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ISLAM MZ, MATSUYAMA N, CHEN G, KOBAYASHI A, MOMOI Y, NIITSU K. A Needle-type Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor-compatible Glucose Fuel Cell Fabricated by Carbon Nanohorns for Biomedical Applications. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Zahidul ISLAM
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Naofumi MATSUYAMA
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Guowei CHEN
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Atsuki KOBAYASHI
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | | | - Kiichi NIITSU
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
- PRESTO, JST
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Effect of anode polarization on biofilm formation and electron transfer in Shewanella oneidensis /graphite felt microbial fuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 120:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Analysis of Anodes of Microbial Fuel Cells When Carbon Brushes Are Preheated at Different Temperatures. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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4
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Rahimnejad M, Bakeri G, Ghasemi M, Zirepour A. A review on the role of proton exchange membrane on the performance of microbial fuel cell. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Rahimnejad
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering; Babol Noshirvani University of Technology; Babol Iran
- Advanced Membrane and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering; Babol Noshirvani University of Technology; Babol Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bakeri
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering; Babol Noshirvani University of Technology; Babol Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghasemi
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM); 43600 Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Alireza Zirepour
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering; Babol Noshirvani University of Technology; Babol Iran
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Luz RAS, Pereira AR, de Souza JCP, Sales FCPF, Crespilho FN. Enzyme Biofuel Cells: Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Challenges in Applicability. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Lopez RJ, Babanova S, Ulyanova Y, Singhal S, Atanassov P. Improved Interfacial Electron Transfer in Modified Bilirubin Oxidase Biocathodes. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Friman H, Schechter A, Nitzan Y, Cahan R. Effect of external voltage on Pseudomonas putida F1 in a bio electrochemical cell using toluene as sole carbon and energy source. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 158:414-423. [PMID: 22096152 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A bio electrochemical cell (BEC) was constructed as a typical two-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC), except that it was operated under external voltage instead of constant resistance as in an MFC. The anode chamber contained a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida F1 grown in a minimal medium containing toluene as the sole carbon and energy source. Operating the BEC under external voltages of 75, 125, 175, 250 and 500 mV (versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode) led to increased bacterial cell growth to an OD(600) of 0.62-0.75, while the control BEC, which was not connected to external voltage, reached an OD(600) of only 0.3. Examination of the current generated under external voltages of 75, 125, 175, 250 and 500 mV showed that the maximal currents were 11, 23, 28, 54 and 94 mA m(-2), respectively. Cyclic voltammetry experiments demonstrated an anodic peak at 270 mV, which may imply oxidation of a vital molecule. The average residual toluene concentration after 147 h in the BEC operated under external voltage was 22 %, whereas in the control BEC it was 81 %. Proteome analysis of bacterial cells grown in the BEC (125 mV) revealed two groups of proteins, which are ascribed to charge transfer in the bacterial cells and from the cell to the electrode. In conclusion, operating the BEC at 75-500 mV enabled growth of a pure culture of P. putida F1 and toluene degradation even in an oxygen-limited environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hen Friman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Ariel University Center, Ariel 44837, Israel
| | - Alex Schechter
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Ariel University Center, Ariel 44837, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Nitzan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Rivka Cahan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Ariel University Center, Ariel 44837, Israel
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8
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Tang X, Guo K, Li H, Du Z, Tian J. Electrochemical treatment of graphite to enhance electron transfer from bacteria to electrodes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3558-60. [PMID: 20888221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, graphite felts were continuously electrochemically oxidized to increase the current generation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The treated and untreated graphite felts were utilized as anodes in MFCs and current production was compared. The current production on electrochemically treated graphite felt anodes was about 1.13 mA, 39.5% higher compared with that of MFCs containing untreated anodes. The results demonstrated that the electronic coupling between graphite felt electrodes and electrogenic bacteria could be enhanced by electrochemical oxidization of the electrodes. Further study showed that the newly generated carboxyl containing functional groups from electrochemical oxidization were responsible for the enhanced electron transfer, due to their strong hydrogen bonding with peptide bonds in bacterial cytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Choi MJ, Chae KJ, Ajayi FF, Kim KY, Yu HW, Kim CW, Kim IS. Effects of biofouling on ion transport through cation exchange membranes and microbial fuel cell performance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:298-303. [PMID: 20659795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of biofouling on the electrochemical properties of cation exchange membranes (CEMs), such as membrane electrical resistance (MER), specific proton conductivity (SC), and ion transport number (t(+)), in addition to on microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance. CEM biofouling using a 15.5 ± 4.6 μm biofilm was found to slightly increase the MER from 15.65 Ω cm(2) (fresh Nafion) to 19.1 Ω cm(2), whereas an increase of almost two times was achieved when the electrolyte was changed from deionized water to an anolyte containing a high cation concentration supporting bacterial growth. The simple physical cleaning of CEMs had little effect on the Coulombic efficiency (CE), whereas replacing a biofouled CEM with new one resulted in considerable increase of up to 59.3%, compared to 45.1% for a biofouled membrane. These results clearly suggest the internal resistance increase of MFC was mainly caused by the sulfonate functional groups of CEM being occupied with cations contained in the anolyte, rather than biofouling itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jin Choi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-dong), Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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10
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Tang X, Guo K, Li H, Du Z, Tian J. Microfiltration membrane performance in two-chamber microbial fuel cells. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Sustainable wastewater treatment: How might microbial fuel cells contribute. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:871-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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13
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YIN Y, LIU Y, WANG Y, LI W, ZHENG X. Electricity Generation and Taming of Electricigenes from Mediator-less Microbial Fuel Cell with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1145.2010.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Addo P, Arechederra R, Minteer S. Evaluating Enzyme Cascades for Methanol/Air Biofuel Cells Based on NAD+-Dependent Enzymes. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200980009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Regulation of glycerol metabolism in Enterobacter aerogenes NBRC12010 under electrochemical conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:749-56. [PMID: 19352646 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1978-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter aerogenes NBRC12010 was able to ferment glycerol to ethanol and hydrogen gas. Fermentation of glycerol ceased in the stationary phase of growth, and it was activated by electrochemical reactions using thionine as an electron transfer mediator from bacterial cells to an electrode. Using resting cells of E. aerogenes NBRC12010 in only citrate buffer solution, the cells did not consume glycerol at all, but they could metabolize glucose. These results suggest that the regulation of glycerol metabolism occurred at enzymatic steps before glycolysis. In E. aerogenes NBRC12010, glycerol was metabolized via glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) and then dehydroxyacetone kinase. The GDH-catalyzed reaction mainly depended on the ratio of NAD(+)/NADH. At a NAD(+)/NADH ratio of nearly 1 or less, it was substantially suppressed and glycerol metabolism stopped. When the ratio was higher than 1, GDH was activated and glycerol was metabolized. Thus, the reaction of glycerol metabolism depended on the balance of cellular NAD(+)/NADH. Exogenous NADH was oxidized to NAD(+) by electrochemical reactions with thionine. We proposed the activation mechanism of glycerol metabolism under electrochemical conditions.
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Delaney GM, Bennetto HP, Mason JR, Roller SD, Stirling JL, Thurston CF. Electron-transfer coupling in microbial fuel cells. 2. performance of fuel cells containing selected microorganism-mediator-substrate combinations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.280340104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Roller SD, Bennetto HP, Delaney GM, Mason JR, Stirling JL, Thurston CF. Electron-transfer coupling in microbial fuel cells: 1. comparison of redox-mediator reduction rates and respiratory rates of bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.280340103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Ouitrakul S, Sriyudthsak M, Charojrochkul S, Kakizono T. Impedance analysis of bio-fuel cell electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:721-7. [PMID: 17897820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine the criteria for the selection of an electrode suitable for a bio-fuel cell (BFC), five electrodes, i.e. silver, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel and carbon fiber cloth were investigated. The performance of the BFC according to the electrode material, including the generated voltage, current density and power density was observed. These results show that the materials used for constructing the electrodes affect the performance of the BFC. An impedance analysis was used to describe the characteristics of the electrodes in the solution. Equivalent circuits of each component such as solution, electrodes-solution interface and electrode were determined from the impedance data. The constant-phase element (CPE) model was applied for data analyzing. It was found that stainless steel, nickel and aluminum behaved like a polarized electrode which has a high electrode-solution interfacial impedance, while carbon fiber cloth and silver had a low impedance like a non-polarized electrode. The impedance data indicated that a higher interfacial impedance will result in a higher loading effect. The results can be summarized that the carbon fiber cloth electrode offers a good electron transfer in the system and thus supplies higher power to the external load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarinee Ouitrakul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Liu ZD, Li HR. Effects of bio- and abio-factors on electricity production in a mediatorless microbial fuel cell. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Zhang T, Zeng Y, Chen S, Ai X, Yang H. Improved performances of E. coli-catalyzed microbial fuel cells with composite graphite/PTFE anodes. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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21
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Schröder U. Anodic electron transfer mechanisms in microbial fuel cells and their energy efficiency. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2619-29. [PMID: 17627307 DOI: 10.1039/b703627m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) depends on a complex system of parameters. Apart from technical variables like the anode or fuel cell design, it is mainly the paths and mechanisms of the bioelectrochemical energy conversion that decisively determine the MFC power and energy output. Here, the electron transfer from the microbial cell to the fuel cell anode, as a process that links microbiology and electrochemistry, represents a key factor that defines the theoretical limits of the energy conversion. The determination of the energy efficiency of the electron transfer reactions, based on the biological standard potentials of the involved redox species in combination with the known paths (and stoichiometry) of the underlying microbial metabolism, is an important instrument for this discussion. Against the sometimes confusing classifications of MFCs in literature it is demonstrated that the anodic electron transfer is always based on one and the same background: the exploitation of the necessity of every living cell to dispose the electrons liberated during oxidative substrate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schröder
- Institut für Biochemie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, Greifswald, Germany.
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22
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Bullen RA, Arnot TC, Lakeman JB, Walsh FC. Biofuel cells and their development. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:2015-45. [PMID: 16569499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the literature published since 1994 on microbial and enzymatic biofuel cells. Types of biofuel cell are classified according to the nature of the electrode reaction and the nature of the biochemical reactions. The performance of fuel cells is critically reviewed and a variety of possible applications is considered. The current direction of development of biofuel cells is carefully analysed. While considerable chemical development of enzyme electrodes has occurred, relatively little progress has been made towards the engineering development biofuel cells. The limit of performance of biofuel cells is highlighted and suggestions for future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bullen
- Engineering Chemistry Group, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Cheng S, Liu H, Logan BE. Increased power generation in a continuous flow MFC with advective flow through the porous anode and reduced electrode spacing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:2426-32. [PMID: 16646485 DOI: 10.1021/es051652w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The maximum power generated in a single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) has previously been shown to increase when the spacing between the electrodes is decreased from 4 to 2 cm. However, the maximum power from a MFC with glucose (500 mg/L) decreased from 811 mW/ m2 (R(ex) = 200 omega, Coulombic efficiency of CE = 28%) to 423 mW/m2 (R(ex) = 500 omega, CE = 18%) when the electrode spacing was decreased from 2 to 1 cm (batch mode operation, power normalized by cathode projected area). This decrease in power was unexpected as the internal resistance decreased from 35 omega (2-cm spacing) to 16 omega (1-cm spacing). However, providing advective flow through the porous anode toward the cathode substantially increased power, resulting in the highest maximum power densities yet achieved in an air-cathode system using glucose or domestic wastewater as substrates. For glucose, with a 1-cm electrode spacing and flow through the anode with continuous flow operation of the MFC, the maximum power increased to 1540 mW/m2 (51 W/m3) and the CE increased to 60%. Using domestic wastewater (255 +/- 10 mg of COD/L), the maximum power density was 464 mW/m2 (15.5 W/m3; CE = 27%). Although flow through the anode could lead to plugging, especially for particulate substrates such as domestic wastewater, the system was operated using glucose for over 42 days without clogging. These results show that power output in this air-cathode single-chamber MFC can be increased by reducing the electrode spacing if the reactors are operated in continuous flow mode with advective flow through the anode toward the cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoan Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Penn State Hydrogen Energy (H2E) Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Oh SE, Logan BE. Proton exchange membrane and electrode surface areas as factors that affect power generation in microbial fuel cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 70:162-9. [PMID: 16167143 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Power generation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is a function of the surface areas of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and the cathode relative to that of the anode. To demonstrate this, the sizes of the anode and cathode were varied in two-chambered MFCs having PEMs with three different surface areas (A (PEM)=3.5, 6.2, or 30.6 cm(2)). For a fixed anode and cathode surface area (A (An)=A (Cat)=22.5 cm(2)), the power density normalized to the anode surface area increased with the PEM size in the order 45 mW/m(2) (A (PEM)=3.5 cm(2)), 68 mW/m(2) (A (PEM)=6.2 cm(2)), and 190 mW/m(2) (A (PEM)=30.6 cm(2)). PEM surface area was shown to limit power output when the surface area of the PEM was smaller than that of the electrodes due to an increase in internal resistance. When the relative cross sections of the PEM, anode, and cathode were scaled according to 2A (Cat)=A(PEM)=2A (An), the maximum power densities of the three different MFCs, based on the surface area of the PEM (A (PEM)=3.5, 6.2, or 30.6 cm(2)), were the same (168+/-4.53 mW/m(2)). Increasing the ionic strength and using ferricyanide at the cathode also increased power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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26
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Bond DR, Lovley DR. Evidence for involvement of an electron shuttle in electricity generation by Geothrix fermentans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:2186-9. [PMID: 15812057 PMCID: PMC1082548 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.4.2186-2189.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In experiments performed using graphite electrodes poised by a potentiostat (+200 mV versus Ag/AgCl) or in a microbial fuel cell (with oxygen as the electron acceptor), the Fe(III)-reducing organism Geothrix fermentans conserved energy to support growth by coupling the complete oxidation of acetate to reduction of a graphite electrode. Other organic compounds, such as lactate, malate, propionate, and succinate as well as components of peptone and yeast extract, were utilized for electricity production. However, electrical characteristics and the results of shuttling assays indicated that unlike previously described electrode-reducing microorganisms, G. fermentans produced a compound that promoted electrode reduction. This is the first report of complete oxidation of organic compounds linked to electrode reduction by an isolate outside of the Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Bond
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
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27
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Ieropoulos IA, Greenman J, Melhuish C, Hart J. Comparative study of three types of microbial fuel cell. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Min B, Cheng S, Logan BE. Electricity generation using membrane and salt bridge microbial fuel cells. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:1675-86. [PMID: 15899266 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be used to directly generate electricity from the oxidation of dissolved organic matter, but optimization of MFCs will require that we know more about the factors that can increase power output such as the type of proton exchange system which can affect the system internal resistance. Power output in a MFC containing a proton exchange membrane was compared using a pure culture (Geobacter metallireducens) or a mixed culture (wastewater inoculum). Power output with either inoculum was essentially the same, with 40+/-1mW/m2 for G. metallireducens and 38+/-1mW/m2 for the wastewater inoculum. We also examined power output in a MFC with a salt bridge instead of a membrane system. Power output by the salt bridge MFC (inoculated with G. metallireducens) was 2.2mW/m2. The low power output was directly attributed to the higher internal resistance of the salt bridge system (19920+/-50 Ohms) compared to that of the membrane system (1286+/-1Ohms) based on measurements using impedance spectroscopy. In both systems, it was observed that oxygen diffusion from the cathode chamber into the anode chamber was a factor in power generation. Nitrogen gas sparging, L-cysteine (a chemical oxygen scavenger), or suspended cells (biological oxygen scavenger) were used to limit the effects of gas diffusion into the anode chamber. Nitrogen gas sparging, for example, increased overall Coulombic efficiency (47% or 55%) compared to that obtained without gas sparging (19%). These results show that increasing power densities in MFCs will require reducing the internal resistance of the system, and that methods are needed to control the dissolved oxygen flux into the anode chamber in order to increase overall Coulombic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 212 Sackett Bld., University Park, PA, USA
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Kim JR, Min B, Logan BE. Evaluation of procedures to acclimate a microbial fuel cell for electricity production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:23-30. [PMID: 15647935 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a relatively new type of fixed film bioreactor for wastewater treatment, and the most effective methods for inoculation are not well understood. Various techniques to enrich electrochemically active bacteria on an electrode were therefore studied using anaerobic sewage sludge in a two-chambered MFC. With a porous carbon paper anode electrode, 8 mW/m2 of power was generated within 50 h with a Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 40%. When an iron oxide-coated electrode was used, the power and the CE reached 30 mW/m2 and 80%, respectively. A methanogen inhibitor (2-bromoethanesulfonate) increased the CE to 70%. Bacteria in sludge were enriched by serial transfer using a ferric iron medium, but when this enrichment was used in a MFC the power was lower (2 mW/m2) than that obtained with the original inoculum. By applying biofilm scraped from the anode of a working MFC to a new anode electrode, the maximum power was increased to 40 mW/m2. When a second anode was introduced into an operating MFC the acclimation time was not reduced and the total power did not increase. These results suggest that these active inoculating techniques could increase the effectiveness of enrichment, and that start up is most successful when the biofilm is harvested from the anode of an existing MFC and applied to the new anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Rae Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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30
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Min B, Logan BE. Continuous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:5809-14. [PMID: 15575304 DOI: 10.1021/es0491026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts organic matter to electricity using microorganisms as the biocatalyst. Most MFCs contain two electrodes separated into one or two chambers that are operated as a completely mixed reactor. In this study, a flat plate MFC (FPMFC) was designed to operate as a plug flow reactor (no mixing) using a combined electrode/proton exchange membrane (PEM) system. The reactor consisted of a single channel formed between two nonconductive plates that were separated into two halves by the electrode/PEM assembly. Each electrode was placed on an opposite side of the PEM, with the anode facing the chamber containing the liquid phase and the cathode facing a chamber containing only air. Electricity generation using the FPMFC was examined by continuously feeding a solution containing wastewater, or a specific substrate, into the anode chamber. The system was initially acclimated for 1 month using domestic wastewater orwastewater enriched with a specific substrate such as acetate. Average power density using only domestic wastewater was 72+/-1 mW/m2 at a liquid flow rate of 0.39 mL/min [42% COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal, 1.1 h HRT (hydraulic retention time)]. At a longer HRT = 4.0 h, there was 79% COD removal and an average power density of 43+/-1 mW/m2. Power output was found to be a function of wastewater strength according to a Monod-type relationship, with a half-saturation constant of Ks = 461 or 719 mg COD/L. Power generation was sustained at high rates with several organic substrates (all at approximately 1000 mg COD/L), including glucose (212+/-2 mW/ m2), acetate (286+/-3 mW/m2), butyrate (220+/-1 mW/ m2), dextran (150+/-1 mW/m2), and starch (242+/-3 mW/ m2). These results demonstrate the versatility of power generation in a MFC with a variety of organic substrates and show that power can be generated at a high rate in a continuous flow reactor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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31
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Oh S, Min B, Logan BE. Cathode performance as a factor in electricity generation in microbial fuel cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:4900-4. [PMID: 15487802 DOI: 10.1021/es049422p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although microbial fuel cells (MFCs) generate much lower power densities than hydrogen fuel cells, the characteristics of the cathode can also substantially affect electricity generation. Cathodes used for MFCs are often either Pt-coated carbon electrodes immersed in water that use dissolved oxygen as the electron acceptor or they are plain carbon electrodes in a ferricyanide solution. The characteristics and performance of these two cathodes were compared using a two-chambered MFC. Power generation using the Pt-carbon cathode and dissolved oxygen (saturated) reached a maximum of 0.097 mW within 120 h after inoculation (wastewater sludge and 20 mM acetate) when the cathode was equal size to the anode (2.5 x 4.5 cm). Once stable power was generated after replacing the MFC with fresh medium (no sludge), the Coulombic efficiency ranged from 63 to 78%. Power was proportional to the dissolved oxygen concentration in a manner consistent with Monod-type kinetics, with a half saturation constant of K(DO) = 1.74 mg of O2/L. Power increased by 24% when the cathode surface areas were increased from 22.5 to 67.5 cm2 and decreased by 56% when the cathode surface area was reduced to 5.8 cm2. Power was also substantially reduced (by 78% to 0.02 mW) if Pt was not used on the cathode. By using ferricyanide instead of dissolved oxygen, the maximum power increased by 50-80% versus that obtained with dissolved oxygen. This result was primarily due to increased mass transfer efficiencies and the larger cathode potential (332 mV) of ferricyanide than that obtained with dissolved oxygen (268 mV). A cathode potential of 804 mV (NHE basis) is theoretically possible using dissolved oxygen, indicating that further improvements in cathode performance with oxygen as the electron acceptor are possible that could lead to increased power densities in this type of MFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangEun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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32
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Liu H, Logan BE. Electricity generation using an air-cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell in the presence and absence of a proton exchange membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:4040-6. [PMID: 15298217 DOI: 10.1021/es0499344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are typically designed as a two-chamber system with the bacteria in the anode chamber separated from the cathode chamber by a polymeric proton exchange membrane (PEM). Most MFCs use aqueous cathodes where water is bubbled with air to provide dissolved oxygen to electrode. To increase energy output and reduce the cost of MFCs, we examined power generation in an air-cathode MFC containing carbon electrodes in the presence and absence of a polymeric proton exchange membrane (PEM). Bacteria present in domestic wastewater were used as the biocatalyst, and glucose and wastewater were tested as substrates. Power density was found to be much greater than typically reported for aqueous-cathode MFCs, reaching a maximum of 262 +/- 10 mW/m2 (6.6 +/- 0.3 mW/L; liquid volume) using glucose. Removing the PEM increased the maximum power density to 494 +/- 21 mW/m2 (12.5 +/- 0.5 mW/L). Coulombic efficiency was 40-55% with the PEM and 9-12% with the PEM removed, indicating substantial oxygen diffusion into the anode chamber in the absence of the PEM. Power output increased with glucose concentration according to saturation-type kinetics, with a half saturation constant of 79 mg/L with the PEM-MFC and 103 mg/L in the MFC without a PEM (1000 omega resistor). Similar results on the effect of the PEM on power density were found using wastewater, where 28 +/- 3 mW/m2 (0.7 +/- 0.1 mW/L) (28% Coulombic efficiency) was produced with the PEM, and 146 +/- 8 mW/m2 (3.7 +/- 0.2 mW/L) (20% Coulombic efficiency) was produced when the PEM was removed. The increase in power output when a PEM was removed was attributed to a higher cathode potential as shown by an increase in the open circuit potential. An analysis based on available anode surface area and maximum bacterial growth rates suggests that mediatorless MFCs may have an upper order-of-magnitude limit in power density of 10(3) mW/m2. A cost-effective approach to achieving power densities in this range will likely require systems that do not contain a polymeric PEM in the MFC and systems based on direct oxygen transfer to a carbon cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and The Penn State Hydrogen Energy (H2E) Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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33
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Construction of Microbial Fuel Cells Using Thermophilic Microorganisms, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus thermoglucosidasius. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.6.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barrière F, Ferry Y, Rochefort D, Leech D. Targetting redox polymers as mediators for laccase oxygen reduction in a membrane-less biofuel cell. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Gil GC, Chang IS, Kim BH, Kim M, Jang JK, Park HS, Kim HJ. Operational parameters affecting the performannce of a mediator-less microbial fuel cell. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:327-34. [PMID: 12604249 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A mediator-less microbial fuel cell was optimized in terms of various operating conditions. Current generation was dependent on several factors such as pH, resistance, electrolyte used, and dissolved oxygen concentration in the cathode compartment. The highest current was generated at pH 7. Under the operating conditions, the resistance was the rate-determining factor at over 500 omega. With resistance lower than 500 omega, proton transfer and dissolved oxygen (DO) supply limited the cathode reaction. A high strength buffer reduced the proton limitation to some extent. The DO concentration was around 6 mg l(-1) at the DO limited condition. The fact that oxygen limitation was observed at high DO concentration is believed to be due to the poor oxygen reducing activity of the electrode used, graphite. The current showed linear relationship with the fuel added at low concentration, and the electronic charge was well correlated with substrate concentration from up to 400 mg l(-1) of COD(cr). The microbial fuel cell might be used as a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Cheol Gil
- Water Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok, Sungpook, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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Bond DR, Lovley DR. Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1548-55. [PMID: 12620842 PMCID: PMC150094 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.3.1548-1555.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1074] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that members of the Geobacteraceae can use electrodes as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration. In order to better understand this electron transfer process for energy production, Geobacter sulfurreducens was inoculated into chambers in which a graphite electrode served as the sole electron acceptor and acetate or hydrogen was the electron donor. The electron-accepting electrodes were maintained at oxidizing potentials by connecting them to similar electrodes in oxygenated medium (fuel cells) or to potentiostats that poised electrodes at +0.2 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode (poised potential). When a small inoculum of G. sulfurreducens was introduced into electrode-containing chambers, electrical current production was dependent upon oxidation of acetate to carbon dioxide and increased exponentially, indicating for the first time that electrode reduction supported the growth of this organism. When the medium was replaced with an anaerobic buffer lacking nutrients required for growth, acetate-dependent electrical current production was unaffected and cells attached to these electrodes continued to generate electrical current for weeks. This represents the first report of microbial electricity production solely by cells attached to an electrode. Electrode-attached cells completely oxidized acetate to levels below detection (<10 micro M), and hydrogen was metabolized to a threshold of 3 Pa. The rates of electron transfer to electrodes (0.21 to 1.2 micro mol of electrons/mg of protein/min) were similar to those observed for respiration with Fe(III) citrate as the electron acceptor (E(o)' =+0.37 V). The production of current in microbial fuel cell (65 mA/m(2) of electrode surface) or poised-potential (163 to 1,143 mA/m(2)) mode was greater than what has been reported for other microbial systems, even those that employed higher cell densities and electron-shuttling compounds. Since acetate was completely oxidized, the efficiency of conversion of organic electron donor to electricity was significantly higher than in previously described microbial fuel cells. These results suggest that the effectiveness of microbial fuel cells can be increased with organisms such as G. sulfurreducens that can attach to electrodes and remain viable for long periods of time while completely oxidizing organic substrates with quantitative transfer of electrons to an electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Bond
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Pizzariello A, Stred'ansky M, Miertus S. A glucose/hydrogen peroxide biofuel cell that uses oxidase and peroxidase as catalysts by composite bulk-modified bioelectrodes based on a solid binding matrix. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 56:99-105. [PMID: 12009453 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(02)00026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved composite bulk-modified bioelectrode setup based on a solid binding matrix (SBM) has been used to develop a glucose/hydrogen peroxide biofuel cell. Fuel is combined through a catalytically promoted reaction with oxygen into and oxidized species and electricity. The present work explores the feasibility of a sugar-feed biofuel cell based on SBM technology. The biofuel cell that utilizes mediators as electron transporters from the glucose oxidation pathway of the enzyme directly to electrodes is considered in this work. The anode was a glucose oxidase (GOx, EC 1.1.3.4)/ferrocene-modified SBM/graphite composite electrode. The cathode was a horseradish peroxidase (HRP, EC 1.11.1.7)/ferrocene-modified SBM/graphite composite electrode. The composite transducer material was layered on a wide polymeric surface to obtain the biomodified electrodic elements, anodes and cathodes and were assembled into a biofuel cell using glucose and H(2)O(2) as the fuel substrate and the oxidizer. The electrochemical properties and the characteristics of single composite bioelectrodes are described. The open-circuit voltage of the cell was 0.22 V, and the power output of the cell was 0.15 microW/cm(2) at 0.021 V. The biofuel cell proved to be stable for an extended period of continuous work (30 days). The reproducibility of the biotransducers fabrication was also investigated. In addition, an application of presented biofuel cell, e.g. the use of hydrolyzed corn syrup as renewable biofuels, was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pizzariello
- POLYtech Scarl, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.
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38
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Kim N, Choi Y, Jung S, Kim S. Effect of initial carbon sources on the performance of microbial fuel cells containing Proteus vulgaris. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 70:109-14. [PMID: 10940867 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20001005)70:1<109::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mediator-coupled microbial fuel cells containing Proteus vulgaris were constructed and the cell performance was tested. Fuel cell efficiency depended on the carbon source in the initial medium of the microorganism. Maltose and trehalose were not utilized substantially by P. vulgaris; however, their presence in the initial medium resulted in enhanced cell performance. In particular, galactose showed 63% coulombic efficiency in a biofuel cell after P. vulgaris was cultured in a trehalose-containing medium. This work demonstrates that optimum utilization of carbon sources by microorganisms, which leads to the maximization of fuel cell performance, is possible simply by adjusting initial carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kim
- Department of Microbial Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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39
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Electro-enzymatic reduction of dioxygen to water in the cathode compartment of a biofuel cell. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Abstract
The principal problems associated with the application of immobilized coenzymcdependent enzymes in biotechnology are discussed. Particular emphasis is laid on the problems encountered in the covalent immobilization of the nicotinamide nucleotide oxidoreductases and on the special problems posed by the freely dissociable coenzyme. Thus the influence of the immobilization regime on the specific activity and stability of such enzymes and the techniques available for the immobilization, retention and regeneration of the coenzyme moiety are discussed. The solution of the dual problem of retention and regeneration by co-immobilized enzyme-coenzyme systems and the applications of enzyme-coenzyme systems in industry, medicine and analysis are also given. Finally, this report speculates on the future prospects for enzyme-coenzyme systems in biotechnology, how some of the problems may be resolved and how, in some cases, quasi-biological or non-biological systems may represent useful alternatives.
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Abstract
There is a widespread need for commercial instrumentation for the rapid and inexpensive detection of microbial contamination of food, industrial waste water and clinical samples. A large number of detection methods have been developed utilizing the optical, electrochemical, biochemical and physical properties of microorganisms. The need for a device which can produce a rapid, accurate, sensitive, real-time analysis for clinical, industrial and environmental applications has led to considerable progress being achieved in recent years in the development of biosensors for microbial detection. This intense research has resulted in the commercialization of several instruments. Techniques used for the quantification of microorganisms are reviewed under the general categories of non-bioelectrochemical and bioelectrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Hobson
- Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK
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42
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43
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Application of stilbene-(4,4′-diisothiocyanate)-2,2′- disulfonic acid as a bifunctional reagent for the organization of organic materials and proteins onto electrode surfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80329-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Katz EY, Solov'ev AA. Photobioelectrodes on the basis of photosynthetic reaction centres. Study of exogenous quinones as possible electron transfer mediators. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85283-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Use of an oxygen gas diffusion cathode and a three-dimensional packed bed anode in a bioelectrochemical fuel cell. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00262465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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47
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Akiba T, Bennetto HP, Stirling JL, Tanaka K. Electricity production from alkalophilic organisms. Biotechnol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01033196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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49
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Persson B, Gorton L, Johansson G, Torstensson A. Biofuel anode based on d-glucose dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and a modified electrode. Enzyme Microb Technol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(85)90097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Bennetto HP, Delaney GM, Mason JR, Roller SD, Stirling JL, Thurston CF. The sucrose fuel cell: Efficient biomass conversion using a microbial catalyst. Biotechnol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01032279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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