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Hu XM, Wang CC, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Huang HR, Jiang P, Wang YK, Lin YJ, Li LC, Qi ZQ. Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4923-4939. [PMID: 38828201 PMCID: PMC11143447 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, exosomes have been proved to be used to treat many diseases. However, due to the lack of uniform quality control standards for exosomes, the safety of exosomes is still a problem to be solved, especially now more and more exosomes are used in clinical trials, and its non-clinical safety evaluation is particularly important. However, there is no safety evaluation standard for exosomes at present. Therefore, this study will refer to the evaluation criteria of therapeutic biological products, adopt non-human primates to evaluate the non-clinical safety of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes from the general pharmacology and immunotoxicity, aiming at establishing a safety evaluation system of exosomes and providing reference for the clinical application of exosomes in the future. Methods 3.85 × 1012 exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were injected into cynomolgus monkeys intravenously. The changes of general clinical conditions, hematology, immunoglobulin, Th1/Th2 cytokines, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, and immune organs were observed before and within 14 days after injection. Results The results showed that exosomes did not have obvious pathological effects on the general clinical conditions, blood, coagulation function, organ coefficient, immunoglobulin, Th1/Th2 cytokines, lymphocytes, major organs, and major immune organs (spleen, thymus, bone marrow) of cynomolgus monkeys. However, the number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in exosomes group was significantly higher than that in control group. Conclusion To sum up, the general pharmacological results and immunotoxicity results showed that the injection of 3.85 × 1012 exosomes may have no obvious adverse reactions to cynomolgus monkeys. This dose of exosomes is relatively safe for treatment, which provides basis research for non-clinical safety evaluation of exosomes and provides reliable research basis for future clinical application of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Hu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can-Can Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ri Huang
- Department of Research and Development, Guangxi Taimei Rensheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Kai Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Jin Lin
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Cheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Quan Qi
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
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Combined IgE neutralization and Bifidobacterium longum supplementation reduces the allergic response in models of food allergy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5669. [PMID: 36167830 PMCID: PMC9515155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE is central to the development of allergic diseases, and its neutralization alleviates allergic symptoms. However, most of these antibodies are based on IgG1, which is associated with an increased risk of fragment crystallizable-mediated side effects. Moreover, omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody approved for therapeutic use, has limited benefits for patients with high IgE levels. Here, we assess a fusion protein with extracellular domain of high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRIα, linked to a IgD/IgG4 hybrid Fc domain we term IgETRAP, to reduce the risk of IgG1 Fc-mediated side effects. IgETRAP shows enhanced IgE binding affinity compared to omalizumab. We also see an enhanced therapeutic effect of IgETRAP in food allergy models when combined with Bifidobacterium longum, which results in mast cell number and free IgE levels. The combination of IgETRAP and B. longum may therefore represent a potent treatment for allergic patients with high IgE levels. IgE is a critical component of the allergic response and therapeutic targeting can alleviate symptomology. Here the authors propose the combined use of Bifidobacterium longum and a FcεRIα extracellular domain linked to a IgD/IgG4 hybrid Fc domain fusion protein called IgETRAP and show reduction of mast cell and IgE levels in models of food allergy.
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Voloshina EV, Ustyugov YY, Aleksandrov AA, Dzheliya AB, Oganova MA. Lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin levels in peripheral blood from cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) of different age groups. Lab Anim 2022; 56:550-560. [PMID: 35795890 DOI: 10.1177/00236772221083173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxicity assessment is an important part of non-clinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. The reference ranges of evaluated parameters, which depend on the sex, age and geographical origin of animals, play a significant role in interpreting the study results. The aim of this study was to determine the reference ranges of parameters commonly used for non-clinical immunotoxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of different ages. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD16/56+ lymphocytes, and the serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G and E in clinically healthy cynomolgus monkeys of both sexes and different ages (37-104 months) were analysed. The lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry and serum immunoglobulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis showed a weak rank correlation of CD3+, CD20+ lymphocyte levels with the ages of female and male cynomolgus monkeys, and no significant correlation with age for the combined data of both sexes. The serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M, G and E did not have a significant rank correlation with age for the combined data of both sexes, whereas IgA levels in females and IgG levels in males were weakly correlated with age. Overall, these results justify the use of animals aged three to eight years for non-clinical immunotoxicity evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. It is important to avoid the formation of animal groups with extreme ages (three years or eight years) in one group during randomization.
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Badloe FMS, De Vriese S, De Bruyn Carlier T, Vandersichel E, Scheffel J, Maurer M, Ring J, Gutermuth J, Kortekaas Krohn I. A Novel Method for Total IgE Purification from Human Serum. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2436-2442. [PMID: 35523453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For Ab purification, high-affinity chromatography is commonly used. This technique results in high-purity Abs, but it requires highly specific knowledge and equipment. Commercial kits for purification of IgE are not available. Therefore, we established a (to our knowledge) novel method for the purification of total IgE from human serum. Sera from 19 allergic and nonallergic patients were included. After depletion of polyclonal IgG, total serum IgE was captured using anti-human IgE Abs coupled to beads, eluted from the beads, and incubated with protein G-coupled beads to increase the final purity. Purity analysis and Ab detection were performed by Western blot. Total serum IgE and purified IgE concentrations were analyzed using ELISA. To determine their functionality, primary human mast cells were sensitized with purified IgE and activated with anti-IgE or a relevant allergen. CD63+ expression and histamine release were used as readout parameters. Concentrations of purified total IgE corresponded with the levels of total serum IgE. Minor fractions of IgE remained attached to the beads, confirming an effective elution of IgE Abs. Only minimal amounts of IgG were found in the purified IgE fractions, confirming a high purity of IgE. Mast cells sensitized with purified IgE and subsequent activation with anti-IgE Ab or a relevant allergen showed increased expression of CD63+ and increased histamine release. This (to our knowledge) novel method represents a highly effective and widely accessible approach for purification of human serum IgE, which can improve the use of IgE-based in vivo and in vitro models and contribute to allergy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariza Mishaal Saiema Badloe
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SKIN Research Group, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shauni De Vriese
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SKIN Research Group, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Belgium
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina De Bruyn Carlier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SKIN Research Group, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Belgium
| | - Elise Vandersichel
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Biederstein, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SKIN Research Group, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Kortekaas Krohn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SKIN Research Group, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Belgium;
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Bayar Muluk N, Bafaqeeh SA, Cingi C. Anti-IgE treatment in allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 127:109674. [PMID: 31526939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the efficacy of anti-IgE therapy in allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS Literature search was performed using the PubMed and Proquest Central databases at Kırıkkale University Library. RESULTS Although the skin prick testing in patients suffering from AR is positive (indicating that antigen-specific Immunoglobulin E has been produced), there is no association with overall circulating IgE levels. Correlation was lacking between circulating IgE level and either skin prick tests or laboratory testing for specific IgE. Omalizumab binds to uncomplexed IgE in man more avidly than does Fc-epsilon. The effect of omalizumab is to lower the level of IgE and downgrade production of FceRI receptors (which bind IgE) in mast cells and basophils, causing less mast cell recruitment and responsivity and thus diminishing eosinophilic infiltration and activation. Anti-IgE therapy through omalizumab may shorten the lifetime of mast cells and causes dendritic cells to downgrade their production of FcεRI. There are reports indicating benefit from omalizumab in managing food allergies, nasal polyp formation, essential anaphylaxis, AR, venom allergy and eczema. Omalizumab acts to lessen circulating IgE levels, whilst reducing production of FceRI by mast cells and basophils. The fact that omalizumab influences how eosinophils respond may be down to disruption of the antigen-IgE-mast cell interactions, with mast cells being recruited at lower levels and thus chemotactic eosinophilic recruitment via cytokines being greatly reduced. Omalizumab has the effect in cases of perennial AR of blocking the increased eosinophilic recruitment and tissue infiltration initiated by seasonal antigens. Likewise, in omalizumab-treated cases, circulating unbound IgE levels showed significant decreases. For patients with perennial AR, the average daily nasal severity score was significantly reduced where omalizumab was administered, compared to placebo. CONCLUSION Omalizumab has efficacy in ameliorating symptoms and reduces the necessity for additional medication in both seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Kirikkale University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kirikkale, Turkey.
| | - Sameer Ali Bafaqeeh
- King Saud University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Cemal Cingi
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
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6
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Li X, Wang N, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Species Specificity on Interaction between IgE and FcεRI. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:690-695. [PMID: 31258078 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190619122325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are one of the most prevalent diseases at present, it is imperative to understanding the pathophysiology and treatment strategies for allergic diseases. In this process, the binding of IgE and FcεRI on effector cells plays a critical role in triggering allergic reactions. However, the species specificity of the interaction between IgE and FcεRI has not been clearly explained. This review described the characteristics and the interaction mechanism in the allergic reaction of IgE and FcεRI and summarized the species specificity between IgE and FcεRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yanfen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China.,Offices of Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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7
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Maggi L, Rossettini B, Montaini G, Matucci A, Vultaggio A, Mazzoni A, Palterer B, Parronchi P, Maggi E, Liotta F, Annunziato F, Cosmi L. Omalizumab dampens type 2 inflammation in a group of long-term treated asthma patients and detaches IgE from FcεRI. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:2005-2014. [PMID: 30252930 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Even if omalizumab is broadly used in the treatment of severe, allergic asthma, the immunological effects in long-term treated patients have not been fully elucidated. To this aim, a cohort of 15 allergic asthmatic patients treated with omalizumab for at least three years was compared with 12 allergic asthma patients treated with standard therapy. Omalizumab treated asthmatic patients showed lower frequencies of circulating plasmacytoid DCs, and lower CD154 expression on CD4 T-helper cells than the control group. Moreover, basophils and DCs from omalizumab-treated patients had lower surface expression of IgE compared to the control group. In a longitudinal evaluation of two patients that started omalizumab treatment, we show that FcεRI free of IgE were evident on basophils just after four weeks of drug administration. Finally, in vitro experiments with basophils obtained from healthy donors confirm that omalizumab is able to detach IgE from high affinity IgE receptors. Collectively these data indicate that long-term omalizumab treatment dampens type 2 inflammation acting on different cell types that play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Moreover, we have identified a further mechanism of action of omalizumab, such as the ability to detach IgE from its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rossettini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianni Montaini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Matucci
- Immunoallergology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vultaggio
- Immunoallergology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Diagnostic Center of Flow Cytometry and Immunotherapy, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Diagnostic Center of Flow Cytometry and Immunotherapy, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Diagnostic Center of Flow Cytometry and Immunotherapy, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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8
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Dahlmann F, Sewald K. Use of nonhuman primates in obstructive lung disease research - is it required? Primate Biol 2017; 4:131-142. [PMID: 32110701 PMCID: PMC7041527 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-131-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In times of increasing costs for health insurances, obstructive lung
diseases are a burden for both the patients and the economy. Pulmonary symptoms
of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are similar;
nevertheless, the diseases differ in pathophysiology and therapeutic
approaches. Novel therapeutics are continuously developed, and nonhuman
primates (NHPs) provide valuable models for investigating novel biologicals
regarding efficacy and safety. This review discusses the role of nonhuman primate models for drug
development in asthma and COPD and investigates whether alternative methods
are able to prevent animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dahlmann
- German Primate Center GmbH, Infection Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Preclinical Pharmacology and Immunology, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Preclinical Pharmacology and Immunology, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
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Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic immunological diseases in humans, affecting people from childhood to old age. Progress in treating asthma has been relatively slow and treatment guidelines have mostly recommended empirical approaches on the basis of clinical measures of disease severity rather than on the basis of the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. An important molecular mechanism of asthma is type 2 inflammation, which occurs in many but not all patients. In this Opinion article, I explore the role of type 2 inflammation in asthma, including lessons learnt from clinical trials of inhibitors of type 2 inflammation. I consider how dichotomizing asthma according to levels of type 2 inflammation--into 'T helper 2 (TH2)-high' and 'TH2-low' subtypes (endotypes)--has shaped our thinking about the pathobiology of asthma and has generated new interest in understanding the mechanisms of disease that are independent of type 2 inflammation.
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10
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Saul L, Josephs DH, Cutler K, Bradwell A, Karagiannis P, Selkirk C, Gould HJ, Jones P, Spicer JF, Karagiannis SN. Comparative reactivity of human IgE to cynomolgus monkey and human effector cells and effects on IgE effector cell potency. MAbs 2014; 6:509-22. [PMID: 24492303 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to genetic similarities with humans, primates of the macaque genus such as the cynomolgus monkey are often chosen as models for toxicology studies of antibody therapies. IgE therapeutics in development depend upon engagement with the FcεRI and FcεRII receptors on immune effector cells for their function. Only limited knowledge of the primate IgE immune system is available to inform the choice of models for mechanistic and safety evaluations. METHODS The recognition of human IgE by peripheral blood lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkey and man was compared. We used effector cells from each species in ex vivo affinity, dose-response, antibody-receptor dissociation and potency assays. RESULTS We report cross-reactivity of human IgE Fc with cynomolgus monkey cells, and comparable binding kinetics to peripheral blood lymphocytes from both species. In competition and dissociation assays, however, human IgE dissociated faster from cynomolgus monkey compared with human effector cells. Differences in association and dissociation kinetics were reflected in effector cell potency assays of IgE-mediated target cell killing, with higher concentrations of human IgE needed to elicit effector response in the cynomolgus monkey system. Additionally, human IgE binding on immune effector cells yielded significantly different cytokine release profiles in each species. CONCLUSION These data suggest that human IgE binds with different characteristics to human and cynomolgus monkey IgE effector cells. This is likely to affect the potency of IgE effector functions in these two species, and so has relevance for the selection of biologically-relevant model systems when designing pre-clinical toxicology and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Saul
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK; Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond; London, UK
| | - Debra H Josephs
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK; Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond; London, UK
| | - Keith Cutler
- Public Health England; Porton Down; Salisbury, Wiltshire UK
| | | | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK
| | - Chris Selkirk
- Biotherapeutics Development Unit; Cancer Research UK; South Mimms, Hertfordshire UK
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics & Division of Asthma; Allergy and Lung Biology, MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London; London, UK
| | - Paul Jones
- Drug Development Office; Strategy and Research Funding; Cancer Research UK; London, UK
| | - James F Spicer
- Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond; London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK
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11
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Clark D, Shiota F, Forte C, Narayanan P, Mytych DT, Hock MB. Biomarkers for non-human primate Type-I hypersensitivity: Antigen-specific immunoglobulin E assays. J Immunol Methods 2013; 392:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Cemerski S, Chu SY, Moore GL, Muchhal US, Desjarlais JR, Szymkowski DE. Suppression of mast cell degranulation through a dual-targeting tandem IgE-IgG Fc domain biologic engineered to bind with high affinity to FcγRIIb. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:34-43. [PMID: 22305932 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils play a central role in allergy, asthma, and anaphylaxis, as well as in non-allergic inflammatory, neurological and autoimmune diseases. Allergen-mediated cross-linking of IgE bound to FcεRI leads to cellular activation, and the low-affinity Fc receptor FcγRIIb is a key inhibitor of subsequent degranulation. FcγRIIb, when coengaged with FcεRI via allergen bound to IgE, stimulates ITIM domain-mediated inhibitory signaling that efficiently suppresses mast cell and basophil activation. To assess the therapeutic potential of directed coengagement of FcεRI and FcγRIIb in the absence of FcεRI crosslinking, we developed a fusion protein comprising the coupled Fc domains of murine IgE and human IgG1. As a key functional component of this tandem Fcε-Fcγ biologic, we engineered its IgG1 Fc domain to bind to human FcγRIIb with 100-fold enhanced affinity relative to native IgG1 Fc. Using mast cells from mice transgenic for human FcγRIIb, we show that this tandem Fc binds with high affinity to murine FcεRI and human FcγRIIb on mast cells, triggers phosphorylation of FcγRIIb, and inhibits FcεRI-dependent calcium mobilization. Control tandem Fc biologics containing a native IgG1 Fc domain or lacking binding to Fcγ receptors were markedly less active, demonstrating that the affinity-optimized tandem Fc can inhibit degranulation through stimulation of FcγRIIb signaling as well as through competition with allergen-IgE immune complex for FcεRI binding. We propose that in the context of a fully human tandem Fc biologic, high-affinity coengagement of FcεRI and FcγRIIb has potential as a novel therapy for allergy and other mast cell and basophil-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saso Cemerski
- Xencor, Inc., 111 W. Lemon Ave., Monrovia, CA 91016, USA.
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Baumann MJ, Eggel A, Amstutz P, Stadler BM, Vogel M. DARPins against a functional IgE epitope. Immunol Lett 2010; 133:78-84. [PMID: 20673836 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal anti-IgE antibody omalizumab (Xolair is mostly used for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. However, the requirement of high doses and suboptimal cost-effectiveness limits the use of the treatment. Here we propose to use a new drug format based on non-immunoglobulin structures, potentially offering increased clinical efficacy while being more cost-effective. For this purpose, DARPins™ (designed ankyrin repeat proteins) against the constant heavy chain region of IgE have been isolated. DARPins were binding to IgE with high specificity and affinities in the low nanomolar range. Selected DARPins antagonized the interaction between IgE and its high-affinity receptor in inhibition assays. Furthermore, anti-IgE DARPins were shown to inhibit proinflammatory mediator release from rat basophilic leukemia cells expressing human high-affinity IgE receptors with higher efficacy than the monoclonal anti-IgE antibody omalizumab. DARPins may thus represent promising future drug candidates for the treatment of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Baumann
- Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Sahlihaus 2, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Mohapatra SS, Juan HS. NOVEL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASES. Radiol Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mohapatra SS, Juan HS. NOVEL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASES. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(05)70170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yanagida M, Irikura M, Suto H, Yagi S, Ogawa H, Ra C. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between recombinant human Fc(epsilon)RIalpha and serum IgEs from allergic patients. Clin Immunol 2000; 95:190-6. [PMID: 10866125 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Binding of IgE to the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc(epsilon)RI) is the essential event for allergic reaction. Although there are many reports on binding kinetics between myeloma IgE and Fc(epsilon)RI, little is known about the kinetics between heterogeneous polyclonal IgE in the serum and Fc(epsilon)RIalpha. To elucidate the binding characteristics of heterogeneous serum IgE, we measured kinetic parameters of binding between IgE from allergic patients and a recombinant ectodomain of the human Fc(epsilon)RIalpha subunit by real-time interaction analysis based on surface plasmon resonance. Purified IgE monomer from the plasma of allergic patients displayed kinetics for the interaction with Fc(epsilon)RIalpha similar to those of myeloma IgE. In the case of crude IgE samples from allergic patients, one of seven specimens showed significantly higher affinity than highly purified IgE, suggesting that it is possible for IgEs in this specimen to form complexes of higher molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yanagida
- Corporate Research and Development Laboratory, Tonen Corporation, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Holgate
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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Sasaki S, Kai E, Miyachi H, Muguruma H, Ikebukuro K, Ohkawa H, Karube I. Direct determination of etofenprox using surface plasmon resonance. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
An immunoadhesin is a fusion protein that combines the target-binding region of a receptor, an adhesion molecule, a ligand, or an enzyme, with the Fc region of an Ig. Immunoadhesins provide a unique tool for identifying unknown binding targets and for elucidating molecular interactions that control biological function. Recent studies suggest that immunoadhesins also may be useful therapeutically, as inhibitors of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ashkenazi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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