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Lee JM, Watanuki S. Cardiovascular responses of Type A and Type B behavior patterns to visual stimulation during rest, stress and recovery. J Physiol Anthropol 2007; 26:1-8. [PMID: 17283386 DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.26.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in the cardiovascular responses of individuals with behavior patterns of Type A and Type B were investigated during rest, stress, and recovery by visual stimulation. Thirty healthy undergraduate and graduate students (mean age: 22.18+/-1.44 years) were categorized as Type A (N=14), or Type B (N=16) based on the Kwansei Gakuin's daily life questionnaire. The cardiovascular reactivity of all participants was repetitively monitored for 6 sessions, with each session comprising 3 conditional phases, viz., resting, stress, and post-stress recovery. A gray screen was displayed during resting, displeasure-evoking images were displayed under the stress condition, and video clips of a forest or a control image (a gray screen) were displayed during the recovery condition. When participants were subjected to different stimuli on a 42-inch plasma television screen in each session, electrocardiograms (ECG), impedance cardiograms and the blood pressure (BP) of the respective participants were continuously monitored. According to the results, Type A indicated higher sympathetic reactivity than Type B during resting and under stress. As such, Type A indicated a shorter pre-ejection period (PEP) level during resting and a greater cardiac output (CO) increase under stress than Type B. Furthermore, parasympathetic predominance and parasympathetic antagonism accompanying the enhanced sympathetic activity induced by the unpleasant stress images decreased heart rate (HR) in both Type A and Type B, although the decrease in Type A was relatively meager. Unlike previous studies, the present study demonstrated that Type A indicated more enhanced sympathetic reactivity than Type B in resting physiological arousal levels and visual stimulus-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mi Lee
- Department of Human Living System Design, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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2
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Abstract
Although stress theories assert that psychological characteristics influence illness through their effects on physiological reactions to psychosocial stimuli, it has been difficult to demonstrate substantial associations to support this contention. Effectiveness of defense (ED) is a clinical assessment based on emotional reaction to stress, disruption of physiological and social functioning, and the ability to mobilize additional defenses to deal with acute, superimposed stress. By convention, high scores on these assessments define ineffective defenses. In 6 of 7 samples studied to date, a significant ED-cortisol correlation was obtained (combined significance, p less than 0.00006). The ED-cortisol correlation averaged r = 0.41 for the seven samples and evidence from two studies suggests that ED is particularly important during high stress. These findings indicate that ineffective defenses are associated with higher cortisol excretion and establish ED as a topic worthy of study in connection with psychosocial stress. Future research issues include determining the importance of individual components of the overall ED rating and ascertaining whether ED has other physiological correlates in addition to cortisol.
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Bermúdez J, Pérez-García A. Cardiovascular reactivity, affective responses and performance related to the risk dimensions of coronary-prone behaviour. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Suls J, Wan CK. The relationship between trait hostility and cardiovascular reactivity: a quantitative review and analysis. Psychophysiology 1993; 30:615-26. [PMID: 8248453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Results of a series of meta-analyses indicated that high and low scorers on most trait hostility measures do not consistently differ in blood pressure or heart rate reactivity to traditional laboratory stressors. The few significant effects were modest in size, and instances of hyporeactivity were found. When stressors were classified as provocative versus nonprovocative, in accord with Trait x Situation approaches, however, Potential for Hostility-Interpersonal Style was predictive of exaggerated systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses and the Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory was predictive of diastolic blood pressure responses to provocative stressors. Hence, the next generation of studies of the hostility-reactivity hypothesis should emphasize interpersonal stressors. Alternative mechanisms for the disease consequences of hostility should also be examined, however, because the available evidence indicates that the hyperreactivity hypothesis is unlikely to furnish a complete explanation for the association between hostility and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suls
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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5
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Lázaro ML, Valdés M, Marcos T, Guarch J. Borderline hypertension, daily stress and psychological variables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/smi.2460090404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Svebak S, Knardahl S, Nordby H, Aakvaag A. Components of type A behavior pattern as predictors of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular reactivity in challenging tasks. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90244-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Delistraty DA, Greene WA, Carlberg KA, Raver KK. Cardiovascular reactivity in Type A and B males to mental arithmetic and aerobic exercise at an equivalent oxygen uptake. Psychophysiology 1992; 29:264-71. [PMID: 1626036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular hyperreactivity (i.e., response in excess of metabolic requirements) to psychological stress has been implicated in the development of coronary heart disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular hyperreactivity to psychological stress in Type A and B subjects. Fifteen Type A and 15 Type B young men performed mental arithmetic and cycle ergometry tasks. Linear regressions were calculated for each dependent variable during exercise with oxygen uptake serving as the independent variable. All cardiovascular variables were significantly correlated (p less than .0001) with oxygen uptake during exercise. The regression equations obtained during exercise were then used to predict the value of each cardiovascular variable at the oxygen uptake level obtained during mental arithmetic for each person. Repeated measures ANOVA compared responses observed during arithmetic with responses predicted from exercise at an equivalent oxygen uptake in Type A and B subjects. Heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and mean arterial pressure were significantly greater (p less than .0001) and stroke volume was significantly lower (p less than .0002) during arithmetic than during exercise, while Heather index, cardiac output, and arteriovenous oxygen difference did not differ significantly. No significant differences were found between Type A and B males. Results demonstrated that cardiovascular hyperreactivity was equally robust across Type A and B subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Delistraty
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney 99004
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8
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Jones KV. Type a behavior as a generally available strategy: Varying activation by tasks and instructions. Psychol Health 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/08870449108400429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Lash SJ, Eisler RM, Schulman RS. Cardiovascular reactivity to stress in men. Effects of masculine gender role stress appraisal and masculine performance challenge. Behav Modif 1990; 14:3-20. [PMID: 2294899 DOI: 10.1177/01454455900141001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that excessive cardiovascular reactivity may be important in the development of coronary heart disease. The present study examined the role of masculine cognitive appraisal of stress as a mediator of cardiovascular reactivity in men. The reactivity of men who differed on a measure of individual differences in men's cognitive appraisal of masculine gender role stress (MGRS) were compared on the cold-pressor test under conditions of high and low masculine performance challenge. Under conditions of minimal challenge, it was predicted that high- and low-MGRS men would not differ on reactivity. Under high challenge, high-MGRS men were expected to show greater reactivity than were low-MGRS men. Analysis of results for systolic blood pressure confirmed the major predictions. High-MGRS men showed greater systolic blood pressure reactivity than did low-MGRS men under high but not low masculine challenge. The implications of MGRS appraisal for men's health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lash
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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10
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Lawler KA, Huck SW, Smalley LB. Physiological correlates of the coronary-prone behavior pattern in women during examination stress. Physiol Behav 1989; 45:777-9. [PMID: 2780847 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This research is an assessment of the physiological correlates of Type A behavior in college-aged women. Subjects were monitored while they took a midterm statistics examination; the dependent variables were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Type A or B behavior was assessed with the student form of the Jenkins Activity Survey. The results indicated that Type A women had higher levels of systolic blood pressure and heart rate, and lower levels of heart rate variability. Thus, when the stressor was a genuine examination, Type A behavior in young women was associated with increased physiological response levels compared to Type B's, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that Type A behavior is associated with sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Lawler
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
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11
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van Doornen LJ, van Blokland RW. The relation of type A behavior and vital exhaustion with physiological reactions to real life stress. J Psychosom Res 1989; 33:715-25. [PMID: 2621675 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(89)90087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type A behavior and a Vital Exhaustion/Depression cluster seem to be the most crucial elements of the psychological 'coronary risk profile'. The question is, what physiological mechanisms intervene between these characteristics and CHD risk. In the present study the relationship was investigated between type A behavior and Vital Exhaustion on the one hand and the reaction of blood pressure, catecholamines and cholesterol to a real life stressor (Ph.D. thesis defence) on the other. Type A was shown to be related to a stronger response of adrenaline and diastolic blood pressure to the stressor. Vital Exhaustion was also positively correlated with the adrenaline reaction, and moreover, with cholesterol base level, stress induced cholesterol change, and noradrenaline and cholesterol stress levels. It was suggested that the relation between Vital Exhaustion and cholesterol parameters may originate in noradrenaline induced lipolysis. Type A and Vital Exhaustion may exert their influence on coronary risk by way of different physiological mechanisms. Type A via exaggerated hemodynamic reactivity, and Vital Exhaustion via lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J van Doornen
- Vrije Universiteit, Dept of Psychology, Amsterdam/The Netherlands
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12
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Kuiper NA, Martin RA. Type a Behavior: A Social Cognition Motivational Perspective. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Harbin TJ. The relationship between the type A behavior pattern and physiological responsivity: a quantitative review. Psychophysiology 1989; 26:110-9. [PMID: 2922451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb03138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have attempted to specify the process linking Type A behavior to coronary artery disease. Increased cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity in Type A individuals has been proposed as the intervening mechanism. There have been several previous reviews of the research relating Type A behavior to physiological reactivity. The authors' conclusions have been equivocal; some assert that Type A persons are more reactive, whereas others find no evidence for such a conclusion. In this report, meta-analysis, an alternative to the traditional narrative review, was employed to provide a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between Type A behavior and physiological reactivity. Results indicated that: 1) Type As respond to cognitive and psychomotor stimulus situations with greater heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses, 2) this relationship is not evident in females, 3) the relationship is more evident for some cognitive tasks than for others, and 4) the strength of the relationship depends upon the instrument used to assess Type A behavior.
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Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether there are subcomponents of the Type A behavior pattern that are more closely related to cardiovascular reactivity than others. The components studied were factor analytically derived subscales of the Jenkins Activity Survey denoting Irritation and Impatience, on the one hand, and Hard-Driving and Competitive, on the other. Heart rate, pulse transit time, forearm electromyography, and palmar skin conductance were measured while the subjects performed a continuous perceptual motor task, as well as during baselines before and after the task. The Irritation and Impatience dimension was consistently related to task-induced changes in heart rate, both in regression analyses and in extreme group analyses of variance. A significant relation was also observed for pulse transit time but not for electromyography. The Hard-Driving and Competitive dimension, on the other hand, was not related to any psychophysiological measures. These results were interpreted to mean that Irritable and Impatient subjects showed a cardiovascular reaction pattern indicative of active coping processes during task performance.
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Albright GL, Andreassi JL, Steiner SS. Interactive effects of type A personality and psychological and physical stressors on human cardiovascular functions. Int J Psychophysiol 1988; 6:315-26. [PMID: 3225208 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8760(88)90019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The first part of this study examined the relationship(s) between Type A behavior scores and heart rate, blood pressure and impedance derived cardiovascular measures in response to discrete stressors during a standardized psychophysiological assessment. Expts. 2A and 2B considered cardiovascular responses to dynamic exercise stress alone and in combination with psychological and cold pressor tests. Gender and stroke volume changes during the psychological stress correlated 0.45 (P less than 0.02) with Type A score. Subscale scores of Job Involvement correlated 0.78 (P less than 0.02) with stroke volume, total systemic resistance and heart rate during the psychological stressor, and systolic blood pressure during the cold pressor task. The combined effects of psychological stress and dynamic exercise on systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly greater than the individual effects of these stressors. The use of impedance cardiography in measuring cardiovascular variables that correlate with Type A behavior, during psychophysiological assessments, may further elucidate our understanding of Type A behavior in addition to providing information about how stress interacts with aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Albright
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College of the City University of New York, NY 10010
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Benight CC, Kinicki AJ. Interaction of Type A behavior and perceived controllability of stressors on stress outcomes. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-8791(88)90033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Abstract
We studied the effects of an audiocassette-relaxation training period (ART) and its timing on success at a teaching test (lecture type), on observed tension and on a number of physiological responses. The electrical activity of the upper trapezius muscle (EMG), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), of female and male instructor candidates, were examined before, during and after the teaching test as well as during its critique. The relaxation period (18 min) was presented either on the preceding night (ARTnt) or immediately before the teaching test (ARTimm). The influence of personality (types A-B and extrovert-introvert) was also studied. ART improved success at the teaching test in both sexes. In males (but not in females), ARTimm decreased EMG level during the test, but ARTnt increased EMG at the test period as compared to the control group. In females, both ARTnt and ARTimm lowered HR more than in the control group. ARTimm lowered systolic BP in both sexes. Personality types affected the ART responses; ART was more beneficial for type A than B subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Helin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Svebak S, Nordby H, Ohman A. The personality of the cardiac responder: interaction of seriousmindedness and type A behavior. Biol Psychol 1987; 25:1-9. [PMID: 3447633 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0511(87)90063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Forty healthy university students were recruited from a larger sample to form subgroups of seriousminded and playful Type A and Type B individuals according to their responses to the Telic Dominance Scale and Jenkins Activity Survey. The experiment made use of a factorial design and tested the hypothesis that cardiovascular reactivity during a continuous perceptual motor task is highest in individuals who are characterized by a combination of seriousmindedness and Type A behavior pattern. Relatively low levels of sympathetic reactivity were expected in playful Type B individuals. Heart rate (HR) and pulse transit time (PTT) scores from baseline and task performance periods supported the conclusions that: (1) Cardiovascular activation appeared during task performance; and that (2) seriousmindedness and Type A behavior exerted particularly significant additive effects upon HR, whereas Type A behavior showed a stronger association than did seriousmindedness with PTT scores. Analyses using pre-task score as covariate to task-scores, indicated stronger reactivity for HR in Type A than in Type B subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Svebak
- Department of Somatic Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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20
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Watkins PL, Ward CH, Southard DR. Empirical support for a Type A belief system. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00960569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Linden W. On the impending death of the Type A construct: or Is there a phoenix rising from the ashes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1037/h0080010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lutz DJ, Holmes DS, Cramer RE. Hard-driving and speed-impatience components of the type A behavior pattern as predictors of physiological arousal, subjective arousal and challenge seeking. J Psychosom Res 1987; 31:713-22. [PMID: 3430432 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(87)90020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Male and female subjects first worked on a cognitive task under conditions of either low or high challenge followed by a physical exercise task. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, subjective arousal, subjective fatigue, and preferred levels of challenge for subsequent tasks were assessed. The results indicated that subjects with high Hard-Driving scores reported lower subjective arousal while working on the cognitive tasks and preferred to work on more challenging cognitive and physical exercise tasks in a subsequent phase of the experiment. In contrast, subjects with high Hard-Driving scores, high Speed-Impatience scores, or high overall Type A scores did not evidence higher physiological arousal in response to either the cognitive or the physical exercise tasks. Utilization of the components of the Type A pattern yielded greater specificity of results and suggests that Type A's are at greater risk from coronary disease for reasons other than those that have been traditionally hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lutz
- Department of Psychology, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield 65804-0095
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24
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Smith TW, Rhodewalt F. On states, traits, and processes: A transactional alternative to the individual difference assumptions in Type A behavior and physiological reactivity. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(86)90132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zelson MF, Simons RF. Sustained attention in type A and type B subjects: a blink reflex analysis. Psychophysiology 1986; 23:385-92. [PMID: 3774923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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The Novacco Anger Scale and Jenkins Activity Survey as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00963578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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The inequivalence of self-reports of Type A behavior: Differential relationships of the Jenkins Activity Survey and the Framingham cale with affect, stress, and control. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00991834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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The framingham Type A Scale: Cardiovascular and cognitive-behavioral responses to interpersonal challenge. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00991571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Synodinos NE, Papacostas CS. Driving habits and behaviour patterns of university students. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1985.tb01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Contrada RJ, Wright RA, Glass DC. Psychophysiologic correlates of Type A behavior: Comments on Houston (1983) and Holmes (1983). JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(85)90034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Malcolm AT, Janisse MP, Dyck DG. Type A behavior, heart rate and pupillary response: effects of cold pressor and ego threat. J Psychosom Res 1984; 28:27-34. [PMID: 6716325 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(84)90037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that Type A individuals would respond to a relevant stressor (ego-threat), but not an irrelevant one (cold pressor), with higher heart rate (HR) and larger pupil size than Type B's. These measures of physiological arousal were taken during baseline and during exposure to each of two sequentially presented, but counterbalanced stress conditions: ego threat and cold pressor. The physiological measures of sympathetic arousal were supplemented with repeated measures of self-reported anxiety. Three distinct findings emerged. First, Type A subjects had higher levels of HR in response to ego threat, but lower levels in response to cold pressor stress, compared to non-stressed baseline levels. Type B's on the other hand had slight, but nondifferential increased HR to the two different stress regimens. Second, the pupillary response to light did not produce results wholly parallel to those obtained with HR, or with the hypothesis that A's are more physiologically responsive than B's. Finally the Type A subjects in all conditions reported less anxiety than did Type B's. The present results generally indicate that A/B differences in cardiovascular arousal do not generalize readily across situations or to all autonomic indices.
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