development in the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) and neurological malformations. So, women of childbearing age must be sure to have an adequate folate intake periconceptionally, prior to and during pregnancy. Folic acid fortification of all enriched cereal grain product flour has been implemented in many countries. Thus, hundreds of thousands of people have been exposed to an increased intake of folic acid. Folate plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of methionine. Methionine is the principal aminopropyl donor required for polyamine biosynthesis, which is up-regulated in actively growing cells, including cancer cells. Folates are important in RNA and DNA synthesis, DNA stability and integrity. Clinical and epidemiological evidence links folate deficiency to DNA damage and cancer. On the other hand, long-term folate oversupplementation leads to adverse toxic effects, resulting in the appearance of malignancy. Considering the relationship of polyamines and rapidly proliferating tissues (especially cancers), there is a need for better investigation of the relationship between the ingestion of high amounts of folic acid in food supplementation and polyamine metabolism, related to malignant processes in the human body.
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Houen G. Mammalian Cu-containing amine oxidases (CAOs): New methods of analysis, structural relationships, and possible functions. APMIS 2017; 107:5-46. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.1999.107.s96.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Aging is characterized by the progressive accumulation of degenerative changes, culminating in impaired function and increased probability of death. It is the major risk factor for many human pathologies - including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases - and consequently exerts an enormous social and economic toll. The major goal of aging research is to develop interventions that can delay the onset of multiple age-related diseases and prolong healthy lifespan (healthspan). The observation that enhanced longevity and health can be achieved in model organisms by dietary restriction or simple genetic manipulations has prompted the hunt for chemical compounds that can increase lifespan. Most of the pathways that modulate the rate of aging in mammals have homologs in yeast, flies, and worms, suggesting that initial screening to identify such pharmacological interventions may be possible using invertebrate models. In recent years, several compounds have been identified that can extend lifespan in invertebrates, and even in rodents. Here, we summarize the strategies employed, and the progress made, in identifying compounds capable of extending lifespan in organisms ranging from invertebrates to mice and discuss the formidable challenges in translating this work to human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Sustained Arginase 1 Expression Modulates Pathological Tau Deposits in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14842-60. [PMID: 26538654 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3959-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau accumulation remains one of the closest correlates of neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, tau associates with several other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as tauopathies, in which clinical phenotypes manifest as cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and motor impairment. Polyamines act as bivalent regulators of cellular function and are involved in numerous biological processes. The regulation of the polyamines system can become dysfunctional during disease states. Arginase 1 (Arg1) and nitric oxide synthases compete for l-arginine to produce either polyamines or nitric oxide, respectively. Herein, we show that overexpression of Arg1 using adeno-associated virus (AAV) in the CNS of rTg4510 tau transgenic mice significantly reduced phospho-tau species and tangle pathology. Sustained Arg1 overexpression decreased several kinases capable of phosphorylating tau, decreased inflammation, and modulated changes in the mammalian target of rapamycin and related proteins, suggesting activation of autophagy. Arg1 overexpression also mitigated hippocampal atrophy in tau transgenic mice. Conversely, conditional deletion of Arg1 in myeloid cells resulted in increased tau accumulation relative to Arg1-sufficient mice after transduction with a recombinant AAV-tau construct. These data suggest that Arg1 and the polyamine pathway may offer novel therapeutic targets for tauopathies.
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Fahrenkrog B. Histone modifications as regulators of life and death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 3:1-13. [PMID: 28357312 PMCID: PMC5354586 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.01.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an integrated, genetically controlled
suicide program that not only regulates tissue homeostasis of multicellular
organisms, but also the fate of damaged and aged cells of lower eukaryotes, such
as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent years have
revealed key apoptosis regulatory proteins in yeast that play similar roles in
mammalian cells. Apoptosis is a process largely defined by characteristic
structural rearrangements in the dying cell that include chromatin condensation
and DNA fragmentation. The mechanism by which chromosomes restructure during
apoptosis is still poorly understood, but it is becoming increasingly clear that
altered epigenetic histone modifications are fundamental parameters that
influence the chromatin state and the nuclear rearrangements within apoptotic
cells. The present review will highlight recent work on the epigenetic
regulation of programmed cell death in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Profs. Jeener et Brachet 12; 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
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Abstract
AbstractEnergy restriction (ER; also known as caloric restriction) is the only nutritional intervention that has repeatedly been shown to increase lifespan in model organisms and may delay ageing in humans. In the present review we discuss current scientific literature on ER and its molecular, metabolic and hormonal effects. Moreover, criteria for the classification of substances that might induce positive ER-like changes without having to reduce energy intake are summarised. Additionally, the putative ER mimetics (ERM) 2-deoxy-d-glucose, metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, spermidine and lipoic acid and their suggested molecular targets are discussed. While there are reports on these ERM candidates that describe lifespan extension in model organisms, data on longevity-inducing effects in higher organisms such as mice remain controversial or are missing. Furthermore, some of these candidates produce detrimental side effects such as immunosuppression or lactic acidosis, or have not been tested for safety in long-term studies. Up to now, there are no known ERM that could be recommended without limitations for use in humans.
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Oliverio S, Corazzari M, Sestito C, Piredda L, Ippolito G, Piacentini M. The spermidine analogue GC7 (N1-guanyl-1,7-diamineoheptane) induces autophagy through a mechanism not involving the hypusination of eIF5A. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2767-76. [PMID: 25218134 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous administration of spermidine promotes longevity in many model organisms. It has been proposed that this anti-age activity of spermidine is related to this polyamine's ability to promote autophagy. Since spermidine is the substrate for the eIF5A post-translational modification by hypusination, we asked ourselves whether mature eIF5A may represent the link between spermidine and autophagy induction. To test this hypothesis, we inhibited the conversion of native eIF5A by a pharmacological approach, using the N1-guanyl-1,7-diamineoheptane (GC7), a spermidine analogue which competitively and reversibly inhibits deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS). In addition, we also employed genetic approaches by ablating both the eIF5A protein itself and DHS, the rate limiting enzyme catalyzing the conversion of lysine to hypusine. Collectively the data presented in this study demonstrate that the mature eIF5A (hypusinated form) is not involved in the autophagic pathway and that the inhibitor of DHS, GC7, produces off-target effect(s) resulting in marked induction of basal autophagy. These data are relevant in light of the fact that GC7 is considered a potent and selective inhibitor of DHS and is a potential candidate drug for cancer, diabetes and HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafina Oliverio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Exercise training preserves ischemic preconditioning in aged rat hearts by restoring the myocardial polyamine pool. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:457429. [PMID: 25404991 PMCID: PMC4227379 DOI: 10.1155/2014/457429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) strongly protects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. However, IPC protection is ineffective in aged hearts. Exercise training reduces the incidence of age-related cardiovascular disease and upregulates the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamine pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate whether exercise can reestablish IPC protection in aged hearts and whether IPC protection is linked to restoration of the cardiac polyamine pool. METHODS Rats aging 3 or 18 months perform treadmill exercises with or without gradient respectively for 6 weeks. Isolated hearts and isolated cardiomyocytes were exposed to an IR and IPC protocol. RESULTS IPC induced an increase in myocardial polyamines by regulating ODC and spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SSAT) in young rat hearts, but IPC did not affect polyamine metabolism in aged hearts. Exercise training inhibited the loss of preconditioning protection and restored the polyamine pool by activating ODC and inhibiting SSAT in aged hearts. An ODC inhibitor, α-difluoromethylornithine, abolished the recovery of preconditioning protection mediated by exercise. Moreover, polyamines improved age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro. CONCLUSION Exercise appears to restore preconditioning protection in aged rat hearts, possibly due to an increase in intracellular polyamines and an improvement in mitochondrial function in response to a preconditioning stimulus.
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Minois N, Rockenfeller P, Smith TK, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Spermidine feeding decreases age-related locomotor activity loss and induces changes in lipid composition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102435. [PMID: 25010732 PMCID: PMC4092136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is a natural polyamine involved in many important cellular functions, whose supplementation in food or water increases life span and stress resistance in several model organisms. In this work, we expand spermidine's range of age-related beneficial effects by demonstrating that it is also able to improve locomotor performance in aged flies. Spermidine's mechanism of action on aging has been primarily related to general protein hypoacetylation that subsequently induces autophagy. Here, we suggest that the molecular targets of spermidine also include lipid metabolism: Spermidine-fed flies contain more triglycerides and show altered fatty acid and phospholipid profiles. We further determine that most of these metabolic changes are regulated through autophagy. Collectively, our data suggests an additional and novel lipid-mediated mechanism of action for spermidine-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Minois
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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Schroeder S, Zimmermann A, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Eisenberg T, Ruckenstuhl C, Andryushkova A, Pendl T, Harger A, Madeo F. Metabolites in aging and autophagy. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:110-114. [PMID: 28357231 PMCID: PMC5349198 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schroeder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Didac Carmona-Gutierrez
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Ruckenstuhl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Aleksandra Andryushkova
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Harger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria. ; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Constitutive autophagy is important for the control of the quality of proteins and organelles to maintain cell function. Damaged proteins and organelles accumulate in aged organs. The level of autophagic activity decreases with aging. Autophagic activity is regulated by many factors, such as the insulin receptor-signaling pathway, the TOR pathway, Sirt1, and caloric restriction. Autophagy-related genes are known to be essential for the lifespan extension of flies, nematodes, and mice. The inhibition of autophagy decreases the lifespan, and on the other hand, the induction of autophagy can prolong the lifespan. Pharmacological intervention to extend the lifespan has demonstrated a crucial role for autophagy. Heart failure is an age-related disease, as the incidence increases with age. The autophagic activity of the heart decreases during aging. Cardiac-specific autophagy-deficient mice have shown no obvious phenotype up to 10 weeks of age. However, these mice began to die after the age of 6 months, with a significant increase in the left ventricular dimensions and a decrease in the fractional shortening of the left ventricle compared with control mice. This indicates that continuous constitutive autophagy during aging has a crucial role in maintaining cardiac structure and function.
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35
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Abstract
Autophagy is a cell self-digestion process via lysosomes that clears “cellular waste”, including aberrantly modified proteins or protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Therefore, autophagy is considered a protein and organelle quality control mechanism that maintains normal cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional autophagy has been observed in ageing tissues and several ageing-associated diseases. Lifespan of model organisms such as yeast, worms, flies, and mice can be extended through promoting autophagy, either by genetic manipulations such as over-expression of Sirtuin 1, or by administrations of rapamycin, resveratrol or spermidine. The evidence supports that autophagy may play an important role in delaying ageing or extending lifespan. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about autophagy and its regulation, outline recent developments ie the genetic and pharmacological manipulations of autophagy that affects the lifespan, and discuss the role of autophagy in the ageing-related diseases.
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36
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Sharma R, Kapila R, Kapila S. Probiotics as Anti-immunosenescence Agents. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2012.751547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Gupta VK, Sigrist SJ. Sperm(idine) answers the next generation. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:542-3. [PMID: 23370387 PMCID: PMC3594251 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Varun K Gupta
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Bauer MA, Carmona-Gutiérrez D, Ruckenstuhl C, Reisenbichler A, Megalou EV, Eisenberg T, Magnes C, Jungwirth H, Sinner FM, Pieber TR, Fröhlich KU, Kroemer G, Tavernarakis N, Madeo F. Spermidine promotes mating and fertilization efficiency in model organisms. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:346-52. [PMID: 23255134 PMCID: PMC3575463 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine involved in multiple biological processes, including DNA metabolism, autophagy and aging. Like other polyamines, spermidine is also indispensable for successful reproduction at several stages. However, a direct influence on the actual fertilization process, i.e., the fusion of an oocyte with a spermatocyte, remains uncertain. To explore this possibility, we established the mating process in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for fertilization in higher eukaryotes. During human fertilization, the sperm capacitates and the acrosome reaction is necessary for penetration of the oocyte. Similarly, sexually active yeasts form a protrusion called "shmoo" as a prerequisite for mating. In this study, we demonstrate that pheromone-induced shmoo formation requires spermidine. In addition, we show that spermidine is essential for mating in yeast as well as for egg fertilization in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In both cases, this occurs independently from autophagy. In synthesis, we identify spermidine as an important mating component in unicellular and multicellular model organisms, supporting an unprecedented evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms governing fertilization-related cellular fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Angela Reisenbichler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Evgenia V. Megalou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas; Heraklion, Greece
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Magnes
- Institute of Medical Technologies and Health Management; Joanneum Research; Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Diabetes and Metabolism; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Frank M. Sinner
- Institute of Medical Technologies and Health Management; Joanneum Research; Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Diabetes and Metabolism; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R. Pieber
- Institute of Medical Technologies and Health Management; Joanneum Research; Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Diabetes and Metabolism; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM; U848 and Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas; Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
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Pucciarelli S, Moreschini B, Micozzi D, De Fronzo GS, Carpi FM, Polzonetti V, Vincenzetti S, Mignini F, Napolioni V. Spermidine and Spermine Are Enriched in Whole Blood of Nona/Centenarians. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:590-5. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2012.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Moreschini
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Daniela Micozzi
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giusi S. De Fronzo
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco M. Carpi
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valeria Polzonetti
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Fiorenzo Mignini
- School of Pharmacy and Health Products, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Nutraceutical interventions for promoting healthy aging in invertebrate models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:718491. [PMID: 22991584 PMCID: PMC3444043 DOI: 10.1155/2012/718491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex and inevitable biological process that is associated with numerous chronically debilitating health effects. Development of effective interventions for promoting healthy aging is an active but challenging area of research. Mechanistic studies in various model organisms, noticeably two invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, have identified many genes and pathways as well as dietary interventions that modulate lifespan and healthspan. These studies have shed light on some of the mechanisms involved in aging processes and provide valuable guidance for developing efficacious aging interventions. Nutraceuticals made from various plants contain a significant amount of phytochemicals with diverse biological activities. Phytochemicals can modulate many signaling pathways that exert numerous health benefits, such as reducing cancer incidence and inflammation, and promoting healthy aging. In this paper, we outline the current progress in aging intervention studies using nutraceuticals from an evolutionary perspective in invertebrate models.
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41
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Farrugia G, Balzan R. Oxidative stress and programmed cell death in yeast. Front Oncol 2012; 2:64. [PMID: 22737670 PMCID: PMC3380282 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have long served as useful models for the study of oxidative stress, an event associated with cell death and severe human pathologies. This review will discuss oxidative stress in yeast, in terms of sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their molecular targets, and the metabolic responses elicited by cellular ROS accumulation. Responses of yeast to accumulated ROS include upregulation of antioxidants mediated by complex transcriptional changes, activation of pro-survival pathways such as mitophagy, and programmed cell death (PCD) which, apart from apoptosis, includes pathways such as autophagy and necrosis, a form of cell death long considered accidental and uncoordinated. The role of ROS in yeast aging will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Farrugia
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of MaltaMsida, Malta
| | - Rena Balzan
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of MaltaMsida, Malta
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42
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Minois N, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Madeo F. Polyamines in aging and disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:716-32. [PMID: 21869457 PMCID: PMC3184975 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are polycations that interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins. They play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation. Changes in polyamine levels have been associated with aging and diseases. Their levels decline continuously with age and polyamine (spermidine or high-polyamine diet) supplementation increases life span in model organisms. Polyamines have also been involved in stress resistance. On the other hand, polyamines are increased in cancer cells and are a target for potential chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we bring together these various results and draw a picture of the state of our knowledge on the roles of polyamines in aging, stress and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Minois
- University of St Andrews, School of Biology, St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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43
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Matsumoto M, Kurihara S. Probiotics-induced increase of large intestinal luminal polyamine concentration may promote longevity. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:469-72. [PMID: 21745717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many mechanisms contribute to senescence, such as telomere shortening in replicative cells, cumulative damage to DNA leading to genomic instability, and oxidative damage to molecules by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These include chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammageing), a major risk factor for ageing and age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. Furthermore, the prevention of inflammageing seems to be one of the most effective approaches to increase longevity. Here, I discuss the rationale and recent evidence for probiotic-induced upregulation of intestinal luminal polyamine (PA) production in the extension of lifespan by preventing inflammageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Matsumoto
- Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co. Ltd., 20-1 Hirai, Hinode-cho, Nishitama-gun, Tokyo 190-0182, Japan.
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44
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Dietary, metabolic, and potentially environmental modulation of the lysine acetylation machinery. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010:632739. [PMID: 20976254 PMCID: PMC2952894 DOI: 10.1155/2010/632739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy lifestyles and environment produce a good state of health. A number of scientific studies support the notion that external stimuli regulate an individual's epigenomic profile. Epigenetic changes play a key role in defining gene expression patterns under both normal and pathological conditions. As a major posttranslational modification, lysine (K) acetylation has received much attention, owing largely to its significant effects on chromatin dynamics and other cellular processes across species. Lysine acetyltransferases and deacetylases, two opposing families of enzymes governing K-acetylation, have been intimately linked to cancer and other diseases. These enzymes have been pursued by vigorous efforts for therapeutic development in the past 15 years or so. Interestingly, certain dietary components have been found to modulate acetylation levels in vivo. Here we review dietary, metabolic, and environmental modulators of the K-acetylation machinery and discuss how they may be of potential value in the context of disease prevention.
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45
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Cerrada-Gimenez M, Pietilä M, Loimas S, Pirinen E, Hyvönen MT, Keinänen TA, Jänne J, Alhonen L. Continuous oxidative stress due to activation of polyamine catabolism accelerates aging and protects against hepatotoxic insults. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:387-96. [PMID: 20577801 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced polyamine catabolism via polyamine acetylation-oxidation elevates the oxidative stress in an organism due to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We studied a transgenic mouse line overexpressing the rate limiting enzyme in the polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N (1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) that is characterized by increased putrescine and decreased spermidine and spermine pools. In order to protect the mice from the chronic oxidative stress produced by the activation of polyamine catabolism, the hepatic expression of the transcription factor p53 was found threefold elevated in the transgenic mice. In addition, the prolonged activation of p53 accelerated the aging of transgenic mice and reduced their lifespan (50%). Aging was associated with decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. In the transgenic mice the activities of catalase and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 42 and 23% reduced respectively, while the expression of CYP450 2E1 was 60% decreased and oxidative stress measured as protein carbonyl content was tenfold elevated. In the transgenic mice, the age-related repression of the different antioxidant enzymes served as a protection against the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Cerrada-Gimenez
- Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Eisenberg T, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Büttner S, Tavernarakis N, Madeo F. Necrosis in yeast. Apoptosis 2010; 15:257-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Morselli E, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Criollo A, Maiuri MC, Tavernarakis N, Madeo F, Kroemer G. Autophagy mediates pharmacological lifespan extension by spermidine and resveratrol. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:961-70. [PMID: 20157579 PMCID: PMC2815753 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although
autophagy has widely been conceived as a self-destructive mechanism that
causes cell death, accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy usually
mediates cytoprotection, thereby avoiding the apoptotic or necrotic demise
of stressed cells. Recent evidence produced by our groups demonstrates that
autophagy is also involved in pharmacological manipulations that increase
longevity. Exogenous supply of the polyamine spermidine can prolong the
lifespan of (while inducing autophagy in) yeast, nematodes and flies.
Similarly, resveratrol can trigger autophagy in cells from different
organisms, extend lifespan in nematodes, and ameliorate the fitness of
human cells undergoing metabolic stress. These beneficial effects are lost
when essential autophagy modulators are genetically or pharmacologically
inactivated, indicating that autophagy is required for the cytoprotective
and/or anti-aging effects of spermidine and resveratrol. Genetic and
functional studies indicate that spermidine inhibits histone acetylases,
while resveratrol activates the histone deacetylase Sirtuin 1 to confer
cytoprotection/longevity. Although it remains elusive whether the same
histones (or perhaps other nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins) act as the downstream
targets of spermidine and resveratrol, these results point to an essential
role of protein hypoacetylation in autophagy control and in the regulation
of longevity.
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Eisenberg T, Knauer H, Schauer A, Büttner S, Ruckenstuhl C, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Ring J, Schroeder S, Magnes C, Antonacci L, Fussi H, Deszcz L, Hartl R, Schraml E, Criollo A, Megalou E, Weiskopf D, Laun P, Heeren G, Breitenbach M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Herker E, Fahrenkrog B, Fröhlich KU, Sinner F, Tavernarakis N, Minois N, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:1305-14. [PMID: 19801973 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1123] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing results from complex genetically and epigenetically programmed processes that are elicited in part by noxious or stressful events that cause programmed cell death. Here, we report that administration of spermidine, a natural polyamine whose intracellular concentration declines during human ageing, markedly extended the lifespan of yeast, flies and worms, and human immune cells. In addition, spermidine administration potently inhibited oxidative stress in ageing mice. In ageing yeast, spermidine treatment triggered epigenetic deacetylation of histone H3 through inhibition of histone acetyltransferases (HAT), suppressing oxidative stress and necrosis. Conversely, depletion of endogenous polyamines led to hyperacetylation, generation of reactive oxygen species, early necrotic death and decreased lifespan. The altered acetylation status of the chromatin led to significant upregulation of various autophagy-related transcripts, triggering autophagy in yeast, flies, worms and human cells. Finally, we found that enhanced autophagy is crucial for polyamine-induced suppression of necrosis and enhanced longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Gugliucci A. Alternative antiglycation mechanisms: are spermine and fructosamine-3-kinase part of a carbonyl damage control pathway? Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:770-7. [PMID: 15694695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Spermine is an ubiquitous molecule that bears unique structural features of regularly spaced positive charges interrupted by hydrophobic methylene bridges. In previous studies we have shown significant antiglycation effects of physiological concentrations of spermine and spermidine. The effect is apparent in four different protein models, two targeting structural changes on histones and ubiquitin, and two targeting impairment of catalytic activities of AT III and plasminogen. We hypothesize that polyamines inhibit glycation and that might be one of their elusive molecular functions. A mammalian fructosamine-3-kinase (FN-3-K), which phosphorylates fructoselysine (FL) residues on glycated proteins, to FL-3-phosphate has been isolated and cloned by two independent groups. This enzyme may function as a deglycating enzyme. Being its Km for FL two orders of magnitude lower than for its protein substrate, we propose the enzyme has a dual role and also functions as a recycler of spermine-carbonyl adducts. Spermine and FN-3-K may be part of a carbonyl damage control pathway. Thirdly, due to critically functional lysine residues, we underscore the vulnerability to glycation of ornithine decarboxylase, the main enzyme in spermine biosynthesis. If glycation is modulated by polyamines and glycation itself impairs polyamine synthesis, a dangerous loop of excessive spermine consumption and slower spermine biosynthesis might ensue in chronic hyperglycemic conditions. In this perspective, small changes in flow rates in the spermine (where ODC and antizyme are key players) and/or FN-3-K pathway could contribute to enhance the effects of hyperglycemia and explain why there are diabetic subjects with higher glycation phenotypes and incidence of complications. They could have altered steady state levels of polyamines and/or decreased FN-3-K expression or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gugliucci
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Touro University -- California, 1310 Johnson lane, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
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Gugliucci A. Polyamines as clinical laboratory tools. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 344:23-35. [PMID: 15149868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1678 until the recent development of transgenic mice expressing proteins altering polyamine levels in a tissue-specific manner, polyamines have been the object of intense research efforts which have shed light on several biological and pathological processes. From the discovery of a particular form of proteasome regulation of the catabolism of the key regulatory enzyme in their synthetic pathway, to the experimental cancer treatment or prevention with polyamine antagonists or inhibitors of the latter enzyme, a whole spectrum of interests can be revealed. Still, many aspects of their functions remain elusive and difficulties inherent in their analysis, which relies on sophisticated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods, and the lack of standardization; have hampered the transit from the research realm to the standard clinical laboratory domain. Their assay in biological fluids has been used for cancer diagnosis and for monitoring anticancer treatment. In this article, we attempt to provide an overview of polyamine structure, nutritional value, metabolism, and physiological roles. Next, we will summarize the main analytical methods on which we count, and finally we will address their role in diagnosis of cancer as well their proposed role as antioxidant and antiglycation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gugliucci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1310 Johnson Lane, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
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