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Akamine T, Terabayashi T, Sasaki T, Hayashi R, Abe I, Hirayama F, Nureki SI, Ikawa M, Miyata H, Tokunaga A, Kobayashi T, Hanada K, Thumkeo D, Narumiya S, Ishizaki T. Conditional deficiency of Rho-associated kinases disrupts endothelial cell junctions and impairs respiratory function in adult mice. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:906-921. [PMID: 38604990 PMCID: PMC11148122 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ras homology (Rho) family of GTPases serves various functions, including promotion of cell migration, adhesion, and transcription, through activation of effector molecule targets. One such pair of effectors, the Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2), induce reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion through substrate phosphorylation. Studies on ROCK knockout mice have confirmed that ROCK proteins are essential for embryonic development, but their physiological functions in adult mice remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine the roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 proteins in normal adult mice. Tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible ROCK1 and ROCK2 single and double knockout mice (ROCK1flox/flox and/or ROCK2flox/flox;Ubc-CreERT2) were generated and administered a 5-day course of TAM. No deaths occurred in either of the single knockout strains, whereas all of the ROCK1/ROCK2 double conditional knockout mice (DcKO) had died by Day 11 following the TAM course. DcKO mice exhibited increased lung tissue vascular permeability, thickening of alveolar walls, and a decrease in percutaneous oxygen saturation compared with noninducible ROCK1/ROCK2 double-floxed control mice. On Day 3 post-TAM, there was a decrease in phalloidin staining in the lungs in DcKO mice. On Day 5 post-TAM, immunohistochemical analysis also revealed reduced staining for vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, β-catenin, and p120-catenin at cell-cell contact sites in vascular endothelial cells in DcKO mice. Additionally, VE-cadherin/β-catenin complexes were decreased in DcKO mice, indicating that ROCK proteins play a crucial role in maintaining lung function by regulating cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Akamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Takako Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Riku Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Ichitaro Abe
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Hirayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nureki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Animal Resource Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Miyata
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Suita, Japan
| | - Akinori Tokunaga
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Life Science Research Laboratory, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
- Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hanada
- Clinical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Dean Thumkeo
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Ishizaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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Lyck R, Nishihara H, Aydin S, Soldati S, Engelhardt B. Modeling Brain Vasculature Immune Interactions In Vitro. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041185. [PMID: 36617644 PMCID: PMC10513158 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects central nervous system (CNS) neurons from the changeable milieu of the bloodstream by strictly controlling the movement of molecules and immune cells between the blood and the CNS. Immune cell migration across the vascular wall is a multistep process regulated by the sequential interaction of different signaling and adhesion molecules on the endothelium and the immune cells. Accounting for its unique barrier properties and trafficking molecule expression profile, particular adaptions in immune cell migration across the BBB have been observed. Thus, in vitro models of the BBB are desirable to explore the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB. The challenge to overcome is that barrier properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells are not intrinsic and readily lost in culture. With a focus on human in vitro BBB models, we here discuss the suitability of available in vitro models for the BBB for exploring the specific mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Lajoie JM, Katt ME, Waters EA, Herrin BR, Shusta EV. Identification of lamprey variable lymphocyte receptors that target the brain vasculature. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6044. [PMID: 35411012 PMCID: PMC9001667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a significant bottleneck for the delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system. In recent years, the promise of coopting BBB receptor-mediated transport systems for brain drug delivery has increased in large part due to the discovery and engineering of BBB-targeting antibodies. Here we describe an innovative screening platform for identification of new BBB targeting molecules from a class of lamprey antigen recognition proteins known as variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). Lamprey were immunized with murine brain microvessel plasma membranes, and the resultant repertoire cloned into the yeast surface display system. The library was screened via a unique workflow that identified 16 VLR clones that target extracellular epitopes of in vivo-relevant BBB membrane proteins. Of these, three lead VLR candidates, VLR-Fc-11, VLR-Fc-30, and VLR-Fc-46 selectively target the brain vasculature and traffic within brain microvascular endothelial cells after intravenous administration in mice, with VLR-Fc-30 being confirmed as trafficking into the brain parenchyma. Epitope characterization indicates that the VLRs, in part, recognize sialylated glycostructures. These promising new targeting molecules have the potential for brain targeting and drug delivery with improved brain vascular specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Lajoie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Moriah E Katt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Waters
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Sheldon H, Bridges E, Silva I, Masiero M, Favara DM, Wang D, Leek R, Snell C, Roxanis I, Kreuzer M, Gileadi U, Buffa FM, Banham A, Harris AL. ADGRL4/ELTD1 Expression in Breast Cancer Cells Induces Vascular Normalization and Immune Suppression. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1957-1969. [PMID: 34348993 PMCID: PMC7611948 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ELTD1/ADGRL4 expression is increased in the vasculature of a number of tumor types and this correlates with a good prognosis. Expression has also been reported in some tumor cells with high expression correlating with a good prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and a poor prognosis in glioblastoma. Here we show that 35% of primary human breast tumors stain positively for ELTD1, with 9% having high expression that correlates with improved relapse-free survival. Using immunocompetent, syngeneic mouse breast cancer models we found that tumors expressing recombinant murine Eltd1 grew faster than controls, with an enhanced ability to metastasize and promote systemic immune effects. The Eltd1-expressing tumors had larger and better perfused vessels and tumor-endothelial cell interaction led to the release of proangiogenic and immune-modulating factors. M2-like macrophages increased in the stroma along with expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor and immune cells, to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment that allowed Eltd1-regulated tumor growth in the presence of an NY-ESO-1-specific immune response. Eltd1-positive tumors also responded better to chemotherapy which could explain the relationship to a good prognosis observed in primary human cases. Thus, ELTD1 expression may enhance delivery of therapeutic antibodies to reverse the immunosuppression and increase response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in this subset of tumors. ELTD1 may be useful as a selection marker for such therapies. IMPLICATIONS: ELTD1 expression in mouse breast tumors creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment and increases vessel size and perfusion. Its expression may enhance the delivery of therapies targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sheldon
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Bridges
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ildefonso Silva
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Masiero
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M Favara
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dian Wang
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Leek
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Snell
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Roxanis
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mira Kreuzer
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Harris
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hülskamp MD, Kronenberg D, Stange R. The small-molecule protein ligand interface stabiliser E7820 induces differential cell line specific responses of integrin α2 expression. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:571. [PMID: 34006252 PMCID: PMC8132423 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of small-molecule stabilised protein-protein interactions is of growing interest in the pharmacological discovery process. A plethora of different substances including the aromatic sulphonamide E7820 have been identified to act by such a mechanism. The process of E7820 induced CAPERα degradation and the resultant transcriptional down regulation of integrin α2 expression has previously been described for a variety of different cell lines and been made responsible for E7820's antiangiogenic activity. Currently the application of E7820 in the treatment of various malignancies including pancreas carcinoma and breast cancer is being investigated in pre-clinical and clinical trials. It has been shown, that integrin α2 deficiency has beneficial effects on bone homeostasis in mice. To transfer E7820 treatment to bone-related pathologies, as non-healing fractures, osteoporosis and bone cancer might therefore be beneficial. However, at present no data is available on the effect of E7820 on osseous cells or skeletal malignancies. METHODS Pre-osteoblastic (MC3T3 and Saos-2) cells and endothelial (eEnd2 cells and HUVECs) cells, each of human and murine origin respectively, were investigated. Vitality assay with different concentrations of E7820 were performed. All consecutive experiments were done at a final concentration of 50 ng/ml E7820. The expression and production of integrin α2 and CAPERα were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Expression of CAPERα splice forms was differentiated by semi-quantitiative reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS Here we present the first data showing that E7820 can increase integrin α2 expression in the pre-osteoblast MC3T3 cell line whilst also reproducing canonical E7820 activity in HUVECs. We show that the aberrant activity of E7820 in MC3T3 cells is likely due to differential activity of CAPERα at the integrin α2 promoter, rather than due to differential CAPERα degradation or differential expression of CAPERα spliceforms. CONCLUSION The results presented here indicate that E7820 may not be suitable to treat certain malignancies of musculoskeletal origin, due to the increase in integrin α2 expression it may induce. Further investigation of the differential functioning of CAPERα and the integrin α2 promoter in cells of various origin would however be necessary to more clearly differentiate between cell lines that will positively respond to E7820 from those that will not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael David Hülskamp
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 Building W1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kronenberg
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 Building W1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 Building W1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Xu X, Wang D, Han Z, Wang B, Gao W, Fan Y, Li F, Zhou Z, Gao C, Xiong J, Zhou S, Zhang S, Yang G, Jiang R, Zhang J. A novel rat model of chronic subdural hematoma: Induction of inflammation and angiogenesis in the subdural space mimicking human-like features of progressively expanding hematoma. Brain Res Bull 2021; 172:108-119. [PMID: 33932488 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) involve localized inflammation, angiogenesis, and dysregulated coagulation and fibrinolysis. The scarcity of reproducible and clinically relevant animal models of CSDH hinders further understanding the underlying pathophysiology and improving new treatment strategies. Here, we developed a novel rat model of CSDH using extracellular matrices (Matrigel) and brain microvascular endothelial cell line (bEnd.3 cells). One hundred-microliter of Matrigel-bEnd.3 cell (106 cells per milliliter) mixtures were injected into the virtual subdural space of elderly male Sprague-Dawley rats. This approach for the first time led to a spontaneous and expanding subdural hematoma, encapsulated by internal and external neomembranes, formed as early as 3 d, reached its peak at 7 d, and lasted for more than 14 d, mimicking the progressive hemorrhage observed in patients with CSDH. The external neomembrane and hematoma fluid involved numerous inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and highly fragile neovessels. Furthermore, a localized pathophysiological process was validated as evidenced by the increased expressions of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in external neomembrane and hematoma fluid rather than in peripheral blood. Notably, the specific expression profiles of these mediators were closely associated with the dynamic changes in hematoma volume and neurological outcome. In summary, the CSDH model described here replicated the characteristics of human CSDH, and might serve as an ideal translational platform for preclinical studies. Meanwhile, the crucial roles of angiogenesis and inflammation in CSDH formation were reaffirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhenying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, 6 Jizhao Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yueshan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fanjian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Li L, Song J, Chuquisana O, Hannocks MJ, Loismann S, Vogl T, Roth J, Hallmann R, Sorokin L. Endothelial Basement Membrane Laminins as an Environmental Cue in Monocyte Differentiation to Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584229. [PMID: 33193400 PMCID: PMC7662115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte differentiation to macrophages is triggered by migration across the endothelial barrier, which is constituted by both endothelial cells and their underlying basement membrane. We address here the role of the endothelial basement membrane laminins (laminins 411 and 511) in this monocyte to macrophage switch. Chimeric mice carrying CX3CR1-GFP bone marrow were employed to track CCL2-induced monocyte extravasation in a cremaster muscle model using intravital microscopy, revealing faster extravasation in mice lacking endothelial laminin 511 (Tek-cre::Lama5−/−) and slower extravasation in mice lacking laminin 411 (Lama4−/−). CX3CR1-GFPlow extravasating monocytes were found to have a higher motility at laminin 511 low sites and to preferentially exit vessels at these sites. However, in vitro experiments reveal that this is not due to effects of laminin 511 on monocyte migration mode nor on the tightness of the endothelial barrier. Rather, using an intestinal macrophage replenishment model and in vitro differentiation studies, we demonstrate that laminin 511, together with the attached endothelium, promote monocyte differentiation to macrophages. Macrophage differentiation is associated with a change in integrin profile, permitting differentiating macrophages to distinguish between laminin 511 high and low areas and to preferentially migrate across laminin 511 low sites. These studies highlight the endothelial basement membrane as a critical site for monocyte differentiation to macrophages, which may be relevant to the differentiation of other cells at vascular niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jian Song
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Omar Chuquisana
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Melanie-Jane Hannocks
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sophie Loismann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rupert Hallmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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8
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Alamu O, Rado M, Ekpo O, Fisher D. Differential Sensitivity of Two Endothelial Cell Lines to Hydrogen Peroxide Toxicity: Relevance for In Vitro Studies of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020403. [PMID: 32050666 PMCID: PMC7072657 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been linked to blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction which in turn has been implicated in the initiation and propagation of some neurological diseases. In this study, we profiled, for the first time, two endothelioma cell lines of mouse brain origin, commonly used as in vitro models of the blood–brain barrier, for their resistance against oxidative stress using viability measures and glutathione contents as markers. OS was induced by exposing cultured cells to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and fluorescence microscopy/spectrometry was used to detect and estimate cellular glutathione contents. A colorimetric viability assay was used to determine changes in the viability of OS-exposed cells. Both the b.End5 and bEnd.3 cell lines investigated showed demonstrable content of glutathione with a statistically insignificant difference in glutathione quantity per unit cell, but with a statistically significant higher capacity for the b.End5 cell line for de novo glutathione synthesis. Furthermore, the b.End5 cells demonstrated greater oxidant buffering capacity to higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide than the bEnd.3 cells. We concluded that mouse brain endothelial cells, derived from different types of cell lines, differ enormously in their antioxidant characteristics. We hereby recommend caution in making comparisons across BBB models utilizing distinctly different cell lines and require further prerequisites to ensure that in vitro BBB models involving these cell lines are reliable and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Alamu
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
- Anatomy Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210241, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Rado
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
| | - Okobi Ekpo
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-959-2185
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Drexler HCA, Vockel M, Polaschegg C, Frye M, Peters K, Vestweber D. Vascular Endothelial Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase: Identification of Novel Substrates Related to Junctions and a Ternary Complex with EPHB4 and TIE2. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2058-2077. [PMID: 31427368 PMCID: PMC6773558 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP, PTPRB) is a receptor type phosphatase that is crucial for the regulation of endothelial junctions and blood vessel development. We and others have shown recently that VE-PTP regulates vascular integrity by dephosphorylating substrates that are key players in endothelial junction stability, such as the angiopoietin receptor TIE2, the endothelial adherens junction protein VE-cadherin and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR2. Here, we have systematically searched for novel substrates of VE-PTP in endothelial cells by utilizing two approaches. First, we studied changes in the endothelial phosphoproteome on exposing cells to a highly VE-PTP-specific phosphatase inhibitor followed by affinity isolation and mass-spectrometric analysis of phosphorylated proteins by phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies. Second, we used a substrate trapping mutant of VE-PTP to pull down phosphorylated substrates in combination with SILAC-based quantitative mass spectrometry measurements. We identified a set of substrate candidates of VE-PTP, of which a remarkably large fraction (29%) is related to cell junctions. Several of those were found in both screens and displayed very high connectivity in predicted functional interaction networks. The receptor protein tyrosine kinase EPHB4 was the most prominently phosphorylated protein on VE-PTP inhibition among those VE-PTP targets that were identified by both proteomic approaches. Further analysis revealed that EPHB4 forms a ternary complex with VE-PTP and TIE2 in endothelial cells. VE-PTP controls the phosphorylation of each of these two tyrosine kinase receptors. Despite their simultaneous presence in a ternary complex, stimulating each of the receptors with their own specific ligand did not cross-activate the respective partner receptor. Our systematic approach has led to the identification of novel substrates of VE-PTP, of which many are relevant for the control of cellular junctions further promoting the importance of VE-PTP as a key player of junctional signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes C A Drexler
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Matthias Vockel
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Polaschegg
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Frye
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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10
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O'Connor T, Zhou X, Kosla J, Adili A, Garcia Beccaria M, Kotsiliti E, Pfister D, Johlke AL, Sinha A, Sankowski R, Schick M, Lewis R, Dokalis N, Seubert B, Höchst B, Inverso D, Heide D, Zhang W, Weihrich P, Manske K, Wohlleber D, Anton M, Hoellein A, Seleznik G, Bremer J, Bleul S, Augustin HG, Scherer F, Koedel U, Weber A, Protzer U, Förster R, Wirth T, Aguzzi A, Meissner F, Prinz M, Baumann B, Höpken UE, Knolle PA, von Baumgarten L, Keller U, Heikenwalder M. Age-Related Gliosis Promotes Central Nervous System Lymphoma through CCL19-Mediated Tumor Cell Retention. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:250-267.e9. [PMID: 31526758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
How lymphoma cells (LCs) invade the brain during the development of central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) is unclear. We found that NF-κB-induced gliosis promotes CNSL in immunocompetent mice. Gliosis elevated cell-adhesion molecules, which increased LCs in the brain but was insufficient to induce CNSL. Astrocyte-derived CCL19 was required for gliosis-induced CNSL. Deleting CCL19 in mice or CCR7 from LCs abrogated CNSL development. Two-photon microscopy revealed LCs transiently entering normal brain parenchyma. Astrocytic CCL19 enhanced parenchymal CNS retention of LCs, thereby promoting CNSL formation. Aged, gliotic wild-type mice were more susceptible to forming CNSL than young wild-type mice, and astrocytic CCL19 was observed in both human gliosis and CNSL. Therefore, CCL19-CCR7 interactions may underlie an increased age-related risk for CNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy O'Connor
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Xiaolan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jan Kosla
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arlind Adili
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Garcia Beccaria
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Kotsiliti
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pfister
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Johlke
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ankit Sinha
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schick
- III. Medical Department, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Lewis
- III. Medical Department, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Dokalis
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Seubert
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bastian Höchst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Donato Inverso
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danijela Heide
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Weihrich
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Katrin Manske
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Anton
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoellein
- III. Medical Department, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gitta Seleznik
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Bremer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Bleul
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Scherer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Koedel
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Meissner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- III. Medical Department, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Hematology and Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Wang Y, Du F, Hawez A, Mörgelin M, Thorlacius H. Neutrophil extracellular trap-microparticle complexes trigger neutrophil recruitment via high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1)-toll-like receptors(TLR2)/TLR4 signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3350-3363. [PMID: 31206609 PMCID: PMC6692579 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent data suggest that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) form aggregates with microparticles (MPs) upon activation of neutrophils although the functional role of NET-MP complexes remain elusive. The objective of this study was to examine the role of NET-MP aggregates in leukocyte recruitment in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PMA stimulation of murine bone marrow neutrophils generated NET-MP complexes and pretreatment with caspase and calpain inhibitors resulted in the formation of NETs depleted of MPs. Leukocyte-endothelium interactions were studied by using intravital microscopy of the mouse cremaster microcirculation. KEY RESULTS Intrascrotal injection of NET-MP aggregates dose-dependently increased leukocyte recruitment. In contrast, leukocyte responses were markedly reduced after administration of NETs depleted of MPs. Neutrophil depletion abolished intravascular and extravascular leukocytes in response to challenge with NET-MP complexes. Electron microscopy revealed that NET-associated MPs express HMGB1. Notably, immunoneutralization of HMGB1 markedly decreased NET-MP complex-induced neutrophil accumulation. Moreover, inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4 significantly reduced neutrophil recruitment in response to NET-MP aggregates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data show that NET-MP complexes are potent inducers of neutrophil recruitment, which is dependent on HMGB1 expressed on MPs and mediated via TLR2 and TLR4. Blocking MP binding to NETs or downstream inhibition of the HMGB1-TLR2/TLR4 axis might provide useful targets to attenuating NET-dependent tissue damage in acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of SurgeryLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Feifei Du
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of SurgeryLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Avin Hawez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of SurgeryLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | | | - Henrik Thorlacius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of SurgeryLund UniversityMalmöSweden
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12
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Li L, Zhu M, Wu W, Qin B, Gu J, Tu Y, Chen J, Liu D, Shi Y, Liu X, Sang A, Ding D. Brivanib, a multitargeted small‐molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suppresses laser‐induced CNV in a mouse model of neovascular AMD. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1259-1273. [PMID: 31270802 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Li
- Department of Ophthalmology Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Wenli Wu
- Medical College Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Bai Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Jiayi Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- Department of Ophthalmology Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Medical College Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Dong Liu
- Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Yunwei Shi
- Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Aimin Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Dongmei Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology Laizhou City People's Hospital Yantai Shandong China
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13
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In Vitro Cell Models of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier: Demonstrating the Beneficial Influence of Shear Stress on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Cerrato R, Crabtree M, Antoniades C, Kublickiene K, Schiffrin EL, Channon KM, Böhm F. Effects Of Endothelin-1 On Intracellular Tetrahydrobiopterin Levels In Vascular Tissue. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2018; 52:163-169. [PMID: 29566572 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2018.1453942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is the essential cofactor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and intracellular levels of BH4 is regulated by oxidative stress. The aim of this paper was to describe the influence of exogenous endothelin-1 on intracellular BH4 and its oxidation products dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and biopterin (B) in a wide range of vascular tissue. DESIGN Segments of internal mammary artery (IMA) and human saphenous vein (SV) from 41 patients undergoing elective surgery were incubated in ET-1 (0.1 μM). Aorta and lung from transgenic mice overexpressing ET-1 in the endothelium (ET-TG) were analysed with regards to intracellular biopterin levels. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated in ET-1 (0.1 μM) and intracellular biopterin levels were analysed. From 6 healthy women undergoing caesarean section, subcutaneous fat was harvested and the resistance arteries in these biopsies were tested for ET-mediated endothelial dysfunction. RESULTS In HUVEC, exogenous ET-1 (0.1 μM) did not significantly change intracellular BH4, 1.54 ± 1.7 vs 1.68 ± 1.8 pmol/mg protein; p = .8. In IMA and SV, exogenous ET-1(0.1 μM) did not change intracellular BH4 n = 10, p = .4. In aorta from wild type vs ET-TG mice there was no significant difference in intracellular BH4 between the groups: 1.3 ± 0.49 vs 1.23 ± 0.3 pmol/mg protein; p = .6. In resistance arteries (n = 6) BH4 together with DTE (an antioxidant) was not able to prevent ET-mediated endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSION ET-1 did not significantly alter intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin levels in IMA, SV, HUVEC or aorta from ET-TG mice. These findings are important for future research in ET-1 mediated superoxide production and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruha Cerrato
- a Department of Medicine, Cardiology unit, Karolinska Institutet , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mark Crabtree
- b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- c Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Institution of Medicine and Institution for Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- d Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Keith M Channon
- b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Felix Böhm
- a Department of Medicine, Cardiology unit, Karolinska Institutet , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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15
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Therapeutic siRNA targeting endothelial KDR decreases portosystemic collateralization in portal hypertension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14791. [PMID: 29093528 PMCID: PMC5665956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of portosystemic collateral vessels and gastroesophageal varices is responsible for the most serious clinical consequences of portal hypertension, but effective clinical therapies are limited. Here we developed and investigated the therapeutic potential of an innovative liposomally-formulated short-interfering RNA (siRNA) technology based on clinical stage components, capable to attenuate production of the endothelial kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), which controls portosystemic collateralization and contributes to disease progression and aggravation. These siRNAs were first validated in vitro, and then, their therapeutic potential on portosystemic collateralization and pathological angiogenesis was tested in vivo in mouse models of portal hypertension (portal vein-ligation). siRNAKDR-lipoplexes efficiently transported siRNAKDR to vascular endothelial cells in mesenteric microvenules and portal vein of portal hypertensive mice, where collaterogenesis and angiogenesis take place. This systemic treatment significantly downregulated pathological KDR overexpression, without causing complete KDR knockout, preserving homeostatic baseline KDR levels and thus limiting adverse effects. siRNAKDR-lipoplex-induced endothelial-specific KDR knockdown drastically reduced by 73% the portosystemic collateralization, and impaired the pathologic angiogenic potential of vascular endothelial cells at different levels (cell proliferation, sprouting and remodeling). Targeting endothelial KDR with therapeutic siRNAKDR-lipoplexes could be a promising and plausible treatment modality for attenuating the formation of portosystemic collaterals in a clinical setting.
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16
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A novel immunotoxin reveals a new role for CD321 in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181502. [PMID: 29028806 PMCID: PMC5640210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently several antibody therapies that directly target tumors, and antibody-drug conjugates represent a novel moiety as next generation therapeutics. Here, we used a unique screening probe, DT3C, to identify functional antibodies that recognized surface molecules and functional epitopes, and which provided toxin delivery capability. Accordingly, we generated the 90G4 antibody, which induced DT3C-dependent cytotoxicity in endothelial cells. Molecular analysis revealed that 90G4 recognized CD321, a protein localized at tight junctions. Although CD321 plays a pivotal role in inflammation and lymphocyte trans-endothelial migration, little is known about its mechanism of action in endothelial cells. Targeting of CD321 by the 90G4 immunotoxin induced cell death. Moreover, 90G4 immunotoxin caused cytotoxicity primarily in migratory endothelial cells, but not in those forming sheets, suggesting a critical role for CD321 in tumor angiogenesis. We also found that hypoxia triggered redistribution of CD321 to a punctate localization on the basal side of cells, resulting in functional impairment of tight junctions and increased motility. Thus, our findings raise the intriguing possibility that endothelial CD321 presented cellular localization in tight junction as well as multifunctional dynamics in several conditions, leading to illuminate the importance of widely-expressed CD321 as a potential target for antitumor therapy.
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17
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Akbar N, Digby JE, Cahill TJ, Tavare AN, Corbin AL, Saluja S, Dawkins S, Edgar L, Rawlings N, Ziberna K, McNeill E, Johnson E, Aljabali AA, Dragovic RA, Rohling M, Belgard TG, Udalova IA, Greaves DR, Channon KM, Riley PR, Anthony DC, Choudhury RP. Endothelium-derived extracellular vesicles promote splenic monocyte mobilization in myocardial infarction. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93344. [PMID: 28878126 PMCID: PMC5621885 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptionally activated monocytes are recruited to the heart after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). After AMI in mice and humans, the number of extracellular vesicles (EVs) increased acutely. In humans, EV number correlated closely with the extent of myocardial injury. We hypothesized that EVs mediate splenic monocyte mobilization and program transcription following AMI. Some plasma EVs bear endothelial cell (EC) integrins, and both proinflammatory stimulation of ECs and AMI significantly increased VCAM-1-positive EV release. Injected EC-EVs localized to the spleen and interacted with, and mobilized, splenic monocytes in otherwise naive, healthy animals. Analysis of human plasma EV-associated miRNA showed 12 markedly enriched miRNAs after AMI; functional enrichment analyses identified 1,869 putative mRNA targets, which regulate relevant cellular functions (e.g., proliferation and cell movement). Furthermore, gene ontology termed positive chemotaxis as the most enriched pathway for the miRNA-mRNA targets. Among the identified EV miRNAs, EC-associated miRNA-126-3p and -5p were highly regulated after AMI. miRNA-126-3p and -5p regulate cell adhesion- and chemotaxis-associated genes, including the negative regulator of cell motility, plexin-B2. EC-EV exposure significantly downregulated plexin-B2 mRNA in monocytes and upregulated motility integrin ITGB2. These findings identify EVs as a possible novel signaling pathway by linking ischemic myocardium with monocyte mobilization and transcriptional activation following AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Janet E. Digby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Thomas J. Cahill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Abhijeet N. Tavare
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alastair L. Corbin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sushant Saluja
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sam Dawkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Laurienne Edgar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Nadiia Rawlings
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Klemen Ziberna
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Alaa A. Aljabali
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Mala Rohling
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irina A. Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Keith M. Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Di Russo J, Luik AL, Yousif L, Budny S, Oberleithner H, Hofschröer V, Klingauf J, van Bavel E, Bakker EN, Hellstrand P, Bhattachariya A, Albinsson S, Pincet F, Hallmann R, Sorokin LM. Endothelial basement membrane laminin 511 is essential for shear stress response. EMBO J 2016; 36:183-201. [PMID: 27940654 PMCID: PMC5239996 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear detection and mechanotransduction by arterial endothelium requires junctional complexes containing PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin, as well as firm anchorage to the underlying basement membrane. While considerable information is available for junctional complexes in these processes, gained largely from in vitro studies, little is known about the contribution of the endothelial basement membrane. Using resistance artery explants, we show that the integral endothelial basement membrane component, laminin 511 (laminin α5), is central to shear detection and mechanotransduction and its elimination at this site results in ablation of dilation in response to increased shear stress. Loss of endothelial laminin 511 correlates with reduced cortical stiffness of arterial endothelium in vivo, smaller integrin β1-positive/vinculin-positive focal adhesions, and reduced junctional association of actin-myosin II In vitro assays reveal that β1 integrin-mediated interaction with laminin 511 results in high strengths of adhesion, which promotes p120 catenin association with VE-cadherin, stabilizing it at cell junctions and increasing cell-cell adhesion strength. This highlights the importance of endothelial laminin 511 in shear response in the physiologically relevant context of resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Di Russo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna-Liisa Luik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lema Yousif
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sigmund Budny
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans Oberleithner
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Hofschröer
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Juergen Klingauf
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ed van Bavel
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ntp Bakker
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Per Hellstrand
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Frederic Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Superieure - PSL Research University, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR8550, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rupert Hallmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lydia M Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Gerő D, Torregrossa R, Perry A, Waters A, Le-Trionnaire S, Whatmore JL, Wood M, Whiteman M. The novel mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) donors AP123 and AP39 protect against hyperglycemic injury in microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:186-198. [PMID: 27565382 PMCID: PMC5113977 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of diabetic vascular complications is initiated, at least in part, by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells. Hyperglycemia induces superoxide production in the mitochondria and initiates changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential that leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) supplementation has been shown to reduce the mitochondrial oxidant production and shows efficacy against diabetic vascular damage in vivo. However, the half-life of H2S is very short and it is not specific for the mitochondria. We have therefore evaluated two novel mitochondria-targeted anethole dithiolethione and hydroxythiobenzamide H2S donors (AP39 and AP123 respectively) at preventing hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and metabolic changes in microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Hyperglycemia (HG) induced significant increase in the activity of the citric acid cycle and led to elevated mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial oxidant production was increased and the mitochondrial electron transport decreased in hyperglycemic cells. AP39 and AP123 (30–300 nM) decreased HG-induced hyperpolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane and inhibited the mitochondrial oxidant production. Both H2S donors (30–300 nM) increased the electron transport at respiratory complex III and improved the cellular metabolism. Targeting H2S to mitochondria retained the cytoprotective effect of H2S against glucose-induced damage in endothelial cells suggesting that the molecular target of H2S action is within the mitochondria. Mitochondrial targeting of H2S also induced >1000-fold increase in the potency of H2S against hyperglycemia-induced injury. The high potency and long-lasting effect elicited by these H2S donors strongly suggests that these compounds could be useful against diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domokos Gerő
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Roberta Torregrossa
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Alexis Perry
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | | | - Sophie Le-Trionnaire
- IRSET-UMR INSERM U1085, Equipe 3-Stress, Membrane et Signalisation, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Mark Wood
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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Disruption and inactivation of the PP2A complex promotes the proliferation and angiogenesis of hemangioma endothelial cells through activating AKT and ERK. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25660-76. [PMID: 26308070 PMCID: PMC4694857 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemangioma is a benign vascular neoplasm of unknown etiology. In this study, we generated an endothelial-specific PyMT gene-expressing transgenic mouse model that spontaneously develops hemangioma. Based on this transgenic model, a specific binding between PyMT and the core AC dimer of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) was verified in hemangioma vascular endothelial cells. The binding between PyMT and the PP2A AC dimer resulted in dissociation of the B subunit from the PP2A complex and inactivation of PP2A phosphatases, which in turn activated AKT and ERK signaling and promoted cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. Consistent with the in vitro findings, decreased PP2A phosphatase activity and disruption of the PP2A heterotrimeric complex were also observed in both primary transgene-positive TG(+) mouse hemangioma endothelial cells (TG(+) HEC cells) and human proliferating phase hemangioma endothelial (human HEC-P) cells, but not in transgene-negative TG(-) mouse normal vascular endothelial cells (TG(-) NEC cells) and human involuting phase hemangioma endothelial (human HEC-I) cells. Further, it was observed that in human hemangioma cells, endoglin could compete with the PP2A/A, C subunits for binding to the PP2A/B subunit, thereby resulting in dissociation of the B subunit from the PP2A complex. Treatment of Tie2/PyMT transgenic mice with the PP2A activator FTY720 significantly delayed the occurrence of hemangioma. Our data provide evidence of a previously unreported anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis effect of PP2A in vascular endothelial cells, and show the therapeutic value of PP2A activators in hemangioma.
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21
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Gerö D, Szabo C. Glucocorticoids Suppress Mitochondrial Oxidant Production via Upregulation of Uncoupling Protein 2 in Hyperglycemic Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154813. [PMID: 27128320 PMCID: PMC4851329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Elevated blood glucose contributes to the development of endothelial and vascular dysfunction, and, consequently, to diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications, because it increases the mitochondrial proton gradient and mitochondrial oxidant production. Therapeutic approaches designed to counteract glucose-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the vasculature are expected to show efficacy against all diabetic complications, but direct pharmacological targeting (scavenging) of mitochondrial oxidants remains challenging due to the high reactivity of some of these oxidant species. In a recent study, we have conducted a medium-throughput cell-based screening of a focused library of well-annotated pharmacologically active compounds and identified glucocorticoids as inhibitors of mitochondrial superoxide production in microvascular endothelial cells exposed to elevated extracellular glucose. The goal of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of glucocorticoids' action. Our findings show that glucocorticoids induce the expression of the mitochondrial UCP2 protein and decrease the mitochondrial potential. UCP2 silencing prevents the protective effect of the glucocorticoids on ROS production. UCP2 induction also increases the oxygen consumption and the "proton leak" in microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, glutamine supplementation augments the effect of glucocorticoids via further enhancing the expression of UCP2 at the translational level. We conclude that UCP2 induction represents a novel experimental therapeutic intervention in diabetic vascular complications. While direct repurposing of glucocorticoids may not be possible for the therapy of diabetic complications due to their significant side effects that develop during chronic administration, the UCP2 pathway may be therapeutically targetable by other, glucocorticoid-independent pharmacological means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domokos Gerö
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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22
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Calderone V, Gallego J, Fernandez-Miranda G, Garcia-Pras E, Maillo C, Berzigotti A, Mejias M, Bava FA, Angulo-Urarte A, Graupera M, Navarro P, Bosch J, Fernandez M, Mendez R. Sequential Functions of CPEB1 and CPEB4 Regulate Pathologic Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis in Chronic Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:982-97.e30. [PMID: 26627607 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates angiogenesis, yet therapeutic strategies to disrupt VEGF signaling can interfere with physiologic angiogenesis. In a search for ways to inhibit pathologic production or activities of VEGF without affecting its normal production or functions, we investigated the post-transcriptional regulation of VEGF by the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteins CPEB1 and CPEB4 during development of portal hypertension and liver disease. METHODS We obtained transjugular liver biopsies from patients with hepatitis C virus-associated cirrhosis or liver tissues removed during transplantation; healthy human liver tissue was obtained from a commercial source (control). We also performed experiments with male Sprague-Dawley rats and CPEB-deficient mice (C57BL6 or mixed C57BL6/129 background) and their wild-type littermates. Secondary biliary cirrhosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation, and portal hypertension was induced by partial portal vein ligation. Liver and mesenteric tissues were collected and analyzed in angiogenesis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, polyA tail, 3' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends, Southern blot, immunoblot, histologic, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy assays. CPEB was knocked down with small interfering RNAs in H5V endothelial cells, and translation of luciferase reporters constructs was assessed. RESULTS Activation of CPEB1 promoted alternative nuclear processing within noncoding 3'-untranslated regions of VEGF and CPEB4 messenger RNAs in H5V cells, resulting in deletion of translation repressor elements. The subsequent overexpression of CPEB4 promoted cytoplasmic polyadenylation of VEGF messenger RNA, increasing its translation; the high levels of VEGF produced by these cells led to their formation of tubular structures in Matrigel assays. We observed increased levels of CPEB1 and CPEB4 in cirrhotic liver tissues from patients, compared with control tissue, as well as in livers and mesenteries of rats and mice with cirrhosis or/and portal hypertension. Mice with knockdown of CPEB1 or CPEB4 did not overexpress VEGF or have signs of mesenteric neovascularization, and developed less-severe forms of portal hypertension after portal vein ligation. CONCLUSIONS We identified a mechanism of VEGF overexpression in liver and mesentery that promotes pathologic, but not physiologic, angiogenesis, via sequential and nonredundant functions of CPEB1 and CPEB4. Regulation of CPEB4 by CPEB1 and the CPEB4 autoamplification loop induces pathologic angiogenesis. Strategies to block the activities of CPEBs might be developed to treat chronic liver and other angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calderone
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gallego
- Program of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez-Miranda
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Garcia-Pras
- Program of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Maillo
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annalisa Berzigotti
- Program of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Mejias
- Program of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felice-Alessio Bava
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo-Urarte
- Program of Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Graupera
- Program of Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Program of Cancer, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Program of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernandez
- Program of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raul Mendez
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Brandenburg S, Müller A, Turkowski K, Radev YT, Rot S, Schmidt C, Bungert AD, Acker G, Schorr A, Hippe A, Miller K, Heppner FL, Homey B, Vajkoczy P. Resident microglia rather than peripheral macrophages promote vascularization in brain tumors and are source of alternative pro-angiogenic factors. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:365-78. [PMID: 26718201 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are an essential part of the glioblastoma microenvironment. However, in brain tumors the function of these immune cells is not sufficiently clarified. In our study, we investigated differential pro-angiogenic activities of resident microglia and peripheral macrophages and their impact on glioma vascularization and progression. Our data demonstrate stable accumulation of microglia/macrophages during tumor growth. These cells often interact with tumor blood vessels correlating with vascular remodeling. Here, we identified resident microglia as well as peripheral macrophages as part of the perivascular niche, primarily contacting endothelial cells. We found overexpression of a variety of pro-angiogenic molecules within freshly isolated microglia/macrophages from glioma. CXCL2, until now a poorly described chemokine, was strongly up-regulated and showed better angiogenic activity than VEGF in vitro. Blocking the CXCL2-CXCR2 signaling pathway resulted in considerably diminished glioma sizes. Additionally, the importance of microglia/macrophages in tumor angiogenesis was confirmed by depletion of these cells in vivo. Vessel density decreased by 50% leading to significantly smaller tumor volumes. Remarkably, selective reduction of resident microglia affected tumoral vessel count comparable to ablation of the whole myeloid cell fraction. These results provide evidence that resident microglia are the crucial modulatory cell population playing a central role in regulation of vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis in brain tumors. Thus, resident microglia represent an alternative source of pro-angiogenic growth factors and cytokines.
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24
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Chen Y, Huang XJ, Yu N, Xie Y, Zhang K, Wen F, Liu H, Di Q. HMGB1 Contributes to the Expression of P-Glycoprotein in Mouse Epileptic Brain through Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140918. [PMID: 26485677 PMCID: PMC4613137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in the seizure-induced P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression and the underlying mechanism. Kainic acid (KA)-induced mouse seizure model was used for in vivo experiments. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: normal saline control (NS) group, KA-induced epileptic seizure (EP) group, and EP group pretreated with HMGB1 (EP+HMGB1 group) or BoxA (HMGB1 antagonist, EP+BoxA group). Compared to the NS group, increased levels of HMGB1 and P-gp in the brain were observed in the EP group. Injection of HMGB1 before the induction of KA further increased the expression of P-gp while pre-treatment with BoxA abolished this up-regulation. Next, the regulatory role of HMGB1 and its potential involved signal pathways were investigated in mouse microvascular endothelial bEnd.3 cells in vitro. Cells were treated with HMGB1, HMGB1 plus lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS) [toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist], HMGB1 plus FPS-ZM1 [receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) inhibitor], HMGB1 plus SN50 [nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor], or vehicle. Treatment with HMGB1 increased the expression levels of P-gp, TLR4, RAGE and the activation of NF-κB in bEnd.3 cells. These effects were inhibited by the pre-treatment with either LPS-RS or FPS-ZM1, and were abolished by the pre-treatment of SN50 or a combination treatment of both LPS-RS and FPS-ZM1. Luciferase reporter assays showed that exogenous expression of NF-κB p65 increased the promoter activity of multidrug resistance 1a (P-gp-encoding gene) in endothelial cells. These data indicate that HMGB1 contributes to the overexpression of P-gp in mouse epileptic brain tissues via activation of TLR4/RAGE receptors and the downstream transcription factor NF-κB in brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian-Jing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nian Yu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Qing Di
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Mabeta P, Pepper MS. Altered expression of platelet factor 4 and basic fibroblast growth factor correlates with the inhibition of tumor growth in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 69:186-90. [PMID: 25661356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the effects of Taxol on endothelioma cell growth and migration in vitro and on vascular tumor growth in vivo. The effects of Taxol on endothelioma cell growth were determined using the crystal violet assay, while cell migration was measured using the xCELLIgence Real-Time Cell Analysis system. To study the effects of Taxol on tumor growth, mice were inoculated with endothelioma cells to induce vascular tumor development and were treated with the drug. At termination, tissue samples from Taxol-treated and control mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination, while blood samples were collected for hematological analysis, as well as for the analysis of the expression of angiogenic markers. In vitro, Taxol inhibited cell growth and migration. The drug also inhibited vascular tumor growth in mice, and this correlated with a recovery of mice from thrombocytopenia. Array analysis of blood samples from mice revealed that there was an increase in the expression of platelet factor 4 and a suppression of the proangiogenic molecule basic fibroblast growth factor in Taxol-treated animals. Our findings suggest that Taxol may have potential in the treatment of vascular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peace Mabeta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa.
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
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26
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Nanoparticles and the blood-brain barrier: advancing from in-vitro models towards therapeutic significance. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1161-85. [PMID: 25446769 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a unique cell-based restrictive barrier that prevents the entry of many substances, including most therapeutics, into the central nervous system. A wide range of nanoparticulate delivery systems have been investigated with the aim of targeting therapeutics (drugs, nucleic acids, proteins) to the brain following administration by various routes. This review provides a comprehensive description of the design and formulation of these nanoparticles including the rationale behind individual approaches. In addition, the ability of currently available in-vitro BBB models to accurately predict the in-vivo performance of targeted nanoparticles is critically assessed.
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The polyomavirus middle T-antigen oncogene activates the Hippo pathway tumor suppressor Lats in a Src-dependent manner. Oncogene 2014; 34:4190-8. [PMID: 25362852 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyMT) is an oncogene that activates the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Src, and physically interacts with Taz (WWTR1). Taz is a pro-oncogenic transcription coactivator of the Tead transcription factors. The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway activates the kinase Lats, which phosphorylates Taz, leading to its nuclear exclusion and blunting Tead coactivation. We found that Taz was required for transformation by PyMT, but counter-intuitively, Taz was exclusively cytoplasmic in the presence of PyMT. We demonstrate that in the presence of PyMT, wild-type Taz was phosphorylated by Lats, in a Src-dependent manner. Consistently, a Lats refractory Taz mutant did not undergo cytoplasmic retention by PyMT. We show that Yap, the Taz paralog, and Shp2 phosphatase were nuclear excluded as well. Our findings describe a noncanonical activation of Lats, and an unprecedented Tead-independent role for Taz and Yap in viral-mediated oncogenesis.
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Luque A, González Granja A, González L, Tafalla C. Establishment and characterization of a rainbow trout heart endothelial cell line with susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:255-264. [PMID: 24698994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, we have established and characterized a novel cell line from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The cell line, designated as RTH (rainbow trout heart), was obtained by immortalizing heart cells with recombinant retroviruses that transduced polyoma middle T antigen. This is the first time such a strategy is used to obtain an immortalized fish cell line. The cells showed an endothelial-like morphology and characteristics, constitutively transcribing collagen, selectin and VCAM (vascular cell adhesion molecule), as well as different chemokines and chemokine receptors, but not cytokeratin. As already described for heart endothelial cells, RTH cells actively phagocytized latex beads. Furthermore, RTH cells showed a high susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). VHSV modulated the transcription of Mx, major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), VCAM and many of the chemokine and chemokine receptors expressed in these cells. Therefore, RTH cells constitute an excellent model to study the immune regulation of endothelial cells in fish and their role in leukocyte extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Luque
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucia González
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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Ni CW, Kumar S, Ankeny CJ, Jo H. Development of immortalized mouse aortic endothelial cell lines. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:7. [PMID: 24690145 PMCID: PMC4230636 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The understanding of endothelial cell biology has been facilitated by the availability of primary endothelial cell cultures from a variety of sites and species; however, the isolation and maintenance of primary mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) remain a formidable challenge. Culturing MAECs is difficult as they are prone to phenotypic drift during culture. Therefore, there is a need to have a dependable in vitro culture system, wherein the primary endothelial cells retain their properties and phenotypes. Methods Here, we developed an effective method to prepare immortalized MAEC (iMAEC) lines. Primary MAECs, initially isolated from aortic explants, were immortalized using a retrovirus expressing polyoma middle T-antigen. Immortalized cells were then incubated with DiI-acetylated-low density lipoprotein and sorted via flow cytometry to isolate iMAECs. Results iMAECs expressed common markers of endothelial cells, including PECAM1, eNOS, VE-cadherin, and von Willebrand Factor. iMAECs aligned in the direction of imposed laminar shear and retained the ability to form tubes. Using this method, we have generated iMAEC lines from wild-type and various genetically modified mice such as p47phox-/-, eNOS-/-, and caveolin-1-/-. Conclusion In summary, generation of iMAEC lines from various genetically modified mouse lines provides an invaluable tool to study vascular biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, Health Science Research Building, E-170, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Hudecz D, Rocks L, Fitzpatrick LW, Herda LM, Dawson KA. Reproducibility in biological models of the blood-brain barrier. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2014-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lipps C, May T, Hauser H, Wirth D. Eternity and functionality – rational access to physiologically relevant cell lines. Biol Chem 2013; 394:1637-48. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In the first 50 years of cell culture, the development of new cell lines was mainly based on trial and error. Due to the understanding of the molecular networks of aging, senescence, proliferation, and adaption by mutation, the generation of new cell lines with physiologic properties has become more systematic. This endeavor has been supported by the availability of new technological achievements and increasing knowledge about the biology of cell differentiation and cell-cell communication. Here, we review some promising developments that are contributing toward this goal. These include molecular tools frequently used for the immortalization process. In addition to these broadly acting immortalization regimens, we focus on the developments of cell type-specific immortalization and on the methodologies of how to control the growth of newly established cell lines.
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Alata W, Paris-Robidas S, Emond V, Bourasset F, Calon F. Brain uptake of a fluorescent vector targeting the transferrin receptor: a novel application of in situ brain perfusion. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:243-53. [PMID: 24215184 DOI: 10.1021/mp400421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting blood-brain barrier (BBB) transporters are being developed for brain drug targeting. However, brain uptake quantification remains a challenge, particularly for large compounds, and often requires the use of radioactivity. In this work, we adapted an in situ brain perfusion technique for a fluorescent mAb raised against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR) (clone Ri7). We first confirmed in vitro that the internalization of fluorolabeled Ri7 mAbs is saturable and dependent on the TfR in N2A and bEnd5 cells. We next showed that the brain uptake coefficient (Clup) of 100 μg (∼220 nM) of Ri7 mAbs fluorolabeled with Alexa Fluor 750 (AF750) was 0.27 ± 0.05 μL g(-1) s(-1) after subtraction of values obtained with a control IgG. A linear relationship was observed between the distribution volume VD (μL g(-1)) and the perfusion time (s) over 30-120 s (r(2) = 0.997), confirming the metabolic stability of the AF750-Ri7 mAbs during perfusion. Co-perfusion of increasing quantities of unlabeled Ri7 decreased the AF750-Ri7 Clup down to control IgG levels over 500 nM, consistent with a saturable mechanism. Fluorescence microscopy analysis showed a vascular distribution of perfused AF750-Ri7 in the brain and colocalization with a marker of basal lamina. To our knowledge, this is the first reported use of the in situ brain perfusion technique combined with quantification of compounds labeled with near-infrared fluorophores. Furthermore, this study confirms the accumulation of the antitransferrin receptor Ri7 mAb in the brain of mice through a saturable uptake mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval , Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Benest AV, Kruse K, Savant S, Thomas M, Laib AM, Loos EK, Fiedler U, Augustin HG. Angiopoietin-2 is critical for cytokine-induced vascular leakage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70459. [PMID: 23940579 PMCID: PMC3734283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic experiments (loss-of-function and gain-of-function) have established the role of Angiopoietin/Tie ligand/receptor tyrosine kinase system as a regulator of vessel maturation and quiescence. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) acts on Tie2-expressing resting endothelial cells as an antagonistic ligand to negatively interfere with the vessel stabilizing effects of constitutive Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling. Ang-2 thereby controls the vascular response to inflammation-inducing as well as angiogenesis-inducing cytokines. This study was aimed at assessing the role of Ang-2 as an autocrine (i.e. endothelial-derived) regulator of rapid vascular responses (within minutes) caused by permeability-inducing agents. Employing two independent in vivo assays to quantitatively assess vascular leakage (tracheal microsphere assay, 1–5 min and Miles assay, 20 min), the immediate vascular response to histamine, bradykinin and VEGF was analyzed in Ang-2-deficient (Ang-2−/−) mice. In comparison to the wild type control mice, the Ang2−/− mice demonstrated a significantly attenuated response. The Ang-2−/− phenotype was rescued by systemic administration (paracrine) of an adenovirus encoding Ang-2. Furthermore, cytokine-induced intracellular calcium influx was impaired in Ang-2−/− endothelioma cells, consistent with reduced phospholipase activation in vivo. Additionally, recombinant human Ang-2 (rhAng-2) alone was unable to induce vascular leakage. In summary, we report here in a definite genetic setting that Ang-2 is critical for multiple vascular permeability-inducing cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Benest
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karoline Kruse
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soniya Savant
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Thomas
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna M. Laib
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elias K. Loos
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Hellmut G. Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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ADAM12 is expressed in the tumour vasculature and mediates ectodomain shedding of several membrane-anchored endothelial proteins. Biochem J 2013; 452:97-109. [PMID: 23458101 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) 12 is a metalloprotease implicated in cancer progression. ADAM12 can activate membrane-anchored proteins, such as sonic hedgehog, Delta-like 1 and certain epidermal growth factor receptor ligands, through a process called ectodomain shedding. We screened several membrane-anchored proteins to further dissect the substrate profile of ADAM12-mediated ectodomain shedding, and found shedding of five previously unreported substrates [Kitl1, VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial cadherin), Flk-1 (fetal liver kinase 1), Tie-2, and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1)], of which the latter four are specifically expressed by endothelial cells. We also observed that ADAM12 expression was increased in the tumour vasculature of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the human breast as compared with little to no expression in normal breast tissue vasculature, suggesting a role for ADAM12 in tumour vessels. These results prompted us to further evaluate ADAM12-mediated shedding of two endothelial cell proteins, VE-cadherin and Tie-2. Endogenous ADAM12 expression was very low in cultured endothelial cells, but was significantly increased by cytokine stimulation. In parallel, the shed form of VE-cadherin was elevated in such cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells, and ADAM12 siRNA (small interfering RNA) knockdown reduced cytokine-induced shedding of VE-cadherin. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate a role for ADAM12 in ectodomain shedding of several membrane-anchored endothelial proteins. We speculate that this process may have importance in tumour neovascularization or/and tumour cell extravasation.
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Carracedo S, Braun U, Leitges M. Expression pattern of protein kinase C ϵ during mouse embryogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 13:16. [PMID: 23639204 PMCID: PMC3668281 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-13-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCϵ) belongs to the novel PKC subfamily, which consists of diacylglycerol dependent- and calcium independent-PKCs. Previous studies have shown that PKCϵ is important in different contexts, such as wound healing or cancer. In this study, we contribute to expand the knowledge on PKCϵ by reporting its expression pattern during murine midgestation using the LacZ reporter gene and immunostaining procedures. RESULTS Sites showing highest PKCϵ expression were heart at ealier stages, and ganglia in older embryos. Other stained domains included somites, bone, stomach, kidney, and blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS The seemingly strong expression of PKCϵ in heart and ganglia shown in this study suggests a important role of this isoform in the vascular and nervous systems during mouse development. However, functional redundancy with other PKCs during midgestation within these domains and others reported here possibly exists since PKCϵ deficient mice do not display obvious embryonic developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Carracedo
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, N-0349, Norway.
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Abstract
The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor-2 (NHERF-2) is an integral component of almost all endothelial cells (ECs), yet its endothelial function is not known. Here, we found that NHERF-2, is a key regulator of endothelial homeostasis because NHERF-2-silenced ECs proliferate at a much higher rate even in the absence of mitogens such as VEGF compared with control ECs. We further show that the hyperproliferation phenotype of NHERF-2-silenced EC is because of an accelerated cell cycle that is probably caused by a combination of the following factors: increased cytoplasmic calcium, increased expression of c-Myc, increased expression of cyclin D1, and reduced expression of p27. Using an experimental mouse model of human hemangioma, we found that the endothelial neoplasms derived from NHERF-2-silenced cells were much larger in volume than those derived from control cells. Thus, NHERF-2 is a negative regulator of endothelial proliferation and may have important roles in endothelial homeostasis and vascular modeling.
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Inhibition of hemangioma development in a syngeneic mouse model correlates with bcl-2 suppression and the inhibition of Akt kinase activity. Angiogenesis 2011; 15:131-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lyck R, Martinelli R. Mechanisms of T-cell migration across the BBB. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the highly specialized BBB strictly limits the entrance of immune cells into the CNS. By contrast, in the course of neuroinflammation such as that observed in multiple sclerosis, circulating T cells readily breach the BBB and initiate a cascade of events culminating in disease onset. Lymphocyte extravasation across the BBB occurs through a sequential multistep process, orchestrated by chemokines and cell adhesion molecules that precisely regulate the dynamic interaction of T cells with the endothelial cells forming the BBB. In this article, we will discuss the molecular players triggering the sophisticated process of T-cell migration across the BBB during pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Ferraris FK, Rodrigues R, da Silva VP, Figueiredo R, Penido C, Henriques MDGM. Modulation of T lymphocyte and eosinophil functions in vitro by natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis Aublet. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cardoso FL, Brites D, Brito MA. Looking at the blood-brain barrier: molecular anatomy and possible investigation approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 64:328-63. [PMID: 20685221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic and complex interface between blood and the central nervous system that strictly controls the exchanges between the blood and brain compartments, therefore playing a key role in brain homeostasis and providing protection against many toxic compounds and pathogens. In this review, the unique properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells and intercellular junctions are examined. The specific interactions between endothelial cells and basement membrane as well as neighboring perivascular pericytes, glial cells and neurons, which altogether constitute the neurovascular unit and play an essential role in both health and function of the central nervous system, are also explored. Some relevant pathways across the endothelium, as well as mechanisms involved in the regulation of BBB permeability, and the emerging role of the BBB as a signaling interface are addressed as well. Furthermore, we summarize some of the experimental approaches that can be used to monitor BBB properties and function in a variety of conditions and have allowed recent advances in BBB knowledge. Elucidation of the molecular anatomy and dynamics of the BBB is an essential step for the development of new strategies directed to maintain or restore BBB integrity and barrier function and ultimately preserve the delicate interstitial brain environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lourenço Cardoso
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Progression of hematologic malignancies is strongly dependent on bidirectional interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells. Expression of members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family by stromal cells is a central event during these interactions. However, although several studies have focused on the mechanisms responsible for induction of MMP in stromal cells, the signals that negatively regulate their secretion of in these cells remain largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence that MMP-9 production by stromal cells is suppressed through activation of early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1), thereby inhibiting the growth of thymic lymphoma. We found that EGR-1 expression is induced in stromal cells after contact with lymphoma cells via epidermal growth factor (EGF). Moreover, development of thymic lymphoma was inhibited when induced by lymphoma cells overexpressing EGF compared with control lymphoma cells. Using transgenic mice containing MMP-9 promoter-driven luciferase transgene in its genome, we further demonstrated that EGF/EGR-1 repressed transcriptional activation of the MMP-9 gene by stromal cells. De novo expression of EGR-1 alone by gene transfer or exposure to recombinant human EGF also inhibited MMP-9 expression. Taken together, these results indicate that EGR-1 could be a source of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in lymphoid tumors in which MMP-9 plays a critical role.
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Bond AR, Ni CW, Jo H, Weinberg PD. Intimal cushions and endothelial nuclear elongation around mouse aortic branches and their spatial correspondence with patterns of lipid deposition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H536-44. [PMID: 19933414 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00917.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spatial variation in hemodynamic stresses acting on the arterial wall may explain the nonuniform distribution of atherosclerosis. In thoracic aortas of LDL receptor/apolipoprotein E double knockout mice, lesions develop preferentially around the entire circumference of intercostal branch ostia, regardless of age, with the highest prevalence occurring upstream. Additional chevron-shaped lesions occur further upstream of the ostia. This pattern differs from the age-related ones occurring in people and rabbits. In the present study, patterns of near-wall blood flow around intercostal ostia in wild-type mice were estimated from the morphology of endothelial nuclei, which were shown in vitro to elongate in response to elevated shear stress and to align with the flow, and wall structure was assessed from confocal and scanning electron microscopy. A triangular intimal cushion surrounded the upstream part of most ostia. Nuclear length-to-width ratios were lowest over this cushion and highest at the sides of branches, regardless of age. Nuclear orientations were consistent with flow diverging around the branch. The pattern of nuclear morphology differed from the age-related ones observed in rabbits. The intimal cushion and the distribution of shear stress inferred from these observations can partly account for the pattern of lesions observed in knockout mice. Nuclear elongation in nonbranch regions was approximately constant across animals of different size, demonstrating the existence of a mechanism by which endothelial cells compensate for the dependence of mean aortic wall shear stress on body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bond
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Fluck MM, Schaffhausen BS. Lessons in signaling and tumorigenesis from polyomavirus middle T antigen. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 73:542-63, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19721090 PMCID: PMC2738132 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00009-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The small DNA tumor viruses have provided a very long-lived source of insights into many aspects of the life cycle of eukaryotic cells. In recent years, the emphasis has been on cancer-related signaling. Here we review murine polyomavirus middle T antigen, its mechanisms, and its downstream pathways of transformation. We concentrate on the MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse, one of the most studied models of breast cancer, which permits the examination of in situ tumor progression from hyperplasia to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Fluck
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Bhandarkar SS, Jaconi M, Fried LE, Bonner MY, Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Perry BN, Parhar R, Mackelfresh J, Sohn A, Stouffs M, Knaus U, Yancopoulos G, Reiss Y, Benest AV, Augustin HG, Arbiser JL. Fulvene-5 potently inhibits NADPH oxidase 4 and blocks the growth of endothelial tumors in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2359-65. [PMID: 19620773 DOI: 10.1172/jci33877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemangiomas are the most common type of tumor in infants. As they are endothelial cell-derived neoplasias, their growth can be regulated by the autocrine-acting Tie2 ligand angiopoietin 2 (Ang2). Using an experimental model of human hemangiomas, in which polyoma middle T-transformed brain endothelial (bEnd) cells are grafted subcutaneously into nude mice, we compared hemangioma growth originating from bEnd cells derived from wild-type, Ang2+/-, and Ang2-/- mice. Surprisingly, Ang2-deficient bEnd cells formed endothelial tumors that grew rapidly and were devoid of the typical cavernous architecture of slow-growing Ang2-expressing hemangiomas, while Ang2+/- cells were greatly impaired in their in vivo growth. Gene array analysis identified a strong downregulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in Ang2+/- cells. Correspondingly, lentiviral silencing of Nox4 in an Ang2-sufficient bEnd cell line decreased Ang2 mRNA levels and greatly impaired hemangioma growth in vivo. Using a structure-based approach, we identified fulvenes as what we believe to be a novel class of Nox inhibitors. We therefore produced and began the initial characterization of fulvenes as potential Nox inhibitors, finding that fulvene-5 efficiently inhibited Nox activity in vitro and potently inhibited hemangioma growth in vivo. In conclusion, the present study establishes Nox4 as a critical regulator of hemangioma growth and identifies fulvenes as a potential class of candidate inhibitor to therapeutically interfere with Nox function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulochana S Bhandarkar
- Department of Dermatology and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Ruiz P, Dunon D, Sonnenberg A, Imhof BA. Suppression of Mouse Melanoma Metastasis by EA-1, A Monoclonal Antibody Specific for α6 Integrins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15419069309095682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tatham AL, Crabtree MJ, Warrick N, Cai S, Alp NJ, Channon KM. GTP cyclohydrolase I expression, protein, and activity determine intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin levels, independent of GTP cyclohydrolase feedback regulatory protein expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13660-13668. [PMID: 19286659 PMCID: PMC2679467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807959200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a required cofactor for nitricoxide synthases and aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Alterations of GTPCH activity and BH4 availability play an important role in human disease. GTPCH expression is regulated by inflammatory stimuli, in association with reduced expression of GTP cyclohydrolase feedback regulatory protein (GFRP). However, the relative importance of GTPCH expression versus GTPCH activity and the role of GFRP in relation to BH4 bioavailability remain uncertain. We investigated these relationships in a cell line with tet-regulated GTPCH expression and in the hph-1 mouse model of GTPCH deficiency. Doxycycline exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in GTPCH protein and activity, with a strong correlation between GTPCH expression and BH4 levels (r(2) = 0.85, p < 0.0001). These changes in GTPCH and BH4 had no effect on GFRP expression or protein levels. GFRP overexpression and knockdown in tet-GCH cells did not alter GTPCH activity or BH4 levels, and GTPCH-specific knockdown in sEnd.1 endothelial cells had no effect on GFRP protein. In mouse liver we observed a graded reduction of GTPCH expression, protein, and activity, from wild type, heterozygote, to homozygote littermates, with a striking linear correlation between GTPCH expression and BH4 levels (r(2) = 0.82, p < 0.0001). Neither GFRP expression nor protein differed between wild type, heterozygote, nor homozygote mice, despite the substantial differences in BH4. We suggest that GTPCH expression is the primary regulator of BH4 levels, and changes in GTPCH or BH4 are not necessarily accompanied by changes in GFRP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Tatham
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Crabtree
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Warrick
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Shijie Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Alp
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M Channon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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Slotta JE, Laschke MW, Schilling MK, Menger MD, Jeppsson B, Thorlacius H. Simvastatin attenuates hepatic sensitization to lipopolysaccharide after partial hepatectomy. J Surg Res 2009; 162:184-92. [PMID: 19631345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic resection may be curative in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies but excessive loss of liver volume may cause hepatic dysfunction and increase susceptibility to subsequent postoperative infections and sepsis. Herein, we hypothesized that pretreatment with simvastatin may protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver damage after partial hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57Bl/6 mice underwent 68% hepatectomy and exposed to LPS after 24h. Animals were pretreated with simvastatin (0.02 and 0.2mg/kg). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as leukocyte infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis were examined 6h after LPS challenge. An in vitro endothelial cell adhesion assay was used to study the mechanisms of simvastatin on leukocyte adhesion and the role of P-selectin and lymphocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1). RESULTS Partial hepatectomy increased the sensitivity of the remnant liver tissue to LPS-provoked tissue injury. Simvastatin pretreatment reduced the LPS-induced increase in serum levels of ALT by 65% in hepatectomized animals. Moreover, simvastatin decreased leukocyte infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis in the liver remnant of endotoxemic mice. LPS-provoked serum levels of TNF-alpha were decreased by 83% in hepatectomized animals treated with simvastatin. TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte adhesion as well as P-selectin expression in endothelial cells and LFA-1 function were inhibited by simvastatin in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These novels findings demonstrate that simvastatin protects the remnant liver against endotoxemic injury following major hepatectomy. Thus, simvastatin reduced LPS-induced leukocyte recruitment and hepatocyte apoptosis in the liver remnant. One key mechanism appears to be related to the inhibition of TNF-alpha formation and function (P-selectin expression) as well as to direct actions on LFA-1 function. Thus, simvastatin may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent septic liver damage after partial liver resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Slotta
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi E Fried
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, WMB 5309, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Santén S, Mihaescu A, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Wang Y, Jeppsson B, Thorlacius H. p38 MAPK regulates ischemia-reperfusion-induced recruitment of leukocytes in the colon. Surgery 2009; 145:303-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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