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Rashid R, Sohail M. Xylanolytic Bacillus species for xylooligosaccharides production: a critical review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:16. [PMID: 38650226 PMCID: PMC10991489 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of different Bacillus species to produce large amounts of extracellular enzymes and ability to ferment various substrates at a wide range of pH and temperature has placed them among the most promising hosts for the industrial production of many improved and novel products. The global interest in prebiotics, for example, xylooligosaccharides (XOs) is ever increasing, rousing the quest for various forms with expanded productivity. This article provides an overview of xylanase producing bacilli, with more emphasis on their capacity to be used in the production of the XOs, followed by the purification strategies, characteristics and application of XOs from bacilli. The large-scale production of XOs is carried out from a number of xylan-rich lignocellulosic materials by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis followed by purification through chromatography, vacuum evaporation, solvent extraction or membrane separation methods. Utilization of XOs in the production of functional products as food ingredients brings well-being to individuals by improving defense system and eliminating pathogens. In addition to the effects related to health, a variety of other biological impacts have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina Rashid
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Optimization of xylanase from Pseudomonas mohnii isolated from Simlipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, using response surface methodology. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:81. [PMID: 33306167 PMCID: PMC7732945 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Xylanase has long been recognized as a widely used industrially important enzyme. There are some bacterial species already reported to produce xylanase which have potent xylanolytic activity towards the use of this enzyme in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. In this view, an efficient xylanolytic bacterial strain was isolated and screened from the soil sample of Simlipal Biosphere Reserve. Enzymatic assay for the xylanase activity was evidenced from the most potent bacterial strain, and the culture condition was optimized for obtaining the maximum enzyme activity. The most potent xylanolytic strain was also identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Results Nineteen xylanolytic bacteria (SXB1-SXB19) were isolated from Simlipal forest soil samples following dilution plate technique using corn cob xylan-enriched nutrient agar medium and screened for their xylanase-producing ability. Among these isolates, SXB19 showed maximum xylanolytic potential with a halozone size of 2.5 cm as evident in the formation of prominent yellow patches surrounding its growth in xylan-enriched nutrient agar plate. In unoptimized condition, SXB19 showed the highest enzymatic activity of 22.5 IU/ml among the 19 bacterial strains. In order to optimize the culture conditions for maximizing the xylanase production, Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used. Four variables such as incubation time, pH, substrate (corn cob xylan) concentration, and temperature were considered for the RSM optimization study. From the results, it is evident that in an optimized condition of incubation time 36 h, pH 6.0, xylan concentration 0.5%, and temperature 42.5 °C, the enzyme activity reached a maximum of 152 IU/ml with nearly 6.75 times increase from the unoptimised condition. Besides, xylanase production from SXB19 was considerable in the presence of xylan followed by starch, nitrogen source such as urea followed by yeast extract, and mineral ion sources such as KCl followed by MgSO4 and ZnSO4. From different biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, the bacterial strain SXB19 was identified as Pseudomonas mohnii. Conclusion The isolation of Pseudomonas mohnii, a potent xylanolytic bacterium from Simlipal, is a new report which opens up an opportunity for industrial production of xylanase for bioethanol production and other applications. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-020-00099-7.
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Arai T, Biely P, Uhliariková I, Sato N, Makishima S, Mizuno M, Nozaki K, Kaneko S, Amano Y. Structural characterization of hemicellulose released from corn cob in continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:222-230. [PMID: 30143337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal reaction is known to be one of the most efficient procedures to extract hemicelluloses from lignocellulosic biomass. We investigated the molecular structure of xylooligosaccharides released from corn cob in a continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor designed in our group. The fraction precipitable from the extract with four volumes of ethanol was examined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS before and after enzymatic treatment with different purified enzymes. The released water-soluble hemicellulose was found to correspond to a mixture of wide degree of polymerization range of acetylarabinoglucuronoxylan fragments (further as corn cob xylan abbreviated CX). Analysis of enzymatic hydrolyzates of CX with an acetylxylan esterase, GH3 β-xylosidase, GH10 and GH11 xylanases revealed that the main chain contains unsubstituted regions mixed with regions of xylopyranosyl residues partially acetylated and occasionally substituted by 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid and arabinofuranose esterified with ferulic or coumaric acid. Single 2- and 3-O-acetylation was accompanied by 2,3-di-O-acetylation and 3-O-acetylation of Xylp residues substituted with MeGlcA. Most of the non-esterified arabinofuranose side residues were lost during the hydrodynamic process. Despite reduced branching, the acetylation and ferulic acid modification of pentose residues contribute to high yields and high solubility of the extracted CX. It is also shown that different enzyme treatments of CX may lead to various types of xylooligosaccharides of different biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arai
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Uhliariková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Nobuaki Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; B Food Science Co. Ltd., 24-12 Kitahamamachi, Chita 478-0046, Japan
| | - Satoshi Makishima
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; B Food Science Co. Ltd., 24-12 Kitahamamachi, Chita 478-0046, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kouichi Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Subtropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Nishiara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Amano
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
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Taxonomic identification of the thermotolerant and fast-growing fungus Lichtheimia ramosa H71D and biochemical characterization of the thermophilic xylanase LrXynA. AMB Express 2017; 7:194. [PMID: 29098440 PMCID: PMC5668220 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zygomycete fungus Lichtheimia ramosa H71D, isolated from sugarcane bagasse compost, was identified by applying phylogenetic analysis based on the DNA sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), and subsequent secondary structure analysis of ITS2. L. ramosa H71D was able to grow over a wide range of temperatures (25–45 °C), manifesting optimal growth at 37 °C. A 64 kDa xylanase (named LrXynA) was purified from the culture supernatant of L. ramosa H71D grown on 2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as the only carbon source. LrXynA displayed optimal activity at pH 6 and temperature of 65 °C. The enzyme retained more than 50% of its maximal activity over a broad range of pH values (4.5–7.5). Enzyme half-life (t½) times at 55, 65 and 75 °C were 80, 25, and 8 min, respectively. LrXynA showed higher affinity (kM of 2.87 mg/mL) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/kM of 0.651 mg s/mL) towards Beechwood xylan in comparison to other substrates such as Birchwood xylan, Oat-spelt xylan, CMC, Avicel and Solka floc. The predominant final products from LrXynA-mediated hydrolysis of Beechwood xylan were xylobiose and xylotriose, suggesting that the enzyme is an endo-β-1,4 xylanase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of sugar cane bagasse (SCB) treated with LrXynA, alone or in combination with commercial cellulases, showed a positive effect on the hydrolysis of SCB. To our knowledge, this is the first report focusing on the biochemical and functional characterization of an endo-β-1,4 xylanase from the thermotolerant and fast-growing fungus Lichtheimia ramosa.
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Purohit A, Rai SK, Chownk M, Sangwan RS, Yadav SK. Xylanase from Acinetobacter pittii MASK 25 and developed magnetic cross-linked xylanase aggregate produce predominantly xylopentose and xylohexose from agro biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:793-799. [PMID: 28822953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of the chemical and biochemical processes used for the de-polymerization of structural polymers of lignocellulosic biomass are environment unfriendly and costly. Here an efficient process based on xylanase, produced by Acinetobacter pittii MASK25 (MTCC 25132), hydrolysis of only physically treated rice straw and corn cob has been developed for the production of xylooligosaccharides. Bacterial strain isolated from soil was found to produce maximum xylanase at 30°C and pH 7. While the optimum temperature and pH of xylanase were characterized as 40°C and 5. Process was further improved by developing magnetic-xylanase CLEA. Crude xylanase and magnetic-xylanase CLEA could convert respectively more than 45% and 60% xylan of the powdered rice straw and corn cob into xylooligosaccharides. Interestingly, hydrolysis by both types of enzymatic forms was found to produce predominantly xylopentose and xylohexose. Hence, the process is environment friendly and the predominant production of xylopentose and xylohexose could find unique prebiotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Purohit
- Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Shushil Kumar Rai
- Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Manisha Chownk
- Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India.
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Uçkun Kiran E, Akpinar O, Bakir U. Improvement of enzymatic xylooligosaccharides production by the co-utilization of xylans from different origins. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Samanta AK, Jayapal N, Kolte AP, Senani S, Sridhar M, Mishra S, Prasad CS, Suresh KP. Application of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Stalks as Raw Material for Xylooligosaccharides Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:2392-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Samanta A, Senani S, Kolte AP, Sridhar M, Sampath K, Jayapal N, Devi A. Production and in vitro evaluation of xylooligosaccharides generated from corn cobs. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Samanta AK, Jayapal N, Kolte AP, Senani S, Sridhar M, Suresh KP, Sampath KT. Enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from alkali solubilized xylan of natural grass (Sehima nervosum). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 112:199-205. [PMID: 22414575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a process for producing XOS from Sehima nervosum grass was developed. The grass contains 28.1% hemicellulose. NaOH and steam application yielded 98% of original xylan in contrast to 85% by KOH application. Hydrolysis of xylan with commercial xylanase caused breakdown into XOS comprising of xylobiose, xylotriose along with xylose. Response surface model (RSM) revealed highest xylobiose yield (11 g/100g xylan) at pH 5.03, temperature 45.19°C, reaction time 10.11h with enzyme dose 17.41 U. Similarly for maximizing xylotriose yield, ideal hydrolysis conditions were pH 5.11, temperature 40.33°C, reaction time 16.55 h with enzyme dose 13.20 U. A two step process encompassing xylan fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis enabled XOS production from the S. nervosum grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Samanta
- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India.
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Xu L, Tschirner U. Improved ethanol production from various carbohydrates through anaerobic thermophilic co-culture. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10065-71. [PMID: 21908184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Saccharification is one of the most critical steps in producing lignocellulose-based bio-ethanol through consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). However, extreme pH and ethanol concentration are commonly considered as potential inhibitors for the application of Clostridium sp. in CBP. The fermentations of several saccharides derived from lignocellulosics were investigated with a co-culture consisting of Clostridium themocellum and Clostridium thermolacticum. Alkali environments proved to be more favorable for ethanol production. Fermentation inhibition was observed at high ethanol concentrations and extreme pH. However, low levels of initial ethanol addition resulted in an unexpected stimulatory impact on the final ethanol productions for all cultures under selected conditions. The co-culture was able to actively ferment glucose, xylose, cellulose and micro-crystallized cellulose (MCC). The ethanol yield observed in the co-culture was higher (up to twofold) than in mono-cultures, especially in MCC fermentation. The highest ethanol yield (as a percentage of the theoretical maximum) observed was 75% (w/w) for MCC and 90% (w/w) for xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Van Dongen F, Van Eylen D, Kabel M. Characterization of substituents in xylans from corn cobs and stover. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Structural features and properties of soluble products derived from Eucalyptus globulus hemicelluloses. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Extractive bioconversion of xylan for production of xylobiose and xylotriose using a PEG6000/sodium citrate aqueous two-phase system. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-011-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aachary AA, Prapulla SG. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) as an Emerging Prebiotic: Microbial Synthesis, Utilization, Structural Characterization, Bioactive Properties, and Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rémond C, Aubry N, Crônier D, Noël S, Martel F, Roge B, Rakotoarivonina H, Debeire P, Chabbert B. Combination of ammonia and xylanase pretreatments: impact on enzymatic xylan and cellulose recovery from wheat straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6712-7. [PMID: 20399643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Soaking in aqueous ammonia (SSA) and/or xylanase pretreatments were developed on wheat straw. Both pretreatments were conducted at high-solids conditions: 15% and 20%, respectively, for SSA and xylanase pretreatments. SSA pretreatment led to the solubilisation of 38%, 12% and 11% of acid insoluble lignin, xylan and glucan, respectively. In case of xylanase pretreatment, 20% of xylan were removed from native wheat straw. When pretreatments were applied consecutively (SSA and xylanase) on straw, 56% of xylans were hydrolysed and a rapid reduction of media viscosity occurred. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose with cellulases was evaluated from the different combinations of pretreated wheat straw. Cellulose hydrolysis was improved by 2.1, 2.2 and 2.9, respectively, for xylanase, SSA and SSA/xylanase pretreated straw. Xylans from untreated and pretreated wheat straws were also solubilised with cellulases. Chemical analysis of pretreated straw residues in connection with yields of cellulose hydrolysis highlighted the role of phenolic acids, acetyl content and cellulose crystallinity for cellulase efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rémond
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France.
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Akpinar O, Erdogan K, Bakir U, Yilmaz L. Comparison of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of tobacco stalk xylan for preparation of xylooligosaccharides. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tauk-Tornisiel S, Vallejo M, Govone J. BIOMASSES AND XYLANASE PRODUCTION BY STRAINS OF PENICILLIUM ISOLATED FROM BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v76p3592009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Six Penicillium strains were isolated from soil at a depth of 0 15 cm in the Juréia-Itatins Ecology Station (JIES), in the São Paulo State, Brazil. They were evaluated for xylanase production under different temperatures and carbon sources. The best carbon source and temperature were first determined in an automated Bioscreen C system, verifying the growth of microorganisms. Liquid media containing tap water with 2% carbohydrate and/or 1% nitrogen sources were used. Afterwards, Penicillium citrinum, P. fellutanum, P. rugulosum and P. decumbens were cultivated in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 mL of culture medium containing tap water sole 2% carbon source (fructose, glucose, mannitol, sucrose or xylose) and 1% yeast extract as a nitrogen source at pH 5.0 and 28o C, with agitation of 150 rpm for 72 hours. These same strains, except P. decumbens, and P. purpurogenum were cultivated in solid substrate with wheat bran under the same environmental conditions to study the potential of xylanase activity. Maximum xylanase activity was observed in cultures with wheat bran, without the addition of any other carbon source, using inocula containing 1 x 107 spores.mL-1 (28o C, pH 5.0, 72 h). It can be concluded that P. fellutanum and P. citrinumare a good xylanase producers under the conditions of 28º C. The results of xylanase activity were 54% less at 28º C in liquid cultures media cultures than in solid substrate.
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Akpinar O, Erdogan K, Bostanci S. Enzymatic production of Xylooligosaccharide from selected agricultural wastes. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Akpinar O, Erdogan K, Bostanci S. Production of xylooligosaccharides by controlled acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:660-6. [PMID: 19211099 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different agricultural wastes, namely tobacco stalk (TS), cotton stalk (CS), sunflower stalk (SS), and wheat straw (WS), were used for the production of xylooligosaccharide (XO). XO production was performed by acid hydrolysis of xylan, which was obtained by alkali extraction from these agricultural wastes. The major component of these agricultural wastes was determined as cellulose (30-42%), followed by xylan (20%) and lignin (20-27%). Xylans from these wastes had mainly xylose (85-96%) with small amount of glucose, while wheat straw xylan contained also arabinose. The best xylan conversion into XOs was achieved with 0.25M H(2)SO(4) with 30-min reaction time. Under these conditions, the XO yield was between 8% and 13%. The yield of XOs depends on both acid concentration and hydrolysis time, but the yield of monosaccharide depends on the structure and composition of xylan besides acid concentration and the time. The more branched xylan, WSX, gave the highest monosaccharide ( approximately 16%) and furfural ( approximately 49mg/100g xylan) yield. This research showed that all xylans from selected agricultural wastes generated XOs with similar profiles, and these oligosaccharides could be used as functional food ingredients or soluble substrates for xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akpinar
- Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Food Engineering, Tasliciftlik, Tr-60250 Tokat, Turkey.
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Effects of dietary fibre source and enzyme supplementation on faecal apparent digestibility, short chain fatty acid production and activity of bacterial enzymes in the gut of piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tan SS, Li DY, Jiang ZQ, Zhu YP, Shi B, Li LT. Production of xylobiose from the autohydrolysis explosion liquor of corncob using Thermotoga maritima xylanase B (XynB) immobilized on nickel-chelated Eupergit C. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:200-4. [PMID: 17258452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a thermostable recombinant xylanase B (XynB) from Thermotoga maritima MSB8 was immobilized on nickel-chelated Eupergit C 250L. This immobilized XynB was then used to hydrolyze the autohydrolysis explosion liquor of corncob (AELC) in a packed-bed enzyme reactor for continuous production of xylooligosaccharides, especially xylobiose. When tested in batch hydrolysis of AELC, the immobilized XynB still retained its relative activity of 92.5% after 10 cycles of hydrolysis at 90 degrees C. The immobilized XynB retained 83.6% of its initial hydrolysis activity even after 168 h of hydrolysis reaction at 90 degrees C and demonstrated a half-life time of 577.6 h (24 days) for continuous hydrolysis. HPLC showed that xylobiose (49.8%) and xylose (22.6%) were the main hydrolysis products yielded during continuous hydrolysis. Xylobiose was adsorbed on an activated charcoal column and eluted with a linear gradient of 15% (v/v) ethanol to yield xylobiose with 84.7% of recovery. Also, the purity of xylobiose was up to 97.2% as determined by HPLC. Therefore, the immobilized XynB was suitable for the efficient production of xylobiose from AELC. This is the first report on the immobilization of xylanase for xylobiose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Tan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Immobilization of the recombinant xylanase B (XynB) from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima on metal-chelate Eupergit C 250L. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Akpinar O, Ak O, Kavas A, Bakir U, Yilmaz L. Enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from cotton stalks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:5544-51. [PMID: 17555328 DOI: 10.1021/jf063580d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharide (XO) production was performed from xylan, which was obtained by alkali extraction from cotton stalk, a major agricultural waste in Turkey. Enzymatic hydrolysis was selected to prevent byproduct formation such as xylose and furfural. Xylan was hydrolyzed using a commercial xylanase preparation, and the effects of pH, temperature, hydrolysis period, and substrate and enzyme concentrations on the XO yield and degree of polymerization (DP) were investigated. Cotton stalk contains about 21% xylan, the composition of which was determined as 84% xylose, 7% glucose, and 9% uronic acid after complete acid hydrolysis. XOs in the DP range of 2-7 (X6 approximately X5>X2>X3) were obtained with minor quantities of xylose in all of the hydrolysis conditions used. Although after 24 h of hydrolysis at 40 degrees C, the yield was about 53%, the XO production rate leveled off after 8-24 h of hydrolysis. XO yield was affected by all of the parameters investigated; however, none of them affected the DP of the end product significantly, except the hydrolysis period. Enzyme hydrolysis was maintained by the addition of fresh substrate after 72 h of hydrolysis, indicating the persistence of enzyme activity. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as 40 degrees C, pH 5.4, and 2% xylan. The obtained product was fractionated via ultrafiltration by using 10, 3, and 1 kDa membranes. Complete removal of xylanase and unhydrolyzed xylan was achieved without losing any oligosaccharides having DP 5 or smaller by 10 kDa membrane. After a two-step membrane processing, a permeate containing mostly oligosaccharides was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akpinar
- Department of Food Engineering, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tasliciftlik 60250, Tokat, Turkey.
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25
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Nabarlatz D, Montané D, Kardosová A, Bekesová S, Hríbalová V, Ebringerová A. Almond shell xylo-oligosaccharides exhibiting immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1122-8. [PMID: 17362891 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Partially O-acetylated xylo-oligosaccharides (DXO) isolated from almond shells by autohydrolysis as well as their de-acetylated form (DeXO) were subjected to chemical, molecular, and structural analyses. They represent a mixture of neutral and acidic oligomers and low-molecular weight polymers related to (4-O-methyl-D-glucurono)-D-xylan. DXO and DeXO showed direct mitogenic activity and enhancement of the T-mitogen-induced proliferation of rat thymocytes, indicating the immunostimulatory potential of the almond shell xylo-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Nabarlatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSEQ, Rovira i Virgili University, Avinguda dels Països Catalans 26, E-43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain.
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Swennen K, Courtin CM, Delcour JA. Non-digestible Oligosaccharides with Prebiotic Properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 46:459-71. [PMID: 16864139 DOI: 10.1080/10408390500215746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for functional foods or functional food ingredients, i.e. foods or food ingredients that can enhance health, is beyond any doubt one of the leading trends in today's food industry. In this context, probiotics, i.e. living microbial food supplements, and prebiotics, i.e. non-digestible food ingredients, receive much attention. Both popular concepts target the gastrointestinal microbiota. While in the Western world, intake of probiotics has been recommended for long, prebiotics in general, and non-digestible oligosaccharides in particular, have only recently received attention. This review deals with production and characterization of non-digestible oligosaccharides and focuses on their role in promoting health and treating diseases. Attention is paid to the effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides on constipation, mineral absorption, lipid metabolism, cancer prevention, hepatic encephalopathy, glycemia/insulinemia, and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Swennen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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27
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Yang R, Xu S, Wang Z, Yang W. Aqueous extraction of corncob xylan and production of xylooligosaccharides. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Immobilization of Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86 xylanase on Eudragit S-100 for xylo-oligosaccharide production. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Jiang ZQ, Yang SQ, Tan SS, Li LT, Li XT. Characterization of a xylanase from the newly isolated thermophilic Thermomyces lanuginosus CAU44 and its application in bread making. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 41:69-76. [PMID: 15960755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A xylanase from the newly isolated thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus CAU44, was characterized and evaluated for its suitability in bread making. METHODS AND RESULTS Xylanase was purified 3.5-fold to homogeneity with a recovery yield of 32.8%. It appeared as a single protein band on SDS-PAGE gel with a molecular mass of c. 25.6 kDa. The purified xylanase had an optimum pH of 6.2, and it was stable over pH 5.6-10.3. The optimal temperature of xylanase was 75 degrees C and it was stable up to 65 degrees C at pH 6.2. Study was further carried out to investigate the effect of the purified xylanase on the properties of wheat bread and its staling during storage. CONCLUSIONS The purified xylanase from T. lanuginosus CAU44 was stable up to 65 degrees C and had a broad pH range. The presence of thermostable xylanase during bread making led to an improvement of the specific bread volume and better crumb texture. Besides, addition of xylanase provided an anti-staling effect. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The xylanase from the newly isolated Thermomyces lanuginosus CAU44 shows great promise as a processing aid in the bread-making industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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30
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Vázquez MJ, Garrote G, Alonso JL, Domínguez H, Parajó JC. Refining of autohydrolysis liquors for manufacturing xylooligosaccharides: evaluation of operational strategies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:889-896. [PMID: 15627559 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials are subjected to the action of heat in an aqueous medium (autohydrolysis reaction) under suitable operational conditions, the heterocyclic ether bonds of the polymeric chain are split to give xylooligosaccharides (XO) and a variety of other products derived from hemicelluloses, lignin and extractives. For product applications requiring high-purity XO, subsequent purification stages have to be implemented. Various strategies have been evaluated for refining Eucalyptus wood autohydrolysis liquors, including the two-stage reaction, precipitation and solvent extraction of freeze-dried, dewaxed liquors. Data on the degree of xylooligosaccharide recovery as well as on the composition of the isolates (measured in terms of hemicellulose-derived products and non-saccharide products) are provided for the various operational procedures assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vázquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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31
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. XG, . XW, . YE, . HS. Effect of Different Molecular Weight Fragments from Corn Bran Hemicellulose on D-galactosamine-induced Hepatitis in Rats in Relation to Intestinal Degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2005.173.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Vegas R, Alonso JL, Domínguez H, Parajó JC. Manufacture and Refining of Oligosaccharides from Industrial Solid Wastes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie049289+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Vegas R, Alonso JL, Domínguez H, Parajó JC. Processing of rice husk autohydrolysis liquors for obtaining food ingredients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7311-7317. [PMID: 15563213 DOI: 10.1021/jf049142t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rice husks are of a lignocellulosic nature, with a hemicellulose fraction made up of substituted arabinoxylan. Rice husks were treated with hot, compressed water (autohydrolysis reaction) under optimized conditions to cause the hydrolytic degradation of arabinoxylan. The reaction products contained volatile components and nonvolatile components (NVC), which were made up of hemicellulose-derived products (substituted oligosaccharides and monosaccharides) and other nonvolatile solutes (ONVS). To decrease the content of ONVS, concentrated autohydrolysis liquors were first subjected to ethyl acetate extraction and then subjected to various alternative treatments (solvent precipitation, freeze-drying solvent extraction, or ion exchange). The resulting liquors were assayed for composition and yield determination. Material balances are presented for the several processes considered. The best results in terms of purification were obtained with sequential stages of ethyl acetate extraction and ion exchange, which led to concentrates with hemicellulose-derived compounds (sugars and substituted sugar oligomers) accounting for 92 wt % of the NVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Vegas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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34
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Das H, Singh SK. Useful Byproducts from Cellulosic Wastes of Agriculture and Food Industry—A Critical Appraisal. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004; 44:77-89. [PMID: 15116755 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490424630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose, an important cell wall polysaccharide, which is replenished constantly in nature by photosynthesis, goes waste in a lion's share in the form of pre-harvest and post-harvest agricultural losses and wastes of food processing industry. These cellulose wastes have an immense potential to be utilized for the production and recovery of several products and ingredients in food application. In this present study, a wide spectrum of researches in the arena of properties of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; their degradation; sources and composition of cellulosic and lignocellulosic wastes of agriculture and food industry; present status of converting them into value-added products of food applications; constraints in their conversions and future prospects therein has been reviewed in details. The study has encompassed production of biomass for various utilization and production and recovery of protein and amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, organic acids, foods & feeds and other miscellaneous products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanish Das
- FC Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore-570 011, India.
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35
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A Chemical and Histological Study on the Effect of (1→4)-β-endo-xylanase Treatment on Wheat Bran. J Cereal Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.2001.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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de Vries RP, Visser J. Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:497-522, table of contents. [PMID: 11729262 PMCID: PMC99039 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.4.497-522.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides is of major importance in the food and feed, beverage, textile, and paper and pulp industries, as well as in several other industrial production processes. Enzymatic degradation of these polymers has received attention for many years and is becoming a more and more attractive alternative to chemical and mechanical processes. Over the past 15 years, much progress has been made in elucidating the structural characteristics of these polysaccharides and in characterizing the enzymes involved in their degradation and the genes of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms encoding these enzymes. The members of the fungal genus Aspergillus are commonly used for the production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. This genus produces a wide spectrum of cell wall-degrading enzymes, allowing not only complete degradation of the polysaccharides but also tailored modifications by using specific enzymes purified from these fungi. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from aspergilli and the genes by which they are encoded.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P de Vries
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Vázquez M, Alonso J, Domı́nguez H, Parajó J. Xylooligosaccharides: manufacture and applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(01)00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Lequart C, Nuzillard JM, Kurek B, Debeire P. Hydrolysis of wheat bran and straw by an endoxylanase: production and structural characterization of cinnamoyl-oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 1999; 319:102-11. [PMID: 10520258 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of wheat bran and wheat straw by a 20.7 kDa thermostable endoxylanase released 35 and 18% of the cell-wall xylan content, respectively. Separation of the cinnamoyl-oligosaccharides (accounting for 6%) from the bulk of total oligosaccharides was achieved by specific anion-exchange chromatography. The cinnamoyl-oligosaccharides were further purified by preparative paper chromatography (PPC) and their molecular weight was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The partially purified hydrolysis end-products contained from 4 to 16 and from 4 to 12 pentose residues for wheat bran and straw, respectively, and only one cinnamic acid per molecule. The primary structure of the new feruloyl arabinoxylopentasaccharide from wheat bran hydrolysis, which has been determined using 2D NMR spectroscopy, is O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-[5-O- (feruloyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)]-O-beta-D-xylopyranosy l-(1-->4) -O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-xylopyranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lequart
- Unité de Physicochimie et de Biotechnologie des Polymères (UPBP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Reims, France
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Zilliox C, Debeire P. Hydrolysis of wheat straw by a thermostable endoxylanase: Adsorption and kinetic studies. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Kuhad RC, Singh A, Eriksson KE. Microorganisms and enzymes involved in the degradation of plant fiber cell walls. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 57:45-125. [PMID: 9204751 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of natures most important biological processes is the degradation of lignocellulosic materials to carbon dioxide, water and humic substances. This implies possibilities to use biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry and consequently, the use of microorganisms and their enzymes to replace or supplement chemical methods is gaining interest. This chapter describes the structure of wood and the main wood components, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins. The enzyme and enzyme mechanisms used by fungi and bacteria to modify and degrade these components are described in detail. Techniques for how to assay for these enzyme activities are also described. The possibilities for biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry and other fiber utilizing industries based on these enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Kuhad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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41
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Bajpai P. Microbial xylanolytic enzyme system: properties and applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 43:141-94. [PMID: 9097414 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Bajpai
- Chemical Engineering Division, Thapar Corporate Research and Development Centre, Patiala, India
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42
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Raw and extruded fibre from pea hulls. Part II: Structural study of the water-soluble polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(93)90029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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