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Jia SX, Chi QN, Zhang Y, Liu T, Kou X, Wang F, Qi YK, Du SS, Xing XH. Binding ability of methylene blue with heparin dependent on its sulfate level rather than its sulfation location or basic saccharide structure. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:551-560. [PMID: 34515908 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most common cationic dyes to detect heparin. As the sulfate residue presented in heparin was the main contributor to bind with MB, the UV performance of the MB with selectively desulfated heparin derivatives was investigated. It was found that the sulfate residue in different heparin analogues did not show the equal ability to attract MB binding. The stoichiometry of sulfate with MB among the heparin and derivatives was verified as a non-constant number. For the two selectively desulfated heparin derivatives: sulfate elimination at 6-O (6-OdeS) and N-acetylated heparin (N-deS-Acetyl), the MB to sulfate ratios were significantly higher than for heparin. For the not fully diminished sulfate at 2-O heparin derivative (2-OdeS), the MB-SO3- ratio of 2-OdeS was between 6-OdeS, N-deS-Acetlyl and heparin. Although in a distinct sulfation position, the MB-SO3- ratio of 6-OdeS and N-deS-Acetyl was almost equal, which agreed with the comparable total desulfation degree between 6-OdeS and N-deS-Acetyl. In addition, compared to heparin groups, the non-desulfated gs-HP showed no significantly different MB-SO3- ratio with heparin. The above results demonstrated that compared with the sulfate location and glycan composition of heparin, the content of sulfate was the most essential factor for the MB binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xi Jia
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Qiao-Na Chi
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xinhui Kou
- Analyses and testing center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Fanye Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yun-Kun Qi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Shan-Shan Du
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China. .,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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Liang L, Ao L, Ma T, Ni Y, Liao X, Hu X, Song Y. Sulfated modification and anticoagulant activity of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, Lady Godiva) polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:447-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Fan L, Peng M, Wu P, Zhou X, Wu H, Wang T, Xie W, Liu S, Liu X. Sulfation of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose by N(SO3Na)3 and the Anticoagulant Activity of Sulfated Hydroxyethyl Cellulose. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.909452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Peng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Penghui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguo Xie
- The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhua Liu
- The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Hubei Institute for Food and Drug Control, Wuhan, China
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4
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Fan L, Zhou X, Wu P, Xie W, Zheng H, Tan W, Liu S, Li Q. Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose sulfates and its application as anticoagulant and wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:245-53. [PMID: 24582936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is aiming to build an artificial environment or biological scaffold material that imitates the living environment of cells in the body. In this work, carboxymethyl cellulose sulfates were prepared by reacting carboxymethyl cellulose with N(SO3Na)3 which was synthesized by sodium bisulfite and sodium nitrite in aqueous solution. The reaction conditions affected the degree of substitution (DS) were measured by the barium sulfate nephelometry method. And the anticoagulant activity of carboxymethyl cellulose sulfates with different DS, concentration and molecular weights were investigated by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT). In addition, the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose sulfates on wound healing had been evaluated by the rate of wound healing and the histological examinations. The results indicated that the introduction of sulfate groups into the carboxymethyl cellulose sulfates improved its anticoagulant activity, and the wound dressings treated with carboxymethyl cellulose sulfates obviously promoted wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Penghui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weiguo Xie
- The 3rd Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wang Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuhua Liu
- The 3rd Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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5
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Fan L, Gong Y, Cao M, Gao S, Sun Y, Chen L, Zheng H, Xie W. Synthesis, characterization, and anticoagulant activity of carboxymethyl starch sulfates. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Fan L, Wang L, Gao S, Wu P, Li M, Xie W, Liu S, Wang W. Synthesis, characterization and properties of carboxymethyl kappa carrageenan. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Garg HG, Mrabat H, Yu L, Freeman C, Li B, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Hales CA. Significance of the 2-O-sulfo group of L-iduronic acid residues in heparin on the growth inhibition of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2406-10. [PMID: 18656855 PMCID: PMC4745410 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparin inhibits the growth of several cell types in vitro, including bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (BPASMCs). To understand more about the heparin structure required for endogenous activity, chemically modified derivatives of native heparin and glycol-split heparin, namely, 2-O-desulfonated iduronic/glucuronic acid residues in heparin, and 2-O-desulfonated iduronic residues in glycol-split heparin were prepared. These were assayed for their antiproliferative potency on cultured BPASMCs. All of the 2-O-desulfonated heparin derivatives had significantly decreased less antiproliferative activity on BPASMCs. These results suggest that the 2-O-sulfo group of iduronic acid residues in heparin's major sequence is essential for the antiproliferative properties of heparin. The size of heparin does not affect the growth-inhibitory properties of heparin on BPASMCs at the three dose levels examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Garg
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Heparin and structurally related polymers attenuate eotaxin-1 (CCL11) release from human airway smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:833-42. [PMID: 18536736 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The glycosaminoglycan heparin has anti-inflammatory activity and is exclusively found in mast cells, which are localized within airway smooth muscle (ASM) bundles of asthmatic airways. Interleukin (IL)-13 induces the production of multiple inflammatory mediators from ASM including the eosinophil chemoattractant chemokine, eotaxin-1. Heparin and related glycosaminoglycan polymers having structurally heterogeneous polysaccharide side chains that varied in molecular weight, sulphation and anionic charge were used to identify features of the heparin molecule linked to anti-inflammatory activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultured human ASM cells were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-13 in the absence or presence of heparin and related polymers. Eotaxin-1 was quantified using chemokine antibody arrays and ELISA. KEY RESULTS Unfractionated heparin attenuated IL-13-dependent eotaxin-1 production and this effect was reproduced with low molecular weight heparins (3 and 6 kDa), demonstrating a minimum activity fragment of at least 3 kDa. N-desulphated, 20% re-N-acetylated heparin (anticoagulant) was ineffective against IL-13-dependent eotaxin-1 production compared with 90% re-N-acetylated (anticoagulant) or O-desulphated (non-anticoagulant) heparin, suggesting a requirement for N-sulphation independent of anticoagulant activity. Other sulphated molecules with variable anionic charge and molecular weight exceeding 3 kDa (dextran sulphate, fucoidan, chondroitin sulphate B) inhibited IL-13-stimulated eotaxin-1 release to varying degrees. However, non-sulphated dextran had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of IL-13-dependent eotaxin-1 release by heparin involved but did not depend upon sulphation, though loss of N-sulphation reduced the attenuating activity, which could be restored by N-acetylation. This anti-inflammatory effect was also partially dependent on anionic charge, but independent of molecular size above 3 kDa and the anticoagulant action of heparin.
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Al-Ansari E, Du HK, Yu L, Ochoa CD, Garg HG, Quinn DA, Hales CA. Low-molecular-weight heparin inhibits hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in guinea pigs. Chest 2008; 132:1898-905. [PMID: 18079223 DOI: 10.1378/chest.06-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE We have shown previously that antiproliferative unfractionated heparins block hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and vascular remodeling, and hypothesized that low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) would too. OBJECTIVES To determine the potential role and mechanisms of dalteparin and enoxaparin (two LMWHs) in inhibiting hypoxic PAH and vascular remodeling. METHODS Male Hartley guinea pigs were exposed for 10 days to normobaric 10% oxygen with dalteparin (5 mg/kg), enoxaparin (5 mg/kg), or with an equivalent volume of normal saline solution. Normoxic control animals (n = 5) received room air for 10 days. Bovine pulmonary artery smooth-muscle cells (PASMCs) were grown in 10% fetal bovine serum without heparin, with dalteparin (1 microg/mL) or with enoxaparin (1 microg/mL). MEASUREMENTS Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), cardiac index, right ventricular heart weight divided by left ventricular plus septum weight (RV/LV+S), hematocrit, percentage of wall thickness of intraacinar vessels (%WT-IA), percentage of wall thickness of terminal bronchiole vessels (%WT-TA), and the percentage of thick-walled vessels (%Thick) were determined. In PASMCs, expression of p27 and cell growth were compared because in mice whole heparin depends on p27 for its antiproliferative action. MAIN RESULTS In hypoxic animals, hematocrit, PAP, total pulmonary vascular resistance index, RV/LV+S, %WT-IA, %WT-TA, and %Thick all rose significantly vs normoxic control animals (p < 0.05); cardiac index was unchanged. Dalteparin but not enoxaparin significantly reduced PAP, total pulmonary vascular resistance index, and RV/LV + S (p < 0.05 vs hypoxia alone); inhibited PASMC growth; and upregulated p27 expression. Enoxaparin moderately reduced vascular remodeling, which did not translate into less pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Not all LMWHs are the same. Dalteparin was more effective than enoxaparin in inhibiting pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in hypoxic guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Al-Ansari
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kanabar V, Hirst SJ, O'Connor BJ, Page CP. Some structural determinants of the antiproliferative effect of heparin-like molecules on human airway smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 146:370-7. [PMID: 16025136 PMCID: PMC1576283 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) and its infiltration by mast cells are key pathological features of airway remodelling in asthma. Heparin, a major component of mast cell granules, inhibits ASM proliferation by an unknown mechanism. Here, unfractionated heparins and related glycosaminoglycans having structurally heterogeneous polysaccharide side chains that varied in molecular weight, sulphation and anionic charge were used to identify features of the heparin molecule that were required for its antiproliferative activity in cultured human ASM cells. Proliferation induced by 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) was abrogated by two unfractionated commercial heparin preparations (Sigma and Multiparin) and this effect was reproduced with each of three low-molecular weight heparin preparations (3, 5 and 6 kDa, respectively), demonstrating that antiproliferative activity resided in at least a 3 kDa heparin fraction. N-desulphated 20% re-acetylated (N-de) heparin (anticoagulant) and O-desulphated heparin (O-de) (non-anticoagulant) fractions also inhibited FBS-dependent proliferation (rank potency: Sigma heparin > O-de > N-de) suggesting that the antiproliferative action of heparin involved N-sulphation but was independent of its anticoagulant activity. Other sulphated molecules with variable anionic charge (dextran sulphate, fucoidan, chondroitin sulphates A or B, heparan sulphate) inhibited proliferation to varying degrees, as did the non-sulphated molecules hyaluronic acid and poly-L-glutamic acid. However, nonsulphated dextran had no effect. In summary, attenuation of FBS-dependent proliferation of human ASM by heparin involves but does not depend upon sulphation, although loss of N-sulphation reduces antiproliferative activity. This antiproliferative effect is independent of anionic charge and the anticoagulant actions of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Kanabar
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Division, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, 5th Floor, Hodgkin Building, London SE1 9RT
| | - Stuart J Hirst
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
| | - Brian J O'Connor
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
| | - Clive P Page
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Division, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, 5th Floor, Hodgkin Building, London SE1 9RT
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Garg HG, Yu L, Hales CA, Toida T, Islam T, Linhardt RJ. Sulfation patterns in heparin and heparan sulfate: effects on the proliferation of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2003; 1639:225-31. [PMID: 14636954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparin's (HP's) antiproliferative effect on smooth muscle cells is potentially important in defining new approaches to treat pulmonary hypertension. The commercially available HP and heparan sulfate (HS) are structurally heterogenous polymers. In order to examine which sulfonate groups are required for endogenous antiproliferative activity, we prepared the following six chemically modified porcine mucosal HP and HS, which fell into three groups. One group consisted of fully O-sulfonated-N-acetylated, the second group consisted of de-N-sulfonated and re-N-acetylated, and the third group consisted of 6-O-desulfonated HP and HS derivatives. These six preparations were assayed for their antiproliferative potency on bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. The results of this assay show that (a) over-O-sulfonation of both HP and HS increases antiproliferative activity, (b) substitution of hexosamine with N-acetyl diminishes antiproliferative activity in both HP and HS, and (c) 6-O-desulfonation of HP and HS diminishes antiproliferative potency. Surprisingly, the type of uronic acid residue present at a given level of sulfation is unimportant for antiproliferative potency. In conclusion, only the level of O- and N-sulfo group substitution correlates well with HP and HS antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Garg
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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12
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Longas MO, Garg HG, Trinkle-Pereira JM, Hales CA. Heparin antiproliferative activity on bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells requires both N-acetylation and N-sulfonation. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:251-6. [PMID: 12543557 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative activity of Heparin (HP) on bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (BPASMC) in vitro requires both N-acetylation and N-sulfonation. This was demonstrated by quantifying the relative N-acetylation of three commercial heparins of known antiproliferative activities, using their Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) band areas at 1381-1378 and 1320-1317 cm(-1), which combined resulted in 1.0, 1.0 and 1.3 cm2 for Choay, Elkins-Sinn and Upjohn HP, respectively. These results show that Upjohn HP, which is at least 44% more antiproliferative than the other two, is 30% more N-acetylated. Upjohn HP was also N-desulfonated chemically, and its antiproliferative activity was determined. Its total sulfonate (--SO 3 -) content (O- and N-sulfonate) was quantified using the FTIR band area at 1260-1200 cm(-1) for the S=O stretching; a drop in sulfonate content from 21.87% (w/w) before N-desulfonation to 16.51% (w/w) after N-desulfonation, resulted in a 67% decrease in its inhibitory potency. In addition to the requirement that approximately 24% of the sulfonate content be bonded to N, the data show a direct correlation between the extent of Upjohn HP N-acetylation and its antiproliferative activity on BPASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María O Longas
- Purdue University Calumet, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Hammond, IN 46323, USA.
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13
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Garg HG, Cindhuchao N, Quinn DA, Hales CA, Thanawiroon C, Capila I, Linhardt RJ. Heparin oligosaccharide sequence and size essential for inhibition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:2359-64. [PMID: 12433502 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has a wide range of important biological activities including inhibition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. To determine the minimum size of the heparin glycosaminoglycan chain essential for antiproliferative activity, porcine intestinal mucosal heparin was partially depolymerized with heparinase and fractionated to give oligosaccharides of different sizes. The structure of these oligosaccharides was fully characterized by 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy. These oligosaccharides were assayed for antiproliferative effects on cultured bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The tetrasaccharide (4-mer) exhibited no heparin-like activity. Decasaccharides (10-mers) and dodecasaccharides (12-mers) displayed a reduced level of activity when compared to full-length heparin. Little effect on activity was observed in deca- and dodecasaccharides with one less 2-O-sulfo group. The 14-, 16-, and 18-mers showed comparable growth-inhibition effects on PAMSC as porcine intestinal mucosal heparin. These data suggest that a 14-mer is the minimum size of oligosaccharide that is essential for full heparin-like antiproliferative activity. Since the 14- to 18-mers have no 3-O-sulfo groups in their glucosamine residues, their full activity confirms that these 3-O-sulfonated glucosamine residues, which are required for heparin's anticoagulant activity, are not an essential requirement for antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Garg
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Haroun-Bouhedja F, Ellouali M, Sinquin C, Boisson-Vidal C. Relationship between sulfate groups and biological activities of fucans. Thromb Res 2000; 100:453-9. [PMID: 11150589 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The anticoagulant and antiproliferative effects of low molecular weight fucans with different sulfate content were examined. The anticoagulant activity was determined by activated partial thromboplastin time and the antiproliferative one was achieved in vitro on CCL39 fibroblast cell line. The results showed that inhibitory effects of fucans on both coagulation and cell proliferation are dependent on their sulfation degree. Decreased sulfation diminishes the two activities not in the same manner: some low molecular weight fucan fractions with no anticoagulant activity retain their ability to inhibit cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Haroun-Bouhedja
- Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Macromolecules (CNRS UMR7540, CNRS/IFREMER, URM2), Institut Galilée, Université Paris-Nord, Av. J.B. Clément 93430, Villetaneuse, France
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Garg HG, Thompson BT, Hales CA. Structural determinants of antiproliferative activity of heparin on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L779-89. [PMID: 11053011 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.5.l779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its anticoagulant properties, heparin (HP), a complex polysaccharide covalently linked to a protein core, inhibits proliferation of several cell types including pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Commercial lots of HP exhibit varying degrees of antiproliferative activity on PASMCs that may due to structural differences in the lots. Fractionation of a potent antiproliferative HP preparation into high and low molecular weight components does not alter the antiproliferative effect on PASMCs, suggesting that the size of HP is not the major determinant of this biological activity. The protein core of HP obtained by cleaving the carbohydrate-protein linkage has no growth inhibition on PASMCs, demonstrating that the antiproliferative activity resides in the glycosaminoglycan component. Basic sugar residues of glucosamine can be replaced with another basic sugar, i.e., galactosamine, without affecting growth inhibition of PASMCs. N-sulfonate groups on these sugar residues of HP are not essential for growth inhibition. However, O-sulfonate groups on both sugar residues are essential for the antiproliferative activity on PASMCs. In whole HP, in contrast to an earlier finding based on a synthetic pentasaccharide of HP, 3-O-sulfonation is not critical for the antiproliferative activity against PASMCs. The amounts and distribution of sulfonate groups on both sugar residues of the glycosaminoglycan chain are the major determinant of antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Garg
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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16
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Garg HG, Joseph PA, Thompson BT, Hales CA, Toida T, Imanari T, Capila I, Linhardt RJ. Effect of fully sulfated glycosaminoglycans on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 371:228-33. [PMID: 10545209 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fully sulfated heparin and other glycosaminoglycans, namely heparan, chondroitin, and dermatan sulfates, and hyaluronan have been prepared by using sulfur trioxide under mild chemical conditions. All these derivatives were assayed for antiproliferative activity on cultured bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (BPASMCs). No appreciable difference was found between heparin and fully sulfated heparin. Chondroitin and dermatan sulfates actually stimulated BPASMCs growth but full sulfonation made them strongly antiproliferative. Native hyaluronan was not antiproliferative but became strongly so after sulfonation. Neither acharan sulfate nor N-sulfoacharan sulfate had any antiproliferative activity. This suggests that O-sulfonation of the polysaccharide is critical for antiproliferative activity, whereas N-sulfonation of glucosamine residues is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Garg
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Joseph PA, Garg HG, Thompson BT, Liu X, Hales CA. Influence of molecular weight, protein core and charge of native heparin fractions on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 241:18-23. [PMID: 9405227 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparin macromolecules have been shown to inhibit cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and prevent hypoxic vascular remodeling in vivo. In an attempt to understand the structural determinants of heparin's antiproliferative properties, we have fractionated an antiproliferative preparation of commercial heparin into low and high molecular weight fractions. Then the high molecular weight heparin fraction was further fractionated on a DEAE-cellulose column by charge density eluting with 0 - 1 M NaCl linear gradient. The heparin protein peptides were both removed and isolated. These heparin fractions were assayed for antiproliferative effects on cultured bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. No appreciable differences were found among high and low molecular weight heparin fractions The core peptides showed no antiproliferative activity. However, higher charge density fraction was less antiproliferative.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Joseph
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Ferro DR, Gajdos J, Ragazzi M, Ungarelli F, Piani S. Conformational analysis of heparin epoxide: molecular mechanics computations. Carbohydr Res 1995; 277:25-8. [PMID: 8548789 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The conformation of models of the epoxy-derivative of the glycosaminoglycan heparin has been studied by molecular mechanics calculations using a MM2-like force field extended with parameters for the oxirane ring. Two dimers, two trimers and several higher homologs modeling heparin epoxide were investigated, assuming the preferred 5H0 ring form of 2,3-anhydro-alpha-L-guluronic acid residue. Two-dimensional (phi; psi) maps of dimers showed the location of the energetically preferred conformers. Starting from the most stable dimer conformers, structures of trimers and other oligomers were derived and optimized, with an exhaustive search of the preferred sidechain conformers. The effect of solvation on conformation was analyzed using a continuum model of solvent. The present calculations indicate a significant flexibility of the heparin epoxide chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ferro
- Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole del C.N.R., Milan, Italy
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19
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Hricovíni M, Guerrini M, Torri G, Piani S, Ungarelli F. Conformational analysis of heparin epoxide in aqueous solution. An NMR relaxation study. Carbohydr Res 1995; 277:11-23. [PMID: 8548784 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1H and 13C NMR relaxation measurements at various magnetic fields have been used to characterize the nature of overall and internal motions in heparin epoxide in aqueous solution. A two-dimensional homonuclear NOESY experiment showed a considerable number of cross-relaxing protons in the molecule. The inter-proton distances calculated from NOE data were compared with those obtained by molecular mechanics calculations. Several discrepancies between the experimental and the theoretical inter-proton distances as well as the variations in 13C spin-lattice relaxation times, measured at two magnetic fields, indicated that the polysaccharide tumbles anisotropically in solution. The rates of overall and internal motions as well as the order parameters have been calculated using a model-free spectral density function. The numerical values indicate that the correlation times which characterize overall molecular motion are outside the extreme narrowing limit (tau parallel = 8 x 10(-10) s and tau perpendicular = 4.2 x 10(-8) s) and that internal motion correlation time is on a picosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hricovíni
- Istituto Scientifico di Chimica e Biochimica G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
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20
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Gambaro G, Venturini AP, Noonan DM, Fries W, Re G, Garbisa S, Milanesi C, Pesarini A, Borsatti A, Marchi E. Treatment with a glycosaminoglycan formulation ameliorates experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1994; 46:797-806. [PMID: 7527876 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that administration of glycosaminoglycans can prevent some of the morphological and physiological alterations which occur in experimental diabetic nephropathy. The aims of this study were to further elucidate the effect of these drugs on glomerular basement membrane permeability by dextran clearance studies, to test the ability of glycosaminoglycans to revert established diabetic nephropathy and to examine the effect of glycosaminoglycans on renal extracellular matrix synthesis. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied for 12 months: two control groups (treated or untreated non-diabetic), three streptozotocin diabetic animal groups, two of which received a glycosaminoglycan formulation, one from the induction of diabetes and the other after the fifth month of diabetes. At five months the 35S-sulfate glomerular incorporation, albuminuria, glomerular basement membrane thickness and anionic charge density were determined. At 12 months albuminuria, renal collagen IV and perlecan mRNA levels, anionic and neutral dextran clearances, glomerular basement membrane morphometry, and mesangial cell proliferation were evaluated. We demonstrate that long-term administration of glycosaminoglycans prevents renal morphological and functional alterations in diabetic rats and appears to revert established diabetic renal lesions. Glycosaminoglycan administration modified renal matrix composition by the normalization of collagen gene expression and increasing glomerular 35S-sulfate incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gambaro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
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Rajtar G, Marchi E, de Gaetano G, Cerletti C. Effects of glycosaminoglycans on platelet and leucocyte function: role of N-sulfation. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:958-60. [PMID: 8373448 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90507-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as sulodexide, low molecular mass dermatan sulfate, heparin and some derivatives with different degrees and types of sulfation was studied on cathepsin G- or thrombin-stimulated platelets and n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs). All GAGs (0.01-20 micrograms/mL) inhibited both platelet aggregation induced by cathepsin G and its catalytic activity. Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in contrast was only prevented by heparin, sulodexide and dermatan (2-100 micrograms/mL). All GAGs, except 2-O,N-desulfated heparin, inhibited beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme release, as well as beta-glucuronidase activity and PMN superoxide production by the peptide fMLP. The efficacy of GAGs was clearly dependent on the degree and type of sulfation since dermatan and N-desulfated heparins were comparatively less effective. The observation that heparin and other GAGs inhibit platelet activation induced by the PMN protease cathepsin G may help determine whether mechanisms of action other than anticoagulation are critical in the antithrombotic activity of heparin and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajtar
- Giulio Bizzozero Laboratory of Platelet and Leucocyte Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche, Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Italy
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