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Luo J, Chen W, Liu W, Jiang S, Ye Y, Shrimanker R, Hynes G, Klenerman P, Pavord ID, Xue L. IL-5 antagonism reverses priming and activation of eosinophils in severe eosinophilic asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:524-536. [PMID: 38493955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils are key effector cells mediating airway inflammation and exacerbation in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. They are present in increased numbers and activation states in the airway mucosa and lumen. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is the key eosinophil growth factor that is thought to play a role in eosinophil priming and activation. However, the mechanism of these effects is still not fully understood. The anti-IL-5 antibody mepolizumab reduces eosinophil counts in the airway modestly but has a large beneficial effect on the frequency of exacerbations of severe eosinophilic asthma, suggesting that reduction in eosinophil priming and activation is of central mechanistic importance. In this study, we used the therapeutic effect of mepolizumab and single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing to investigate the mechanism of eosinophil priming and activation by IL-5. We demonstrated that IL-5 is a dominant driver of eosinophil priming and plays multifaceted roles in eosinophil function. It enhances eosinophil responses to other stimulators of migration, survival, and activation by activating phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways. It also enhances the pro-fibrotic roles of eosinophils in airway remodeling via transforming growth factor-β pathway. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of eosinophil priming in severe eosinophilic asthma and the therapeutic effect of anti-IL-5 approaches in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Wentao Chen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Liu
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ye
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Shrimanker
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Hynes
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Peter Medawar Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luzheng Xue
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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2
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Antosz K, Batko J, Błażejewska M, Gawor A, Sleziak J, Gomułka K. Insight into IL-5 as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1531. [PMID: 39062104 PMCID: PMC11275030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 functions as a B-cell differentiation factor, but more importantly, in the context of this review, it plays a variety of roles in eosinophil biology, including eosinophil differentiation and maturation in the bone marrow, and facilitates eosinophil migration to tissue sites, usually in the context of an allergic reaction. Given the availability of selective anti-IL-5 drugs such as mepolizumab and reslizumab, as well as the IL-5 receptor antagonist benralizumab, it is worth investigating whether they could be used in some cases of allergic disease. Asthma has a well-documented involvement of IL-5 in its pathophysiology and has clear benefits in the case of anti-IL-5 therapy; therefore, current knowledge is presented to provide a reference point for the study of less-described diseases such as atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria, and its association with both IL-5 and anti-IL-5 treatment options. We then review the current literature on these diseases, explain where appropriate potential reasons why anti-IL-5 treatments are ineffective, and then point out possible future directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Antosz
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Joanna Batko
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Marta Błażejewska
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Antoni Gawor
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Sleziak
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Gomułka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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3
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Li S, Lin L, Zhao J, Yang Z, Zhong Y, Huang L, Chen J, Zhang L, Ding Y, Xie T. The Study of the Influence of IL5RA Variants on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2023; 20:338-347. [PMID: 37905709 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2270729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease, and its pathogenesis is influenced by genetic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the role of IL5RA genetic variation in the risk of COPD. In this study, 498 patients with COPD and 498 normal controls were recruited. Subsequently, five SNPs (rs3804795, rs2290610, rs13097407, rs334782, and rs3856850) in the IL5RA gene were genotyped. Logistic analysis examined the association of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL5RA with the risk of COPD under various genetic models. Furthermore, the association between IL5RA and susceptibility to COPD was comprehensively analyzed with stratification based on age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Our study showed that IL5RA rs13097407 reduced susceptibility to COPD (OR = 0.43, p < 0.001, p (FDR)< 0.001). On the other hand, rs3856850 was associated with an increased risk of COPD (OR = 1.71, p = 0.002, p (FDR) = 0.002). Interestingly, the effect of IL5RA SNPs on susceptibility to COPD was found to be influenced by factors such as sex and smoking. IL5RA gene variants were significantly associated with susceptibility to COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siguang Li
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lingsang Lin
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zehua Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Linhui Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yipeng Ding
- Department of General Practice, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
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4
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Saglani S, Yates L, Lloyd CM. Immunoregulation of asthma by type 2 cytokine therapies: Treatments for all ages? Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249919. [PMID: 36932669 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is classically considered to be a disease of type 2 immune dysfunction, since many patients exhibit the consequences of excess secretion of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 concomitant with inflammation typified by eosinophils. Mouse and human disease models have determined that many of the canonical pathophysiologic features of asthma may be caused by these disordered type 2 immune pathways. As such considerable efforts have been made to develop specific drugs targeting key cytokines. There are currently available multiple biologic agents that successfully reduce the functions of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in patients, and many improve the course of severe asthma. However, none are curative and do not always minimize the key features of disease, such as airway hyperresponsiveness. Here, we review the current therapeutic landscape targeting type 2 immune cytokines and discuss evidence of efficacy and limitations of their use in adults and children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Saglani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Yates
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Heredero-Jung DH, Elena-Pérez S, García-Sánchez A, Estravís M, Isidoro-García M, Sanz C, Dávila I. Interleukin 5 Receptor Subunit Alpha Expression as a Potential Biomarker in Patients with Nasal Polyposis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1966. [PMID: 37509606 PMCID: PMC10377376 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis (CRSwNP) affects the quality of life of patients suffering from it. The search for a suitable biomarker has been conducted over the last decades. Interleukin 5 receptor subunit alpha (IL-5Rα) involves the activation, maintenance, and survival of eosinophils, which are highly tied to chronic inflammatory processes of the airways, like asthma or CRSwNP. In this study, we evaluate the utility of IL5RA as a genetic biomarker in CRSwNP. IL5RA mRNA expression level was analyzed in different groups of patients by performing qPCR assays. A significant increase in IL5RA expression was observed in CRSwNP patients, especially those with asthma and atopy. We found differences in expression levels when comparing groups with or without polyposis or asthma, as well as some atypical cases related to eosinophil levels. That opens a path to future studies to further characterize groups of patients with common features in the context of pharmacogenetics and in an era towards developing a more precise personalized treatment with IL-5Rα as a therapeutic target for CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hansoe Heredero-Jung
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sandra Elena-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Results-Oriented Cooperative Research Networks in Health (RICORS), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Estravís
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Results-Oriented Cooperative Research Networks in Health (RICORS), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Results-Oriented Cooperative Research Networks in Health (RICORS), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Dávila
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Results-Oriented Cooperative Research Networks in Health (RICORS), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Allergy, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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6
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Cai T, Lenoir Capello R, Pi X, Wu H, Chou JJ. Structural basis of γ -chain family receptor sharing at the membrane level. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.05.539662. [PMID: 37205582 PMCID: PMC10187304 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.05.539662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The common γ-chain (γc) family of cytokine receptors, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 receptors, are activated upon engagement with the common γc receptor in ligand dependent manner. Sharing of γc by the IL receptors (ILRs) is thought to be achieved by concomitant binding of γc and ILR ectodomains to a cytokine. Here, we found that direct interactions between the transmembrane domain (TMD) of γc and those of the ILRs are also required for receptor activation, and remarkably, the same γc TMD can specifically recognize multiple ILR TMDs of diverse sequences. Heterodimer structures of γc TMD bound to the TMDs of IL-7R and IL-9R, determined in near lipid bilayer environment, reveal a conserved knob-into-hole mechanism of recognition that mediates receptor sharing within the membrane. Functional mutagenesis data indicate the requirement of the heterotypic interactions of TMDs in signaling, which could explain disease mutations within the receptor TMDs. One-Sentence Summary The transmembrane anchors of interleukin receptors of the gamma-chain family are critical for receptor sharing and activation.
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7
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Jung MM, Shen S, Botten GA, Olender T, Katsumura KR, Johnson KD, Soukup AA, Liu P, Zhang Q, Jensvold ZD, Lewis PW, Beagrie RA, Low JK, Yang L, Mackay JP, Godley LA, Brand M, Xu J, Keles S, Bresnick EH. Pathogenic human variant that dislocates GATA2 zinc fingers disrupts hematopoietic gene expression and signaling networks. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162685. [PMID: 36809258 PMCID: PMC10065080 DOI: 10.1172/jci162685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although certain human genetic variants are conspicuously loss of function, decoding the impact of many variants is challenging. Previously, we described a patient with leukemia predisposition syndrome (GATA2 deficiency) with a germline GATA2 variant that inserts 9 amino acids between the 2 zinc fingers (9aa-Ins). Here, we conducted mechanistic analyses using genomic technologies and a genetic rescue system with Gata2 enhancer-mutant hematopoietic progenitor cells to compare how GATA2 and 9aa-Ins function genome-wide. Despite nuclear localization, 9aa-Ins was severely defective in occupying and remodeling chromatin and regulating transcription. Variation of the inter-zinc finger spacer length revealed that insertions were more deleterious to activation than repression. GATA2 deficiency generated a lineage-diverting gene expression program and a hematopoiesis-disrupting signaling network in progenitors with reduced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and elevated IL-6 signaling. As insufficient GM-CSF signaling caused pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and excessive IL-6 signaling promoted bone marrow failure and GATA2 deficiency patient phenotypes, these results provide insight into mechanisms underlying GATA2-linked pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Minji Jung
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, and
| | - Siqi Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Giovanni A. Botten
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Olender
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute–General Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koichi R. Katsumura
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, and
| | - Kirby D. Johnson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, and
| | - Alexandra A. Soukup
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, and
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qingzhou Zhang
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute–General Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zena D. Jensvold
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter W. Lewis
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert A. Beagrie
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason K.K. Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lihua Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy A. Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, and
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8
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Rousselle A, Sonnemann J, Amann K, Mildner A, Lodka D, Kling L, Bieringer M, Schneider U, Leutz A, Enghard P, Kettritz R, Schreiber A. CSF2-dependent monocyte education in the pathogenesis of ANCA-induced glomerulonephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1162-1172. [PMID: 35418479 PMCID: PMC9279749 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Myeloid cell activation by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is pivotal for necrotising vasculitis, including necrotising crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN). In contrast to neutrophils, the contribution of classical monocyte (CM) and non-classical monocyte (NCM) remains poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that CMs contribute to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and that colony-stimulating factor-2 (CSF2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) is an important monocyte-directed disease modifier. Methods Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-immunised MPO−/− mice were transplanted with haematopoietic cells from wild-type (WT) mice, C–C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)−/− mice to abrogate CM, or transcription factor CCAAT–enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ)−/− mice to reduce NCM, respectively. Monocytes were stimulated with CSF2, and CSF2 receptor subunit beta (CSF2rb)-deficient mice were used. Urinary monocytes and CSF2 were quantified and kidney Csf2 expression was analysed. CSF2-blocking antibody was used in the nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) model. Results Compared with WT mice, CCR2−/− chimeric mice showed reduced circulating CM and were protected from NCGN. C/EBPβ−/− chimeric mice lacked NCM but developed NCGN similar to WT chimeric mice. Kidney and urinary CSF2 were upregulated in AAV mice. CSF2 increased the ability of ANCA-stimulated monocytes to generate interleukin-1β and to promote TH17 effector cell polarisation. CSF2rb−/− chimeric mice harboured reduced numbers of kidney TH17 cells and were protected from NCGN. CSF2 neutralisation reduced renal damage in the NTN model. Finally, patients with active AAV displayed increased urinary CM numbers, CSF2 levels and expression of GM-CSF in infiltrating renal cells. Conclusions CMs but not NCMs are important for inducing kidney damage in AAV. CSF2 is a crucial pathological factor by modulating monocyte proinflammatory functions and thereby TH17 cell polarisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rousselle
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janis Sonnemann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mildner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dörte Lodka
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lovis Kling
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bieringer
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Klinik Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Leutz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrian Schreiber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany .,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Abstract
The β common chain (βc) cytokine family includes granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-5, all of which use βc as key signaling receptor subunit. GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 have specific roles as hematopoietic growth factors. IL-3 binds with high affinity to the IL-3 receptor α (IL-3Rα/CD123) and then associates with the βc subunit. IL-3 is mainly synthesized by different subsets of T cells, but is also produced by several other immune [basophils, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, etc.] and non-immune cells (microglia and astrocytes). The IL-3Rα is also expressed by immune (basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, DCs, monocytes, and megacaryocytes) and non-immune cells (endothelial cells and neuronal cells). IL-3 is the most important growth and activating factor for human and mouse basophils, primary effector cells of allergic disorders. IL-3-activated basophils and mast cells are also involved in different chronic inflammatory disorders, infections, and several types of cancer. IL-3 induces the release of cytokines (i.e., IL-4, IL-13, CXCL8) from human basophils and preincubation of basophils with IL-3 potentiates the release of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines from IgE- and C5a-activated basophils. IL-3 synergistically potentiates IL-33-induced mediator release from human basophils. IL-3 plays a pathogenic role in several hematologic cancers and may contribute to autoimmune and cardiac disorders. Several IL-3Rα/CD123 targeting molecules have shown some efficacy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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10
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Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL5RA Gene through Alternative Promoter Usage during Eosinophil Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910245. [PMID: 34638583 PMCID: PMC8549700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the IL-5 receptor alpha (IL5RA) gene is complicated, with two known promoters (P1 and P2) driving transcription, and two known isoforms (transmembrane and soluble) dichotomously affecting the signaling potential of the protein products. Here, we sought to determine the patterns of P1 and P2 promoter usage and transcription factor occupancy during primary human eosinophil development from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell progenitors. We found that during eosinophilopoiesis, both promoters were active but subject to distinct temporal regulation, coincident with combinatorial interactions of transcription factors, including GATA-1, PU.1, and C/EBP family members. P1 displayed a relatively constant level of activity throughout eosinophil development, while P2 activity peaked early and waned thereafter. The soluble IL-5Rα mRNA peaked early and showed the greatest magnitude fold-induction, while the signaling-competent transmembrane isoform peaked moderately. Two human eosinophilic cell lines whose relative use of P1 and P2 were similar to eosinophils differentiated in culture were used to functionally test putative transcription factor binding sites. Transcription factor occupancy was then validated in primary cultures by ChIP. We conclude that IL-5-dependent generation of eosinophils from CD34+ precursors involves complex and dynamic activity including both promoters, several interacting transcription factors, and both signaling and antagonistic protein products.
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Fettrelet T, Gigon L, Karaulov A, Yousefi S, Simon HU. The Enigma of Eosinophil Degranulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137091. [PMID: 34209362 PMCID: PMC8268949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are specialized white blood cells, which are involved in the pathology of diverse allergic and nonallergic inflammatory diseases. Eosinophils are traditionally known as cytotoxic effector cells but have been suggested to additionally play a role in immunomodulation and maintenance of homeostasis. The exact role of these granule-containing leukocytes in health and diseases is still a matter of debate. Degranulation is one of the key effector functions of eosinophils in response to diverse stimuli. The different degranulation patterns occurring in eosinophils (piecemeal degranulation, exocytosis and cytolysis) have been extensively studied in the last few years. However, the exact mechanism of the diverse degranulation types remains unknown and is still under investigation. In this review, we focus on recent findings and highlight the diversity of stimulation and methods used to evaluate eosinophil degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Fettrelet
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lea Gigon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (T.F.); (L.G.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-632-3281
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Chu S, McCormick TS, Lazarus HM, Leal LO, Ghannoum MA. Invasive fungal disease and the immunocompromised host including allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: Improved understanding and new strategic approach with sargramostim. Clin Immunol 2021; 228:108731. [PMID: 33892201 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In hosts with damaged or impaired immune systems such as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) or intensive chemotherapy, breakthrough fungal infections can be fatal. Risk factors for breakthrough infections include severe neutropenia, use of corticosteroids, extended use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and intensive care unit admission. An individual's cumulative state of immunosuppression directly contributes to the likelihood of experiencing increased infection risk. Incidence of invasive fungal infection (IFI) after HCT may be up to 5-8%. Early intervention may improve IFI outcomes, although many infections are resistant to standard therapies (voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B, posaconazole or itraconazole, as single agents or in combination). We review herein several contributing factors that may contribute to the net state of immunosuppression in recipients of HCT. We also review a new approach for IFI utilizing adjunctive therapy with sargramostim, a yeast-derived recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhu GM-CSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherman Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest (COMP), Lebanon, OR, USA.
| | - Thomas S McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Hillard M Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Luis O Leal
- Partner Therapeutics, Inc., 19 Muzzey St, Lexington, MA, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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13
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Barros PO, Berthoud TK, Aloufi N, Angel JB. Soluble IL-7Rα/sCD127 in Health, Disease, and Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:47-62. [PMID: 33728276 PMCID: PMC7954429 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s264149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble cytokine receptors can influence immune responses by modulating the biological functions of their respective ligands. These effects can be either agonistic or antagonistic and a number of soluble cytokine receptors have been shown to play critical roles in both maintenance of health and disease pathogenesis. Soluble IL-7Ra (sCD127) is one such example. With its impact on the IL-7/CD127 pathway, which is fundamental for the development and homeostasis of T cells, the role of sCD127 in health and disease has been extensively studied in recent years. Within this review, the role of sCD127 in maintaining host immune function is presented. Next, by addressing genetic factors affecting sCD127 expression and the associated levels of sCD127 production, the roles of sCD127 in autoimmune disease, infections and cancer are described. Finally, advances in the field of soluble cytokine therapy and the potential for sCD127 as a biomarker and therapeutic agent are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila O Barros
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamara K Berthoud
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nawaf Aloufi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Elena-Pérez S, Heredero-Jung DH, García-Sánchez A, Estravís M, Martin MJ, Ramos-González J, Triviño JC, Isidoro-García M, Sanz C, Dávila I. Molecular Analysis of IL-5 Receptor Subunit Alpha as a Possible Pharmacogenetic Biomarker in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:624576. [PMID: 33644088 PMCID: PMC7904892 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.624576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome with a broad clinical spectrum and high drug response variability. The inflammatory response in asthma involves multiple effector cells and mediator molecules. Based on asthma immunopathogenesis, precision medicine can be a promising strategy for identifying biomarkers. Biologic therapies acting on the IL-5/IL-5 receptor axis have been developed. IL-5 promotes proliferation, differentiation and activation of eosinophils by binding to the IL-5 receptor, located on the surface of eosinophils and basophils. This study aimed to investigate the expression of IL5RA in patients with several types of asthma and its expression after treatment with benralizumab, a biologic directed against IL-5 receptor subunit alpha. Methods: Sixty peripheral blood samples, 30 from healthy controls and 30 from asthmatic patients, were selected for a transcriptomic RNAseq study. Differential expression analysis was performed by statistical assessment of fold changes and P-values. A validation study of IL5RA expression was developed using qPCR in 100 controls and 187 asthmatic patients. The effect of benralizumab on IL5RA expression was evaluated in five patients by comparing expression levels between pretreatment and after 3 months of treatment. The IL5RA mRNA levels were normalized to GAPDH and TBP expression values for each sample. Calculations were made by the comparative ΔΔCt method. All procedures followed the MIQE guidelines. Results:IL5RA was one of the most differentially overexpressed coding transcripts in the peripheral blood of asthmatic patients (P = 8.63E-08 and fold change of 2.22). In the qPCR validation study, IL5RA expression levels were significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Significant expression differences were present in different asthmatic types. In the biological drug study, patients treated with benralizumab showed a significant decrease in IL5RA expression and blood eosinophil counts. A notable improvement in ACT and lung function was also observed in these patients. Conclusions: These results indicate that IL5RA is overexpressed in patients with different types of asthma. It could help identify which asthmatic patients will respond more efficiently to benralizumab, moving toward a more personalized asthma management. Although further studies are required, IL5RA could play a role as a biomarker and pharmacogenetic factor in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Elena-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health - RETICS ARADyAL, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Estravís
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health - RETICS ARADyAL, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Martin
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health - RETICS ARADyAL, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - María Isidoro-García
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health - RETICS ARADyAL, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health - RETICS ARADyAL, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Dávila
- Allergic Disease Research Group IIMD-01, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health - RETICS ARADyAL, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Allergy, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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15
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Biologics for the Treatment of Allergic Conditions: Eosinophil Disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2020; 40:649-665. [PMID: 33012326 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated diseases are characterized by a common pathogenetic background, represented by eosinophil-led inflammation and overexpression of interleukin (IL)-5. IL-5 and its receptor are excellent therapeutic targets for eosinophil-associated diseases. Three monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-5 currently are available: mepolizumab and reslizumab block circulating IL-5 preventing the binding to its receptor, whereas benralizumab binds to IL-5 receptor α. They have a steroid-sparing effect in eosinophil disorders, such as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. The biotechnological drugs targeting IL-5 are promising therapies; however, further studies are needed.
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Piseddu I, Röhrle N, Knott MML, Moder S, Eiber S, Schnell K, Vetter V, Meyer B, Layritz P, Kühnemuth B, Wiedemann GM, Gruen J, Perleberg C, Rapp M, Endres S, Anz D. Constitutive Expression of CCL22 Is Mediated by T Cell-Derived GM-CSF. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2056-2065. [PMID: 32907996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CCL22 is a key mediator of leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory immune responses, allergy, and cancer. It acts by attracting regulatory T cells and Th2 cells via their receptor CCR type 4 (CCR4). Beyond its role in inflammation, CCL22 is constitutively expressed at high levels in lymphoid organs during homeostasis, where it controls immunity by recruiting regulatory T cells to dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanisms responsible for constitutive CCL22 expression. We confirmed that CD11c+ DCs are the exclusive producers of CCL22 in secondary lymphatic organs during homeostasis. We show that in vitro both murine splenocytes and human PBMCs secrete CCL22 spontaneously without any further stimulation. Interestingly, isolated DCs alone, however, are unable to produce CCL22, but instead require T cell help. In vitro, only the coculture of DCs with T cells or their supernatants resulted in CCL22 secretion, and we identified T cell-derived GM-CSF as the major inducer of DC-derived CCL22 expression. In vivo, Rag1 -/- mice, which lack functional T cells, have low CCL22 levels in lymphoid organs, and this can be restored by adoptive transfer of wild-type T cells or administration of GM-CSF. Taken together, we uncover T cell-derived GM-CSF as a key inducer of the chemokine CCL22 and thus, to our knowledge, identify a novel role for this cytokine as a central regulator of immunity in lymphatic organs. This knowledge could contribute to the development of new therapeutic interventions in cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Piseddu
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Natascha Röhrle
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Martin Ludwig Knott
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Moder
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Eiber
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schnell
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Viola Vetter
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Meyer
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Layritz
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kühnemuth
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriela Maria Wiedemann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Juliane Gruen
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Perleberg
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Rapp
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - David Anz
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; .,Department of Internal Medicine II (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 54:62-75. [PMID: 32513566 PMCID: PMC7265853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of cytokines are involved in the development of COVID-19 disease. Some of these biomolecules are related to the progression and even to the prognosis of the infection. Findings on the role of cytokine storm associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection can be useful in order to manage this highly virulent disease.
COVID-19 disease, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is related to a series of physiopathological mechanisms that mobilize a wide variety of biomolecules, mainly immunological in nature. In the most severe cases, the prognosis can be markedly worsened by the hyperproduction of mainly proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, preferentially targeting lung tissue. This study reviews published data on alterations in the expression of different cytokines in patients with COVID-19 who require admission to an intensive care unit. Data on the implication of cytokines in this disease and their effect on outcomes will support the design of more effective approaches to the management of COVID-19.
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18
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Damiani G, McCormick TS, Leal LO, Ghannoum MA. Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor expressed in yeast (sargramostim): A potential ally to combat serious infections. Clin Immunol 2020; 210:108292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Eosinophils are important immune cells that have been implicated in resistance to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in both naturally and experimentally infected sheep. Proteins of particular importance appear to be IgA-Fc alpha receptor (FcαRI), C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3), proteoglycan 3 (PRG3, major basic protein 2) and EPX (eosinophil peroxidase). We used known human nucleotide sequences to search the ruminant genomes, followed by translation to protein and sequence alignments to visualize differences between sequences and species. Where a sequence was retrieved for cow, but not for sheep and goat, this was used additionally as a reference sequence. In this review, we show that eosinophil function varies among host species. Consequently, investigations into the mechanisms of ruminant immune responses to GIN should be conducted using the natural host. Specifically, we address differences in protein sequence and structure for eosinophil proteins.
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Wang B, Mehta H. Cytokine receptor splice variants in hematologic diseases. Cytokine 2019; 127:154919. [PMID: 31816579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine and cytokine receptors are important regulators of hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitors differentiate into the myeloid or lymphoid lineage in response to specific cytokines. Cell-type specific receptors are expressed on committed progenitors that bind to other late-acting cytokines that are involved in terminal differentiation of hematopoietic cells. In normal hematopoiesis, these receptors undergo alternative splicing and are developmentally regulated. Splicing changes can significantly affect the structure and function of the receptors resulting in alterations of either the extracellular ligand binding domain or the cytoplasmic signaling domain responsible for cellular growth and differentiation. Most alternatively spliced isoforms generally lose the ability to promote differentiation. Evidently, overexpression of naturally occurring cytokine receptor alternate isoforms are observed in multiple myeloid diseases such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and polycythemia vera (PV). The purpose of this review is to introduce the various isoforms of key cytokine receptors that play a crucial role in myeloid development and their potential role in myeloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwyn Wang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hrishikesh Mehta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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21
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Dougan M, Dranoff G, Dougan SK. GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 Family of Cytokines: Regulators of Inflammation. Immunity 2019; 50:796-811. [PMID: 30995500 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The β common chain cytokines GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 regulate varied inflammatory responses that promote the rapid clearance of pathogens but also contribute to pathology in chronic inflammation. Therapeutic interventions manipulating these cytokines are approved for use in some cancers as well as allergic and autoimmune disease, and others show promising early clinical activity. These approaches are based on our understanding of the inflammatory roles of these cytokines; however, GM-CSF also participates in the resolution of inflammation, and IL-3 and IL-5 may also have such properties. Here, we review the functions of the β common cytokines in health and disease. We discuss preclinical and clinical data, highlighting the potential inherent in targeting these cytokine pathways, the limitations, and the important gaps in understanding of the basic biology of this cytokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Kuang FL, Legrand F, Makiya M, Ware J, Wetzler L, Brown T, Magee T, Piligian B, Yoon P, Ellis JH, Sun X, Panch SR, Powers A, Alao H, Kumar S, Quezado M, Yan L, Lee N, Kolbeck R, Newbold P, Goldman M, Fay MP, Khoury P, Maric I, Klion AD. Benralizumab for PDGFRA-Negative Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1336-1346. [PMID: 30943337 PMCID: PMC6557265 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1812185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a group of diseases defined by marked eosinophilia in blood or tissue and eosinophil-related clinical manifestations. Benralizumab is a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-5 receptor α, which is expressed on human eosinophils. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, we administered a series of three monthly subcutaneous injections of either benralizumab (at a dose of 30 mg) or placebo in 20 symptomatic patients who had PDGFRA-negative hypereosinophilic syndrome and an absolute eosinophil count of at least 1000 cells per cubic millimeter; all the patients were receiving stable therapy (drugs or dietary changes) for this disease. This regimen was followed by an open-label phase, during which the patient's background therapy could be tapered as tolerated, and an extension phase. The primary end point of the randomized phase was a reduction of at least 50% in the absolute eosinophil count at week 12. RESULTS During the randomized phase, the primary end point occurred in more patients in the benralizumab group than in the placebo group (9 of 10 patients [90%] vs. 3 of 10 patients [30%], P = 0.02). During the open-label phase, clinical and hematologic responses were observed in 17 of 19 patients (89%) and were sustained for 48 weeks in 14 of 19 patients (74%); in the latter group, in 9 of 14 patients (64%), background therapies could be tapered. Bone marrow and tissue eosinophilia were also suppressed with benralizumab therapy. The most common drug-related adverse events, headache and an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level, occurred in 32% of the patients after the first dose of benralizumab and resolved within 48 hours in all patients. Other adverse events occurred with similar frequency in the two groups. Of the many potential predictors of response that were examined, only clinical disease subtype appeared to be associated with the initial response or relapse. CONCLUSIONS In this small phase 2 trial, patients with PDGFRA-negative hypereosinophilic syndrome who received benralizumab for 12 weeks had lower absolute eosinophil counts than those who received placebo. During the open-label phase, clinical and hematologic responses were sustained for 48 weeks in 74% of the patients. Adverse events did not limit treatment. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00001406 and NCT02130882.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li Kuang
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Fanny Legrand
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Michelle Makiya
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - JeanAnne Ware
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Lauren Wetzler
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Thomas Brown
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Tamika Magee
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Brent Piligian
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Pryscilla Yoon
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Jamie H Ellis
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Sandhya R Panch
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Astin Powers
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Hawwa Alao
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Sheila Kumar
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Martha Quezado
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Li Yan
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Nancy Lee
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Paul Newbold
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Mitchell Goldman
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Michael P Fay
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Paneez Khoury
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Irina Maric
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
| | - Amy D Klion
- From the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (F.L.K., F.L., M.M., J.W., L.W., T.B., T.M., B.P., P.Y., P.K., A.D.K.) and Biostatistics Research Branch (M.P.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (H.A., S.K.), and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (A.P., M.Q.), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Departments of Laboratory Medicine (J.H.E., X.S., I.M.) and Transfusion Medicine (S.R.P.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park (T.M.), and MedImmune (N.L., R.K.) and AstraZeneca (P.N., M.G.), Gaithersburg - all in Maryland; the Department of Veteran Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Chattanooga (J.H.E.); and MedImmune, South San Francisco, CA (L.Y.)
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Scheide-Noeth JP, Rosen M, Baumstark D, Dietz H, Mueller TD. Structural Basis of Interleukin-5 Inhibition by the Small Cyclic Peptide AF17121. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:714-731. [PMID: 30529748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a T-helper cell of subtype 2 cytokine involved in many aspects of eosinophil life. Eosinophilic granulocytes play a pathogenic role in the progression of atopic diseases, such as allergy, asthma and atopic dermatitis and hypereosinophilic syndromes. Here, eosinophils upon activation degranulate leading to the release of proinflammatory proteins and mediators stored in intracellular vesicles termed granula thereby causing local inflammation, which when persisting leads to tissue damage and organ failure. As a key regulator of eosinophil function, IL-5 therefore presents a major pharmaceutical target and approaches to interfere with IL-5 receptor activation are of great interest. Here we present the structure of the IL-5 inhibiting peptide AF17121 bound to the extracellular domain of the IL-5 receptor IL-5Rα. The small 18mer cyclic peptide snugly fits into the wrench-like cleft of the IL-5 receptor, thereby blocking access of key residues for IL-5 binding. While AF17121 and IL-5 seemingly bind to a similar epitope at IL-5Rα, functional studies show that recognition and binding of both ligands differ. Using the structure data, peptide variants with improved IL-5 inhibition have been generated, which might present valuable starting points for superior peptide-based IL-5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philipp Scheide-Noeth
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rosen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - David Baumstark
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Dietz
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Peer S, Cappellano G, Hermann-Kleiter N, Albrecht-Schgoer K, Hinterleitner R, Baier G, Gruber T. Regulation of Lymphatic GM-CSF Expression by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cbl-b. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2311. [PMID: 30349541 PMCID: PMC6186797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies as well as lymphatic expression analyses have linked both Cbl-b and GM-CSF to human multiple sclerosis as well as other autoimmune diseases. Both Cbl-b and GM-CSF have been shown to play a prominent role in the development of murine encephalomyelitis; however, no functional connection between the two has yet been established. In this study, we show that Cblb knockout mice demonstrated significantly exacerbated severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), augmented T cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) and strongly increased production of GM-CSF in T cells in vitro and in vivo.GM-CSF neutralization demonstrated that the increased susceptibility of Cblb−/− mice to EAE was dependent on GM-CSF. Mechanistically, p50 binding to the GM-CSF promoter and the IL-3/GM-CSF enhancer element “CNSa” was strongly increased in nuclear extracts from Cbl-b-deficient T cells. This study suggests that Cbl-b limits autoimmunity by preventing the pathogenic effects of GM-CSF overproduction in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peer
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karin Albrecht-Schgoer
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Youn H, Her J, Mok J, Kil B, Kim E, Park H, Ban C. A Novel Eosinophilia Diagnostics Using Label-free Impedimetric Aptasensor for Soluble Interleukin-5 Receptor Alpha. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Youn
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77; Cheongam-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea
| | - Jin Her
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77; Cheongam-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea
| | - Jihyun Mok
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77; Cheongam-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea
| | - Bareum Kil
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77; Cheongam-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea
| | - Eunseon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77; Cheongam-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea
| | - Haesim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Ajou University School of Medicine; San-5, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu Suwon 16499 South Korea
| | - Changill Ban
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77; Cheongam-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea
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26
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Acute myeloid leukemia with t(19;21)(q13;q22) and marked eosinophilia. Ann Hematol 2018; 98:221-222. [PMID: 29951913 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Yanagibashi T, Satoh M, Nagai Y, Koike M, Takatsu K. Allergic diseases: From bench to clinic - Contribution of the discovery of interleukin-5. Cytokine 2018; 98:59-70. [PMID: 28863833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T helper 2 cells produce a number of cytokines including inteleukin (IL)-5, IL-4 and IL-13. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) also produce IL-5 under sterile conditions. IL-5 is interdigitating homodimeric glycoprotein and a member of the four α helical bundle motifs conserved among hematopoietic cytokines. IL-5 exerts its effects on target cells via IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), composed of an IL-5R α and βc subunit. The membrane proximal proline-rich motif of the cytoplasmic domain of both IL-5R α and βc subunits is essential for IL-5 signal transduction. Although IL-5 was initially identified by its ability to support the growth and terminal differentiation of mouse B cells into antibody-secreting cells, recombinant IL-5 exerts pleiotropic activities on various target cells. For example, IL-5 is now recognized as the major maturation and differentiation factor for eosinophils in mice and humans. Overexpression of IL-5 in mouse significantly increases eosinophil numbers and antibody levels in vivo, while mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5R display developmental and functional impairments in B cell and eosinophil lineages. In mice, the role of the IL-5/IL-5R system in the production and secretion of Immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgA in mucosal tissues has been reported. Although eosinophils protect against invading pathogens including virus, bacteria and helminthes, they are also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as food allergy, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The recent expansion in our understanding in the context of IL-5 and IL-5-producing ILC2s in eosinophil activation and the pathogenesis of eosinophil-dependent inflammatory diseases has led to advances in therapeutic options. A new therapy currently under invetigarion in clinical trials uses humanized monoclonal antibodies against IL-5 or the IL-5R. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the functions of IL-5 and its receptor, the innate regulation of IL-5-producing cells, and therapeutic potential of anti-IL-5 and anti-eosinophil (IL-5R) antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Yanagibashi
- Toyama Prefectural Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imizu City, Toyama 939-0363, Japan; Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Satoh
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Finamcial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nagai
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masamichi Koike
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Otemachi Finamcial City Grand Cube, 1-9-2, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Toyama Prefectural Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Imizu City, Toyama 939-0363, Japan; Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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28
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Esnault S, Kelly EA. Essential Mechanisms of Differential Activation of Eosinophils by IL-3 Compared to GM-CSF and IL-5. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 36:429-444. [PMID: 28605348 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has demonstrated that the eosinophils bring negative biological outcomes in several diseases, including eosinophilic asthma and hypereosinophilic syndromes. Eosinophils produce and store a broad range of toxic proteins and other mediators that enhance the inflammatory response and lead to tissue damage. For instance, in asthma, a close relationship has been demonstrated between increased lung eosinophilia, asthma exacerbation, and loss of lung function. The use of an anti-IL-5 therapy in severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients is efficient to reduce exacerbations. However, anti-IL-5-treated patients still display a relatively high amount of functional lung tissue eosinophils, indicating that supplemental therapies are required to damper the eosinophil functions. Our recent published works suggest that compared to IL-5, IL-3 can more strongly and differentially affect eosinophil functions. In this review, we summarize our and other investigations that have compared the effects of the three β-chain receptor cytokines (IL-5, GM-CSF and IL-3) on eosinophil biology. We focus on how IL-3 differentially activates eosinophils compared to IL-5 or GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Esnault
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K4/928, Madison, WI 53792-9988
| | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K4/928, Madison, WI 53792-9988
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29
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Sehmi R, Smith SG, Kjarsgaard M, Radford K, Boulet LP, Lemiere C, Prazma CM, Ortega H, Martin JG, Nair P. Role of local eosinophilopoietic processes in the development of airway eosinophilia in prednisone-dependent severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:793-802. [PMID: 26685004 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In severe asthmatics with persistent airway eosinophilia, blockade of interleukin-5 has significant steroid-sparing effects and attenuates blood and sputum eosinophilia. The contribution of local maturational processes of progenitors within the airways relative to the recruitment of mature cells from the peripheral circulation to the development of airway eosinophilia is not known. We hypothesize that local eosinophilopoiesis may be the predominant process that drives persistent airway eosinophilia and corticosteroid requirement in severe asthmatics. OBJECTIVES In a cross-sectional study, the number and growth potential of eosinophil-lineage-committed progenitors (EoP) were assayed in 21 severe eosinophilic asthmatics, 19 mild asthmatics, eight COPD patients and eight normal subjects. The effect of anti-IL-5 treatment on mature eosinophils and EoP numbers was made in severe eosinophilic asthmatics who participated in a randomized clinical trial of mepolizumab (substudy of a larger GSK sponsored global phase III trial, MEA115575) where subjects received mepolizumab (100 mg, n = 9) or placebo (n = 8), as six monthly subcutaneous injections. RESULTS Mature eosinophil and EoP numbers were significantly greater in the sputum of severe asthmatics compared with all other subject groups. In colony-forming assays, EoP from blood of severe asthmatics demonstrated a greater response to IL-5 than mild asthmatics. Treatment of severe asthmatics with mepolizumab significantly attenuated blood eosinophils and increased EoP numbers consistent with blockade of systemic eosinophilopoiesis. There was however no significant treatment effect on mature eosinophils, sputum EoP numbers or the prednisone maintenance dose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Patients with severe eosinophilic asthma have an exaggerated eosinophilopoeitic process in their airways. Treatment with 100 mg subcutaneous mepolizumab significantly attenuated systemic differentiation of eosinophils, but did not suppress local airway eosinophil differentiation to mature cells. Targeting IL-5-driven eosinophil differentiation locally within the lung maybe of relevance for optimal control of airway eosinophilia and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S G Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Kjarsgaard
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K Radford
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L-P Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - C Lemiere
- Division of Pneumologie, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C M Prazma
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - H Ortega
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J G Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Nair
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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30
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Ikutani M, Ogawa S, Yanagibashi T, Nagai T, Okada K, Furuichi Y, Takatsu K. Elimination of eosinophils using anti-IL-5 receptor alpha antibodies effectively suppresses IL-33-mediated pulmonary arterial hypertrophy. Immunobiology 2017; 223:486-492. [PMID: 29269115 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-5 is a critical regulator of eosinophils and a therapeutic target for asthma. The administration of anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) antibodies has been shown to reduce eosinophil counts and ameliorate asthmatic symptoms in studies on animal models of allergy as well as in human clinical trials. In order to explore other potential clinical uses of IL-5R antibodies, we used an animal model of IL-33-mediated pulmonary arterial hypertrophy. We first generated chimeric monoclonal antibodies against the mouse IL-5 receptor α chain (IL-5Rα), which comprised an Fc region from human IgG1 and a Fab region from a previously established anti-mouse IL-5Rα monoclonal antibody. To investigate the role of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), chimeric antibodies that lacked ADCC were prepared. These antibodies recognized IL-5Rα to the same extent as the ADCC-sufficient antibodies. Administration of chimeric antibodies with ADCC resulted in the elimination of eosinophils from the lung and thus suppressed the development of arterial hypertrophy. This effect was attenuated in mice treated with antibodies lacking ADCC. Taken together, the results of this study provided a potential use for anti-IL-5Rα antibodies in the treatment of arterial hypertrophy, which leads to pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ikutani
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Shinya Ogawa
- R&D Division, Tokyo Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yanagibashi
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama, Japan
| | - Terumi Nagai
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okada
- R&D Division, Tokyo Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Furuichi
- R&D Division, Tokyo Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama, Japan.
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31
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Boggu PR, Venkateswararao E, Manickam M, Kim Y, Jung SH. Discovery of novel 3-(hydroxyalkoxy)-2-alkylchromen-4-one analogs as interleukin-5 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:290-304. [PMID: 28803045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel chromen-4-one analogs 9a-d and 10a-u was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their IL-5 inhibitory activity. Most of the chromen-4-one analogs showed strong inhibitory activity in low micro molar potency. Among them, 5-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-3-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-2-isopropyl-4H-chromen-4-one (10t, 90.0% inhibition at 30 μM, IC50 = 5.5 μM, CLogP = 4.76887) and 2-cyclohexyl-5-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-3-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (10u, 95.5% inhibition at 30 μM, IC50 = 3.0 μM, CLogP = 5.96187) showed the best inhibition. The structure activity relationship reveals that the hydrophobic cyclohexylmethoxy group at the position 5 of the chromen-4-one ring A is preferable than at position 6 and the dual hydrogen bonding acceptor property on the chromen-4-one ring should be important for the inhibitory activity. In addition, the optimum length of the side chain at position 3 of chromen-4-one ring is critical for the donation of hydrogen to the binding site and the 3-hydroxypropoxy group showed the best activity. Moreover, the conformational restrictor (isopropyl, cyclohexyl group) at position 2 is much more favorable for the formation of effective conformer of side chain with hydrogen bonding donor property of these chromen-4-one analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulla Reddy Boggu
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eeda Venkateswararao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 19421, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Forno E, Wang T, Yan Q, Brehm J, Acosta-Perez E, Colon-Semidey A, Alvarez M, Boutaoui N, Cloutier MM, Alcorn JF, Canino G, Chen W, Celedón JC. A Multiomics Approach to Identify Genes Associated with Childhood Asthma Risk and Morbidity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:439-447. [PMID: 28574721 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0002oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood asthma is a complex disease. In this study, we aim to identify genes associated with childhood asthma through a multiomics "vertical" approach that integrates multiple analytical steps using linear and logistic regression models. In a case-control study of childhood asthma in Puerto Ricans (n = 1,127), we used adjusted linear or logistic regression models to evaluate associations between several analytical steps of omics data, including genome-wide (GW) genotype data, GW methylation, GW expression profiling, cytokine levels, asthma-intermediate phenotypes, and asthma status. At each point, only the top genes/single-nucleotide polymorphisms/probes/cytokines were carried forward for subsequent analysis. In step 1, asthma modified the gene expression-protein level association for 1,645 genes; pathway analysis showed an enrichment of these genes in the cytokine signaling system (n = 269 genes). In steps 2-3, expression levels of 40 genes were associated with intermediate phenotypes (asthma onset age, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, exacerbations, eosinophil counts, and skin test reactivity); of those, methylation of seven genes was also associated with asthma. Of these seven candidate genes, IL5RA was also significant in analytical steps 4-8. We then measured plasma IL-5 receptor α levels, which were associated with asthma age of onset and moderate-severe exacerbations. In addition, in silico database analysis showed that several of our identified IL5RA single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with transcription factors related to asthma and atopy. This approach integrates several analytical steps and is able to identify biologically relevant asthma-related genes, such as IL5RA. It differs from other methods that rely on complex statistical models with various assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Forno
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Wang
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qi Yan
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Brehm
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Angel Colon-Semidey
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and
| | - Maria Alvarez
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and
| | - Nadia Boutaoui
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle M Cloutier
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - John F Alcorn
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Wei Chen
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Juan C Celedón
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Becher B, Tugues S, Greter M. GM-CSF: From Growth Factor to Central Mediator of Tissue Inflammation. Immunity 2017; 45:963-973. [PMID: 27851925 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was initially classified as a hematopoietic growth factor. However, unlike its close relatives macrophage CSF (M-CSF) and granulocyte CSF (G-CSF), the majority of myeloid cells do not require GM-CSF for steady-state myelopoiesis. Instead, in inflammation, GM-CSF serves as a communication conduit between tissue-invading lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Even though lymphocytes are in all likelihood the instigators of chronic inflammatory disease, GM-CSF-activated phagocytes are well equipped to cause tissue damage. The pivotal role of GM-CSF at the T cell:myeloid cell interface might shift our attention toward studying the function of the myeloid compartment in immunopathology. Targeting specifically the crosstalk between T cells and myeloid cells through GM-CSF holds promise for the development of therapeutics to combat chronic tissue inflammation. Here, we will review some of the major discoveries of the recent past, which indicate that GM-CSF is so much more than its name suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sonia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Wright AKA, Weston C, Rana BMJ, Brightling CE, Cousins DJ. Human group 2 innate lymphoid cells do not express the IL-5 receptor. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1430-1433.e4. [PMID: 28502824 PMCID: PMC5667579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam K A Wright
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
| | - Cathryn Weston
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Batika M J Rana
- MRC &Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - David J Cousins
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; MRC &Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Varricchi G, Senna G, Loffredo S, Bagnasco D, Ferrando M, Canonica GW. Reslizumab and Eosinophilic Asthma: One Step Closer to Precision Medicine? Front Immunol 2017; 8:242. [PMID: 28344579 PMCID: PMC5344894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eosinophils represent approximately 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. However, these cells have the propensity to leave the blood stream and migrate into inflamed tissues. Eosinophilic inflammation is present in a significant proportion of patients with severe asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects more than 315 million people worldwide, with 10% having severe uncontrolled disease. Although the majority of patients can be efficiently treated, severe asthmatics continue to be uncontrolled and are at risk of exacerbations and even death. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) plays a fundamental role in eosinophil differentiation, maturation, activation and inhibition of apoptosis. Therefore, targeting IL-5 is an appealing approach to the treatment of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Reslizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody, binds with high affinity to amino acids 89–92 of IL-5 that are critical for binding to IL-5 receptor α. Two phase III studies have demonstrated that reslizumab administration in adult patients with severe asthma and eosinophilia (≥400 cells/μL) improved lung function, asthma control, and symptoms. Thus, the use of blood eosinophils as a baseline biomarker could help to select patients with severe uncontrolled asthma who are likely to achieve benefits in asthma control with reslizumab. In conclusion, targeted therapy with reslizumab represents one step closer to precision medicine in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianenrico Senna
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University, General Hospital , Verona , Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University of Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrando
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University of Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Personalized Medicine Clinic Asthma and Allergy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University , Rozzano, Milano , Italy
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36
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Hematopoietic Processes in Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest 2017; 152:410-416. [PMID: 28130045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway eosinophilia is a hallmark of allergic asthma, and understanding mechanisms that promote increases in lung eosinophil numbers is important for effective pharmacotherapeutic development. It has become evident that expansion of hematopoietic compartments in the bone marrow (BM) promotes differentiation and trafficking of mature eosinophils to the airways. Hematopoietic progenitor cells egress the BM and home to the lungs, where in situ differentiation within the tissue provides an ongoing source of proinflammatory cells. In addition, hematopoietic progenitor cells in the airways can respond to locally derived alarmins to produce a panoply of cytokines, thereby themselves acting as effector proinflammatory cells that potentiate type 2 responses in eosinophilic asthma. In this review, we provide evidence for these findings and discuss novel targets for modulating eosinophilopoietic processes, migration, and effector function of precursor cells.
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Nixon J, Newbold P, Mustelin T, Anderson GP, Kolbeck R. Monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with eosinophilic inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 169:57-77. [PMID: 27773786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils have been linked with asthma for more than a century, but their role has been unclear. This review discusses the roles of eosinophils in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and describes therapeutic antibodies that affect eosinophilia. The aims of pharmacologic treatments for pulmonary conditions are to reduce symptoms, slow decline or improve lung function, and reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are important in managing symptoms and exacerbations in asthma and COPD. However, control with these agents is often suboptimal, especially for patients with severe disease. Recently, new biologics that target eosinophilic inflammation, used as adjunctive therapy to corticosteroids, have proven beneficial and support a pivotal role for eosinophils in the pathology of asthma. Nucala® (mepolizumab; anti-interleukin [IL]-5) and Cinquair® (reslizumab; anti-IL-5), the second and third biologics approved, respectively, for the treatment of asthma, exemplifies these new treatment options. Emerging evidence suggests that eosinophils may contribute to exacerbations and possibly to lung function decline for a subset of patients with COPD. Here we describe the pharmacology of therapeutic antibodies inhibiting IL-5 or targeting the IL-5 receptor, as well as other cytokines contributing to eosinophilic inflammation. We discuss their roles as adjuncts to conventional therapeutic approaches, especially ICS therapy, when disease is suboptimally controlled. These agents have achieved a place in the therapeutic armamentarium for asthma and COPD and will deepen our understanding of the pathogenic role of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary P Anderson
- Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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McLeod O, Silveira A, Valdes-Marquez E, Björkbacka H, Almgren P, Gertow K, Gådin JR, Bäcklund A, Sennblad B, Baldassarre D, Veglia F, Humphries SE, Tremoli E, de Faire U, Nilsson J, Melander O, Hopewell JC, Clarke R, Björck HM, Hamsten A, Öhrvik J, Strawbridge RJ. Genetic loci on chromosome 5 are associated with circulating levels of interleukin-5 and eosinophil count in a European population with high risk for cardiovascular disease. Cytokine 2016; 81:1-9. [PMID: 26821299 PMCID: PMC4837217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IL-5 is a Th2 cytokine which activates eosinophils and is suggested to have an atheroprotective role. Genetic variants in the IL5 locus have been associated with increased risk of CAD and ischemic stroke. In this study we aimed to identify genetic variants associated with IL-5 concentrations and apply a Mendelian randomisation approach to assess IL-5 levels for causal effect on intima-media thickness in a European population at high risk of coronary artery disease. We analysed SNPs within robustly associated candidate loci for immune, inflammatory, metabolic and cardiovascular traits. We identified 2 genetic loci for IL-5 levels (chromosome 5, rs56183820, BETA=0.11, P=6.73E(-5) and chromosome 14, rs4902762, BETA=0.12, P=5.76E(-6)) and one for eosinophil count (rs72797327, BETA=-0.10, P=1.41E(-6)). Both chromosome 5 loci were in the vicinity of the IL5 gene, however the association with IL-5 levels failed to replicate in a meta-analysis of 2 independent cohorts (rs56183820, BETA=0.04, P=0.2763, I(2)=24, I(2)-P=0.2516). No significant associations were observed between SNPs associated with IL-5 levels or eosinophil count and IMT measures. Expression quantitative trait analyses indicate effects of the IL-5 and eosinophil-associated SNPs on RAD50 mRNA expression levels (rs12652920 (r2=0.93 with rs56183820) BETA=-0.10, P=8.64E(-6) and rs11739623 (r2=0.96 with rs72797327) BETA=-0.23, P=1.74E(-29), respectively). Our data do not support a role for IL-5 levels and eosinophil count in intima-media thickness, however SNPs associated with IL-5 and eosinophils might influence stability of the atherosclerotic plaque via modulation of RAD50 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga McLeod
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Silveira
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elsa Valdes-Marquez
- CTSU - Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karl Gertow
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper R Gådin
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Bäcklund
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jemma C Hopewell
- CTSU - Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- CTSU - Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hanna M Björck
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Öhrvik
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Clinical Research Västerås, Uppsala University, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Khorasanizadeh M, Eskian M, Assa'ad AH, Camargo CA, Rezaei N. Efficacy and Safety of Benralizumab, a Monoclonal Antibody against IL-5Rα, in Uncontrolled Eosinophilic Asthma. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:294-311. [PMID: 27119985 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1128901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonresponders to maximal guideline-based therapies of asthma account for most of the morbidity, mortality, and economic burden of the disease. Because eosinophils are key effector cells in asthmatic airway inflammation, blocking IL-5, the main cytokine responsible for its survival and activation, seems to be a rational strategy. While previous monoclonal antibodies against the IL-5 ligand resulted in inconsistent improvements in asthma outcomes, benralizumab has shown promise. Benralizumab is a monoclonal antibody against IL-5 receptor, and has an enhanced antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity function. In this article, we review the theoretical advantages of benralizumab compared to previous compounds, as well as current status of the clinical development of benralizumab in asthma. Lastly, we briefly discuss the potential role of benralizumab in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- MirHojjat Khorasanizadeh
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mahsa Eskian
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amal H Assa'ad
- b Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- c Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Molecular Immunology Research Center ; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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Panousis C, Dhagat U, Edwards KM, Rayzman V, Hardy MP, Braley H, Gauvreau GM, Hercus TR, Smith S, Sehmi R, McMillan L, Dottore M, McClure BJ, Fabri LJ, Vairo G, Lopez AF, Parker MW, Nash AD, Wilson NJ, Wilson MJ, Owczarek CM. CSL311, a novel, potent, therapeutic monoclonal antibody for the treatment of diseases mediated by the common β chain of the IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5 receptors. MAbs 2015; 8:436-53. [PMID: 26651396 PMCID: PMC4966837 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1119352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The β common-signaling cytokines interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-5 stimulate pro-inflammatory activities of haematopoietic cells via a receptor complex incorporating cytokine-specific α and shared β common (βc, CD131) receptor. Evidence from animal models and recent clinical trials demonstrate that these cytokines are critical mediators of the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway disease such as asthma. However, no therapeutic agents, other than steroids, that specifically and effectively target inflammation mediated by all 3 of these cytokines exist. We employed phage display technology to identify and optimize a novel, human monoclonal antibody (CSL311) that binds to a unique epitope that is specific to the cytokine-binding site of the human βc receptor. The binding epitope of CSL311 on the βc receptor was defined by X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis. CSL311 has picomolar binding affinity for the human βc receptor, and at therapeutic concentrations is a highly potent antagonist of the combined activities of IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5 on primary eosinophil survival in vitro. Importantly, CSL311 inhibited the survival of inflammatory cells present in induced sputum from human allergic asthmatic subjects undergoing allergen bronchoprovocation. Due to its high potency and ability to simultaneously suppress the activity of all 3 β common cytokines, CSL311 may provide a new strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases where the human βc receptor is central to pathogenesis. The coordinates for the βc/CSL311 Fab complex structure have been deposited with the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB 5DWU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Panousis
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Urmi Dhagat
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Center, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Edwards
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Veronika Rayzman
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Hardy
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Hal Braley
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Timothy R. Hercus
- Division of Human Immunology, the Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Steven Smith
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Laura McMillan
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mara Dottore
- Division of Human Immunology, the Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Barbara J. McClure
- Division of Human Immunology, the Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Louis J. Fabri
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Gino Vairo
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Division of Human Immunology, the Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Center, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Nash
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Wilson
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J. Wilson
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Owczarek
- Research and Development, CSL Limited; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Broughton SE, Nero TL, Dhagat U, Kan WL, Hercus TR, Tvorogov D, Lopez AF, Parker MW. The βc receptor family – Structural insights and their functional implications. Cytokine 2015; 74:247-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Subramaniam R, Hillberry Z, Chen H, Feng Y, Fletcher K, Neuenschwander P, Shams H. Delivery of GM-CSF to Protect against Influenza Pneumonia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124593. [PMID: 25923215 PMCID: PMC4414562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since adaptive immunity is thought to be central to immunity against influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonias, preventive strategies have focused primarily on vaccines. However, vaccine efficacy has been variable, in part because of antigenic shift and drift in circulating influenza viruses. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of innate immunity in protecting against influenza. Methods Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) contributes to maturation of mononuclear phagocytes, enhancing their capacity for phagocytosis and cytokine production. Results Overexpression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the lung of transgenic mice provides remarkable protection against IAV, which depends on alveolar macrophages (AM). In this study, we report that pulmonary delivery of GM-CSF to wild type young and aged mice abrogated mortality from IAV. Conclusion We also demonstrate that protection is species specific and human GM-CSF do not protect the mice nor stimulates mouse immunity. We also show that IAV-induced lung injury is the culprit for side-effects of GM-CSF in treating mice after IAV infection, and introduce a novel strategy to deliver the GM-CSF to and retain it in the alveolar space even after IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Subramaniam
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases Control (CPIDC), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Zachary Hillberry
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases Control (CPIDC), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Han Chen
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases Control (CPIDC), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Yan Feng
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases Control (CPIDC), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Kalyn Fletcher
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases Control (CPIDC), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Pierre Neuenschwander
- Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Homayoun Shams
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases Control (CPIDC), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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IL12Rβ1ΔTM is a secreted product of il12rb1 that promotes control of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2014; 83:560-71. [PMID: 25404030 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01230-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
IL12RB1 is a human gene that is important for resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. IL12RB1 is expressed by multiple leukocyte lineages, and encodes a type I transmembrane protein (IL12Rβ1) that associates with IL12p40 and promotes the development of host-protective T(H)1 cells. Recently, we observed that il12rb1—the mouse homolog of IL12RB1—is alternatively spliced by leukocytes to produce a second isoform (IL12Rβ1ΔTM) that has biological properties distinct from IL12Rβ1. Although the expression of IL12Rβ1ΔTM is elicited by M. tuberculosis in vivo, and its overexpression enhances IL12p40 responsiveness in vitro, the contribution of IL12Rβ1ΔTM to controlling M. tuberculosis infection has not been tested. Here, we demonstrate that IL12Rβ1ΔTM represents a secreted product of il12rb1 that, when absent from mice, compromises their ability to control M. tuberculosis infection in extrapulmonary organs. Furthermore, elevated M. tuberculosis burdens in IL12Rβ1ΔTM-deficient animals are associated with decreased lymph node cellularity and a decline in TH1 development. Collectively, these data support a model wherein IL12Rβ1ΔTM is a secreted product of il12rb1 that promotes resistance to M. tuberculosis infection by potentiating T(H) cells response to IL-12.
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Crystal structure of the mouse interleukin-3 β-receptor: insights into interleukin-3 binding and receptor activation. Biochem J 2014; 463:393-403. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the mouse IL-3-specific β-receptor (βIL-3) is presented giving insights into direct IL-3 binding and receptor activation via the IL-3 receptor α (IL-3Rα) ‘SP2’ isoform, which lacks the N-terminal Ig-like domain. It provides an important reference structure for interpreting mutagenesis and receptor activation studies.
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Stein ML, Rothenberg ME. Hypereosinophilic syndromes and new therapeutic approaches including anti-IL-5. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:633-44. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Moraga I, Spangler J, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Multifarious determinants of cytokine receptor signaling specificity. Adv Immunol 2014; 121:1-39. [PMID: 24388212 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800100-4.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play crucial roles in regulating immune homeostasis. Two important characteristics of most cytokines are pleiotropy, defined as the ability of one cytokine to exhibit diverse functionalities, and redundancy, defined as the ability of multiple cytokines to exert overlapping activities. Identifying the determinants for unique cellular responses to cytokines in the face of shared receptor usage, pleiotropy, and redundancy will be essential in order to harness the potential of cytokines as therapeutics. Here, we discuss the biophysical (ligand-receptor geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters that contribute to the specificity of cytokine bioactivities. Whereas the role of extracellular ternary complex geometry in cytokine-induced signaling is still not completely elucidated, cytokine-receptor affinity is known to impact signaling through modulation of the stability and kinetics of ternary complex formation. Receptor trafficking also plays an important and likely underappreciated role in the diversification of cytokine bioactivities but it has been challenging to experimentally probe trafficking effects. We also review recent efforts to quantify levels of intracellular signaling components, as second messenger abundance can affect cytokine-induced bioactivities both quantitatively and qualitatively. We conclude by discussing the application of protein engineering to develop therapeutically relevant cytokines with reduced pleiotropy and redirected biological functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Juan L Mendoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Konstantinidou M, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Cytokines in terms of QSAR. Review, evaluation and comparative studies. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 24:883-962. [PMID: 24099567 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.815656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a class of chemical factors that act as mediators in the complex biological response of inflammation, potentially implicated in various diseases. Therefore, selective inhibition or antagonism of cytokines is a target of anti-inflammatory drug design. The QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) analysis presented here attempts to identify the structural features and physicochemical properties that are significant for cytokine antagonists or inhibitors and in particular of i) interleukin-5 (IL-5), ii) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and iii) of the chemotactic cytokine (chemokine) interleukin-8 (IL-8). Firstly, a historical aspect of the limited published QSARs is discussed and then a 2D-QSAR analysis was carried out for 26 data sets of compounds using the C-QSAR program of Biobyte. In six cases hydrophobicity appeared to be important. Steric factors in the form of overall molar refractivity (CMR), molar refractivity of the substituent (MR), molar volume (MgVol), Taft's Es constant and the sterimol parameters B1 and B5 have a significant impact on biological activity in most of the derived equations whereas electronic parameters as σp, σm or Σσ appeared in five cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konstantinidou
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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GM-CSF as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:675-82. [PMID: 23933508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
GM-CSF is a well-known haemopoietic growth factor that is used in the clinic to correct neutropaenia, usually as a result of chemotherapy. GM-CSF also has many pro-inflammatory functions and recent data implicates GM-CSF as a key factor in Th17 driven autoimmune inflammatory conditions. In this review we summarize the findings that have led to the development of GM-CSF antagonists for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and discuss some results of recent clinical trials of these agents.
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49
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Signalling by the βc family of cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory demyelination. J Neurol Sci 2013; 333:76-87. [PMID: 23578791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS is not well understood, but it is believed that myelin-specific CD4(+) T cells play a central role in initiating and orchestrating CNS inflammation. In this scenario, CD4(+) T cells, activated in the periphery, infiltrate the CNS, where, by secreting cytokines and chemokines, they start an inflammatory cascade. Given the central role of CD4(+) T cells in CNS autoimmunity, they have been studied extensively, principally by using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In the late 1980s, CD4(+) T cells, based on their cytokine production, were divided into two helper lineages, Th1 and Th2 cells. It was postulated that Th1 cells, which produce IFN-γ, mediate inflammation of the CNS in MS/EAE, while Th2 cells, which produce IL-4, have a beneficial effect in disease, because of their antagonistic effect on Th1 cells. The Th1/Th2 paradigm remained the prevailing view of MS/EAE pathogenesis until 2005, when a new lineage, Th17, was discovered. In a relatively short period of time it became apparent that Th17 cells, named after their hallmark cytokine, IL-17A, play a crucial role in many inflammatory diseases, including EAE, and likely in MS as well. The Th17 paradigm developed rapidly, initiating the debate of whether Th1 cells contribute to EAE/MS pathogenesis at all, or if they might even have a protective role due to their antagonistic effects on Th17 cells. Numerous findings support the view that Th17 cells play an essential role in autoimmune CNS inflammation, perhaps mainly in the initial phases of disease. Th1 cells likely contribute to pathogenesis, with their role possibly more pronounced later in disease. Hence, the current view on the role of Th cells in MS/EAE pathogenesis can be called the Th17/Th1 paradigm. It is certain that Th17 cells will continue to be the focus of intense investigation aimed at elucidating the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity.
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