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Promila L, Joshi A, Khan S, Aggarwal A, Lahiri A. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: Looking closely at fibroblast- like synoviocytes. Mitochondrion 2023; 73:62-71. [PMID: 38506094 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, and inflammatory disease that primarily targets the joints, leading to cartilage and bone destruction.Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are specialized cells of the synovial lining in the joint that plays a fundamental role in the development of RA. Particularly, FLS of RA patients (RA-FLS) in the joint exhibit specific characteristics like higher invading and immunogenic properties, hyperproliferation, and reduced apoptotic capacity, suggesting a dysfunctional mitochondrial pool in these cells. Mitochondria are emerging as a potential organelle that can decide cellular immunometabolism, invasion properties, and cell death. Accordingly, multiplestudies established that mitochondria are crucial in establishing RA. However, the underlying mechanism of impaired mitochondrial function in RA remains poorly understood. This review will provide an overview of the mitochondrial role in the progression of RA, specifically in the context of FLS biology. We will also outline how mitochondria-centric therapeutics can be achieved that would yield novel avenues of research in pathological mediation and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakra Promila
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anubha Joshi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shazia Khan
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Lahiri
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Singh V, Naldi A, Soliman S, Niarakis A. A large-scale Boolean model of the rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes predicts drug synergies in the arthritic joint. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:33. [PMID: 37454172 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease with an unknown aetiology. However, rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) play a significant role in initiating and perpetuating destructive joint inflammation by expressing immuno-modulating cytokines, adhesion molecules, and matrix remodelling enzymes. In addition, RA-FLS are primary drivers of inflammation, displaying high proliferative rates and an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. Thus, RA-FLS-directed therapies could become a complementary approach to immune-directed therapies by predicting the optimal conditions that would favour RA-FLS apoptosis, limit inflammation, slow the proliferation rate and minimise bone erosion and cartilage destruction. In this paper, we present a large-scale Boolean model for RA-FLS that consists of five submodels focusing on apoptosis, cell proliferation, matrix degradation, bone erosion and inflammation. The five-phenotype-specific submodels can be simulated independently or as a global model. In silico simulations and perturbations reproduced the expected biological behaviour of the system under defined initial conditions and input values. The model was then used to mimic the effect of mono or combined therapeutic treatments and predict novel targets and drug candidates through drug repurposing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Singh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Européen de Recherche pour la Polyarthrite rhumatoïde-Genhotel, Univ Evry, Evry, France
| | - Aurelien Naldi
- Lifeware Group, Inria, Saclay-île de France, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sylvain Soliman
- Lifeware Group, Inria, Saclay-île de France, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anna Niarakis
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Européen de Recherche pour la Polyarthrite rhumatoïde-Genhotel, Univ Evry, Evry, France.
- Lifeware Group, Inria, Saclay-île de France, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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Mousavi MJ, Karami J, Aslani S, Tahmasebi MN, Vaziri AS, Jamshidi A, Farhadi E, Mahmoudi M. Transformation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis; from a friend to foe. AUTO- IMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2021; 12:3. [PMID: 33546769 PMCID: PMC7863458 DOI: 10.1186/s13317-020-00145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swelling and the progressive destruction of articular cartilage are major characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disease that directly affects the synovial joints and often causes severe disability in the affected positions. Recent studies have shown that type B synoviocytes, which are also called fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), as the most commonly and chiefly resident cells, play a crucial role in early-onset and disease progression by producing various mediators. During the pathogenesis of RA, the FLSs' phenotype is altered, and represent invasive behavior similar to that observed in tumor conditions. Modified and stressful microenvironment by FLSs leads to the recruitment of other immune cells and, eventually, pannus formation. The origins of this cancerous phenotype stem fundamentally from the significant metabolic changes in glucose, lipids, and oxygen metabolism pathways. Moreover, the genetic abnormalities and epigenetic alterations have recently been implicated in cancer-like behaviors of RA FLSs. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms underlying the transformation of FLSs to a cancer-like phenotype during RA. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms may lead to devising more effective and targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Jafar Karami
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arash Sharafat Vaziri
- Joint Reconstruction Reseach Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zou Y, Xu S, Xiao Y, Qiu Q, Shi M, Wang J, Liang L, Zhan Z, Yang X, Olsen N, Zheng SG, Xu H. Long noncoding RNA LERFS negatively regulates rheumatoid synovial aggression and proliferation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4510-4524. [PMID: 30198906 DOI: 10.1172/jci97965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are critical to synovial aggression and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in RA is largely unknown. Here, we identified a lncRNA, LERFS (lowly expressed in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes), that negatively regulates the migration, invasion, and proliferation of FLSs through interaction with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). Under healthy conditions, by binding to the mRNA of RhoA, Rac1, and CDC42 - the small GTPase proteins that control the motility and proliferation of FLSs - the LERFS-hnRNP Q complex decreased the stability or translation of target mRNAs and downregulated their protein levels. But in RA FLSs, decreased LERFS levels induced a reduction of the LERFS-hnRNP Q complex, which reduced the binding of hnRNP Q to target mRNA and therefore increased the stability or translation of target mRNA. These findings suggest that a decrease in synovial LERFS may contribute to synovial aggression and joint destruction in RA and that targeting the lncRNA LERFS may have therapeutic potential in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siqi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youjun Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Qiu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Maohua Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuqin Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongping Zhan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hanshi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Jia W, Wu W, Yang D, Xiao C, Su Z, Huang Z, Li Z, Qin M, Huang M, Liu S, Long F, Mao J, Liu X, Zhu YZ. Histone demethylase JMJD3 regulates fibroblast-like synoviocyte-mediated proliferation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. FASEB J 2018; 32:4031-4042. [PMID: 29481307 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701483r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated disease with the characteristics of progressive joint destruction, deformity, and disability. Epigenetic changes have been implicated in the development of some autoimmune disorders, resulting in an alteration of gene transcription. Here, we investigated how Jumonji C family of histone demethylases (JMJD3) regulated the proliferation and activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), which are involved in RA joint destruction and pathologic process. The JMJD3 expression and proliferation markers in RA-FLS were higher than those in healthy-FLS and were upregulated in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced FLS. Elevated JMJD3 promoted the proliferation and migration of FLS. Treatment with JMJD3 small interfering RNA or inhibitor glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) J4 led to decreased proliferation and migration of FLS. Interestingly, induction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a major player of the cell-cycle regulation, was correlated with trimethylated lysine 27 in histone H3 loss around the gene promoters. The knockdown of JMJD3 abolished PCNA expression in PDGF-induced FLS and further inhibited cell proliferation and migration, suggesting that JMJD3/PCNA played a crucial role in aspects of FLS proliferation and migration. In vivo, the ability of GSK J4 to hinder collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice was evaluated. We found that GSK J4 markedly attenuated the severity of arthritis in CIA mice. The therapeutic effects were associated with ameliorated joint swelling and reduced bone erosion and destruction. This study revealed how JMJD3 integrated with epigenetic processes to regulate RA-FLS proliferation and invasion. These data suggested that JMJD3 might contribute to rheumatoid synovial hyperplasia and have the potential as a novel therapeutic target for RA.-Jia, W., Wu, W., Yang, D., Xiao, C., Su, Z., Huang, Z., Li, Z., Qin, M., Huang, M., Liu, S., Long, F., Mao, J., Liu, X., Zhu, Y. Z. Histone demethylase JMJD3 regulates fibroblast-like synoviocyte-mediated proliferation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Weijun Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghua Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital/Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ming Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengwei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchun Mao
- Department of Rheumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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6
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Kameda H, Suzuki M, Takeuchi T. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor as a Therapeutic Target for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Suzuki
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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Hydrogel is Superior to Fibrin Gel as Matrix of Stem Cells in Alleviating Antigen-Induced Arthritis. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8050182. [PMID: 30979276 PMCID: PMC6431989 DOI: 10.3390/polym8050182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, therapy with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) has been attempted to relieve rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and reconstruct cartilage injury. However, treatment has been unsuccessful in complete prevention of persistent cartilage destruction and resulted in inferior outcomes of cartilage regeneration. Scaffolds are an important construct in the field of cartilage tissue engineering, but their role in arthritis treatment has not yet been fully examined. Here, we transplanted two types of scaffold-assisted BMMSCs: fibrin gel- and poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) hydrogel-assisted BMMSCs referred as FGB and HGB groups, respectively, into subchondral defects for the treatment of antigen-induced arthritis. The administration of exogenous BMMSCs ameliorated joint swelling and decreased both joint surface temperature and inflammatory cytokine levels in both groups. Immune cell composition of the inflammation of surrounding synovium, protection of adjacent cartilage, and improved cartilage repair were also observed. Overall, the HGB group had a better therapeutic efficacy than the FGB group. In conclusion, local transplantation of BMMSCs in subchondral defects presents a novel approach in inducing RA remission and recovery of RA-induced cartilage injury. To induce these changes, the selection of scaffold for cell support is exceedingly important. Further studies are needed regarding the treatment options of subchondral defects in arthritis based on modified scaffold development, application of defined MSCs sources, combination of pharmacotherapeutics, and the addition of factors that inhibit the processes of RA remission, promote the recovery of RA-induced cartilage injury and the relationship between these factors.
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Charbonneau M, Lavoie RR, Lauzier A, Harper K, McDonald PP, Dubois CM. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Activation Promotes the Prodestructive Invadosome-Forming Phenotype of Synoviocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3264-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mokuda S, Miyazaki T, Ito Y, Yamasaki S, Inoue H, Guo Y, Kong WS, Kanno M, Takasugi K, Sugiyama E, Masumoto J. The proto-oncogene survivin splice variant 2B is induced by PDGF and leads to cell proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9795. [PMID: 25997820 PMCID: PMC4441133 DOI: 10.1038/srep09795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin is an independent prognostic factor for joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the expression and function of survivin in RA synoviocytes remain unclear. We certified the expression of survivin in RA synovial tissues and performed the experiment using RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) treated with siRNA. As a result, the expression levels of wild type (WT) survivin and the 2B splice variants in RA synovial tissues were higher than those in osteoarthritis tissue samples, and, these variants were highly expressed in RA-FLS. The expression levels of survivin-WT and -2B in the RA-FLS were upregulated by PDGF. Treatment with siRNA against survivin-2B led to decreased viability of PDGF-treated RA-FLS due to cell cycle suppression and apoptosis promotion, while the siRNA against all survivin isoforms did not affect the viability. Moreover, an overexpression of survivin-2B in RA-FLS led to cell proliferation through cell cycle activation and by conferring resistance to apoptosis. In conclusion, survivin-2B has an important role in RA-FLS proliferation. These data suggest that survivin-2B might contribute to rheumatoid synovial hyperplasia, and have the potential as a novel therapeutic target for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Mokuda
- 1] Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Dohgo Spa Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan [3] Department of Pathology, Ehime University Proteo-Science Centre and Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan [4] Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Miyazaki
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Proteo-Science Centre and Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Proteo-Science Centre and Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Inoue
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Weng-Sheng Kong
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masamoto Kanno
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takasugi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Dohgo Spa Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junya Masumoto
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Proteo-Science Centre and Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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Almeida LM, Floriano JF, Ribeiro TP, Magno LN, da Mota LSLS, Peixoto N, Mrué F, Melo-Reis P, Lino Junior RDS, Graeff CFDO, Gonçalves PJ. Hancornia speciosa latex for biomedical applications: physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility assessment and angiogenic activity. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:2153-2162. [PMID: 24973907 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The latex obtained from Hancornia speciosa is used in folk medicine for treatment of several diseases, such as acne, warts, diabetes, gastritis and inflammation. In this work, we describe the biocompatibility assessment and angiogenic properties of H. speciosa latex and its potential application in medicine. The physical-chemical characterization was carried out following different methodologies (CHN elemental analyses; thermogravimetric analyses and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The biocompatibility was evaluated through cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests in fibroblast mouse cells and the angiogenic properties were evaluated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay model. The physical-chemical results showed that the structure of Hancornia speciosa latex biomembrane is very similar to that of Hevea brasiliensis (commercially available product). Moreover, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays showed that H. speciosa latex is biocompatible with life systems and can be a good biomaterial for medical applications. The CAM test showed the efficient ability of H. speciosa latex in neovascularization of tissues. The histological analysis was in accordance with the results obtained in the CAM assay. Our data indicate that the latex obtained from H. speciosa and eluted in water showed significant angiogenic activity without any cytotoxic or genotoxic effects on life systems. The same did not occur with H. speciosa latex stabilized with ammonia. Addition of ammonia does not have significant effects on the structure of biomembranes, but showed a smaller cell survival and a significant genotoxicity effect. This study contributes to the understanding of the potentialities of H. speciosa latex as a source of new phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Madureira Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Rodovia GO 330, km 241 - Anel Viário, S/N, Ipameri, CEP 75.780-000, Brazil,
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Shibuya H, Yoshitomi H, Murata K, Kobayashi S, Furu M, Ishikawa M, Fujii T, Ito H, Matsuda S. TNFα, PDGF, and TGFβ synergistically induce synovial lining hyperplasia via inducible PI3Kδ. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 25:72-8. [PMID: 24716596 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2014.900847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanism underlying hypertrophic synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We examined micromass cultures of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and/or transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). The hypertrophic architecture of the micromasses, expression of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) isoforms, and persistent activation of PI3K-Akt pathways were investigated. FLSs transfected with siRNA were also examined in the micromass cultures. RESULTS The combination of TNFα, PDGF, and TGFβ (TPT condition) induced obvious hypertrophic architecture of the intimal lining layer in FLSs in micromass cultures, and was accompanied by upregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), Cadherin-11, and PI3Kδ. In monolayer FLSs, the TPT condition enhanced the expression of PI3Kδ and persistent activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Knockdown of PI3Kδ significantly inhibited the formation of the hypertrophic synovial lining in the TPT condition. CONCLUSIONS These results collectively indicate that inducible PI3Kδ plays a crucial role in persistent activation of PI3K-Akt in FLSs, and in the formation of a hypertrophic synovial lining. PI3Kδ may be an alternative treatment target for the regulation of proliferative synovium in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Shibuya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
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12
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Hamsin DEZA, Hamid RA, Yazan LS, Taib CNM, Ting YL. The hexane fraction of Ardisia crispa Thunb. A. DC. roots inhibits inflammation-induced angiogenesis. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:5. [PMID: 23298265 PMCID: PMC3547822 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ardisia crispa (Myrsinaceae) is used in traditional Malay medicine to treat various ailments associated with inflammation, including rheumatism. The plant's hexane fraction was previously shown to inhibit several diseases associated with inflammation. As there is a strong correlation between inflammation and angiogenesis, we conducted the present study to investigate the anti-angiogenic effects of the plant's roots in animal models of inflammation-induced angiogenesis. METHODS We first performed phytochemical screening and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting of the hexane fraction of Ardisia crispa roots ethanolic extract (ACRH) and its quinone-rich fraction (QRF). The anti-inflammatory properties of ACRH and QRF were tested using the Miles vascular permeability assay and the murine air pouch granuloma model following oral administration at various doses. RESULTS Preliminary phytochemical screening of ACRH revealed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenes, and tannins. The QRF was separated from ACRH (38.38% w/w) by column chromatography, and was isolated to yield a benzoquinonoid compound. The ACRH and QRF were quantified by HPLC. The LD(50) value of ACRH was 617.02 mg/kg. In the Miles vascular permeability assay, the lowest dose of ACRH (10 mg/kg) and all doses of QRF significantly reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced hyperpermeability, when compared with the vehicle control. In the murine air pouch granuloma model, ACRH and QRF both displayed significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects, without granuloma weight. ACRH and QRF significantly reduced the vascular index, but not granuloma tissue weight. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, both ACRH and QRF showed potential anti-inflammatory properties in a model of inflammation-induced angiogenesis model, demonstrating their potential anti-angiogenic properties.
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Han B, Ma X, Zhao R, Zhang J, Wei X, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang C, Tan C, Jiang Y, Chen Y. Development and experimental test of support vector machines virtual screening method for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:139. [PMID: 23173901 PMCID: PMC3538513 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Src plays various roles in tumour progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and survival. It is one of the multiple targets of multi-target kinase inhibitors in clinical uses and trials for the treatment of leukemia and other cancers. These successes and appearances of drug resistance in some patients have raised significant interest and efforts in discovering new Src inhibitors. Various in-silico methods have been used in some of these efforts. It is desirable to explore additional in-silico methods, particularly those capable of searching large compound libraries at high yields and reduced false-hit rates. RESULTS We evaluated support vector machines (SVM) as virtual screening tools for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries. SVM trained and tested by 1,703 inhibitors and 63,318 putative non-inhibitors correctly identified 93.53%~ 95.01% inhibitors and 99.81%~ 99.90% non-inhibitors in 5-fold cross validation studies. SVM trained by 1,703 inhibitors reported before 2011 and 63,318 putative non-inhibitors correctly identified 70.45% of the 44 inhibitors reported since 2011, and predicted as inhibitors 44,843 (0.33%) of 13.56M PubChem, 1,496 (0.89%) of 168 K MDDR, and 719 (7.73%) of 9,305 MDDR compounds similar to the known inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS SVM showed comparable yield and reduced false hit rates in searching large compound libraries compared to the similarity-based and other machine-learning VS methods developed from the same set of training compounds and molecular descriptors. We tested three virtual hits of the same novel scaffold from in-house chemical libraries not reported as Src inhibitor, one of which showed moderate activity. SVM may be potentially explored for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries at low false-hit rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bucong Han
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Central Research Institute of China Chemical Science and Technology, 20 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaona Wei
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xianghui Liu
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xin Liu
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Cunlong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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14
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Ma XH, Wang R, Tan CY, Jiang YY, Lu T, Rao HB, Li XY, Go ML, Low BC, Chen YZ. Virtual screening of selective multitarget kinase inhibitors by combinatorial support vector machines. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1545-60. [PMID: 20712327 DOI: 10.1021/mp100179t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multitarget agents have been increasingly explored for enhancing efficacy and reducing countertarget activities and toxicities. Efficient virtual screening (VS) tools for searching selective multitarget agents are desired. Combinatorial support vector machines (C-SVM) were tested as VS tools for searching dual-inhibitors of 11 combinations of 9 anticancer kinase targets (EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR, Src, FGFR, Lck, CDK1, CDK2, GSK3). C-SVM trained on 233-1,316 non-dual-inhibitors correctly identified 26.8%-57.3% (majority >36%) of the 56-230 intra-kinase-group dual-inhibitors (equivalent to the 50-70% yields of two independent individual target VS tools), and 12.2% of the 41 inter-kinase-group dual-inhibitors. C-SVM were fairly selective in misidentifying as dual-inhibitors 3.7%-48.1% (majority <20%) of the 233-1,316 non-dual-inhibitors of the same kinase pairs and 0.98%-4.77% of the 3,971-5,180 inhibitors of other kinases. C-SVM produced low false-hit rates in misidentifying as dual-inhibitors 1,746-4,817 (0.013%-0.036%) of the 13.56 M PubChem compounds, 12-175 (0.007%-0.104%) of the 168 K MDDR compounds, and 0-84 (0.0%-2.9%) of the 19,495-38,483 MDDR compounds similar to the known dual-inhibitors. C-SVM was compared to other VS methods Surflex-Dock, DOCK Blaster, kNN and PNN against the same sets of kinase inhibitors and the full set or subset of the 1.02 M Zinc clean-leads data set. C-SVM produced comparable dual-inhibitor yields, slightly better false-hit rates for kinase inhibitors, and significantly lower false-hit rates for the Zinc clean-leads data set. Combinatorial SVM showed promising potential for searching selective multitarget agents against intra-kinase-group kinases without explicit knowledge of multitarget agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Ma
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
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15
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Rosengren S, Corr M, Boyle DL. Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta synergistically potentiate inflammatory mediator synthesis by fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R65. [PMID: 20380722 PMCID: PMC2888219 DOI: 10.1186/ar2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study was to model the effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), both present in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovia, on the behavior of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in response to pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin (IL)1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)) challenge. Methods Gene and protein expression by fibroblast-like synoviocytes in vitro was studied by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), ELISA and multiplex bead cytokine assays. Intracellular signaling pathway activation was determined by Western blot for phospho-kinases and the use of specific inhibitors. Results In combination, TGF-β and PDGF (2GF) synergistically augmented TNFα- or IL1β-induced matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), IL6, IL8, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP1α) secretion by FLS. Other FLS-derived mediators remained unaffected. Individually, neither growth factor significantly potentiated TNFα or IL1β-induced MMP3 secretion, and only slightly enhanced IL6. The effect of 2GF on TNFα-induced gene expression was transcriptionally mediated; blocked by imatinib mesylate; and occurred even if 2GF was added as much as four hours prior to TNFα. In addition, a 15-minute pulse of 2GF four hours prior to TNFα stimulation yielded a synergistic response. The extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways were induced for at least four hours by 2GF, as demonstrated by persistently upregulated levels of phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK. However, pharmacologic inhibitor studies demonstrated that the potentiating action of 2GF was dependent on PI3 kinase only, and not on ERK. Conclusions The combination of PDGF and TGF-β dramatically potentiates FLS response to cytokines in a receptor-mediated and PI3 kinase-dependent fashion. These data suggest that 2GF contribute to synovitis by directing synovial fibroblasts toward a more aggressive phenotype in response to TNFα. Therefore, inhibition of growth factor signaling may constitute a complementary therapeutic approach to cytokine-targeted treatments for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Rosengren
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, USA
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Liu XH, Ma XH, Tan CY, Jiang YY, Go ML, Low BC, Chen YZ. Virtual screening of Abl inhibitors from large compound libraries by support vector machines. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:2101-10. [PMID: 19689138 DOI: 10.1021/ci900135u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abl promotes cancers by regulating cell morphogenesis, motility, growth, and survival. Successes of several marketed and clinical trial Abl inhibitors against leukemia and other cancers and appearances of reduced efficacies and drug resistances have led to significant interest in and efforts for developing new Abl inhibitors. In silico methods of pharmacophore, fragment, and molecular docking have been used in some of these efforts. It is desirable to explore other in silico methods capable of searching large compound libraries at high yields and reduced false-hit rates. We evaluated support vector machines (SVM) as a virtual screening tool for searching Abl inhibitors from large compound libraries. SVM trained and tested by 708 inhibitors and 65,494 putative noninhibitors correctly identified 84.4 to 92.3% inhibitors and 99.96 to 99.99% noninhibitors in 5-fold cross validation studies. SVM trained by 708 pre-2008 inhibitors and 65 494 putative noninhibitors correctly identified 50.5% of the 91 inhibitors reported since 2008 and predicted as inhibitors 29,072 (0.21%) of 13.56M PubChem, 659 (0.39%) of 168K MDDR, and 330 (5.0%) of 6638 MDDR compounds similar to the known inhibitors. SVM showed comparable yields and substantially reduced false-hit rates against two similarity based and another machine learning VS methods based on the same training and testing data sets and molecular descriptors. These suggest that SVM is capable of searching Abl inhibitors from large compound libraries at low false-hit rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Liu
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
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17
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Tristano AG. Tyrosine kinases as targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Systemic lupus Erythematosus and IgA multiple myeloma: a rare association? Med Oncol 2008; 24:445-8. [PMID: PMID: 17917096 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-007-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and multiple myeloma (MM) is uncommon and the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. We report the case of a woman who was diagnosed with SLE in 1993 aged 57, then developing IgA lambda type MM in the IIB clinical stage 7 years later. The SLE was treated successfully with methylprednisolone and chloroquine, and low dose maintenance steroid was continued with bisphosphonate protection until December 1994 when she suffered multiple vertebral fractures. She continued to receive 4 mg alternate day methylprednisolone and calcitonin until she decided to discontinue her own treatment 2 years later. In 2000, while still in stable SLE remission, she was diagnosed with MM. Protein electrophoresis revealed the IgA lambda paraprotein (40.5 g/l) and she had a Bence Jones (BJ) proteinuria of the lambda light chain type. Bone marrow trephine biopsy revealed a massive patchy infiltrate of abnormal plasmocytes (70%), while an extensive x-ray skeletal survey did not show any new fractures or osteolysis. The patient was treated according to the VMCP protocol without attaining a plateau phase. There was a similar poor clinical response to second and third line treatments (VAD, Thalidomide, Melphalan, and high dose dexamethasone). After 4 years of refractory disease the patient died from severe bilateral pneumonia. This case is discussed with reference to the literature.
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19
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Kameda H, Suzuki M, Takeuchi T. Platelet-derived growth factor as a therapeutic target for systemic autoimmune diseases. Drug Target Insights 2007. [PMID: 21901078 DOI: 10.4137/dti.s0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Some systemic rheumatic diseases and disorders, especially fibrotic and vascular disorders, are often refractory to corticosteroid therapy. Recently, ever accumulating evidence suggests that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is involved in those refractory diseases. Imatinib mesylate inhibits the activation of PDGF receptor as well as c-Abl, Bcr-Abl and c-Kit tyrosine kinases. It has therefore been widely used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Imatinib effectively suppresses the activation and proliferation of fibroblasts, mesangial cells and smooth muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, it has recently been reported that some patients with rheumatoid arthritis or idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension demonstrated a good clinical response to imatinib therapy. Imatinib may therefore overcome the limitations of current therapeutic strategy with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for refractory diseases, such as systemic sclerosis and interstitial lung diseases, without clinical intolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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20
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Kameda H. Imatinib mesylate as a novel therapeutic drug for systemic rheumatic diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 30:165-73. [PMID: 17603257 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.30.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a topic in the pathophysiology of various systemic rheumatic diseases. For example, autoantibody against PDGF receptor was identified in patients with systemic sclerosis. Imatinib mesylate has been well tolerable and widely used for chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tomor. Imatinib also inhibits the activation of c-Abl, which is a key downstream molecule of transforming growth factor-beta signaling, and PDGF receptors. Thus, imatinib effectively suppresses the activation and proliferation of fibroblasts, mesangial cells and smooth muscle cells. Therefore, imatinib may overcome the limitation of current therapeutic strategy with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for refractory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
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21
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Kameda H, Ishigami H, Suzuki M, Abe T, Takeuchi T. Imatinib mesylate inhibits proliferation of rheumatoid synovial fibroblast-like cells and phosphorylation of Gab adapter proteins activated by platelet-derived growth factor. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:335-41. [PMID: 16634808 PMCID: PMC1809657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are abundantly expressed on synovial fibroblast-like (SFL) cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and stimulation with PDGF enhances both the anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of RA-SFL cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the excessive growth of RA-SFL cells and to seek a novel molecular-targeting therapy for RA, we examined the expression of adapter proteins and the effect of the specific inhibition of PDGF receptor activation by imatinib mesylate. Cultured SFL cells were used in the present study after 2-5 passages. The anchorage-dependent and -independent growth patterns of the SFL cells were evaluated using a tetrazolium-based assay and colony formation in 0.3% agar, respectively. Adapter proteins Gab1 and Gab2 were expressed in RA-SFL cells, and both proteins were rapidly (< 1 min) tyrosine-phosphorylated after the stimulation of RA-SFL cells with 10 ng/ml of PDGF and, to a lesser extent, after stimulation with 100 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor (EGF). The inhibition of PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase activation by 1 microM or less of imatinib mesylate specifically suppressed the PDGF-dependent, but not EGF-dependent, tyrosine phosphorylation of various proteins. Moreover, imatinib mesylate abolished both the anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation of RA-SFL cells induced by PDGF stimulation. These results suggest that Gab adapter proteins are expressed and likely to be involved in the growth signalling of rheumatoid synovial cells and that imatinib mesylate, a key drug in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia, may also be effective for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, and Department of Orthopedics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Tsujido-cho, Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
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22
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Lioté F, Champy R, Moenner M, Boval-Boizard B, Badet J. Elevated angiogenin levels in synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthritis and secretion of angiogenin by cultured synovial fibroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:163-8. [PMID: 12653852 PMCID: PMC1808677 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key process in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. Angiogenin is one of the most potent inducers of neovascularization in experimental models in vivo. To look for evidence that angiogenin is involved in inflammatory joint disease, we examined plasma and synovial fluid (SF) samples from rheumatology patients and synovial fibroblast cell culture supernatants. Angiogenin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and ELISA. Plasma angiogenin concentrations ranged from 96 to 478 ng/ml, with no significant difference between patients and normal controls. In SF, angiogenin concentrations were significantly higher in patients with acute or chronic synovitis (rheumatoid arthritis (RA): median, 104 ng/ml; range 13-748, n = 14; crystal-induced arthritis (CIA): median, 149 ng/ml; range, 37-616, n = 14, and other chronic inflammatory arthritis: median, 42 ng/ml; range, 15-205; n = 9) than in the 18 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) (median, 20 ng/ml; range 8-116) (P < 0.0001, anova). Angiogenin levels in SF from RA patients in remission with secondary OA were similar to those achieved in primary OA, and decreased in parallel with the resolution of acute gout. Angiogenin protein was released by cultured synovial fibroblasts from OA and RA patients, and reached 1.18 ng/106 cells/day. These data suggest that angiogenin may mediate local inflammation in arthritis via effects on angiogenesis and leucocyte regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Arthritis/metabolism
- Arthritis/pathology
- Arthritis, Infectious/metabolism
- Arthritis, Infectious/pathology
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/metabolism
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis/pathology
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/analysis
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/blood
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/genetics
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Synovial Fluid/chemistry
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lioté
- Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.
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23
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Stevenson CS, Capper EA, Roshak AK, Marquez B, Eichman C, Jackson JR, Mattern M, Gerwick WH, Jacobs RS, Marshall LA. The identification and characterization of the marine natural product scytonemin as a novel antiproliferative pharmacophore. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:858-66. [PMID: 12388673 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.036350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine natural products provide a rich source of chemical diversity that can be used to design and develop new, potentially useful therapeutic agents. We report here that scytonemin, a pigment isolated from cyanobacteria, is the first described small molecule inhibitor of human polo-like kinase, a serine/threonine kinase that plays an integral role in regulating the G(2)/M transition in the cell cycle. Scytonemin inhibited polo-like kinase 1 activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 2 microM against the recombinant enzyme. Biochemical analysis showed that scytonemin reduced GST-polo-like kinase 1 activity in a time-independent fashion, suggesting reversibility, and with a mixed-competition mechanism with respect to ATP. Although scytonemin was less potent against protein kinase A and Tie2, a tyrosine kinase, it did inhibit other cell cycle-regulatory kinases like Myt1, checkpoint kinase 1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B, and protein kinase Cbeta2 with IC(50) values similar to that seen for polo-like kinase 1. Consistent with these effects, scytonemin effectively attenuated, without chemical toxicity, the growth factor- or mitogen-induced proliferation of three cell types commonly implicated in inflammatory hyperproliferation. Similarly, scytonemin (up to 10 microM) was not cytotoxic to nonproliferating endotoxin-stimulated human monocytes. In addition, Jurkat T cells treated with scytonemin were induced to undergo apoptosis in a non-cell cycle-dependent manner consistent with its activities on multiple kinases. Here we propose that scytonemin's dimeric structure, unique among natural products, may be a valuable template for the development of more potent and selective kinase inhibitors used for the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Stevenson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Masuda K, Masuda R, Neidhart M, Simmen BR, Michel BA, Müller-Ladner U, Gay RE, Gay S. Molecular profile of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis depends on the stage of proliferation. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:R8. [PMID: 12223111 PMCID: PMC125298 DOI: 10.1186/ar427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2002] [Revised: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 06/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the molecular profile of proliferating rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RA-SF). Total RNA was extracted from two cultures of RA-SF (low-density [LD] proliferating cells and high-density [HD] nonproliferating cells) and suppression subtractive hybridization was performed to compare differential gene expression of these two cultures. Subtracted cDNA was subcloned, and nucleotide sequences were analyzed to identify each clone. Differential expression of distinct clones was confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The expression of certain genes in synovial tissues was examined by in situ hybridization. In both LD and HD cells, 44 clones were upregulated. Of the 88 total clones, 46 were identical to sequences that have previously been characterized. Twenty-nine clones were identical to cDNAs that have been identified, but with unknown functions so far, and 13 clones did not show any significant homology to sequences in GenBank (NCBI). Differential expression of distinct clones was confirmed by RT-PCR. In situ hybridization showed that certain genes, such as S100A4, NFAT5, unr and Fbx3, were also expressed predominantly in synovial tissues from patients with RA but not from normal individuals. The expression of distinct genes in proliferating RA-SF could also be found in RA synovium, suggesting that these molecules are involved in synovial activation in RA. Most importantly, the data indicate that the expression of certain genes in RA-SF depends on the stage of proliferation; therefore, the stage needs to be considered in any analysis of differential gene expression in SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Masuda
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology and WHO Collaborating Center for Molecular Biology and Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riako Masuda
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology and WHO Collaborating Center for Molecular Biology and Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel Neidhart
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology and WHO Collaborating Center for Molecular Biology and Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat R Simmen
- Upper Extremity and Handsurgery, Schulthess Clinic, Lengghalde 2, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Michel
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Renate E Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology and WHO Collaborating Center for Molecular Biology and Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology and WHO Collaborating Center for Molecular Biology and Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Watanabe N, Ando K, Yoshida S, Inuzuka S, Kobayashi M, Matsui N, Okamoto T. Gene expression profile analysis of rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures revealing the overexpression of genes responsible for tumor-like growth of rheumatoid synovium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:1121-9. [PMID: 12074593 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the aberrant growth properties of rheumatoid synoviocytes, we have examined the gene expression profile of rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RSFs) and compared with that of normal synovial fibroblasts (NSF). Gene expression profile analysis was conducted with synoviocyte cultures obtained from five rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and five control cases using a commercial cDNA array containing the defined 588 cancer-related genes. The results were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Gene expression levels for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and stromal cell derived factor 1A (SDF1A) are constitutively augmented in RSF compared with NSF. The mRNA levels of PDGFRalpha, PAI-1, and SDF1A in RSF over NSF were 4.6-, 14-, and 2.8-fold, respectively, by real-time RT-PCR. In fact, we found that RSFs showed greater sensitivity to the cell proliferative effect of PDGF. T his aberrant gene expression profile suggests that RSF may have retained the premature phenotype of primordial synoviocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- Female
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Synovial Membrane/cytology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Nagoya City University Medical School, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is the paradigmatic immune-mediated inflammatory arthropathy and may be of comparatively recent, New World origin. Apart from the symptom-relieving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, whose natural congeners have been in use since antiquity for musculoskeletal pain and inflammation, only a dozen drugs or drug classes--the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs--are currently in common use in rheumatoid arthritis. Development of these drugs has been a notable achievement of the 20th century. Some were developed serendipitously (glucocorticoids, antimalarials), some were the product of faulty reasoning (gold, D-penicillamine), and others were applied for plausible reasons but whose mechanism remains unproven (sulfasalazine, methotrexate, minocycline). A minority were originally applied on the basis of actions that remain germane to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis as currently understood (azathioprine, cyclosporine, leflunomide, infliximab, etanercept). Among the latter are the more recently introduced and effective agents. The practical use of these drugs is determined by efficacy-toxicity considerations, which have also driven the recent development of the cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Case
- Division of Rheumatology, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Koch AE, Volin MV, Woods JM, Kunkel SL, Connors MA, Harlow LA, Woodruff DC, Burdick MD, Strieter RM. Regulation of angiogenesis by the C-X-C chemokines interleukin-8 and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 in the rheumatoid joint. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:31-40. [PMID: 11212173 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200101)44:1<31::aid-anr5>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is vital to the ingress of inflammatory leukocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue and to the growth and proliferation of RA pannus. The factors that mediate the growth of new blood vessels have not been completely defined. This study examined the ability of Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR)-containing chemokines to induce angiogenesis in the RA joint. METHODS To reflect angiogenic activity in vivo, we selected a model using whole human synovial tissue rather than isolated cells. Tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tissue homogenates were immunoneutralized and assayed for their ability to induce endothelial cell chemotaxis and rat corneal neovascularization. RESULTS Cells expressing interleukin-8 (IL-8) and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) were located in proximity to factor VIII-related antigen-immunopositive endothelial cells. RA homogenates produced more IL-8 and ENA-78 compared with normal synovial tissue homogenates. Moreover, homogenates from RA synovial tissue produced significantly more chemotactic activity for endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenic activity in the rat cornea in vivo than did normal synovial tissue homogenates. The effects of IL-8 and ENA-78 accounted for a significant proportion of the chemotactic activity of endothelial cells and angiogenic activity found in RA synovial tissue homogenates. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the ELR-containing chemokines IL-8 and ENA-78 are important contributors to the angiogenic activity found in the inflamed RA joint. It is possible that efforts aimed at down-regulating these chemokines offer a novel targeted therapy for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Koch
- Northwestern University Medical School and Veterans Administration Chicago Health Care System, Lakeside Division, Illinois, USA
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28
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the production and regulation of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) in type B (fibroblast-like) synoviocytes cultured from both inflammatory and noninflammatory synovial lesions. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to examine the expression of aFGF by synovial cells in vitro. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine by NIH3T3 cells in the presence or absence of neutralizing antibody to aFGF was used to measure bioactive aFGF levels in culture media. RESULTS Acidic FGF was detected in all synovial cell lines during growth in vitro; however, synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients sustained more abundant production of cytoplasmic and nuclear aFGF. Acidic FGF production persisted after multiple passages and did not depend on the presence of serum. Both RA and noninflammatory synovial cells were competent to release aFGF into the media, even though aFGF lacks a signal peptide. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and epidermal growth factor did not increase aFGF expression in vitro; in contrast, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) was found to markedly increase aFGF production by cultured synovial cells. CONCLUSION Acidic FGF synthesis and release is a component of synovial cell growth that is markedly increased in RA. TGFbeta1, and not proinflammatory cytokines, is a potent inducer of aFGF production by synoviocytes in vitro. These findings suggest that in RA, interactions between TGFbeta1 and aFGF may contribute to angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation, potentially independently of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Thomas
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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29
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Luchetti MM, Piccinini G, Mantovani A, Peri G, Matteucci C, Pomponio G, Fratini M, Fraticelli P, Sambo P, Di Loreto C, Doni A, Introna M, Gabrielli A. Expression and production of the long pentraxin PTX3 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 119:196-202. [PMID: 10606983 PMCID: PMC1905539 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PTX3 is a secreted molecule which consists of a C-terminal domain similar to classical pentraxins (e.g. C-reactive protein (CRP)) and of an unrelated N-terminal domain. Unlike the classical pentraxins, the long pentraxin PTX3 is expressed in response to IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but not to IL-6, in various cell types. The present study was designed to investigate the expression of PTX3 in RA. Dissociated RA and osteoarthritis (OA) type B synoviocytes were cultured in the presence and in the absence of inflammatory cytokines. PTX3 mRNA expression in synoviocytes was evaluated by Northern analysis. PTX3 protein levels in synovial cell cultures and synovial fluid were estimated by ELISA, and PTX3 distribution in synovial tissues by immunohistochemical techniques. OA synoviocytes were induced to express high levels of PTX3 mRNA by TNF-alpha, but not by other cytokines including IL-1beta and IL-6. RA synoviocytes, unlike OA synoviocytes, constitutively expressed high levels of PTX3 in the absence of deliberate stimulation. The constitutive expression of PTX3 in RA synoviocytes was not modified by anti-TNF-alpha antibodies, IL-1 receptor antagonist or a combination of the two agents. In contrast, interferon-gamma and transforming growth factor-beta inhibited PTX3 constitutive expression in RA synoviocytes. The joint fluid from RA patients contained higher levels of immunoreactive PTX3 than controls and the synovial tissue contained endothelial cells and synoviocytes positive for PTX3 by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, PTX3 may play a role in inflammatory circuits of RA, and its relevance as a marker of disease activity deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Luchetti
- Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale, Ematologia ed Immunologia Clinica, Università di Ancona, Ancona
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30
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Clasper S, Vekemans S, Fiore M, Plebanski M, Wordsworth P, David G, Jackson DG. Inducible expression of the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-2 (fibroglycan) on human activated macrophages can regulate fibroblast growth factor action. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:24113-23. [PMID: 10446183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.34.24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophages play important roles in regulating tissue growth and angiogenesis through the controlled release of heparin-binding growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor, and heparin binding epidermal growth factor. The action of these potent growth mediators is known to be regulated by adsorption to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the surface and within the extracellular matrix of other neighboring cells, which respectively promote or restrict interactions with their signal-transducing receptors on target cells. Here we report on the nature of HSPGs inducibly expressed on the surface of macrophages that confer these cells with the capacity to regulate endogenous growth factor activity. We reveal that activated human macrophages express only a single major 48-kDa cell surface HSPG, syndecan-2 (fibroglycan) as the result of de novo RNA and protein synthesis. In addition, we demonstrate this macrophage HSPG selectively binds the macrophage-derived growth factors FGF-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and heparin binding EGF and can present FGF-2 in a form that transactivates receptor-bearing BaF32 cells. These results define a novel and unique proteoglycan profile for macrophages and imply a key role for syndecan-2 in the delivery of sequestered growth factors by inflammatory macrophages for productive binding to their appropriate target cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Clasper
- University of Oxford, Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
This article reviews the incidence, etiology, and pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), along with signs and symptoms, laboratory, and other diagnostic parameters of the disease. Criteria utilized for defining RA are discussed. While the primary cause is unknown, theories implicate genetic, hormonal, viral, bacterial, autoimmune, atmospheric, and environmental factors. Recent studies focus on the role of immune complexes, endothelial cells, and antibodies in the disease process.
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32
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Keane MP, Belperio JA, Moore TA, Moore BB, Arenberg DA, Smith RE, Burdick MD, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM. Neutralization of the CXC Chemokine, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2, Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the importance of vascular remodeling in the lung during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. For fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix to occur, there must be a geometric increase in neovascularization. We hypothesized that net angiogenesis during the pathogenesis of fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis are dependent in part upon an overexpression of the angiogenic CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). To test this hypothesis, we measured MIP-2 by specific ELISA in whole lung homogenates in either bleomycin-treated or control CBA/J mice and correlated these levels with lung hydroxyproline. We found that lung tissue from mice treated with bleomycin, compared with that from saline-treated controls, demonstrated a significant increase in the presence of MIP-2 that was correlated to a greater angiogenic response and total lung hydroxyproline content. Neutralizing anti-MIP-2 Abs inhibited the angiogenic activity of day 16 bleomycin-treated lung specimens using an in vivo angiogenesis bioassay. Furthermore, when MIP-2 was depleted in vivo by passive immunization, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was significantly reduced without a change in the presence of pulmonary neutrophils, fibroblast proliferation, or collagen gene expression. This was also paralleled by a reduction in angiogenesis. These results demonstrate that the angiogenic CXC chemokine, MIP-2, is an important factor that regulates angiogenesis/fibrosis in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Keane
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - John A. Belperio
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Douglas A. Arenberg
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Robert E. Smith
- †Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marie D. Burdick
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- †Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert M. Strieter
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
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33
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Abstract
Two of the key events in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis are the synovial cell proliferation and lymphocyte infiltration into the synovium. The resulting synovitis is longlasting and leads to destructive arthritis, which is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. Accumulating evidence suggests that one of the key biochemical events in the altered cell function of RA is phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues of proteins. In this paper we review the cellular components participating in the chronic inflammation of RA joints. We present the results of analyzing tyrosine phosphorylated proteins of synovial cells from RA patients and discuss a possible pathogenic role of non-receptor tyrosine kinase in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takeuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Japan.
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34
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Szekanecz Z, Koch AE, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM. Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Drugs Aging 1998; 12:377-90. [PMID: 9606615 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-199812050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ingress of inflammatory leucocytes into the synovium is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Cytokines are mediators involved in the inflammatory events, adhesive mechanisms, angiogenesis and osteopenia associated with RA. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and chemokines all have an important role in these processes. Because the efficacy of currently used antirheumatic therapy is often limited, there is a need for more specific intervention strategies. Anticytokine therapy may include the use of monoclonal antibodies, antagonistic cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, cytokine receptor antagonists, somatic gene transfer or other approaches. Hopefully, the study of cytokines and their interactions will lead to the development of new immunomodulatory strategies that will benefit patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Szekanecz
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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35
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Wakisaka S, Suzuki N, Saito N, Ochi T, Sakane T. Possible correction of abnormal rheumatoid arthritis synovial cell function by jun D transfection in vitro. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:470-81. [PMID: 9506576 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199803)41:3<470::aid-art14>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of joints, and excessive proliferation of and proinflammatory cytokine and collagenase production by synovial cells are a principal cause of joint destruction. Recent studies have revealed that c-jun and jun B promote growth of fibroblasts, whereas jun D suppresses fibroblast proliferation and even antagonizes Ras-mediated transformation of the fibroblasts. We analyzed effects of gene transfer-mediated jun D overexpression of synovial fibroblast-like cells in patients with RA. METHODS RA synovial fibroblast-like cells were transiently transfected with jun D expression vector. The transfectants were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha, and their subsequent proliferative responses and proinflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production at the messenger RNA and protein levels were measured. RESULTS Transfection with jun D inhibited the proliferation of, and proinflammatory cytokine and MMP production by, RA synovial cells, mainly due to inhibiting their transcription via down-modulation of AP-1 transcription factor. CONCLUSION Localized jun D transfection into the synovial cells of affected joints may inhibit aberrant synovial cell function in patients with RA by down-regulating gene transcription. This function suggests a possible clinical application of this gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wakisaka
- St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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36
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Paleolog E. Target effector role of vascular endothelium in the inflammatory response: insights from the clinical trial of anti-TNF alpha antibody in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:225-33. [PMID: 9497911 PMCID: PMC379637 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.5.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by chronic joint inflammation and infiltration by cells from the blood, especially activated T cells and macrophages, together with formation of new blood vessels. The overgrowth of the synovial lesion results eventually in destruction of cartilage and bone. Cytokines play a major role in RA, both in systemic inflammatory processes, such as induction of acute phase protein synthesis, and in the stimulation of new blood vessel development and recruitment of leucocytes to developing lesions. The focus for the interplay of many cytokines is the endothelium, the lining layer of the vasculature. This is the primary target for circulating mediators, and it controls the traffic of cells and molecules from the bloodstream into underlying tissues. Targeting the action of individual cytokines--for example, using antibody against tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), has been shown to be very effective in the treatment of RA. Blockade of TNF alpha activity results in deactivation of the endothelium, manifested as reduced expression of adhesion molecules and chemoattractant cytokines, leading to diminished trafficking of inflammatory cells to synovial joints. In addition anti-TNF alpha decreases circulating levels of the potent angiogenic cytokine VEGF, suggesting that new blood vessel formation, and hence the supply of nutrients to the growing synovial lesion, is also affected. These observations lend further support to the hypothesis that interruption of a component of the cytokine network in RA may modulate disease progression, and point the way towards the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paleolog
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, UK.
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37
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Denk PO, Knorr M. The in vitro effect of platelet-derived growth factor isoforms on the proliferation of bovine corneal stromal fibroblasts depends on cell density. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1997; 235:530-4. [PMID: 9285224 DOI: 10.1007/bf00947012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, it has been shown that corneal stromal fibroblasts express the mRNA for PDGF-beta-type receptors, while corneal epithelial cells express the mRNA for the PDGF B-chain, suggesting a role of PDGF isoforms in the regulation of corneal homeostasis and wound healing via an unidirectional epithelial to stromal paracrine interaction. The purpose of this study was to characterize the proliferative response of cultured bovine corneal stromal fibroblasts to PDGF isoforms. METHODS Bovine corneal stromal fibroblasts were seeded at a cell density of 60 cells/mm2 (low density) and 120 cells/mm2 (high density) and were cultured under serum-free conditions. Except for corresponding controls, PDGF AA, BB and AB (obtained by separate expression of cloned genes in E. coli) were added in concentrations ranging from 3.125 to 100 ng/ml. Cell numbers were determined after an incubation period of 6 days using a cell counter. RESULTS Stromal fibroblasts, when cultured at a high density, revealed constant cell numbers during the whole incubation period. Under these culture conditions, stimulation with PDGF AA, BB and AB led to a significant dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation. When cultured at a low cell density, stromal fibroblasts revealed a significant reduction of cell numbers after 6 days of incubation. This reduction was prevented by PDGF AA and AB isoforms in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, PDGF BB was not effective. CONCLUSION The results of the "high-density" assays suggest that PDGF isoforms act as mitogens for stromal fibroblasts during wound healing, when density of fibroblasts is high. The results of the "low-density" assays support the idea that PDGF AA and AB can prevent cell loss during corneal homeostasis when density of keratocytes is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Denk
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common systemic disease that affects between 0.3% and 1.5% of the general population worldwide. In 1988, it was estimated by the National Arthritis Foundation that there were 4 to 6 million cases of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States. There is general agreement that the feet are a major source of pain and disability at some point in the course of the illness. The frequency of involvement of the feet among 1000 patients with rheumatoid arthritis studied by Vainio was 91% in females and 85% in males. The clinical features and pathogenesis of the rheumatoid foot and an approach to initial nonsurgical treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smyth
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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39
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Mojcik CF, Shevach EM. Adhesion molecules: a rheumatologic perspective. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:991-1004. [PMID: 9182908 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C F Mojcik
- Bayer Pharmaceutical, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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40
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: A wide variety of clinically significant interactions occur between neoplastic and rheumatic diseases, and many are clinically significant. METHODS: The types of interactions between rheumatologic and neoplastic diseases and their clinical manifestations are reviewed and described. RESULTS: Several diseases included in the classic definition of rheumatology are associated with an increased incidence of specific neoplasms. Conversely, many neoplasms, by a variety of mechanisms, can cause or simulate many rheumatic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the increased propensity for neoplasia in certain conditions and of the possibility that cancer may be the cause of specific rheumatologic syndromes will assist the physician in providing optimal clinical care to affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Valeriano
- Division of Rheumatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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41
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Hackshaw KV, Furlow ZM, Chiu IM. Cloning and characterization of a novel upstream untranslated exon of the mouse Fgf-1 gene. Gene 1996; 180:131-5. [PMID: 8973357 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1 or aFGF), is the prototype member of the heparin-binding growth factors which are capable of angiogenesis in vivo. FGF-1 has been implicated in atherosclerosis, cancer, wound repair and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. As part of an effort to understand the role of FGF-1 in the etiopathogenesis of inflammation and cancer, we have undertaken steps to isolate and characterize the mouse Fgf-1 gene. Southern blotting and sequence analysis displayed considerable conservation within the coding and upstream untranslated regions of Fgf-1 in human, mouse, hamster, rat and bovine. By using primers derived from the 5'-untranslated exon of a rat prostate-specific Fgf-1 cDNA, a 220-bp product was amplified from mouse genomic DNA via PCR. Sequence analysis of this amplicon showed that there was 80% similarity with the corresponding region of the rat FGF-cDNA sequence. Primers designed from this amplicon and the Fgf-1 coding region were used to isolate multiple overlapping genomic clones spanning the entire mouse Fgf-1 gene. Sequencing analysis of the genomic sequence upstream from this novel 5'-untranslated exon did not reveal typical TATA, CCAAT sequences. It appears that the occurrence of multiple untranslated exons for FGF-1 is a highly conserved theme for this gene across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Hackshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, William H. Davis Medical Research Center, Columbus 43210, USA
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42
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1 or aFGF), is a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells, as well as an angiogenic factor in vivo. It has been implicated in angiogenic diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. As part of an effort to understand the role of FGF-1 in the pathobiology of inflammation, we have isolated and characterized the mouse Fgf-1 gene. Southern blot analysis of mouse genomic DNA using the mouse Fgf-1 cDNA as a probe revealed that mouse FGF-1 is encoded by a single copy gene. Comparison of the available mouse Fgf-1 cDNA sequence with newly obtained genomic sequence allowed us to establish the exon/intron boundaries. The mouse Fgf-1 coding region is comprised of three protein coding exons, which we determined to be separated by an 11.4-kb and a 4.9-kb intron. The elucidation of the mouse Fgf-1 coding region revealed great similarity between the mouse and human Fgf-1 gene structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Madiai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, William H. Davis Medical Research Center, Columbus 43210, USA
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43
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Byrd V, Zhao XM, McKeehan WL, Miller GG, Thomas JW. Expression and functional expansion of fibroblast growth factor receptor T cells in rheumatoid synovium and peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:914-22. [PMID: 8651984 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disorder of the diarthroidial joints, characterized by fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and perivascular CD4+ T cell infiltration. The present study examined the interactions between fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and T cells. METHODS Synovial tissues from patients with RA or noninflammatory arthritis were examined for the expression of FGF-1 and its receptor, FGFR-1, by immunohistology and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Functional assays were used to detect enrichment of FGF-1-responsive peripheral CD4+ T cells in RA. RESULTS FGF-1 is abundantly expressed by rheumatoid synovium. Enhanced expression of its receptor, FGFR-1, was found in perivascular CD4+ T cells. In addition, T cells that are activated by FGF-1 are increased in the peripheral blood of patients with RA, as compared with other inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSION The increased frequency of peripheral T cells that respond to FGF-1 in RA is consistent with expansion of FGFR-1-expressing T cells in the rheumatoid synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Byrd
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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44
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Bigg HF, Cawston TE. Effect of retinoic acid in combination with platelet-derived growth factor-BB or transforming growth factor-beta on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and collagenase secretion from human skin and synovial fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1996; 166:84-93. [PMID: 8557779 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199601)166:1<84::aid-jcp10>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This report shows for the first time that platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) can interact in a synergistic manner with retinoic acid to stimulate the production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) from human skin and synovial fibroblasts. When cells are treated with 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml of either of these growth factors in combination with 10(-5) M retinoic acid, this results in a dose-dependent synergistic induction of TIMP protein secretion which is greater than the additive effect of the agents by up to fourfold. These responses can be inhibited by the presence of specific neutralising antibodies to the growth factors, demonstrating that they are not the result of an experimental artefact such as contamination with bacterial endotoxin. The mechanisms of these synergistic responses may involve the induction of receptors for retinoic acid, PDGF, or TGF-beta or may result from synergistic effects on TIMP gene transcription. We have also found that retinoic acid potently down-regulates PDGF-BB-stimulated collagenase in both types of fibroblast and that the effect of PDGF-BB alone on collagenase secretion from skin fibroblasts is biphasic. Finally, this study reports that retinoic acid and TGF-beta do not act in an additive fashion to inhibit the production of collagenase from skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Bigg
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Finbloom DS, Larner AC. Induction of early response genes by interferons, interleukins, and growth factors by the tyrosine phosphorylation of latent transcription factors. Implications for chronic inflammatory diseases. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1995; 38:877-89. [PMID: 7541992 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780380702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Finbloom
- Division of Cytokine Biology, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892-4555, USA
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2nd International meeting on synovium cell biology, physiology and pathology. Canterbury, United Kingdom, 21-23 September 1994. Proceedings and abstracts. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:501-28. [PMID: 7632095 PMCID: PMC1009911 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.6.501-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kinne RW, Palombo-Kinne E, Emmrich F. Activation of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:501-4. [PMID: 7632096 PMCID: PMC1009912 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.6.501-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R W Kinne
- Max-Planck-Society, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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Kinne RW, Boehm S, Iftner T, Aigner T, Vornehm S, Weseloh G, Bravo R, Emmrich F, Kroczek RA. Synovial fibroblast-like cells strongly express jun-B and C-fos proto-oncogenes in rheumatoid- and osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1995; 101:121-5. [PMID: 7747113 DOI: 10.3109/03009749509100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To identify recently activated cells in the synovial membrane (SM) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the in situ expression of the proto-oncogenes jun-B, c-jun, jun-D, and c-fos was assessed by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. SM from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or joint trauma (JT), as well as from normals (No) were used as controls. Numerous cells expressing high levels of jun-B and c-fos were found within lining layer and diffuse infiltrates in the vicinity of inflammatory cells, but only a few in lymphoid follicles and endothelia. The positive cells were spindle-shaped, CD14- and CD3-negative and, in addition, expressed mRNA for collagen alpha 2 (I) and alpha 1 (III), indicating that they were fibroblasts. In control OA, JT, and even No SM, individual fibroblast-like cells stained as strongly as in RA; however, the density of positive cells was substantially lower. In RA SM, fibroblasts, but not lymphocytes or macrophages, appear to undergo in situ activation. Quantitative differences among RA, OA, and JT may be related to different degrees of inflammatory infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kinne
- Max-Planck-Society, Clinical Research Unit for Rheumatology/Immunology, Erlangen, Germany
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Edmonds SE, Ellis G, Gaffney K, Archer J, Blake DR. Hypoxia and the rheumatoid joint: immunological and therapeutic implications. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1995; 101:163-8. [PMID: 7747120 DOI: 10.3109/03009749509100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S E Edmonds
- ARC Bone and Joint Research Unit, London Hospital Medical College, England
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Zvaifler NJ, Firestein GS. Pannus and pannocytes. Alternative models of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:783-9. [PMID: 8003048 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780370601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Zvaifler
- Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center, University of California, San Diego 92103-8417
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