Production and some properties of lipase from Penicillium citrinum

Improving of hydrolases biosythesis by solid-state fermentation of Penicillium camemberti on rapeseed cake

The study show usefulness of rapeseed cake, rich in fats and proteins byproduct generated after oil production, which may be used as a microbial medium for lipase and protease biosynthesis. Of 26 different filamentous fungi screened by solid-state fermentation, Penicillium camemberti AM83 was found to abundantly produce lipase and protease. Various process parameters were then optimized to maximize lipase and protease secretion, including carbon and nitrogen source, C/N ratio, metal ions, temperature, moisture content, initial pH, and inoculum size. Lipase production increased approximately 11.2-fold in solid-state cultures on rapeseed cake supplemented with lactose and calcium chloride, alkalinized to pH 8, hydrated to 80%, and inoculated with 1.2 × 106 spores/mL. Similarly, protease production increased approximately 8.4-fold in optimized cultures inoculated with 3.2 × 108 spores/mL, and grown on rapeseed cake with lactose and ammonium sulfate at pH 9 and moisture content 60%. The results highlight the potential economic value of solid-state fermentation on rapeseed cake to produce industrial hydrolases.

Efficient heterologous expression of Fusarium solani lipase, FSL2, in Pichia pastoris, functional characterization of the recombinant enzyme and molecular modeling

The gene coding for a lipase of Fusarium solani, designated as FSL2, shows an open reading frame of 906bp encoding a 301-amino acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 30kDa. Based on sequence similarity with other fungal lipases, FSL2 contains a catalytic triad, consisting of Ser144, Asp198, and His256. FSL2 cDNA was subcloned into the pGAPZαA vector containing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor signal sequence and this construct was used to transform Pichia pastoris and achieve a high-level extracellular production of a FSL2 lipase. Maximum lipase activity was observed after 48h. The optimum activity of the purified recombinant enzyme was measured at pH 8.0-9.0 and 37°C. FSL2 is remarkably stable at alkaline pH values up to 12 and at temperatures below 40°C. It has high catalytic efficiency towards triglycerides with short to long chain fatty acids but with a marked preference for medium and long chain fatty acids. FSL2 activity is decreased at sodium taurodeoxycholate concentrations above the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of this anionic detergent. However, lipase activity is enhanced by Ca²⁺ and inhibited by EDTA or Cu²⁺ and partially by Mg²⁺ or K⁺. In silico docking of medium chain triglycerides, monogalctolipids (MGDG), digalactolipids (DGDG) and long chain phospholipids in the active site of FSL2 reveals structural solutions.

Exogenous glycine and serine promote growth and antifungal activity of Penicillium citrinum W1 from the south-west Indian Ocean

PcPAF is a novel antifungal protein identified by our recent study, which is produced by a fungal strain Penicillium citrinum W1 isolated from a south-west Indian Ocean sediment sample. The present study identified glycine as a potential metabolite which increased the fungal growth and promoted antifungal activity. Then, GC/MS based metabolomics was used to disclose the metabolic mechanism manipulated by glycine. With the aid of unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis and supervised orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis, the intracellular metabolite profiles were distinguished among two glycine-treated groups and control. 43 and 47 significantly varied metabolites were detected in 2.5 mM or 5 mM glycine-treated groups and involved in seven and eight pathways, respectively. Furthermore, exogenous serine, which is converted from glycine, showed the same potential as glycine did. Our findings not only identify glycine and serine as nutrients which promoted P. citrinum W1 growth and increased antifungal activity, but also highlight the way to utilize metabolomics for an understanding of metabolic mechanism manipulated by an exogenous compound.

An evaluation of the proteolytic and lipolytic potential of Penicillium spp. isolated from traditional Greek sausages in submerged fermentation

A number of novel Penicillium strains belonging to Penicillium nalgiovense, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium commune, Penicillium olsonii, and Penicillium oxalicum species, isolated from the surface of traditional Greek sausages, were evaluated for their proteolytic and lipolytic potential in a solid substrate first and next in submerged fermentations, using complex media. Extracellular proteolytic activity was assessed at acid, neutral, and alkaline pH, while the lipolytic activity was assessed using olive oil, the short-chain triacylglycerol tributyrin, and the long-chain triolein, as substrates. The study revealed that although closely related, the tested strains produce enzymes of distinct specificities. P. nalgiovense PNA9 produced the highest alkaline proteolytic activity (13.2 unit (U)/ml) and the highest lipolytic activity with tributyrin (92 U/ml). Comparisons with known sources show that proteases and/or lipases can be secreted effectively by some Penicillia (P. nalgiovense PNA4, PNA7, and PNA9 and P. solitum PSO1), and further investigations on their properties and characteristics would be promising.

Application of Plackett-Burman Experimental Design for Lipase Production by Aspergillus niger Using Shea Butter Cake

Plackett-Burman design was used to efficiently select important medium components affecting the lipase production by Aspergillus niger using shea butter cake as the main substrate. Out of the eleven medium components screened, six comprising of sucrose, (NH₄)₂SO₄, Na₂HPO₄, MgSO₄, Tween-80, and olive oil were found to contribute positively to the overall lipase production with a maximum production of 3.35 U/g. Influence of tween-80 on lipase production was investigated, and 1.0% (v/w) of tween-80 resulted in maximum lipase production of 6.10 U/g. Thus, the statistical approach employed in this study allows for rapid identification of important medium parameters affecting the lipase production, and further statistical optimization of medium and process parameters can be explored using response surface methodology.

Lipase production by Penicillium restrictum in a bench-scale fermenter : effect of carbon and nitrogen nutrition, agitation, and aeration

A preliminary screening work selected Penicillium restrictum as a promising micro-organism for lipase production. The physiological response of the fungus towards cell growth and enzyme production upon variable carbon and nitrogen nutrition, specific air flow rate (Qa) and agitation (N) was evaluated in a 5-L bench-scale fermenter. In optimized conditions for lipase production meat peptone at 2% (w/v) and olive oil at 1% (w/v) were used in a growth medium with a C/N ratio of 9.9. Higher C/N ratios favored cell growth in detriment of enzyme production. Low extracellular lipase activities were observed using glucose as carbon source suggesting glucose regulation. Final lipase accumulation of 13,000 U/L was obtained, using optimized specific air flow rate (Qa) of 0.5 wm and an impeller speed (N) of 200 rpm. Agitation showed to be an important parameter to ensure nutrient availability in a growth medium having olive oil as carbon source.

Optimization of extracellular psychrophilic alkaline lipase produced by marine Pseudomonas sp. (MSI057)

An endosymbiotic Pseudomonas sp. (MSI057), which could produce high yields of lipase, was isolated from marine sponge Dendrilla nigra, collected from the peninsular coast of India. Maximum production of enzyme was obtained in minimal medium supplemented with 1% tributyrin. Catabolite repression was observed when the medium was supplemented with readily available carbon sources. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme production was 30 degrees C and 9.0, respectively. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity in pH range of 8-9 with an optimum pH 9.0. The activity of purified enzyme was optimum at 37 degrees C and showed 80% activity at 20 degrees C and the enzyme activity decreased dramatically above 50 degrees C. Based on the present findings, the enzyme was characterized as psychrophilic alkaline lipase, which can be developed for industrial applications.

Cultivation conditions and properties of extracellular crude lipase from the psychrotrophic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum 9'

Among 97 fungal strains isolated from soil collected in the arctic tundra (Spitsbergen), Penicillium chrysogenum 9' was found to be the best lipase producer. The maximum lipase activity was 68 units mL(-1) culture medium on the fifth day of incubation at pH 6.0 and 20 degrees C. Therefore, P. chrysogenum 9' was classified as a psychrotrophic microorganism. The non-specific extracellular lipase showed a maximum activity at 30 degrees C and pH 5.0 for natural oils or at pH 7.0 for synthetic substrates. Tributyrin was found to be the best substrate for lipase, among those tested. The Km and Vmax were calculated to be 2.33 mM and 22.1 units mL(-1), respectively, with tributyrin as substrate. The enzyme was inhibited more by EDTA than by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and was reactivated by Ca2+. The P. chrysogenum 9' lipase was very stable in the presence of hexane and 1,4-dioxane at a concentration of 50%, whereas it was unstable in presence of xylene.

Production of extracellular lipases by Penicillium cyclopium purification and characterization of a partial acylglycerol lipase

Penicillium cyclopium, grown in stationary culture, produces a type I lipase specific for triacylglycerols while, in shaken culture, it produces a type II lipase only active on partial acylglycerols. Lipase II has been purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatographies on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzyme exists in several glycosylated forms of 40-43 kDa, which can be converted to a single protein of 37 kDa by enzymatic deglycosylation. Activity of lipase II is maximal at pH 7.0 and 40 degrees C. The enzyme is stable from pH 4.5 to 7.0. Activity is rapidly lost at temperatures above 50 degrees C. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzes monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, especially of medium chain fatty acids. The sequence of the 20 first amino acid residues is similar to the N-terminal region of P. camembertii lipase and partially similar to lipases from Humicola lanuginosa and Aspergillus oryzae, but is different from Penicillium cyclopium lipase I. However, it can be observed that residues of valine and serine at positions 2 and 5 in Penicillium cyclopium lipase II are conserved in Penicillium expansum lipase, of which 16 out of the 20 first amino acid residues are similar to Penicillium cyclopium lipase I.

Biochemical and structural characterization of triacylglycerol lipase from Penicillium cyclopium

An extracellular lipase, active on water-insoluble triacylglycerols, has been isolated from Penicillium cyclopium. The purified enzyme has a molecular mass of 29 kDa by gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It hydrolyzes emulsions of tributyrin, trioctanoin, and olive oil at the same rate as pancreatic lipase and shows very low activity against partial acylglycerols (monooctanoin and dioctanoin) and methyl esters. It is stable at 35 degrees C for 60 min and has maximal activity in a pH range of 8-10. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by P. cyclopium lipase is inhibited by detergents such as Triton X-100. Comparison of the sequence of the 20 first amino acid residues of P. cyclopium triacylglycerol lipase with other Penicillium lipases indicates a high homology with previously characterized lipases produced by P. expansum and P. solitum which are enzymes of comparable size and substrate specificity. Conversely, homology between P. cyclopium lipase and P. simplicissimum lipase, a nonspecific lipolytic enzyme, is low. Penicillium cyclopium triacylglycerol lipase shows no homology with P. camembertii lipase which is specific to monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol.

Purification and characterization of a Penicillium sp. lipase which discriminates against diglycerides

A lipase was isolated from Penicillium sp. strain UZLM-4 and characterized. This lipase has a molecular weight of 27,344 (determined by mass spectrometry) and hydrolyzes triglycerides in preference to mono- and diglyceride substrates. Among various triglyceride substrates, tributyrin is hydrolyzed about four times faster than any other tested. The lipase has a preference for hydrolysis at the 1,3 positions of the lipids and shows a weak stereoselectivity for the S enantiomer. Unlike most other lipases, this lipase is stable and has a high activity at low surface pressures (5-10 mN/m).

Lipase from a Brazilian strain of Penicillium citrinum

A lipases (glycerol ester hydrolases E. C. 3.1.1.3) from a brazilian strain of Penicillium citrinum has been investigated. When the microorganism was cultured in the simple medium (1.0% olive oil and 0.5% yeast extract), using olive oil in as carbon source in the inocula, the enzyme extracted showed maximum activity (409 IU/mL). In addition, decrease of yeast extract concentration also reduces the lipase activity. Nevertheless, when yeast extract was replaced by ammonium sulfate, no activity was detected. Purification by precipitation with ammonium sulfate showed best activity in the 40-60% fraction. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was found in the range of 34-37 degrees C. However, after 30 min at 60 degrees C, the enzyme was completely inactivated. The enzyme showed optimum at pH 8.0. The dried concentrated fraction (after dialysis and lyophilization) maintained its lipase activity at room temperature (28 degrees C) for 8 mo. This result in lipase stability suggests an application of lipases from P. citrinum in detergents and other products that require a high stability at room temperature.

Purification and properties of a lipase from Penicillium expansum

Penicillum expansum DSM 1994 produces a new, inducible extracellular lipase when grown in medium containing 0.1% olive oil. Maximum activity was obtained after 4 days of incubation at 20 degrees C. The enzyme was purified 219-fold by cross-flow filtration, ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography to a final specific activity of 558 U/mg. The molecular weight of the homogeneous lipase was (25 kDa) determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, however, it forms active dimers and higher aggregates as observed after native PAGE. The enzyme was identified as a glycoprotein with a pI of 5.5. The N-terminal sequence shows a homology to sequences of other lipase just behind their consensus sequence. Enzyme stability was enhanced by the addition of Tween 20 and Lubrol PX. The enzyme showed a maximum activity at pH 9 at 45 degrees C and was stable at a broad pH range of 6-10. Lipase of P. expansum showed a preference for triacylglycerols, but no positional specificity.