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Khan I, Mesalam A, Heo YS, Lee SH, Nabi G, Kong IK. Heat Stress as a Barrier to Successful Reproduction and Potential Alleviation Strategies in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2359. [PMID: 37508136 PMCID: PMC10376617 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the adverse effects of global warming on all living beings have been unanimously recognized across the world. A high environmental temperature that increases the respiration and rectal temperature of cattle is called heat stress (HS), and it can affect both male and female reproductive functions. For successful reproduction and fertilization, mature and healthy oocytes are crucial; however, HS reduces the developmental competence of oocytes, which compromises reproduction. HS disturbs the hormonal balance that plays a crucial role in successful reproduction, particularly in reducing the luteinizing hormone and progesterone levels, which leads to severe problems such as poor follicle development with a poor-quality oocyte and problems related to maturity, silent estrus, abnormal or weak embryo development, and pregnancy loss, resulting in a declining reproduction rate and losses for the cattle industry. Lactating cattle are particularly susceptible to HS and, hence, their reproduction rate is substantially reduced. Additionally, bulls are also affected by HS; during summer, semen quality and sperm motility decline, leading to compromised reproduction. In summer, the conception rate is reduced by 20-30% worldwide. Although various techniques, such as the provision of water sprinklers, shade, and air conditioning, are used during summer, these methods are insufficient to recover the normal reproduction rate and, therefore, special attention is needed to improve reproductive efficiency and minimize the detrimental effect of HS on cattle during summer. The application of advanced reproductive technologies such as the production of embryos in vitro, cryopreservation during the hot season, embryo transfer, and timed artificial insemination may minimize the detrimental effects of HS on livestock reproduction and recover the losses in the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayman Mesalam
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Yun Seok Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
- Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hyun Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- The King Kong Corp., Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Hyldahl F, Hem-Jensen E, Rahbek UL, Tritsaris K, Dissing S. Pulsed electric fields stimulate microglial transmitter release of VEGF, IL-8 and GLP-1 and activate endothelial cells through paracrine signaling. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105469. [PMID: 36592699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As action potentials propagate along an axon, pulsed extracellular electric fields (E-fields) are induced. We investigated the role of E-fields in activating microglia cells and affecting capillary function and found that E-fields control human microglia secretions in concert with purinergic factors. We generated E-fields by applying transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields (T-PEMF) identical to those appearing outside neurons as action potentials propagate. T-PEMF alone enhanced mRNA synthesis for VEGF, IL-8, IL-6 and the proglucagon gene as well as the PC1/3 enzyme that cleaves the proglucagon protein to glucagon and GLP-1 proteins. We found that T-PEMF enhanced secretion from microglia of VEGF, IL-8 and GLP-1 proteins having angiogenic and proliferative profiles. Interestingly, T-PEMF and purinergic transmitters together enhanced secretions confirming synergy between their actions. ATP also induced nitric oxide (NO) syntheses in distinct locations in the nucleus and the mRNA synthesis for the responsible iNOS was reduced by T-PEMF. When the microglia-secretory fluid was added to brain endothelial cells we saw vivid Ca2+ signaling and enhanced transcription of mRNA for IL-8 and VEGF. Our previous work shows that applying T-PEMF to the human brain provides up to 60% remission for patients with refractory depressions within 8 weeks and improvements for Parkinson patients. Thus, physiological E-fields activate microglia, work synergistically with neurotransmitters, and cause paracrine secretions which cause activation of capillaries. Application of these E-Fields is effective for treating refractory depressions and appear promising for treating neurodegenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Hyldahl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Hem-Jensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Ulrik L Rahbek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Katerina Tritsaris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Steen Dissing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark.
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Miętkiewska K, Kordowitzki P, Pareek CS. Effects of Heat Stress on Bovine Oocytes and Early Embryonic Development-An Update. Cells 2022; 11:4073. [PMID: 36552837 PMCID: PMC9776454 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is a major threat to cattle reproduction today. It has been shown that the effect of high temperature not only has a negative effect on the hormonal balance, but also directly affects the quality of oocytes, disrupting the function of mitochondria, fragmenting their DNA and changing their maternal transcription. Studies suggest that the induction of HSP70 may reduce the apoptosis of granular layer cells caused by heat stress. It has been shown that the changes at the transcriptome level caused by heat stress are consistent with 46.4% of blastocyst development disorders. Cows from calves exposed to thermal stress in utero have a lower milk yield in their lifetime, exhibit immunological disorders, have a lower birth weight and display a shorter lifespan related to the expedited aging. In order to protect cow reproduction, the effects of heat stress at the intracellular and molecular levels should be tracked step by step, and the impacts of the dysregulation of thermal homeostasis (i.e., hyperthermy) should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Miętkiewska
- Department of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Pawel Kordowitzki
- Department of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Chandra S. Pareek
- Department of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Division of Functional Genomics in Biological and Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim SW, Kim J, Lim K. Effects of Interval Training Under Hypoxia on Hematological Parameters, Hemodynamic Function, and Endurance Exercise Performance in Amateur Female Runners in Korea. Front Physiol 2022; 13:919008. [PMID: 35665230 PMCID: PMC9158122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.919008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval training under hypoxia (IHT) is commonly used to enhance endurance exercise performance. However, previous studies examining hematologic changes related to the immune system that affect health and conditioning are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IHT for 6-weeks on hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance in amateur Korean female runners. Twenty healthy amateur Korean female runners (age: 24.85 ± 3.84 years) were equally assigned to normoxic training group (NTG) for interval training under normoxia (760 mmHg) and hypoxic training group (HTG) for interval training under hypobaric hypoxia (526 mmHg, 3000 m simulated altitude) according to their body composition and endurance exercise performance. All participants performed 120-min of training sessions, consisting of 20-min of warm-up, 60-min of interval training, and 20-min of cool-down. The training program was performed 3-days per week for 6-weeks. Warm-up and cool-down were performed for 20-min at 60% maximal heart rate (HRmax). The interval training sessions comprised 10 repetitions of interval exercise (5-min of exercise corresponding to 90–95% HRmax and 1-min of rest) on a treadmill. All participants underwent measurements of hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance before and after training. Both groups showed a significant increase in erythropoietin (EPO) level and a decrease in monocyte abundance, with EPO showing a greater increase in the HTG than in the NTG. B cell abundance significantly increased in the NTG; hematocrit and neutrophil counts significantly increased, and lymphocyte counts significantly decreased in the HTG. The HTG showed a significant improvement in oxygen uptake, stroke volume index, and end-diastolic volume index compared to the NTG. In addition, both groups showed significant improvements in heart rate, end-systolic volume index, and cardiac output index. The maximal oxygen uptake and 3000 m time trial record were significantly improved in both groups, and the HTG showed a tendency to improve more than the NTG. In conclusion, the IHT was effective in enhancing endurance exercise performance through improved hemodynamic function. Furthermore, hematological parameters of immune system showed a normal range before and after training and were not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kiwon Lim,
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Zhang M, Wu W, Huang C, Cai T, Zhao N, Liu S, Yang S. Shuxie-1 Decoction Alleviated CUMS -Induced Liver Injury via IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:848355. [PMID: 35462928 PMCID: PMC9019685 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic stress has been shown to cause liver damage in addition to psychological depression. Besides, drug-induced liver injury is frequently caused by antidepressants. Shuxie-1 decoction (SX-1) is a formula of traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in nourishing liver blood, and relieving depression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the effects and mechanisms of SX-1 in treating chronic stress-induced depression as well as liver injury. Methods: Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was applied to male Wistar rats for 4 weeks, with or without administration of SX-1 at low-dose and high-dose for 6 weeks, using Fluoxetine (Flu) as a positive control. Body weight was monitored once every 2 weeks. In the sixth week, the sugar preference test and open field test were carried out to evaluate the depression status. After that, the serum and liver tissues were collected. The quality control of SX-1 decoctions and drug-containing serum was controlled by UHPLC-QE-MS. The cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa), Western Blot and immunohistochemistrical staining was obtained to detect the protein levels in the plasma and the hepatic tissues, respectively. Results: CUMS led to decreased 1) body weight, 2) the preference for sugar water, 3) the desire to explore in open field, and increased serum levels of corticosterone. All these factors were completely reversed by SX-1 treatment. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) showed that SX-1 improved the hepatocyte vacuolization in CUMS treated rats, decreased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the deposition of type I collagen (Col I) in hepatocytes as well. CUMS increased the levels of hepatic Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and provoked the activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which was abrogated by SX-1 treatment. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) increased the protein expression of IL-6 and p-STAT3 in AML12 cells. Besides, nuclear pyknosis was observed under electron microscope, which were recovered after rat SX serum. Conclusion: SX-1 effectively ameliorated CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors as well as hepatic injuries, probably by the blockade of hepatic IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zhang
- Research Studio of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wanhong Wu
- Research Studio of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Caoxin Huang
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Teng Cai
- Research Studio of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Nengjiang Zhao
- Research Studio of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Suhuan Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Shuyu Yang, ; Suhuan Liu,
| | - Shuyu Yang
- Research Studio of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Shuyu Yang, ; Suhuan Liu,
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Martins DF, Viseux FJF, Salm DC, Ribeiro ACA, da Silva HKL, Seim LA, Bittencourt EB, Bianco G, Moré AOO, Reed WR, Mazzardo-Martins L. The role of the vagus nerve in fibromyalgia syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1136-1149. [PMID: 34710514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is a common illness characterized by chronic widespread pain, sleep problems, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties. Dysfunctional neurotransmitter systems that influence the body's endogenous stress response systems are thought to underlie many of the major FM-related symptoms. A model of FM pathogenesis suggests biological and psychosocial variables interact to influence the genetic predisposition, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The Polyvagal Theory provides a theoretical framework from which to investigate potential biological mechanisms. The vagus nerve (VN) has anti-inflammatory properties via its afferent and efferent fibers. A low vagal tone (as assessed by low heart rate variability), has been observed in painful and inflammatory diseases, including FM, while the ventral branch of the VN is linked to emotional expression and social engagement. These anti-inflammatory and psychological (limbic system) properties of the VN may possess therapeutic potential in treating FM. This review paper summarizes the scientific literature regarding the potential role of the VN in transducing and/or therapeutically managing FM signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Martins
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Physiotherapy Graduate Course, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil.
| | - Frederic J F Viseux
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielle et Humaine (LAMIH), UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique des Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France; Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur (CETD), Hôpital Jean Bernard, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, F-59322 Valenciennes, France
| | - Daiana C Salm
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Physiotherapy Graduate Course, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Anny Caroline Avelino Ribeiro
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Physiotherapy Graduate Course, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Helen Kassiana Lopes da Silva
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Physiotherapy Graduate Course, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Lynsey A Seim
- Hospital Internal Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gianluca Bianco
- Research Laboratory of Posturology and Neuromodulation RELPON, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Formazione in Agopuntura e Neuromodulazione IFAN, Rome, Italy
| | - Ari Ojeda Ocampo Moré
- Integrative Medicine and Acupuncture Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - William R Reed
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Rehabilitation Science Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leidiane Mazzardo-Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Pourmotabbed A, Boozari B, Babaei A, Asbaghi O, Campbell MS, Mohammadi H, Hadi A, Moradi S. Sleep and frailty risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath 2020; 24:1187-1197. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030861. [PMID: 32019079 PMCID: PMC7037344 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 2-week exercise training program in hypobaric hypoxic conditions on exercise performance and immune function in Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities. Six Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities participated in exercise training consisting of continuous aerobic exercise and anaerobic interval exercise in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. The exercise training frequency was 60 min (5 days per week for 2 weeks). Before and after the exercise training, exercise performance and immune function were measured in all athletes. Regarding the exercise performance parameters, the 3-km time trial significantly decreased and blood lactate levels after the 3-km time trial test significantly increased by exercise training in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. Regarding the oxygen-transporting capacity, significant differences were not observed. Regarding immune function, the number of leukocytes and natural killer cells significantly decreased and that of eosinophils, B cells, and T cells significantly increased. These results indicated that our 2-week hypoxic training showed the potential to improve exercise performance in Korean national disabled athletes. However, the effects of our hypoxic training method on immune function remained unclear.
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Agorastos A, Hauger RL, Barkauskas DA, Lerman IR, Moeller-Bertram T, Snijders C, Haji U, Patel PM, Geracioti TD, Chrousos GP, Baker DG. Relations of combat stress and posttraumatic stress disorder to 24-h plasma and cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 levels and circadian rhythmicity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 100:237-245. [PMID: 30390522 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and chronic stress can lead to a dysregulation of the immune response. Growing evidence suggests peripheral immune dysregulation and low-grade systemic inflammation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with numerous reports of elevated plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. However, only a few studies have assessed IL-6 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Most of those have used single time-point measurements, and thus cannot take circadian level variability and CSF-plasma IL-6 correlations into account. METHODS This study used time-matched, sequential 24-h plasma and CSF measurements to investigate the effects of combat stress and PTSD on physiologic levels and biorhythmicity of IL-6 in 35 male study volunteers, divided in 3 groups: (PTSD = 12, combat controls, CC = 12, and non-deployed healthy controls, HC = 11). RESULTS Our findings show no differences in diurnal mean concentrations of plasma and CSF IL-6 across the three comparison groups. However, a significantly blunted circadian rhythm of plasma IL-6 across 24 h was observed in all combat-zone deployed participants, with or without PTSD, in comparison to HC. CSF IL-6 rhythmicity was unaffected by combat deployment or PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Although no significant group differences in mean IL-6 concentration in either CSF or plasma over a 24-h timeframe was observed, we provide first evidence for a disrupted peripheral IL-6 circadian rhythm as a sequel of combat deployment, with this disruption occurring in both PTSD and CC groups. The plasma IL-6 circadian blunting remains to be replicated and its cause elucidated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Richard L Hauger
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), CA, USA
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Imanuel R Lerman
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tobias Moeller-Bertram
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Clara Snijders
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Uzair Haji
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Piyush M Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas D Geracioti
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), CA, USA.
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Agorastos A, Pervanidou P, Chrousos GP, Baker DG. Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30914979 PMCID: PMC6421311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) could represent a developmental risk factor and mediate risk for disease, leading to higher physical and mental morbidity rates in later life. ELS could exert a programming effect on sensitive neuronal brain networks related to the stress response during critical periods of development and thus lead to enduring hyper- or hypo-activation of the stress system and altered glucocorticoid signaling. In addition, alterations in emotional and autonomic reactivity, circadian rhythm disruption, functional and structural changes in the brain, as well as immune and metabolic dysregulation have been lately identified as important risk factors for a chronically impaired homeostatic balance after ELS. Furthermore, human genetic background and epigenetic modifications through stress-related gene expression could interact with these alterations and explain inter-individual variation in vulnerability or resilience to stress. This narrative review presents relevant evidence from mainly human research on the ten most acknowledged neurobiological allostatic pathways exerting enduring adverse effects of ELS even decades later (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, immune system and inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiovascular system, gut microbiome, sleep and circadian system, genetics, epigenetics, structural, and functional brain correlates). Although most findings back a causal relation between ELS and psychobiological maladjustment in later life, the precise developmental trajectories and their temporal coincidence has not been elucidated as yet. Future studies should prospectively investigate putative mediators and their temporal sequence, while considering the potentially delayed time-frame for their phenotypical expression. Better screening strategies for ELS are needed for a better individual prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- II. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Najafi P, Zulkifli I, Soleimani A. Inhibition of corticosterone synthesis and its effect on acute phase proteins, heat shock protein 70, and interleukin-6 in broiler chickens subjected to feed restriction. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1441-1447. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Henriquez AR, Snow SJ, Schladweiler MC, Miller CN, Dye JA, Ledbetter AD, Richards JE, Mauge-Lewis K, McGee MA, Kodavanti UP. Adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists reduce ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 339:161-171. [PMID: 29247675 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that the circulating stress hormones, epinephrine and corticosterone/cortisol, are involved in mediating ozone-induced pulmonary effects through the activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. Hence, we examined the role of adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptor inhibition in ozone-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation. Male 12-week old Wistar-Kyoto rats were pretreated daily for 7days with propranolol (PROP; a non-selective β adrenergic receptor [AR] antagonist, 10mg/kg, i.p.), mifepristone (MIFE; a glucocorticoid receptor [GR] antagonist, 30mg/kg, s.c.), both drugs (PROP+MIFE), or respective vehicles, and then exposed to air or ozone (0.8ppm), 4h/d for 1 or 2 consecutive days while continuing drug treatment. Ozone exposure alone led to increased peak expiratory flow rates and enhanced pause (Penh); with greater increases by day 2. Receptors blockade minimally affected ventilation in either air- or ozone-exposed rats. Ozone exposure alone was also associated with marked increases in pulmonary vascular leakage, macrophage activation, neutrophilic inflammation and lymphopenia. Notably, PROP, MIFE and PROP+MIFE pretreatments significantly reduced ozone-induced pulmonary vascular leakage; whereas PROP or PROP+MIFE reduced neutrophilic inflammation. PROP also reduced ozone-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) IL-6 and TNF-α proteins and/or lung Il6 and Tnfα mRNA. MIFE and PROP+MIFE pretreatments reduced ozone-induced increases in BALF N-acetyl glucosaminidase activity, and lymphopenia. We conclude that stress hormones released after ozone exposure modulate pulmonary injury and inflammatory effects through AR and GR in a receptor-specific manner. Individuals with pulmonary diseases receiving AR and GR-related therapy might experience changed sensitivity to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres R Henriquez
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Samantha J Snow
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Colette N Miller
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Janice A Dye
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Judy E Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Kevin Mauge-Lewis
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Marie A McGee
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Thoma MV, Gianferante D, Hanlin L, Fiksdal A, Chen X, Rohleder N. Stronger hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis habituation predicts lesser sensitization of inflammatory response to repeated acute stress exposures in healthy young adults. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:228-235. [PMID: 27916659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective adjustment of the stress systems to repeated stress is regarded as an adaptive response of the organism facing environmental threats. Given the intertwined relationship between the stress systems and the inflammatory system, it could be expected that inflammatory processes should adapt to repeated stress as well. However, only little is known about adaptational processes of the different components of the immune system in response to repeated stress, and how these might be related to adaptational processes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We here examined N=22 healthy participants (mean age 23years, 50% female) and exposed them to a standardized laboratory stressor twice, 24h apart. Plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6), salivary cortisol and psychometric parameters were assessed repeatedly up to 120min post stress. Results revealed a significant day by time interaction for cortisol (F=5.06; p=0.013) and IL-6 (F=4.42; p=0.041), indicating habituation of HPA axis and sensitization of inflammatory stress responses. Cortisol habituation and inflammatory sensitization were inversely related when controlling for sex (r=-0.44; p=0.044). Explorative analyses revealed significant associations between the IL-6 response on the second exposure with perceived stress (r=0.58; p=0.004), vital exhaustion (r=0.57; p=0.009), depression (r=0.47; p=0.026) and purpose in life (r=-0.50; p=0.04). These findings may help to increase understanding of the still only rudimentary understood interplay of adaptational processes of endocrine and immune responses to repeated stress and might indicate a link between inflammatory disinhibition and psychological indicators of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam V Thoma
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA; University of Zurich, Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention & Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Binzmuehlestr. 14/17, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Luke Hanlin
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Xuejie Chen
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA; Chair of Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Shah N, Ruiz HH, Zafar U, Post KD, Buettner C, Geer EB. Proinflammatory cytokines remain elevated despite long-term remission in Cushing's disease: a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 86:68-74. [PMID: 27630017 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Cushing's disease (CD), a state of chronic glucocorticoid (GC) excess characterized by visceral obesity and insulin resistance, may be associated with increased systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular mortality in CD remains elevated even after successful remission. It is unclear whether a chronic low-grade inflammatory state persists even after remission of CD, which may account for the increased CVD mortality. PURPOSE (1) To assess circulating proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active CD and BMI-matched controls; (2) to prospectively follow plasma cytokine concentrations in patients with CD before and after surgical remission; and (3) to assess whether plasma cytokine concentrations correlate with adipose tissue distribution and ectopic lipid content in liver and muscle. METHODS Plasma cytokines from prospectively enrolled patients with CD (N = 31) were quantified during active disease (v1) vs controls (N = 18) and 19·5 ± 12·9 months after surgical remission (v2). Fasting plasma IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17 and IL-10 were quantified using a multiplex assay. Total and regional fat masses were measured by whole-body MRI. RESULTS Circulating IL-6 and IL-1β were elevated in patients with active CD vs controls (P < 0·05) and remained elevated in CD after surgical remission, despite decreases in BMI (P < 0·001), HOMA-IR (P < 0·001), and visceral, hepatic and intermuscular fat (P < 0·001, <0·001 and 0·03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Despite long-term remission and improvements in fat distribution and insulin sensitivity, patients with CD may suffer from a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, which could contribute to increased cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Usman Zafar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalmon D Post
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Abstract
We suggest that successful defense against microbial invasion requires both local inflammation and systemic anti-inflammation. The key systemic responses involve the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, the sympathetic-adrenomedullary axis, acute phase protein production, thermoregulation and alterations in leukocyte responsiveness to agonists such as bacterial endotoxin. These integrated responses raise blood and tissue concentrations of several anti-infective molecules, mobilize leukocytes into the circulation, and increase blood flow to injured or infected sites. They also neutralize cytokines, proteases and oxidants that enter the bloodstream from inflamed local sites and forestall endothelial activation in distant vessels. Together, these forces help concentrate activated phagocytes at injured or infected local sites while preventing potentially damaging inflammation in uninvolved tissues.
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García-Muñoz A, Bologna-Molina R, A. Rodríguez M, Liceága-Reyes R, Farfán-Morales JE, Aranda-Romo S, Molina-Frechero N, González-González R. Orosomucoid-1 Expression in Ameloblastoma Variants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2016; 5:49-56. [PMID: 27386438 PMCID: PMC4916783 DOI: pmid/27386438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Odontogenic tumors constitute a group of heterogeneous lesions of benign and malignant neoplasms with variable aggressiveness. Ameloblastomas are a group of benign but locally invasive neoplasms that occur in the jaws and are derived from epithelial elements of the tooth-forming apparatus. We previously described orosomucoid-1 protein expression in odontogenic myxomas. However, whether orosomucoid-1 is expressed in other odontogenic tumors remains unknown. Since orosomucoid-1 belongs to a group of acute-phase proteins and has many functions in health and disease, we identified and analyzed orosomucoid-1 expression in ameloblastoma variants and ameloblastic carcinoma using western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. Thirty cases of ameloblastoma were analyzed for orsomucoid-1; five specimens were fresh for western blot study (four benign ameloblastomas and one ameloblastic carcinoma), and 25 cases of benign ameloblastoma for immunohistochemical assays. Orosomucoid-1 was widely expressed in each tumor variant analyzed in this study, and differential orosomucoid-1 expression was observed between benign and malignant tumor. Orosomucoid-1 may play an important role in the behavior of ameloblastomas and influence the biology and development of the variants of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Odontología, ALMARAZ/UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM. State of Mexico, Mexico.
| | | | - Mario A. Rodríguez
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F, México.
| | | | | | - Saray Aranda-Romo
- Biochemistry, Microbiology and Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Stomatology, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Molina-Frechero
- Health Care Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, UAM, México City, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio González-González
- Department Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México.
- Corresponding author: Rogelio González-González. Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. Predio Canoas S/n, Col Los Angeles, Durango. E-mail:
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17
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Muscatell KA, Dedovic K, Slavich GM, Jarcho MR, Breen EC, Bower JE, Irwin MR, Eisenberger NI. Greater amygdala activity and dorsomedial prefrontal-amygdala coupling are associated with enhanced inflammatory responses to stress. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 43:46-53. [PMID: 25016200 PMCID: PMC4368432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is implicated in the etiology of many common chronic diseases and mental health disorders. Recent research suggests that inflammation may be a key biological mediator linking stress and health. Nevertheless, the neurocognitive pathways underlying stress-related increases in inflammatory activity are largely unknown. The present study thus examined associations between neural and inflammatory responses to an acute laboratory-based social stressor. Healthy female participants (n=31) were exposed to a brief episode of stress while they underwent an fMRI scan. Blood samples were taken before and after the stressor, and plasma was assayed for markers of inflammatory activity. Exposure to the stressor was associated with significant increases in feelings of social evaluation and rejection, and with increases in levels of inflammation. Analyses linking the neural and inflammatory data revealed that heightened neural activity in the amygdala in response to the stressor was associated with greater increases in inflammation. Functional connectivity analyses indicated that individuals who showed stronger coupling between the amygdala and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) also showed a heightened inflammatory response to the stressor. Interestingly, activity in a different set of neural regions was related to increases in feelings of social rejection. These data show that greater amygdala activity in response to a stressor, as well as tighter coupling between the amygdala and the DMPFC, are associated with greater increases in inflammatory activity. Results from this study begin to identify neural mechanisms that might link stress with increased risk for inflammation-related disorders such as cardiovascular disease and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely A. Muscatell
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholars Program, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katarina Dedovic
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Research Centre of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R. Jarcho
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Loras College, Dubuque, IA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Breen
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julienne E. Bower
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naomi I. Eisenberger
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author. Address: UCLA Psychology Department, Box 951563, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA. (N.I. Eisenberger)
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18
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Huang ST, Lin CL, Yu TM, Yang TC, Kao CH. Nonapnea sleep disorders and incident chronic kidney disease: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e429. [PMID: 25634175 PMCID: PMC4602952 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonapnea sleep disorders (NASDs) are associated with an increased risk of stroke, diabetes, and hypertension. No longitudinal study has yet examined the association between NASD and chronic kidney disease (CKD) by using epidemiologic study methods. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of NASD on the incidence of CKD in a large population-based retrospective cohort study. Based on a retrospective cohort study of a general population sample of 128 to 436 patients in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2001, 42 to 812 NASD patients were followed up for 10.2 ± 3.12 years, and additional 85 to 624 individuals had no NASD at baseline. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification was used to identify the diagnosis of disease. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the association between NASD and subsequent CKD risk. The incidence rate of CKD was significantly higher in the NASD cohort than in the comparison cohort (2.68 vs 1.88 per 1000 person-years, respectively). After we adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities, the risk of developing CKD was significant for patients with NASD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-1.22; P < 0.01). Among different types of NASDs, patients with sleep disturbance associated disorders had a 14% increased risk of developing CKD (95% CI = 1.03-1.26; P < 0.01), whereas patients with insomnia had a 13% increased risk of subsequent CKD (95% CI = 1.02-1.25; P < 0.05) compared with the non-NASD cohort. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the CKD-free rate was 1% lower in the NASD cohort than in the comparison cohort (log-rank test, P < 0.0001). Our study provides evidence that patients with NASD have an increased risk of developing subsequent CKD compared with patients without NASD; men, elderly people, and patients with concomitant comorbidities are at the greatest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ting Huang
- From the Division of Nephrology (S-TH, T-MY), Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science (S-TH, T-MY), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University; Management Office for Health Data (C-LL), China Medical University Hospital; College of Medicine (C-LL), China Medical University; Division of Nephrology (T-CY), Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital; School of Medicine (C-HK), China Medical University; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center (C-HK), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zulkifli I, Najafi P, Nurfarahin A, Soleimani A, Kumari S, Aryani AA, O'Reilly E, Eckersall P. Acute phase proteins, interleukin 6, and heat shock protein 70 in broiler chickens administered with corticosterone. Poult Sci 2014; 93:3112-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Allam G, Alsulaimani AA, Alghamdi H, Alswat H, Edrees BM, Ahmad I, Nasr A. Changes in the levels of cytokines in both diabetic/non-diabetic type I children living in a moderate altitude area in Saudi Arabia. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 15:380-7. [PMID: 25167161 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2014.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of living in moderate altitude area on pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines profile (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-4) among type I diabetic (T1D) and non- T1D children compared with those living at sea level area. A prospective clinical study was carried out at pediatric outpatient endocrine clinics in Taif City, which is a moderate altitude area in Saudi Arabia, that stands about 1800-2000 meters above sea-level; and in Mecca City, which is a sea level area, that lies in the middle west of Saudi Arabia. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) percentage was estimated and cytokine measurements were performed in sera by flow cytometry using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) technology. In this study we included 600 children who were consecutively enrolled (sex and age were matched). The HbA1c was statistically significantly higher in children living in moderate altitude compared to those living at sea level (overall p<0.001). Furthermore, T1D patients had higher values of serum cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10) in comparison to non-T1D control group (overall p<0.001). In conclusion, the data of the present study clearly showed that in both T1D and non-T1D children, moderate altitude-natives expressed high HbA1c and both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Type I diabetic children living in moderate altitude or at sea level showed elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10 than control subjects. Glycemic control in non-diabetic children was affected by living in moderate altitude, however, HbA1c significantly increased in diabetic children living in moderate altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Allam
- 1 High Altitude Research Center, Taif University , Taif, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Atila A, Kadioglu Y, Suleyman H. Effects of paracetamol and etodolac on plasma adrenaline levels of rats. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Circadian rhythmicity, variability and correlation of interleukin-6 levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 44:71-82. [PMID: 24767621 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine with pleiotropic actions in both the periphery of the body and the central nervous system (CNS). Altered IL-6 secretion has been associated with inflammatory dysregulation and several adverse health consequences. However, little is known about the physiological circadian characteristics and dynamic inter-correlation between circulating and CNS IL-6 levels in humans, or their significance. METHODS Simultaneous assessment of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-6 levels was performed hourly in 11 healthy male volunteers over 24h, to characterize physiological IL-6 secretion levels in both compartments. RESULTS IL-6 levels showed considerable within- and between-subject variability in both plasma and CSF, with plasma/CSF ratios revealing consistently higher levels in the CSF. Both CSF and plasma IL-6 levels showed a distinctive circadian variation, with CSF IL-6 levels exhibiting a main 24h, and plasma a biphasic 12h, circadian component. Plasma peaks were roughly at 4 p.m. and 4 a.m., while the CSF peak was at around 7 p.m. There was no correlation between coincident CSF and plasma IL-6 values, but evidence for significant correlations at a negative 7-8h time lag. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence in humans for a circadian IL-6 rhythm in CSF and confirms prior observations reporting a plasma biphasic circadian pattern. Our results indicate differential IL-6 regulation across the two compartments and are consistent with local production of IL-6 in the CNS. Possible physiological significance is discussed and implications for further research are highlighted.
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Abstract
Psychosocial stress is an important precursor of disease and reduced quality of life in humans. The biological pathways between stress exposure and pathophysiological processes underlying disease have received substantial scientific attention, although the roles of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system remain insufficiently understood. Recent attention has focused on chronic systemic low-grade inflammation as a promising pathway because elevated inflammation often accompanies chronic psychosocial distress. These alterations of inflammatory activity play a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases that are adversely affected by chronic distress, such as cardiovascular disease. Transient increases in systemic inflammation are observed in response to acute psychosocial stress, with larger responses among individuals reporting adverse psychosocial states or conditions such as depression, lower self-esteem, or lower self-compassion. Recent evidence shows that lower subjective social status and perceived purpose in life are associated with sensitization of inflammatory stress responses to repeated stress exposure. The aims of this selective review article are to summarize current knowledge of the role of acute and chronic psychosocial stress on low-grade inflammation in humans and to discuss potential relationships between inflammatory responses to acute psychosocial stress and long-term development of disease.
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Hertz L, Song D, Li B, Yan E, Peng L. Importance of ‘inflammatory molecules’, but not necessarily of inflammation, in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and in the mechanisms of action of anti-bipolar drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Alvarez P, Green PG, Levine JD. Stress in the adult rat exacerbates muscle pain induced by early-life stress. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:688-95. [PMID: 23706525 PMCID: PMC3760993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life stress and exposure to stressful stimuli play a major role in the development of chronic widespread pain in adults. However, how they interact in chronic pain syndromes remains unclear. METHODS Dams and neonatal litters were submitted to a restriction of nesting material (neonatal limited bedding [NLB]) for 1 week. As adults, these rats were exposed to a painless sound stress protocol. The involvement of sympathoadrenal catecholamines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in nociception was evaluated through behavioral and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, surgical interventions, and intrathecal antisense treatments. RESULTS Adult NLB rats exhibited mild muscle hyperalgesia, which was markedly aggravated by sound stress (peaking 15 days after exposure). Adrenal medullectomy did not modify hyperalgesia in NLB rats but prevented its aggravation by sound stress. Sustained administration of epinephrine to NLB rats mimicked sound stress effect. Intrathecal treatment with antisense directed to IL-6 receptor subunit gp130 (gp130), but not to tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR1), inhibited hyperalgesia in NLB rats. However, antisense against either gp130 or TNFR1 inhibited sound stress-induced enhancement of hyperalgesia. Compared with control rats, NLB rats exhibit increased plasma levels of IL-6 but decreased levels of TNFα, whereas sound stress increases IL-6 plasma levels in control rats but not in NLB rats. CONCLUSIONS Early-life stress induces a persistent elevation of IL-6, hyperalgesia, and susceptibility to chronic muscle pain, which is unveiled by exposure to stress in adults. This probably depends on an interaction between adrenal catecholamines and proinflammatory cytokines acting at muscle nociceptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco,Department of Division of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco,Corresponding author’s contact information: Dr. Jon D. Levine, Departments of Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, C-555, Box 0440, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440. Phone: +1-415-476-5108, Fax: +1-415-476-6305,
| | - Paul G. Green
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco,Department of Division of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco
| | - Jon D. Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco,Department of Division of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco
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26
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Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation, in particular increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 in the circulation, is observed with increasing age, but it is also as a consequence of various medical and psychological conditions, as well as life-style choices. Since molecules such as IL-6 have pleiotropic effects, consequences are wide ranging. This short review summarizes the evidence showing how IL-6 elevations in the context of inflammatory disease affect the organism, with a focus on sleep-related symptoms and fatigue; and conversely, how alterations in sleep duration and quality stimulate increased concentrations of IL-6 in the circulation. Research showing that acute as well as chronic psychological stress also increase concentrations of IL-6 supports the notion of a close link between an organism's response to physiological and psychological perturbations. The findings summarized here further underscore the particular importance of IL-6 as a messenger molecule that connects peripheral regulatory processes with the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
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García-Muñoz A, Rodríguez MA, Bologna-Molina R, Cázares-Raga FE, Hernández-Hernández FC, Farfán-Morales JE, Trujillo JJ, Licéaga-Escalera C, Mendoza-Hernández G. The orosomucoid 1 protein (α1 acid glycoprotein) is overexpressed in odontogenic myxoma. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:49. [PMID: 22888844 PMCID: PMC3493304 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is a benign, but locally invasive, neoplasm occurring in the jaws. However, the molecules implicated in its development are unknown. OM as well as Dental Follicle (DF), an odontogenic tissue surrounding the enamel organ, is derived from ectomesenchymal/mesencyhmal elements. To identify some protein that could participate in the development of this neoplasm, total proteins from OM were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the profiles were compared with those obtained from DF, used as a control. RESULTS We identified eight proteins with differential expression; two of them were downregulated and six upregulated in OM. A spot consistently overexpressed in odontogenic myxoma, with a molecular weight of 44-kDa and a pI of 3.5 was identified as the orosomucoid 1 protein. Western blot experiments confirmed the overexpression of this protein in odontogenic myxoma and immunohistochemical assays showed that this protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm of stellate and spindle-shaped cells of this neoplasm. CONCLUSION Orosomucoid 1, which belongs to a group of acute-phase proteins, may play a role in the modulation of the immune system and possibly it influences the development of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Muñoz
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., México
| | - Mario A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., México
| | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Departamento de Investigación, Escuela de Odontología, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Febe E Cázares-Raga
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., México
| | | | | | - Juan J Trujillo
- Departamento de Cirugía Maxilofacial, Hospital Juárez de México, México, D.F., México
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Redlich K, Smolen JS. Inflammatory bone loss: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:234-50. [PMID: 22378270 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a tissue undergoing continuous building and degradation. This remodelling is a tightly regulated process that can be disturbed by many factors, particularly hormonal changes. Chronic inflammation can also perturb bone metabolism and promote increased bone loss. Inflammatory diseases can arise all over the body, including in the musculoskeletal system (for example, rheumatoid arthritis), the intestine (for example, inflammatory bowel disease), the oral cavity (for example, periodontitis) and the lung (for example, cystic fibrosis). Wherever inflammatory diseases occur, systemic effects on bone will ensue, as well as increased fracture risk. Here, we discuss the cellular and signalling pathways underlying, and strategies for therapeutically interfering with, the inflammatory loss of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Redlich
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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78495111110.1038/nrd3669" />
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Significance of the adrenal and sympathetic response to burn injury. TOTAL BURN CARE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2786-9.00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Neunhoeffer F, Lipponer D, Eichner M, Poets CF, Wacker A, Orlikowsky TW. Influence of Gestational Age, Cesarean Section and Hematocrit on lnterleukin-8 Concentrations in Plasma and Detergent-Lysed Whole Blood of Noninfected Newborns. Transfus Med Hemother 2011; 38:183-189. [PMID: 21760762 PMCID: PMC3128150 DOI: 10.1159/000328860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY: BACKGROUND: Sensitivity of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in detecting early-onset bacterial infection (EOBI) is high. A high percentage is bound to nonspecific receptors on erythrocytes which can be determined via cell lysis. We have shown detergent-lysed whole blood (DLWB) IL-8 to be superior to plasma IL-8 in detecting EOBI. METHODS: To evaluate influence of pre- and perinatal factors on plasma and DLWB IL-8 concentrations, IL-8 was determined via ELISA (Immu-lite) in 146 noninfected newborns with risk factors for EOBI at two different time periods: 0-6 (group I) and 24-30 h (group II) after birth. The influence of gender, mode of delivery, gestational age and hematocrit was evaluated. RESULTS: While we found no influence of gender or gestational age, hematocrit was positively correlated with IL-8 plasma concentration (group I: r = 0.33, p < 0.001; group II: r = 0.30, p <0.01). IL-8 plasma concentrations after primary versus secondary cesarean section were lower (p < 0.05). Gestational age was correlated with DLWB IL-8 concentrations (group I: r = 0.46, p < 0.001; group II: r = 0.28, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Plasma IL-8 concentrations were positively correlated with hematocrit, whereas DLWB IL-8 concentrations increased with gestational age. This may be relevant to the interpretation of IL-8 in preterm infants and infants with anemia, polyglobulia or hematolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Lipponer
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Germany
| | - Martin Eichner
- Department of Medical Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | | | - Annette Wacker
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Germany
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Lopau K, Mark J, Schramm L, Heidbreder E, Wanner C. Hormonal changes in brain death and immune activation in the donor. Transpl Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2000.tb02038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Influence of physical exercise on neuroimmunological functioning and health: aging and stress. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:69-83. [PMID: 20953749 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and acute stress, with associated pathophysiology, are implicated in a variety of disease states, with neuroimmunological dysregulation and inflammation as major hazards to health and functional sufficiency. Psychosocial stress and negative affect are linked to elevations in several inflammatory biomarkers. Immunosenescence, the deterioration of immune competence observed in the aged aspect of the life span, linked to a dramatic rise in morbidity and susceptibility to diseases with fatal outcomes, alters neuroimmunological function and is particularly marked in the neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Physical exercise diminishes inflammation and elevates agents and factors involved in immunomodulatory function. Both the alleviatory effects of life-long physical activity upon multiple cancer forms and the palliative effects of physical activity for individuals afflicted by cancer offer advantages in health intervention. Chronic conditions of stress and affective dysregulation are associated with neuroimmunological insufficiency and inflammation, contributing to health risk and mortality. Physical exercise regimes have induced manifest anti-inflammatory benefits, mediated possibly by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The epidemic proportions of metabolic disorders, obesity, and diabetes demand attention; several variants of exercise regimes have been found repeatedly to induce both prevention and improvement under both laboratory and clinical conditions. Physical exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic intervention incorporating multiple activity regimes, e.g., endurance versus resistance exercise that may be adapted to conform to the particular demands of diagnosis, intervention and prognosis inherent to the staging of autoimmune disorders and related conditions.
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Abstract
Controlled, experimental studies on the effects of acute sleep loss in humans have shown that mediators of inflammation are altered by sleep loss. Elevations in these mediators have been found to occur in healthy, rigorously screened individuals undergoing experimental vigils of more than 24h, and have also been seen in response to various durations of sleep restricted to between 25 and 50% of a normal 8h sleep amount. While these altered profiles represent small changes, such sub-clinical shifts in basal inflammatory cytokines are known to be associated with the future development of metabolic syndrome disease in healthy, asymptomatic individuals. Although the mechanism of this altered inflammatory status in humans undergoing experimental sleep loss is unknown, it is likely that autonomic activation and metabolic changes play key roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Mullington
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Burness G, Armstrong C, Fee T, Tilman-Schindel E. Is there an energetic-based trade-off between thermoregulation and the acute phase response in zebra finches? J Exp Biol 2010; 213:1386-94. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.027011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
There has been recent interest in understanding trade-offs between immune function and other fitness-related traits. At proximate levels, such trade-offs are presumed to result from the differential allocation of limited energy resources. Whether the costs of immunity are sufficient to necessitate such energy reallocation remains unclear. We tested the metabolic and behavioural response of male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to the combined effects of thermoregulation and generation of an acute phase response (APR). The APR is the first line of defence against pathogens, and is considered energetically costly. We predicted that at cold temperatures zebra finches would exhibit an attenuated APR when compared with individuals at thermoneutrality. We challenged individuals with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an immunogenic compound that stimulates an APR. Following LPS injection, we measured changes in food intake, body mass, activity, and resting and total energy expenditure. When challenged with LPS under ad libitum food, individuals at both temperatures decreased food intake and activity, resulting in similar mass loss. In contrast to predicted energetic trade-offs, cold-exposed individuals injected with LPS increased their nocturnal resting energy expenditure more than did individuals held at thermoneutrality, yet paradoxically lost less mass overnight. Although responding to LPS was energetically costly, resulting in a 10% increase in resting expenditure and 16% increase in total expenditure, there were few obvious energetic trade-offs. Our data support recent suggestions that the energetic cost of an immune response may not be the primary mechanism driving trade-offs between immune system function and other fitness-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 5B8
| | | | - Thomas Fee
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 5B8
| | - Elinor Tilman-Schindel
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 5B8
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Matsunaga M, Isowa T, Murakami H, Kasugai K, Yoneda M, Kaneko H, Ohira H. Association of polymorphism in the human mu-opioid receptor OPRM1 gene with proinflammatory cytokine levels and health perception. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:931-5. [PMID: 19341791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in psychoneuroimmunology have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines cause several diseases and behaviors that overlap symptomatically with depression. It is known that the endogenous opioid peptide beta-endorphin regulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion from peripheral immune cells via mu-opioid receptor-dependent mechanisms. Therefore, it is possible that the functional polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1, SNP: A118G) influences peripheral circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels and the health-related quality of life (QOL) even in healthy populations. In this study, we compared the serum concentrations of several proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)) and the health-related QOL between OPRM1 genotypes. Interestingly, serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma were significantly lower and the general health score was significantly higher in carriers of the G allele, who show a strong binding of beta-endorphin to the mu-opioid receptor as compared to individuals without the G allele. Correlation analysis indicated that the general health score was negatively correlated with the IL-6 serum concentration. These results suggest that the sensitive endogenous opioid system in carriers of the G allele may suppress proinflammatory cytokine secretion from peripheral immune cells; consequently, it may influence the health perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsunaga
- Department of Neurology Psychosomatic Medicine, Ban Buntane Hotokukai Hospital, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 454-8509, Japan.
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Tomita M, Okuyama T, Nata M, Katsuyama H, Hidaka K, Watanabe Y, Otsuki T, Moriya F, Ishizu H. Methamphetamine protects against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in mice. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2009; 11 Suppl 1:S437-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Berczi I, Quintanar-Stephano A, Kovacs K. Neuroimmune regulation in immunocompetence, acute illness, and healing. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1153:220-39. [PMID: 19236345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunocompetence is maintained by growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and vasopressin (VP). Innate or natural immunocompetence depends on cytokines, hormones (especially of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis), and catecholamines. The acute phase response (APR, or acute febrile illness) is an emergency defense reaction whereby the adaptive, T cell-dependent, immune reactions are suppressed and the innate immune function is dramatically amplified. Infection and various forms of injury induce APR. Cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6] stimulate corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and VP secretion and cause a "sympathetic outflow." Colony-stimulating factors activate leukocytes. CRH is a powerful activator of the pituitary adrenocortical axis and elevates glucocorticoid (GC) levels. Cytokines, GCs, and catecholamines play fundamental roles in the amplification of natural immune defense mechanisms. VP supports the APR at this stage. However, VP remains active and is elevated for a longer period than is CRH. VP, but not CRH, is elevated during chronic inflammatory diseases. VP controls adaptive immune function and stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and PRL secretion. PRL maintains the function of the thymus and of the T cell-dependent adaptive immune system. The ACTH-adrenal axis stimulates natural immunity and of suppressor/regulatory T cells, which suppress the adaptive immune system. VP also has a direct effect on lymphoid cells, the significance of which remains to be elucidated. It is suggested that VP regulates the process of recovery from acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Berczi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Mullington JM, Haack M, Toth M, Serrador JM, Meier-Ewert HK. Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 51:294-302. [PMID: 19110131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
That insufficient sleep is associated with poor attention and performance deficits is becoming widely recognized. Fewer people are aware that chronic sleep complaints in epidemiologic studies have also been associated with an increase in overall mortality and morbidity. This article summarizes findings of known effects of insufficient sleep on cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, glucose metabolism, hormonal regulation, and inflammation with particular emphasis on experimental sleep loss, using models of total and partial sleep deprivation, in healthy individuals who normally sleep in the range of 7 to 8 hours and have no sleep disorders. These studies show that insufficient sleep alters established cardiovascular risk factors in a direction that is known to increase the risk of cardiac morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Mullington
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Division of Cardiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hiramoto K, Homma T, Jikumaru M, Miyashita H, Sato EF, Inoue M. Fasting differentially modulates the immunological system: its mechanism and sex difference. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008; 43:75-81. [PMID: 18818756 PMCID: PMC2533722 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological properties and hormonal metabolism in rodents are affected by physical and psychological stress more strongly in males than in females. To elucidate the mechanism and physiological significance of the sex difference in the susceptibility of animal to stresses, changes in the immunological system in plasma and intestine and hormonal status in plasma were compared among 8-week-old male and female ICR mice before and after fasting. During the fasting of animals, the expression of immunoglobulin A in intestinal mucosa, and cortisol, interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma in plasma increased. These changes occurred more apparently in males than in females. Under identical conditions, the plasma levels of testosterone decreased markedly with concomitant occurrence of apoptosis in the testis, while the plasma levels of estradiol decreased calmly, and no appreciable apoptosis occurred in the ovary. These results indicate that testosterone enhances the stress-induced modulation of the immune system by some mechanism that was antagonized by estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Basic Research, Kitasato Institute, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tamami Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Mika Jikumaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Miyashita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Eisuke F. Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masayasu Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Iloprost Pretreatment Before Unilateral Nephrectomy: An Experimental Study in Rats. Asian J Surg 2008; 31:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/s1015-9584(08)60061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Liang Y, Christopher K, Finn PW, Colson YL, Perkins DL. Graft Produced Interleukin-6 Functions as a Danger Signal and Promotes Rejection After Transplantation. Transplantation 2007; 84:771-7. [PMID: 17893611 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000281384.24333.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the role of IL-6 in allograft rejection remains poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we demonstrate a critical role for graft-produced IL-6 in allograft rejection in a murine model of cardiac allograft transplantation. RESULTS The results show that IL-6-deficient grafts transplanted into allogeneic wild-type recipients have significantly prolonged survival, approximately three times the survival time of wild-type controls. In contrast, allogeneic cardiac transplants into IL-6-deficient recipients do not have prolonged graft survival, indicating that donor graft cells are the relevant source of IL-6. Our investigation of potential mechanisms shows that graft-produced IL-6 promotes the activation of peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cells. Furthermore, we show that IL-6 deficiency prolongs graft survival only in the presence of CD25+ T cells that have a phenotype consistent with regulatory T cells. Interestingly, IL-6 production by the graft is triggered by antigen-independent innate immune mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our results suggest the paradigm that graft rejection versus tolerance is determined by a balance between the activation of effector T cells versus immune suppression by regulatory T cells, and that after transplantation, IL-6 functions as a systemic danger signal that overcomes constitutive immune suppression mediated by regulatory T cells and promotes the activation of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Banaś M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Janowska J, Kocełak P, Madej P, Klimek K. Is the polycystic ovary syndrome associated with chronic inflammation per se? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 133:197-202. [PMID: 17224231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-soluble receptors, and IL-6 in obese women without additional diseases and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). STUDY DESIGN The study group consisted of 39 obese women with PCOS and 34 age-matched obese women without additional disease were included as controls. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured by the enzymatic procedure. Plasma insulin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, total and free testosterone, cortisol, progesterone, 17OH-progesterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured by a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF receptors (sTNFRs), and IL-6 were determined by an ELISA. RESULTS We did not observe any differences in serum concentrations of TNF-alpha between obese women with and without PCOS. Serum concentrations of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were significantly higher in PCOS patients compared with controls; however, serum concentrations of IL-6 were significantly lower in PCOS patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PCOS is not associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics and Unit on Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is usually defined as an acute pulmonary edema occurring shortly after a central neurologic insult. It has been reported regularly for a long time in numerous and various injuries of the central nervous system in both adults and children, but remains poorly understood because of the complexity of its pathophysiologic mechanisms involving hemodynamic and inflammatory aspects. NPE seems to be under-diagnosed in acute neurologic injuries, partly because the prevention and detection of non-neurologic complications of acute cerebral insults are not at the forefront of the strategy of physicians. The presence of NPE should be high on the list of diagnoses when patients with central neurologic injury suddenly become dyspneic or present with a decreased P(a)o(2)/F(i)o(2) ratio. The associated mortality rate is high, but recovery is usually rapid with early and appropriate management. The treatment of NPE should aim to meet the oxygenation needs without impairing cerebral hemodynamics, to avoid pulmonary worsening and to treat possible associated myocardial dysfunction. During brain death, NPE may worsen myocardial dysfunction, preventing heart harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baumann
- Département d'Anesthésie - Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Hôpital Central, Nancy, France
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Jones SB, Muthu K, Shankar R, Gamelli RL. Significance of the adrenal and sympathetic response to burn injury. TOTAL BURN CARE 2007:343-360. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3274-8.50028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Gander ML, von Känel R. Myocardial infarction and post-traumatic stress disorder: frequency, outcome, and atherosclerotic mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:165-72. [PMID: 16575268 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000214606.60995.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop in the aftermath of an acute myocardial infarction (MI). Whether PTSD is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is elusive. The biological mechanisms linking PTSD with atherosclerosis are unclear. DESIGN A critical review of 31 studies in the English language pursuing three aims: (i) to estimate the prevalence of PTSD in post-MI patients; (ii) to investigate the association of PTSD with cardiovascular endpoints; and (iii) to search for low-grade systemic inflammatory changes in PTSD pertinent to atherosclerosis. METHODS We located studies by PubMed electronic library search and through checking the bibliographies of these sources. RESULTS The weighted prevalence of PTSD after MI was 14.7% (range 0-25%; a total of 13 studies and 827 post-MI patients). Two studies reported a prospective association between PTSD and an increased risk of cardiovascular readmission in post-MI patients and of cardiovascular mortality in combat veterans, respectively. In a total of 11 studies, patients with PTSD had increased rates of physician-rated and self-reported cardiovascular diseases. Various cytokines and C-reactive protein were investigated in a total of seven studies suggesting that PTSD confers a pro-inflammatory state. CONCLUSIONS Increasing evidence suggests that PTSD specifically related to MI develops considerably frequently in post-MI patients. More research is needed in larger cohorts applying a population design to substantiate findings suggesting PTSD is an atherogenic risk factor and to understand better the suspected behavioural and biological mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Gander
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine/Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Berne, Switzerland
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Müssig K, Gallwitz B, Machicao F, Horger M, Häring HU, Kaiserling E. Paraadrenal Castleman disease presenting with adrenal hyperandrogenism. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29:172-6. [PMID: 16610246 DOI: 10.1007/bf03344093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Castleman disease, or angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disorder. We report an uncommon case of retroperitoneal Castleman syndrome associated with adrenal hyperandrogenism and with interleukin-6 as the possible link in the pathophysiology of both disturbances. Four years after surgical resection of the paraadrenal mass, the patient is free of signs of recurrence of Castleman disease and adrenal hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müssig
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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von Känel R, Kudielka BM, Preckel D, Hanebuth D, Fischer JE. Delayed response and lack of habituation in plasma interleukin-6 to acute mental stress in men. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:40-8. [PMID: 15890495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute mental stress induces a significant increase in plasma interleukin (IL)-6 levels as a possible mechanism for how psychological stress might contribute to atherosclerosis. We investigated whether the IL-6 response would habituate in response to a repetitively applied mental stressor and whether cortisol reactivity would show a relationship with IL-6 reactivity. Study participants were 21 reasonably healthy men (mean age 46+/-7 years) who underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (combination of a 3-min preparation, 5-min speech, and 5-min mental arithmetic) three times with an interval of 1 week. Plasma IL-6 and free salivary cortisol were measured immediately before and after stress, and at 45 and 105 min of recovery from stress. Cortisol samples were also obtained 15 and 30 min after stress. Compared to non-stressed controls, IL-6 significantly increased between rest and 45 min post-stress (p=.022) and between rest and 105 min post-stress (p=.001). Peak cortisol (p=.034) and systolic blood pressure (p=.009) responses to stress both habituated between weeks one and three. No adaptation occurred in diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and IL-6 responses to stress. The areas under the curve integrating the stress-induced changes in cortisol and IL-6 reactivity were negatively correlated at visit three (r=-.54, p=.011), but not at visit one. The IL-6 response to acute mental stress occurs delayed and shows no adaptation to repeated moderate mental stress. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis may attenuate stress reactivity of IL-6. The lack of habituation in IL-6 responses to daily stress could subject at-risk individuals to higher atherosclerotic morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland von Känel
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Berne, Switzerland.
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