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Kadu VR, Chavan HV, Gholap SS. Additive Free Greener Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted Benzimidazoles Using Aqueous Extract of Acacia concinna Pods as an Efficient Surfactant Type Catalyst. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1670219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod R. Kadu
- Postgraduate Department and Research Centre, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hemant V. Chavan
- Department of Chemistry, ACS College, Satral, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Somnath S. Gholap
- Postgraduate Department and Research Centre, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Khan RA. Natural products chemistry: The emerging trends and prospective goals. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:739-753. [PMID: 29991919 PMCID: PMC6036106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role and contributions of natural products chemistry in advancements of the physical and biological sciences, its interdisciplinary domains, and emerging of new avenues by providing novel applications, constructive inputs, thrust, comprehensive understanding, broad perspective, and a new vision for future is outlined. The developmental prospects in bio-medical, health, nutrition, and other interrelated sciences along with some of the emerging trends in the subject area are also discussed as part of the current review of the basic and core developments, innovation in techniques, advances in methodology, and possible applications with their effects on the sciences in general and natural products chemistry in particular. The overview of the progress and ongoing developments in broader areas of the natural products chemistry discipline, its role and concurrent economic and scientific implications, contemporary objectives, future prospects as well as impending goals are also outlined. A look at the natural products chemistry in providing scientific progress in various disciplines is deliberated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Manav Rachna International University, National Capital Region, Faridabad, HR 121 004, India
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Zafar S, Ahmed R, Khan R. Biotransformation: a green and efficient way of antioxidant synthesis. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:939-48. [PMID: 27383446 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1209745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant compounds play a vital role in human physiology. They prevent the oxidation of biomolecules by scavenging free radicals produced during physiochemical processes and/or as a result of several pathological states. A balance between the reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidants is essential for proper physiological conditions. Excessive free radicals cause oxidative stress which can lead to several human diseases. Therefore, synthesis of the effective antioxidants is crucial in managing the oxidative stress. Biotransformation has evolved as an effective technique for the production of structurally diverse molecules with a wide range of biological activities. This methodology surpasses the conventional chemical synthesis due to the fact that enzymes, being specific in nature, catalyze reactions affording products with excellent regio- and stereoselectivities. Structural transformation of various classes of compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenes has been carried out through this technique. Several bioactive molecules, especially those having antioxidant potential have also been synthesized by using different biotransformation techniques and enzymes. Hydroxylated, glycosylated, and acylated derivatives of phenols, flavonoids, cinnamates, and other molecules have proven abilities as potential antioxidants. A critical review of the biotransformation of these compounds into potent antioxidant metabolites is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zafar
- a Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Rida Ahmed
- b Department of Basic Sciences , DHA Suffa University, DG-78, Off Khayaban-e-Tufail, Phase VII Ext. Defence Housing Authority , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Rasool Khan
- a Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
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Bassanini I, Hult K, Riva S. Dicarboxylic esters: Useful tools for the biocatalyzed synthesis of hybrid compounds and polymers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1583-95. [PMID: 26664578 PMCID: PMC4660951 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives (esters and anhydrides) have been used as acylating agents in lipase-catalyzed reactions in organic solvents. The synthetic outcomes have been dimeric or hybrid derivatives of bioactive natural compounds as well as functionalized polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, Italy
| | - Karl Hult
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, Italy ; School of Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Albanova KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, Italy
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Semenov AN, Khmelnitski YL, Berezin IV, Martinek K. Water-Organic Solvent Two-Phase Systems As Media For Biocatalytic Reactions: The Potential For Shifting Chemical Equilibria Towards Higher Yield Of End Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242428709040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - I. V. Berezin
- Institute of Biochemistry, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR
| | - K. Martinek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, CS-166 10, Prague, 6, Czechoslovakia
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6
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Welsh FW, Murray WD, Williams RE, Katz I. Microbiological and Enzymatic Production of Flavor and Fragrance Chemicals. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558909040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Axarli I, Prigipaki A, Labrou NE. Engineering the substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 CYP102A2 by directed evolution: production of an efficient enzyme for bioconversion of fine chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:81-8. [PMID: 15857787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The P450 cytochromes constitute a large family of hemoproteins that catalyze the monooxygenation of a diversity of hydrophobic substrates. CYP102A2 is a catalytically self-sufficient cytoplasmic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis, containing both a monooxygenase domain and a reductase domain on a single polypeptide chain. CYP102A2 was subjected to error-prone PCR to generate mutants with enhanced activity with fatty acids and other aromatic substrates. The library of CYP102A2 mutants was expressed in BL21(DE3) Escherichia coli cells and screened for their ability to oxidize different substrates by means of an activity assay. After a single round of error-prone PCR, the variant Pro15Ser exhibiting modified substrate specificity was generated. This variant showed approximately 6- to 9-fold increased activity with SDS, lauric acid and 1,4-naphthoquinone, and enhanced activity for other substrates such as ethacrynic acid and epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid. Molecular modeling of the CYP102A2 monooxygenase domain suggested that Pro15 is located in a short helical segment and is involved in extensive interactions between the N-terminal domain and the beta2 sheet, which contribute to the formation of the substrate binding site. Thus, Pro15 appears to affect substrate binding and catalysis indirectly. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of remote residues, not readily predicted by rational design, for the determination of substrate specificity. In addition, we report here that the Pro15Ser variant of CYP102A2 can be efficiently immobilized on epoxy-activated Sepharose at pH 8.5 and 4 degrees C. The immobilized variant of CYP102A2 retains most of its activity (81%) and shows improved stability at 37 degrees C. The approach offers the possibility of designing a P450 bioreactor that can be operated over a long period of time with high efficiency and which can be used in fine chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Axarli
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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8
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Ehrler J, Seebach D. Notiz über mikrobiologische Umsetzungen mitHalobacterium halobium: Reduktion von 3-Oxobutansäure-ethylester und Hydrolyse von 3-Hydroxybutansäure-ethylester. Cooperative Effekte von Reduktase und Hydrolase. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19890720420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Nocardia species NRRL 5646 stereospecifically hydrates 4-vinylphenol (15) to S-1-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (17), and further oxidizes 17 to 4'-hydroxyacetophenone (18). Labeled metabolites 17 and 18 obtained from incubations in D2O and H218O support initial enzymatic tautomerization of 15 to a reactive quinone methide (16), which adds water in the first reaction. Commitment to catalysis is high in the hydration reaction, while the alcohol dehydrogenation reaction appears to be reversible. The stereochemical features of water addition, alcohol oxidations, and ketone reductions with growing culture biocatalysis were established by chiral HPLC. Alcohol oxidations or ketone reductions in 12 000 × g supernatants preferentially require NADP+NADPH,H+ as co-factors. The alcohol dehydrogenase has broad substrate specificity, favoring the oxidation of primary alkanols and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols.Key words : 4-vinylphenol, Nocardia sp., enantiospecific hydration, 1-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 4'-hydroxyacetophenone
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10
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Resolution of racemic 3-aryloxy-1-nitrooxypropan-2-ols by lipase-catalyzed enantioselective acetylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Azerad R. Microbial models for drug metabolism. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 63:169-218. [PMID: 9933985 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69791-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This review describes microbial transformation studies of drugs, comparing them with the corresponding metabolism in animal systems, and providing technical methods for developing microbial models. Emphasis is laid on the potential for selected microorganisms to mimic all patterns of mammalian biotransformations and to provide preparative methods for structural identification and toxicological and pharmacological studies of drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Azerad
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université René Descartes- Paris V, France.
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12
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Grabley S, Thiericke R. Bioactive agents from natural sources: trends in discovery and application. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 64:101-54. [PMID: 9933977 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-49811-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
About 30% of the worldwide sales of drugs are based on natural products. Though recombinant proteins and peptides account for increasing sales rates, the superiority of low-molecular mass compounds in human diseases therapy remains undisputed mainly due to more favorable compliance and bioavailability properties. In the past, new therapeutic approaches often derived from natural products. Numerous examples from medicine impressively demonstrate the innovative potential of natural compounds and their impact on progress in drug discovery and development. However, natural products are currently undergoing a phase of reduced attention in drug discovery because of the enormous effort which is necessary to isolate the active principles and to elucidate their structures. To meet the demand of several hundred thousands of test samples that have to be submitted to high-throughput screening (HTS) new strategies in natural product chemistry are necessary in order to compete successfully with combinatorial chemistry. Today, pharmaceutical companies have to spend approximately US $350 million to develop a new drug. Currently, approaches to improve and accelerate the joint drug discovery and development process are expected to arise mainly from innovation in drug target elucidation and lead finding. Breakthroughs in molecular biology, cell biology, and genetic engineering in the 1980 s gave access to understanding diseases on the molecular or on the gene level. Subsequently, constructing novel target directed screening assay systems of promising therapeutic significance, automation, and miniaturization resulted in HTS approaches changing the industrial drug discovery process drastically. Furthermore, elucidation of the human genome will provide access to a dramatically increased number of new potential drug targets that have to be evaluated for drug discovery. HTS enables the testing of an increasing number of samples. Therefore, new concepts to generate large compound collections with improved structural diversity are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grabley
- Hans-Knöll-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung e.V., Jena, Germany.
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13
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Holland HL. Investigation of the carbon- and sulfur-oxidizing capabilities of microorganisms by active-site modeling. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 44:125-65. [PMID: 9311106 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Zotchev SB, Hutchinson CR. Cloning and heterologous expression of the genes encoding nonspecific electron transport components for a cytochrome P450 system of Saccharopolyspora erythraea involved in erythromycin production. Gene 1995; 156:101-6. [PMID: 7737500 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00012-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The forA gene encoding a protein that can function as a NADH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (For) has been cloned from Saccharopolyspora erythraea, the erythromycin A (ErA) producer. In a previous study For protein, together with the FdxA ferredoxin from the same organism, was shown to be able to reconstitute the cytochrome P450 system responsible for the hydroxylation of 6-deoxyerythronolide B, an intermediate of ErA biosynthesis. Nucleotide sequence data suggest that the cloned forA gene codes for For, the putative pyruvate dehydrogenase component, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, or its close homolog. Overexpression of forA appeared to be toxic to Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Zotchev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Dror Y, Freeman A. Stabilization of microbial cytochrome P-450 activity by creation of station-phase conditions in a continuously operated immobilized-cell reactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:855-9. [PMID: 7793919 PMCID: PMC167350 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.3.855-859.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus megaterium (ATCC 13368) exhibits cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activity (referred to herein as Cyt P-450 meg) catalyzing 15 beta-steroid hydroxylation. This activity belongs to the widespread ferredoxin reductase-ferredoxin-Cyt P-450 type of monooxygenases, providing a representative model system for this type of activity. The level of Cyt P-450 meg activity reaches its maximum in the cells during the stationary phase of the growth curve and is not affected by Cyt P-450 inducers. Here we present the development of an approach for stabilizing the Cyt P-450 meg system so that it performs continuous steroid hydroxylation and will be a model system for Cyt P-450-based detoxification. It is based on cell immobilization and simulation of stationary-phase conditions in a continuously operated fluidized-bed bioreactor. The combination of an appropriate immobilization technique, operational conditions, and medium composition provided a stabilized cell environment resulting in "freezing" of a physiological steady-state analog under stationary phase conditions, allowing stable performance of continuous hydroxylation for several weeks. It is suggested that this approach may be extended for use with other environmentally induced enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dror
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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17
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Corma A, Iglesias M, Sánchez F. Large pore bifunctional titanium–aluminosilicates: the inorganic non-enzymatic version of the epoxidase conversion of linalool to cyclic ethers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/c39950001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Parshikov IA, Terent'ev PB, Modyanova LV. Microbiological transformation in a series of nitrogen-containing heterocycles (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01172863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Stereoselective acetylation of 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carbonitrile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(94)00367-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Holland HL. Models for the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of microbial hydroxylation and sulfoxidation. Catal Today 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0920-5861(94)80116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Liu W, Rosazza JP. A soluble Bacillus cereus cytochrome P-450cin system catalyzes 1,4-cineole hydroxylations. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:3889-93. [PMID: 8285692 PMCID: PMC182545 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.11.3889-3893.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase system that catalyzes the stereospecific hydroxylation of the monoterpene substrate 1,4-cineole was demonstrated in cell-free preparations of Bacillus cereus UI-1477. 1,4-Cineole hydroxylations were catalyzed by a 100,000 x g (1-h)-centrifuging soluble, hexane-inducible enzyme that activated and incorporated molecular oxygen into hydroxylated products; required NADH; was inhibited by SKF-525A, imidazole, metyrapone, and octylamine; and displayed a 452-nm peak in the carbon monoxide difference absorption spectrum. The constant 7:1 ratio of endo/exo alcohol products formed when 1,4-cineole was hydroxylated by normal cells, hexane-induced cells, and cell extracts suggested that a single enzyme designated cytochrome P-450cin was responsible for both reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Product Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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22
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Holland HL, Kindermann M, Kumaresan S, Stefanac T. Side chain hydroxilation of aromatic compounds by fungi. Part 5. Exploring the Benzyclic Hydroxylase of Mortiella isabellina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)80246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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el-Sharkawy SH, Dostal L, Rosazza JP. Microbiological transformations of lipids: acyl-specific hydrolysis of lard by yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:725-8. [PMID: 8480999 PMCID: PMC202181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.3.725-728.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid and positional specificities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (UI-SACCH) and Schizosaccharomyces octosporus (NRRL Y-854) in the hydrolysis of lard were studied by using gas-liquid chromatography. Synthetic triglycerides were used to determine the positional specificities of the lipases of both organisms. Palmitic acid is specifically cleaved from all three triglyceride ester positions by S. cerevisiae, while S. octosporus was able to cleave stearic acid at either position 1 or position 3 of the glycerol moiety. Preparative scale fermentation with 200 g of lard per liter yielded 48.4 g of palmitic acid per liter with S. cerevisiae and 42 g of stearic acid per liter with S. octosporus. The free fatty acids produced by microbial transformation of lard were characterized spectrally (1H and C nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry) and chromatographically (thin-layer and gas chromatographies).
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Affiliation(s)
- S H el-Sharkawy
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Trower MK, Lenstra R, Omer C, Buchholz SE, Sariaslani FS. Cloning, nucleotide sequence determination and expression of the genes encoding cytochrome P-450soy (soyC) and ferredoxinsoy (soyB) from Streptomyces griseus. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:2125-34. [PMID: 1406253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic transformation by Streptomyces griseus (ATCC13273) is catalysed by a cytochrome P-450, designated cytochrome P-450soy. A DNA segment carrying the structural gene encoding P-450soy (soyC) was cloned using an oligonucleotide probe constructed from the protein sequence of a tryptic peptide. Following DNA sequencing the deduced amino acid sequence of P-450soy was compared with that for P-450cam, revealing conservation of important structural components including the haem pocket. Expression of the cloned soyC gene product was demonstrated in Streptomyces lividans by reduced CO:difference spectral analysis and Western blotting. Downstream of soyC, a gene encoding a putative [3Fe-4S] ferredoxin (soyB), named ferredoxinsoy, was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Trower
- Central Research and Development Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228
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Trower MK, Emptage MH, Sariaslani FS. Purification and characterization of a 7Fe ferredoxin from Streptomyces griseus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1037:281-9. [PMID: 2155656 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90026-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A ferredoxin has been purified from Streptomyces griseus grown in soybean flour-containing medium. The homogeneous protein has a molecular weight near 14,000 as determined by both PAGE and size exclusion chromatography. The iron and labile sulfide content is 6-7 atoms/mole protein. EPR spectroscopy of native S. griseus ferredoxin shows an isotropic signal at g = 2.01 which is typical of [3Fe-4S]1+ clusters and which quantitates to 0.9 spin/mole. Reduction of the ferredoxin by excess dithionite at pH 8.0 produces an EPR silent state with a small amount of a g = 1.95 type signal. Photoreduction in the presence of deazaflavin generates a signal typical of [4Fe-4S]1+ clusters at much higher yields (0.4-0.5 spin/mole) with major features at g-values of 2.06, 1.94, 1.90 and 1.88. This latter EPR signal is most similar to that seen for reduced 7Fe ferredoxins, which contain both a [3Fe-4S] and [4Fe-4S] cluster. In vitro reconstitution experiments demonstrate the ability of the S. griseus ferredoxin to couple electron transfer between spinach ferredoxin reductase and S. griseus cytochrome P-450soy for NADPH-dependent substrate oxidation. This represents a possible physiological function for the S. griseus ferredoxin, which if true, would be the first functional role demonstrated for a 7Fe ferredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Trower
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Inc., Central Research and Development Department, Wilmington, DE 19880-0228
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28
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Trower MK, Sariaslani FS, O'Keefe DP. Purification and characterization of a soybean flour-induced cytochrome P-450 from Streptomyces griseus. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:1781-7. [PMID: 2495263 PMCID: PMC209822 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.4.1781-1787.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A soybean flour-induced, soluble cytochrome P-450 (P-450soy) was purified 130-fold to homogeneity from Streptomyces griseus. Native cytochrome P-450soy is a single polypeptide, with a molecular weight of 47,500, in association with one ferriprotoporphyrin IX prosthetic group. Oxidized P-450soy exhibited visible absorption maxima at 394, 514, and 646 nm, characteristic of a high-spin cytochrome P-450. The CO-reduced difference spectrum of P-450soy had a Soret maximum at 448 nm. When reconstituted with spinach ferredoxin and spinach ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase, purified cytochrome P-450soy catalyzed the NADPH-dependent oxidation of the xenobiotic substrates precocene II and 7-ethoxycoumarin. In vitro proteolysis of cytochrome P-450soy generated a stable and catalytically active cytochrome P-450, designated P-450soy delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Trower
- E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Central Research and Development Department, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228
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29
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Trower MK, Sariaslani FS, Kitson FG. Xenobiotic oxidation by cytochrome P-450-enriched extracts of Streptomyces griseus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 157:1417-22. [PMID: 3144975 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Crude extracts of Streptomyces griseus grown on soybean flour-enriched medium contain high levels of cytochrome P-450. The cytochrome P-450-enriched fractions, obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation (30-50% saturation), catalyze the NADPH-dependent oxidation of a variety of xenobiotics when complemented with both spinach ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase and spinach ferredoxin. Reactions observed are aromatic, benzylic and alicyclic hydroxylations, O-dealkylation, non-aromatic double bond epoxidation, N-oxidation and N-acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Trower
- E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), Central Research and Development Department, Wilmington, DE 19880-0228
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Glänzer B, Faber K, Griengl H, Röhr M, Wöhrer W. Enantioselective hydrolysis of esters of secondary alcohols using lyophilized Bakers' yeast. Enzyme Microb Technol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(88)90119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Preparation and applications of immobilized microorganisms: a survey of recent reports. J Microbiol Methods 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(88)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chapter 31. Enzyme Assisted Transformations in Organic Media. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Sariaslani FS, McGee LR, Ovenall DW. Microbial transformation of precocene II: oxidative reactions by Streptomyces griseus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:1780-4. [PMID: 3116933 PMCID: PMC203998 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.8.1780-1784.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Various species of "Streptomyces," "Aspergillus," "Rhodotorula," "Brevilegnia," "Syncephalastrum," and "Stysanus" were found to transform precocene II to three major metabolites. These major biotransformation products were isolated from a preparative-scale incubation of precocene II with Streptomyces griseus and were conclusively identified as (-)cis- and (+)trans-precocene II-3,4-dihydrodiols and (+)-3-chromenol. 18O2 incorporation studies indicated the involvement of a monooxygenase enzyme system in precocene II transformation by S. griseus. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of (+)-3-chromenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Sariaslani
- Central Research and Development Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19898
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Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 2-heptanol and 3-octanol by microbial reductases ofCurvularia falcata andMucor species. J Chem Ecol 1987; 13:357-61. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/1986] [Accepted: 02/28/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sariaslani FS, Kunz DA. Induction of cytochrome P-450 in Streptomyces griseus by soybean flour. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 141:405-10. [PMID: 3099785 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Soybean flour and the isoflavonoid genistein, were found to induce cytochrome P-450 in Streptomyces griseus. The chromophore was found in the 105,000xg supernatant and gave a reduced CO-difference spectrum with an absorption maximum of 448 nm. Almost 70% of the P-450 could be precipitated at 35-45% ammonium sulfate saturation. SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 45,000 dalton polypeptide in extracts induced by either soybean or genistein. S. griseus generated the free isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein when grown on soybean flour medium.
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Rosazza JP, Reeg S, Yang LM. Combined enzymatic and chemical synthesis of N-methyllaurotetanine. Enzyme Microb Technol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rosazza J, Duffel M. Chapter 4 Metabolic Transformations of Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Whitesides GM, Wong CH. Enzymes as Catalysts in Synthetic Organic Chemistry [New Synthetic Methods (53)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198506173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Williamson J, Van Orden D, Rosazza JP. Microbiological hydroxylation of estradiol: formation of 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol by Aspergillus alliaceus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:563-7. [PMID: 3994364 PMCID: PMC373549 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.3.563-567.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms known to hydroxylate alkaloids, amino acids, and aromatic substrates were examined for their potential to hydroxylate 17 beta-estradiol and estrone. Thin-layer chromatography of fermentation extracts revealed a wide range of steroid products. Aspergillus alliaceus (UI 315) was the only culture capable of producing good yields of catechol estrogens with 17 beta-estradiol. The organism also transformed estrone but not to catechol products. Analytical experiments with high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that A. alliaceus formed 4- and 2-hydroxyestradiol with yields of 45 and 16%, respectively. A preparative-scale incubation was conducted in 2 liters of medium containing 1 g of 17 beta-estradiol as substrate. 4-Hydroxyestradiol was isolated and identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Ascorbic acid was added to microbial reaction mixtures as an antioxidant to prevent the decomposition of unstable catechol estrogen metabolites. The microbial transformation of 17 beta-estradiol by A. alliaceus provides an efficient one-step method for the preparation of catechol estrogens.
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Sariaslani FS, Rosazza JP. Biotransformations of 1',2'-dihydrorotenone by Streptomyces griseus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:451-2. [PMID: 3920966 PMCID: PMC238425 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.2.451-452.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrorotenone yields three major products when incubated with growing cultures of Streptomyces griseus. These were isolated by solvent extraction and characterized by spectral methods as 1',2'-dihydro-6abeta-hydroxyrotenone, 1',2'-dihydro-2',6abeta-dihydroxyrotenone, and 1',2'-dihydro-1',6abeta-dihydroxyrotenone.
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