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Stoilov B, Truong VK, Gronthos S, Vasilev K. Noninvasive and Microinvasive Nanoscale Drug Delivery Platforms for Hard Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:2925-2943. [PMID: 37565698 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue plays a crucial role in protecting internal organs and providing structural support and locomotion of the body. Treatment of hard tissue defects and medical conditions due to physical injuries, genetic disorders, aging, metabolic syndromes, and infections is more often a complex and drawn out process. Presently, dealing with hard-tissue-based clinical problems is still mostly conducted via surgical interventions. However, advances in nanotechnology over the last decades have led to shifting trends in clinical practice toward noninvasive and microinvasive methods. In this review article, recent advances in the development of nanoscale platforms for bone tissue engineering have been reviewed and critically discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of noninvasive and microinvasive methods for treating medical conditions related to hard tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Stoilov
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide/SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Amadeu de Oliveira F, Tokuhara CK, Veeriah V, Domezi JP, Santesso MR, Cestari TM, Ventura TMO, Matos AA, Dionísio T, Ferreira MR, Ortiz RC, Duarte MAH, Buzalaf MAR, Ponce JB, Sorgi CA, Faccioli LH, Buzalaf CP, de Oliveira RC. The Multifarious Functions of Leukotrienes in Bone Metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1135-1153. [PMID: 37314430 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are derived from arachidonic acid metabolism by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme. The production of LTs is stimulated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, and periodontitis, with a relevant contribution to bone resorption. However, its role in bone turnover, particularly the suppression of bone formation by modulating the function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, remains unclear. We investigated the effects of LTs on bone metabolism and their impact on osteogenic differentiation and osteoclastogenesis using a 5-LO knockout (KO) mouse model. Results from micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis of femur from 8-week-old 5-LO-deficient mice showed increased cortical bone and medullary region in females and males and decreased trabecular bone in females. In the vertebra, we observed increased marrow area in both females and males 5-LO KO and decreased trabecular bone only in females 5-LO KO. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis showed higher levels of osteogenic markers tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and osteopontin (OPN) and lower expression of osteoclastogenic marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the femurs of 5-LO KO mice versus wild-type (WT). Alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization assay results showed that the 5-LO absence enhances osteoblasts differentiation and mineralization but decreases the proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bglap, and Sp7 gene expression were higher in 5-LO KO osteoblasts compared to WT cells. Eicosanoids production was higher in 5-LO KO osteoblasts except for thromboxane 2, which was lower in 5-LO-deficient mice. Proteomic analysis identified the downregulation of proteins related to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism in 5-LO KO osteoblasts, and the upregulation of transcription factors such as the adaptor-related protein complex 1 (AP-1 complex) in long bones from 5-LO KO mice leading to an increased bone formation pattern in 5-LO-deficient mice. We observed enormous differences in the morphology and function of osteoclasts with reduced bone resorption markers and impaired osteoclasts in 5-LO KO compared to WT osteoclasts. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the absence of 5-LO is related to the greater osteogenic profile. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cintia K Tokuhara
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vimal Veeriah
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - João Paulo Domezi
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tania M Cestari
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana A Matos
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dionísio
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel R Ferreira
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Ortiz
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A H Duarte
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José B Ponce
- Department of Medicine, University Center of Adamantina, Adamantina, SP, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Faculdades de Dracena, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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A comprehensive in vitro comparison of the biological and physicochemical properties of bioactive root canal sealers. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:6209-6222. [PMID: 35660956 PMCID: PMC9525420 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the biological and physicochemical features of bioactive root canal sealers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) and human osteoblasts (hOB) were exposed to eluates of three bioactive root canal sealers, GuttaFlow® bioseal (GF), BioRoot™ RCS (BR), and TotalFill® BC Sealer (TF), and the epoxy resin-based sealer AH plus® (AH). Cytotoxicity and cellular inflammatory response were evaluated. The osteogenic potential was examined using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Film thickness, flowability, and pH were assessed. Root canal treatment was performed on human extracted teeth to evaluate the sealers' tightness towards bacterial penetration. The antibacterial activity against common pathogens in primary root canal infections was tested. RESULTS AH was severely cytotoxic to hPDLF and hOB (p < 0.001). The bioactive sealers were generally less cytotoxic. IL-6 levels in hPDLF were elevated in the presence of AH (p < 0.05). AH and GF suppressed IL-6 production in hOB (p < 0.05). AH and BR stimulated the PGE2 production in hPDLF and hOB (p < 0.05). BR was the only sealer that led to calcium deposits in hMSC (p < 0.05). TF and AH showed the lowest film thickness and the highest flowability. Bacterial tightness was best in teeth filled with AH and BR. All sealers showed similar antimicrobial activity, but the overall antimicrobial efficacy was moderate as the bacteria were reduced by just one log scale (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed favorable in vitro results regarding the biocompatibility of the bioactive root canal sealers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bioactive root canal sealers may be a useful alternative to epoxy resin-based sealers.
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Sides R, Griess-Fishheimer S, Zaretsky J, Shitrit A, Kalev-Altman R, Rozner R, Beresh O, Dumont M, Penn S, Shahar R, Monsonego-Ornan E. The Use of Mushrooms and Spirulina Algae as Supplements to Prevent Growth Inhibition in a Pre-Clinical Model for an Unbalanced Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124316. [PMID: 34959867 PMCID: PMC8705242 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Today’s eating patterns are characterized by the consumption of unbalanced diets (UBDs) resulting in a variety of health consequences on the one hand, and the consumption of dietary supplements in order to achieve overall health and wellness on the other. Balanced nutrition is especially crucial during childhood and adolescence as these time periods are characterized by rapid growth and development of the skeleton. We show the harmful effect of UBD on longitudinal bone growth, trabecular and cortical bone micro-architecture and bone mineral density; which were analyzed by micro-CT scanning. Three point bending tests demonstrate the negative effect of the diet on the mechanical properties of the bone material as well. Addition of Spirulina algae or Pleurotus eryngii or Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, to the UBD, was able to improve growth and impaired properties of the bone. 16SrRNA Sequencing identified dysbiosis in the UBD rats’ microbiota, with high levels of pro-inflammatory associated bacteria and low levels of bacteria associated with fermentation processes and bone related mechanisms. These results provide insight into the connection between diet, the skeletal system and the gut microbiota, and reveal the positive impact of three chosen dietary supplements on bone development and quality presumably through the microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Sides
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Shelley Griess-Fishheimer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Janna Zaretsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Astar Shitrit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Rotem Kalev-Altman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
- Koret School of Veterinary, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Reut Rozner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Olga Beresh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Maïtena Dumont
- Koret School of Veterinary, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Svetlana Penn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (R.S.); (S.G.-F.); (J.Z.); (A.S.); (R.K.-A.); (R.R.); (O.B.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu C, Cao Z, Zhang W, Tickner J, Qiu H, Wang C, Chen K, Wang Z, Tan R, Dong S, Xu J. Lumichrome inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption through suppressing RANKL‐induced NFAT activation and calcium signaling. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8971-8983. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy Third Military Medical University Chongqing China
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University Chongqing China
- Department of Orthopedics The Army General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University Chongqing China
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Surgery Chinese People’s Liberation Army 66325 Hospital Beijing China
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Heng Qiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
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Huang RY, Lin JH, He XH, Li X, Lu CL, Zhou YY, Cai J, He YT. Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts of Bushen-Qiangdu-Zhilv decoction, a Chinese medicinal formula, in M1-polarized RAW264.7. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:268. [PMID: 25070190 PMCID: PMC4132911 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Bushen-Qiangdu-Zhilv Decoction (BQZ) is one of famous traditional Chinese medical formula for treating ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, the mechanisms underlying effects of BQZ remains unknown. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1, play an important role in AS. We therefore evaluated if BQZ could affect the expression of these cytokines. Methods Crude extracts were prepared and fractioned with petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (BU) and finally water (ACE). The stability of the extracts was confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. M1-polarized RAW264.7 was induced and subsequently treated with BQZ extracts. Quantitative real-time PCR experiments were performed to measure mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1. Results It was found that TNF-α could be significantly suppressed by ACE extracts, whereas IL-1 was dramatically inhibited by BU extracts, which was further confirmed by dose-dependent experiments. Importantly, MTS assays showed that both ACE and BU extracts had a low cytotoxicity. Conclusion Altogether, our study indicates that BQZ decoction exerts anti-AS effects via its anti-inflammatory activity and may have a low side-effect. Further analysis of the extracts of BQZ decoction could lead to a discovery of some novel drugs adding to therapeutic strategy for AS patients.
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Steiniche T. Bone histomorphometry in the pathophysiological evaluation of primary and secondary osteoporosis and various treatment modalities. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.1995.tb05544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fredericson M, Chew K, Ngo J, Cleek T, Kiratli J, Cobb K. Regional bone mineral density in male athletes: a comparison of soccer players, runners and controls. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:664-8; discussion 668. [PMID: 17473003 PMCID: PMC2465163 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of soccer playing and long-distance running with total and regional bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Academic medical centre. PARTICIPANTS Elite male soccer players (n = 15), elite male long-distance runners (n = 15) and sedentary male controls (n = 15) aged 20-30 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS BMD (g/cm2) of the lumbar spine (L1-L4), right hip, right leg and total body were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and a scan of the right calcaneus was performed with a peripheral instantaneous x-ray imaging bone densitometer. RESULTS After adjustment for age, weight and percentage body fat, soccer players had significantly higher whole body, spine, right hip, right leg and calcaneal BMD than controls (p = 0.008, p = 0.041, p<0.001, p = 0.019, p<0.001, respectively) and significantly higher right hip and spine BMD than runners (p = 0.012 and p = 0.009, respectively). Runners had higher calcaneal BMD than controls (p = 0.002). Forty percent of the runners had T-scores of the lumbar spine between -1 and -2.5. Controls were similar: 34% had T-scores below -1 (including 7% with T-scores lower than -2.5). CONCLUSIONS Playing soccer is associated with higher BMD of the skeleton at all sites measured. Running is associated with higher BMD at directly loaded sites (the calcaneus) but not at relatively unloaded sites (the spine). Specific loading conditions, seen in ball sports or in running, play a pivotal role in skeletal adaptation. The importance of including an appropriate control group in clinical studies is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94306, USA.
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Lachmann S, Kimmerle-Müller E, Axmann D, Scheideler L, Weber H, Haas R. Associations between peri-implant crevicular fluid volume, concentrations of crevicular inflammatory mediators, and composite IL-1A ?889 and IL-1B +3954 genotype: A cross-sectional study on implant recall patients with and without clinical signs of peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007; 18:212-23. [PMID: 17348886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2006.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess possible relationships between peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) volumes, biochemical markers of the peri-implant immune response, and periodontitis-associated genotype. MATERIAL AND METHODS PICF samples from 29 implant maintenance patients, 24 wearing overdentures, five having single crowns and bridgework (11 patients with peri-implantitis and 18 individuals with healthy peri-implant conditions), were analyzed for per site and per crevicular-fluid-volume concentrations of interleukin-1beta, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2, and prostaglandin E2 by ELISA. Associations between the three substance concentrations and to crevicular fluid flow rate were analyzed by linear regression analysis. The possible differentiating influence of the composite interleukin-1A and -1B genotype on the patients' peri-implant health and biochemical inflammatory status was checked formally with t-test statistics and the Wilcoxon' test. One implant per patient was chosen for analysis. RESULTS In patients with healthy peri-implant conditions, genotype-positive individuals showed elevated crevicular fluid flow rates and at the same time reduced mediator concentrations. In patients with an implant affected from peri-implantitis, no statistically significant influence of the periodontitis-associated genotype around the fixture can be stated. There was no statistical difference between per site and per crevicular-fluid-volume concentration analyses. All three mediator concentrations were positively related to each other, while there was a strong negative correlation between crevicular fluid volume and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 or prostaglandin E2. CONCLUSIONS The Interleukin-1 polymorphism investigated exerted only little influence on the peri-implant crevicular immune response, and this influence appeared to be of limited impact in sites with established peri-implantitis lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lachmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Gurevitch O, Khitrin S, Valitov A, Slavin S. Osteoporosis of hematologic etiology. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:128-36. [PMID: 17198881 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here we present evidence that overexertion of the hematopoietic system following chronic bleeding plays an important role in the etiology of osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic bloodletting (0.2 mL twice per month for 10 months), total body irradiation (900 cGy), or aging (20-30 months old). Bone marrow from standard untreated donors was transplanted under the kidney capsules of all three categories of recipients to investigate the influence of each of these conditions on new bone marrow formation. Cellularity and histologic structure of developed osteohematopoietic sites and histomorphometry of lumbar vertebrae were studied, thus assessing the role of bleeding, irradiation, and old age on new bone formation and effects on existing bone. RESULTS Chronic blood loss led to augmented production of hematopoietic microenvironment, relative reduction in the amount of generated bone, and activation of the bone resorptive process in the newly forming osteohematopoietic complex. Similar results were seen in irradiated and senescent mice. Activity, stimulating expansion of hematopoietic microenvironment, was revealed in the plasma of all three categories of experimental mice. Likewise, quantification of the relative amount of bone and hematopoietic areas in skeletal sites showed a significant reduction in bone tissue of the first lumbar vertebrae of chronically bled mice. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental data, together with existing clinical observations documenting the role of hematopoietic insufficiency in the development of osteoporosis, confirm our working hypothesis that chronic blood loss may be the primary factor responsible for the rapid and consistent development of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gurevitch
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Gurevitch O, Slavin S. The hematological etiology of osteoporosis. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:729-35. [PMID: 16797864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article we present a new working hypothesis, suggesting that overexertion of the hematopoietic system resulting from constant excessive need for blood cell production, plays an important role in the etiology of osteoporosis. It is generally accepted that the development of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is due to the reduction of estrogen level. However a most striking observation is the fact that in the male organism, which has never been protected by high levels of estrogen, osteoporosis in senescence is significantly less frequent then in the female organism, which has been protected by estrogens for at least 35 years. Healthy women loose about 70 ml of blood every month, which adds up to some 850 ml per year and approximately 30 l over the 35 years of their reproductive life. Blood loss intensifies hematopoiesis by increasing the level of hematopoietic growth factors while, at the same time, stimulating proliferation of osteogenic progenitor cells. Osteogenic activity has, indeed, been detected in the blood of bled animals. The chain of events that converts continuous requiremental pressure on hematopoiesis into development of osteoporosis may be formulated as follows: on the one hand, blood loss creates developmental pressure on the hematopoietic system, augments production of hematopoietic growth factors with subsequent intensified proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, increases the number of hematopoietic cells including osteoclasts, thus intensifying resorption of bone tissue and extension of hematopoietic territories. On the other hand, blood loss leads to stimulation of bone development, extensive proliferation of osteogenic progenitor cells resulting in increased numbers of osteoblasts, followed by new bone formation and, at the same time, increased production and maturation of osteoclasts which then enter the cycle of bone resorption. The bone resorption process itself is characterized by the release of bone morphogenic proteins that induce proliferation of osteogenic cells and subsequent production of osteoclasts that in their turn enter the cycle of bone resorption. Important evidence supporting the substantial role of hematopoietic insufficiency in the development of osteoporosis comes from the field of clinical hematology: hematological diseases accompanied by chronic anemia, such as beta thalassemia major, sickle cell anemia, chronic hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, etc., are also characterized by the concomitant development of osteoporosis. Patients suffering from hemophilia tend to develop osteoporosis as well. The possible role of functional interaction between hematopoietic and bone tissues in the development of age related osteoporosis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gurevitch
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Transplantation Research Center, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Godard MP, Johnson BA, Richmond SR. Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 13:1335-43. [PMID: 16129715 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of forskolin on body composition, testosterone, metabolic rate, and blood pressure in overweight and obese (BMI > or = 26 kg/m(2)) men. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURE Thirty subjects (forskolin, n = 15; placebo, n = 15) were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study for 12 weeks. RESULTS Forskolin was shown to elicit favorable changes in body composition by significantly decreasing body fat percentage (BF%) and fat mass (FM) as determined by DXA compared with the placebo group (p < or = 0.05). Additionally, forskolin administration resulted in a change in bone mass for the 12-week trial compared with the placebo group (p < or = 0.05). There was a trend toward a significant increase for lean body mass in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.097). Serum free testosterone levels were significantly increased in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p < or = 0.05). The actual change in serum total testosterone concentration was not significantly different among groups, but it increased 16.77 +/- 33.77% in the forskolin group compared with a decrease of 1.08 +/- 18.35% in the placebo group. DISCUSSION Oral ingestion of forskolin (250 mg of 10% forskolin extract twice a day) for a 12-week period was shown to favorably alter body composition while concurrently increasing bone mass and serum free testosterone levels in overweight and obese men. The results indicate that forskolin is a possible therapeutic agent for the management and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Godard
- University of Kansas, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Taranta A, Fortunati D, Longo M, Rucci N, Iacomino E, Aliberti F, Facciuto E, Migliaccio S, Bardella MT, Dubini A, Borghi MO, Saraifoger S, Teti A, Bianchi ML. Imbalance of osteoclastogenesis-regulating factors in patients with celiac disease. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:1112-21. [PMID: 15176994 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by atrophy of the intestine villi triggered by ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The association between celiac disease and low BMD has been recognized, but the mechanisms of disturbance are poorly understood. We show imbalance of cytokines relevant to bone metabolism in celiac patients' sera and the direct effect of these sera on in vitro bone cell activity. INTRODUCTION Celiac disease is associated with mineral metabolism derangement and low BMD. We investigated whether imbalance of serum factors in celiac patients could affect human bone cell activity in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied two groups of celiac patients--one on a gluten-free diet and another before the diet--both with decreased bone mass. Patients were investigated for bone turnover markers, and their sera were used for culturing bone cells from healthy donors and evaluate changes in cell activity. RESULTS The N-terminal telopeptide of procollagen type I and interleukin (IL)-6 were higher than normal in patients not on the gluten-free diet. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha/beta were normal in all patients. IL-12 was reduced in all patients, whereas IL-18 was reduced only in patients on the diet. The RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio was increased in patients not on the gluten-free diet. Persistently increased osteoclast numbers were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors on incubation with sera of patients not on the gluten-free diet versus control sera and sera from patients on the diet. In human osteoblasts from healthy individuals, IL-18 was reduced on incubation with sera from all patients, whereas OPG expression was lower when sera from patients not on the diet were used. Proliferation, alkaline phosphatase, and nodule mineralization were increased in osteoblast cultures containing sera from all celiac patients, either on or not on the gluten-free diet. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that bone loss in celiac disease might also be caused by a cytokine imbalance directly affecting osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Taranta
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Roma, Italy
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Haug SR, Heyeraas KJ. Effects of sympathectomy on experimentally induced pulpal inflammation and periapical lesions in rats. Neuroscience 2003; 120:827-36. [PMID: 12895522 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of sympathetic nerves in bone physiology is largely unknown. Recent studies have shown a correlation between sympathectomy and bone remodeling. The present experiments were aimed to study the effects of unilateral sympathectomy on bilateral experimentally induced pulpitis and periapical lesions in the rat maxilla and mandible. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Experimental rats (n=11) had the right superior cervical ganglion surgically removed (SCGx) and control rats (n=5) had sham surgery. Pulpal inflammation and periapical bone lesions in the maxilla and mandible were created 14 days later in both experimental and control rats by exposing the dental pulp in the first and second molars and leaving them open to the oral microflora. The rats were perfused 20 days thereafter and the jaws processed for immunohistochemistry with neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ED1 as primary antibodies. Sympathectomy resulted in an almost complete loss of NPY-immunoreactive (IR) fibers in the right SCGx jaws. In the non-sympathectomized (non-SCGx) left side and in the control rats, sprouting of NPY-IR fiber was observed in the inflamed pulp tissue adjacent to reparative dentin formation and in the apical periodontal ligament of the partially necrotic first molars. Significantly more ED1-IR osteoclasts were found in the resorptive lacunae lining the periphery of the periapical lesions on the SCGx side compared with the non-SCGx side (P<0.04) and the controls (P<0.03). The size of the periapical lesions were larger on the SCGx side compared with the non-SCGx side (P<0.03) in the mandible, but not in the maxilla. We conclude that inflammation causes sprouting of NPY-IR nerve fibers and that unilateral removal of the SCG increases both the area of the periapical lesions and the number of osteoclasts in the inflamed region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Haug
- Department of Physiology, University of Bergen, Arstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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15
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Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation among physicians about the importance of bone health in children as a potential modifiable risk factor for development of osteoporosis later in life. Many unanswered questions about normal pediatric bone health make the treatment and clinical investigation of bone disease in children with chronic rheumatic diseases challenging. Understanding normal bone biology along with the epidemiology and diagnosis of osteoporosis is the key to the understanding of the potential for abnormal bone metabolism in the juvenile rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Egla Rabinovich
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3212, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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16
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Lewandrowski KU, Rebmann V, Pässler M, Schollmeier G, Ekkernkamp A, Grosse-Wilde H, Tomford WW. Immune response to perforated and partially demineralized bone allografts. J Orthop Sci 2002; 6:545-55. [PMID: 11793178 DOI: 10.1007/s007760100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2000] [Accepted: 06/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of clinical complications of cortical bone allografts. In an attempt to reduce the immunogenicity of these allografts, we evaluated cortical bone allografts modified by laser perforation and partial demineralization transplanted orthotopically into sheep tibiae. The recipient animals were divided into three groups, of eight animals each, according to the type of cortical allograft that was transplanted: group 1, no treatment (control); group 2, demineralization only; and group 3, laser perforation and partial demineralization. All animals were tissue-typed by biochemical definition of MHC class I molecules, using unidimensional isoelectric focusing and Western blotting. Mismatches of donors and recipients were assessed by testing samples of each donor and recipient pair in parallel and by comparing their individual bands. Donor-specific alloantibodies were detected by a similar technique, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format. Negative controls were included in all tests. All grafts were poorly immunogenic, whether they were untreated, processed by partial demineralization, or processed by both laser perforation and partial demineralization. Only two recipient animals showed a transient, antibody-mediated donor-specific immune response. One of these animals had received a control allograft, whereas the other animal had received a laser-perforated and partially demineralized bone allograft. All of the grafts in this study, including control grafts, were stripped of soft tissues and their bone marrow was removed; cellular sources of alloantibody stimulation may have been eliminated by these processes. The results of this study suggest that immune responses to bone allografts may be reduced by removing the bone marrow and adjacent soft tissues. The processing of cortical bone allografts by laser perforation and partial demineralization appeared to have little effect on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Lewandrowski
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRYJ 1124, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Watkins BA, Li Y, Lippman HE, Seifert MF. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal health. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:485-97. [PMID: 11395919 DOI: 10.1177/153537020122600601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview on skeletal biology describes the actions of prostaglandins and cytokines involved in the local regulation of bone metabolism, it documents the role of lipids in bone biology, and it presents relationships between fatty acids and other factors that impact skeletal metabolism. The data presented herein show consistent and reproducible beneficial effects of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids on bone metabolism and bone/joint diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate eicosanoid biosynthesis in numerous tissues and cell types, alter signal transduction, and influence gene expression. These effects have not been explored in the skeletal system. Future research on n-3 fatty acids in bone biology should focus on the following two aspects. First, the further elucidation of how n-3 fatty acids alter biochemical and molecular processes involved in bone modeling and bone cell differentiation, and second, the evaluation of the potential pharmaceutical applications of these nutraceutical fatty acids in maintaining bone mineral status and controlling inflammatory bone/joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Watkins
- Department of Food Science, Lipid Chemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and inflammatory joint disease afflict millions of people worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines inhibit chondrocyte proliferation and induce cartilage degradation for which part of the response is mediated by PGE2. Excess production of PGE2 is linked to osteoporosis and arthritis and is associated with bone and proteoglycan loss. PGE2 also influences the IGF-I/IGFBP axis to facilitate bone and cartilage formation. Recent investigations with growing rats given butter fat and supplements of CLA demonstrated an increased rate of bone formation and reduced ex vivo bone PGE2 production, respectively. Furthermore, the supplements of CLA isomers resulted in their enrichment in lipids of various bone compartments of animals. The effects of CLA on bone biology in rats (IGF action and cytokines) appear to be dependent on the level of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the diet; however, these studies generally showed that CLA decreased ex vivo bone PGE2 production and in osteoblast-like cultures. Anti-inflammatory diets, including nutraceutical applications of CLA, may be beneficial in moderating cyclooygenase 2 (COX-2) activity or expression (influencing PGE2 biosynthesis) and might help to reduce rheumatoid arthritis (secondary osteoporosis). This review summarizes findings of CLA on bone modeling in rats and effects on cellular functions of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. These experiments indicate that CLA isomers possess anti-inflammatory activity in bone by moderating prostanoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Watkins
- Purdue University, Department of Food Science, Lipid Chemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Abstract
A network of cytokines and other soluble mediators unites the immune system and bone; bacterial infections induce immune responses which may perturb this network. Periodontal diseases are Gram-negative infections resulting in bone loss in the jaw. Evidence is presented that immune responses to these infections produces net resorption of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Baker
- Biology Department, Bates College, Lewistown, Maine 04240, USA
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20
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Akgül C, Canbaz M, Vural P, Yildirim A, Geren N. Hormone replacement therapy and urinary prostaglandins in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1998; 30:79-83. [PMID: 9819787 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5122(98)00046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to observe the effects of hormone replacement therapy upon urinary prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha levels in postmenopausal patients. A total number of 55 women were enrolled in this study and 15 premenopausal (PreM) healthy subjects constitute the control group. A total of 40 patients at least 12 months after their natural menopause were divided into two groups: 15 of them was not medicated hormone replacement therapy (which composed NRHRT group) while 25 of the rest, received conjugated estrogen (Premarin) 0.625 mg/day orally plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (Farlutal) 10 mg/day orally built up the RHRT group. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha levels were measured with PGE2 [125I] and PGF2 alpha [3H] RIA kits. Statistical significance was analyzed by Student's t-test for impaired data. NRHRT and RHRT patients had had increased urinary PGE2 levels when compared with PreM (P < 0.001). HRT caused a significant decrease in PGE2 levels in menopausal women (P < 0.001). Urinary PGF2 alpha values of NRHRT and RHRT were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in comparison with PreM group. There was no difference in PGF2 alpha values between two postmenopausal groups. HRT given to postmenopausal patients might have a positive impact on prostaglandins and therefore on bone turnover in a series of various mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Akgül
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Turkey
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Abstract
Corticosteroids are commonly employed in the treatment of a wide variety of pulmonary disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pulmonary vasculitides; as well as in the lung transplant population. Frequently, steroid-induced complications contribute significantly to morbidity and diminished quality of life, often overshadowing the impact of the underlying lung disease. This article will discuss the more commonly encountered complications of corticosteroids in the context of the method of delivery, events occurring with chronic use, and events related to withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Keenan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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23
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Mansell JP, Tarlton JF, Bailey AJ. Expression of gelatinases within the trabecular bone compartment of ovariectomized and parathyroidectomized adult female rats. Bone 1997; 20:533-8. [PMID: 9177867 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovariectomized (ovx) and parathyroidectomized (ptx) rat models of disturbed bone metabolism have been widely used in evaluating bone changes resulting from hormonal depletion, and are characterized by elevated and depressed bone turnover, respectively. We report here the expression of gelatinases extracted from native trabecular bone in these models. Nine-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks following ovx or 10 days post ptx to determine the influence of these procedures on the levels of proximal tibial bone tissue gelatinases. Identification and quantitation of these enzymes were performed via gelatin gel zymography of native tissue extracts and laser densitometry of developed gels, respectively. In the ptx model, a reduction in tissue levels of pro- and active-MMP-2 and a 45 kDa activated fragment was seen, whereas ovx exhibited significant increases in these enzymes. The MMPs are therefore clearly under the influence of factors known to modulate bone remodeling in vivo. The study of MMP levels directly extracted from bone using these experimental models may assist in developing management regimes for metabolic bone diseases through the use of drugs aimed at controlling turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Mansell
- Collagen Research, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Burmester GR, Stuhlmüller B, Keyszer G, Kinne RW. Mononuclear phagocytes and rheumatoid synovitis. Mastermind or workhorse in arthritis? ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:5-18. [PMID: 9008595 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G R Burmester
- Department of Medicine III, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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25
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Watkins BA, Shen CL, Allen KG, Seifert MF. Dietary (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturates and acetylsalicylic acid alter ex vivo PGE2 biosynthesis, tissue IGF-I levels, and bone morphometry in chicks. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11:1321-32. [PMID: 8864907 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of dietary (n-6) and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on bone ash content, morphometry, fatty acid composition, ex vivo PGE2 biosynthesis, tissue IGF-I concentration, and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity in chicks. Newly hatched chicks were fed a semipurified diet containing soybean oil (S) or menhaden oil / safflower oil (M) at 90 g/kg. At 4 days of age, chicks were divided into four equal treatment groups receiving 0 mg [symbol: see text] or 500 mg [symbol: see text] of ASA/kg of diet: S[symbol: see text]ASA, M[symbol: see text]ASA, S[symbol: see text]ASA, and M[symbol: see text]ASA. Lipid and ASA treatments did not affect bone length, bone ash, or bone mineral content in chicks. Chicks fed M had increased fractional labeled trabecular surface and tissue level bone formation rates, independent of ASA treatment, compared with those given S. A significant fat x ASA interaction effect was found for trabecular bone volume, thickness, separation, and number. Chicks fed S had higher 20:4(n-6) but lower 20:5(n-3) concentrations in liver and bone compared with those given M. Ex vivo PGE2 biosynthesis was higher in liver homogenates and bone organ cultures of chicks fed S compared with the values for those given M at 17 days. ASA treatment decreased ex vivo PGE2 production in liver homogenates and bone organ cultures of chicks, independent of the dietary lipids. Chicks fed ASA had a lower concentration of IGF-I in tibiotarsal bone compared with those not given ASA at 19 days. Serum ALPase activity was higher in chicks given M compared with those fed S, but the values were reversed with ASA feeding. This study demonstrated that both dietary fat and ASA modulated bone PGE2 biosynthesis, and that (n-3) PUFA and fat x ASA interactions altered bone morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Watkins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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26
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Genovese A, Spadaro G, Triggiani M, Marone G. Clinical advances in mastocytosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1995; 25:178-88. [PMID: 8788545 DOI: 10.1007/bf02592695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a disease characterized by an abnormal proliferation of tissue mast cells. The events primarily responsible for mast cell proliferation in mastocytosis are largely unknown, but a derangement of the network involving c-kit receptor and its natural ligand (stem cell factor, which promotes mast cell growth and differentiation in man) is likely to have a primary role in this disease. Mastocytosis comprises a wide spectrum of clinical conditions determined by the degree of mast cell proliferation, the organ systems involved, the age at onset and the association with hematologic diseases. Mastocytosis can occur in a pediatric or an adult form. In both groups of patients, the disease may be limited to the skin (cutaneous mastocytosis) or be systemic, involving predominantly the bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms in patients with mastocytosis are generally related to the increased release of mast-cell-derived mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandin D2, peptide leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, heparin and proteolytic enzymes. The measurement of these chemical mediators (histamine, tryptase and prostaglandin D2 and their metabolites) in body fluids is useful for the diagnosis and the laboratory evaluation of patients with systemic mastocytosis. As little is known about the pathogenesis of the different forms of mastocytosis, the treatment of the majority of these patients is largely symptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Genovese
- School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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Buchinsky FJ, Ma Y, Mann GN, Rucinski B, Bryer HP, Paynton BV, Jee WS, Hendy GN, Epstein S. Bone mineral metabolism in T lymphocyte-deficient and -replete strains of rat. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:1556-65. [PMID: 8686513 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune and skeletal systems are known to interact. We have repeatedly shown that in contrast to in vitro data, the administration of T lymphocyte immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin A, leads to an increase in bone resorption and a high turnover osteopenia. The purpose of this study was to characterize the bone metabolism of the T lymphocyte deficient Rowett athymic homozygous (rnu/rnu) nude rat. We wished to determine whether these rats share the bone abnormalities of cyclosporin A-treated rats. Eleven 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats and 12 similarly aged nude rats were studied over a 4-week period. Metaphyseal cancellous bone histomorphometry was similar in the two groups of rats and only differed with regard to percentage eroded perimeter (lower in nude rats, p = 0.0008) and longitudinal growth rate (49% lower in nude rats, p < 0.001). The nude rats had less body mass (p < 0.001) but nevertheless gained the same percentage of their body weight over the study period. The athymic rats had lower levels of serum, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (p < 0.014) and serum osteocalcin(p < 0.009), and at the age of 14 weeks the nude rats had lower concentrations of serum creatinine (p = 0.001) and blood ionized calcium (p = 0.0002), yet serum PTH was similar throughout. RNA isolated from the contralateral tibias revealed that the nude group had lower steady-state levels of osteocalcin mRNA despite similar rates of bone formation. In its entirety, the data suggest that T cell deficiency per se is not necessarily associated with high turnover osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Buchinsky
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
The possibility that dietary fish oil supplementation may benefit patients with hypercalciuric urolithiasis by decreasing calcium excretion and enhancing protective mechanisms has been studied in rats and humans. In experiments on rats in metabolic cages, fish oil inhibited experimental nephrocalcinosis induced by intraperitoneal calcium gluconate. There were no significant changes in urinary biochemistry. In a clinical study on 18 hypercalciuric recurrent stone patients fish oil significantly decreased urinary calcium excretion. This effect was accompanied by decreases in the excretion of magnesium and citrate. Oxalate excretion and urinary fibrinolytic activity were unchanged. Overall, fish oil had a limited impact on the risk profile for recurrent urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Rothwell
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of South Manchester, United Kingdom
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Laan RF, Buijs WC, van Erning LJ, Lemmens JA, Corstens FH, Ruijs SH, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Differential effects of glucocorticoids on cortical appendicular and cortical vertebral bone mineral content. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52:5-9. [PMID: 8453505 DOI: 10.1007/bf00675619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility to glucocorticoid-induced bone loss may vary in different parts of the skeleton. We studied 62 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 26 of whom were on low-dose glucocorticoid treatment. Bone mineral content (BMC) in the forearm was measured by single photon absorptiometry at a cortical, diaphyseal, and at a mixed cortical and trabecular, metaphyseal site. Lumbar BMC was measured by dual energy computed tomography in a trabecular and a cortical region of interest. The presence of vertebral deformities was evaluated on lateral spine radiographs. After correction for possibly confounding variables, prednisone therapy significantly influenced BMC at both the trabecular (-22.0%, 95% confidence interval -36.0% to -8.1%) and cortical (-24.8%, 95% confidence interval -39.3% to -10.3%) lumbar site. A significant effect was also seen at the metaphyseal (-15.7%, 95% confidence interval -27.1% to -4.2%), but not the diaphyseal (-3.9%, 95% confidence interval -14.1% to 6.4%) site in the forearm. Correlations between peripheral and vertebral BMC were moderate at best. The diaphyseal to metaphyseal BMC ratio did not identify patients with vertebral osteoporosis. It is concluded that the anterior cortical rim of the vertebral body is more susceptible to the effects of glucocorticoids than the cortical bone in the forearm, and that measurements of trabecular and anterior cortical vertebral BMC are essential in the management of patients with possible glucocorticoid-associated osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Laan
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Zheng MH, Wood DJ, Papadimitriou JM. What's new in the role of cytokines on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation? Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188:1104-21. [PMID: 1300606 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(11)81263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review assesses recent data concerning the role of cytokines produced by a variety of cells in bone on osteoblast function. The following themes are presumed: (1) osteoblasts are mesenchymal cells which act as either the major cellular agents of bone formation or as modulators of bone resorption by osteoclasts. The regulation of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation may involve a negative feedback process resulting in phenotype suppression; (2) cytokines including platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), parathyroid hormone-related proteins (PTHrP), bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), fibroblast growth factors (FGF), insulin-like growth factors (IGF), epidermal growth factors (EGF), interleukin-1 and 6, tumour necrosis factors (TNF), interferon and haematopoietic growth factors have effects on osteoblast differentiation and proliferation but their effectiveness may not be identical in vitro and in vivo; (3) finally, therapeutic strategies for cytokine use in clinical practice are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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Interleukin-1 enhances the response of osteoblasts to platelet-derived growth factor through the alpha receptor-specific up-regulation. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rosenberg AE. The Pathology of Metabolic Bone Disease. Radiol Clin North Am 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)02676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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