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Dutra CA, Teixeira RLDF, Lopes MQP, Silva VDM, Suffys PN, Carvalho RDS, Moreira AR, Santos AR, Kritski AL. Determination of NAT2 Genotypes in a Cohort of Patients with Suspected TB in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:917. [PMID: 39065614 PMCID: PMC11279449 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The human N-acetyltransferase 2 enzyme, encoded by the NAT2 gene, plays an important role in the metabolism of isoniazid, the main drug used to treat tuberculosis. The interindividual variation in the response of patients to drug treatment for tuberculosis may be responsible for the occurrence of unfavorable outcomes. The presence of polymorphisms in genes associated with the metabolism and transport of drugs, receptors, and therapeutic targets has been identified as a major determinant of this variability. The objective of this study was to identify the genetic profile of NAT2 in the study population. Using the obtained genomic DNA followed by PCR amplification and sequencing, the frequency of nine SNPs as well as alleles associated with slow (47.9%), intermediate (38.7%), and fast acetylation phenotypes (11.3%), in addition to those whose phenotype has not yet been characterized (2.1%), was estimated. The NAT2*5B allele was identified more frequently (31.3%). The description of SNPs in pharmacogenes and the establishment of their relationship with the pharmacokinetics of an individual offer an individualized approach that allows us to reduce the unfavorable outcomes of a therapy, ensure better adherence to treatment, prevent the emergence of MDR strains, reduce the cost of treatment, and improve the quality of patients' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Alvim Dutra
- Academic Tuberculosis Program, Faculty of Medicine, HUCFF-IDT Hospital Complex, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (C.A.D.); (A.R.M.); (A.L.K.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.L.d.F.T.); (M.Q.P.L.); (V.d.M.S.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Raquel Lima de Figueiredo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.L.d.F.T.); (M.Q.P.L.); (V.d.M.S.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Márcia Quinhones Pires Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.L.d.F.T.); (M.Q.P.L.); (V.d.M.S.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Victória de Moraes Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.L.d.F.T.); (M.Q.P.L.); (V.d.M.S.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.L.d.F.T.); (M.Q.P.L.); (V.d.M.S.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Ricardo de Souza Carvalho
- Department of General Medicine, University of Rio de Janeiro (UniRio), Rio de Janeiro 20270-330, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Rezende Moreira
- Academic Tuberculosis Program, Faculty of Medicine, HUCFF-IDT Hospital Complex, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (C.A.D.); (A.R.M.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Adalberto Rezende Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (R.L.d.F.T.); (M.Q.P.L.); (V.d.M.S.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Afrânio Lineu Kritski
- Academic Tuberculosis Program, Faculty of Medicine, HUCFF-IDT Hospital Complex, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil; (C.A.D.); (A.R.M.); (A.L.K.)
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Xu H, Zhang H, Sun S, Zhang J, Huo J, Zhou C. Downregulation of NAT1 Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in COAD. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2024; 17:133-148. [PMID: 38651072 PMCID: PMC11033211 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s455490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing corpus of evidence has identified the involvement of N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1), a member of the NAT family, in the progression of various cancers. However, the specific function of NAT1 in colon cancer (COAD) remains elusive. This study aims to decip her the role of NAT1 in COAD and its associated mechanisms. Methods The Tumor Immunity Evaluation Resource (TIMER), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were employed to assess the NAT1 expression level in COAD. The differential expression between COAD and normal colon tissue was further validated using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot (WB) analyses. Additionally, survival analysis of NAT1 in COAD was carried out using the PrognoScan database and TCGA dataset. The functions of NAT1 were explored through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immuno-infiltration analysis. Results There was a significant reduction in NAT1 expression in COAD samples compared to normal tissue. Notably, low NAT1 expression in COAD correlated significantly with various clinical parameters such as tumor stage (T stage, N stage, M stage, pathologic stage), primary therapy outcome, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, and lymphatic invasion. The downregulation of NAT1 was also strongly linked with poor outcomes in overall survival (OS), progression-free interval (PFI), and disease-specific survival (DSS). Cox regression analysis highlighted NAT1 as an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival in COAD patients. GSEA results revealed NAT1's involvement in multiple pathways, including the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, olfactory transduction, olfactory signaling, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, calcium signaling, and focal adhesion pathways. Furthermore, NAT1 expression was found to significantly correlate with infiltration levels of various immune cells. Conclusion The findings reveal NAT1's potential as a valuable prognostic biomarker for COAD. Moreover, its associated mechanisms offer insights that might pave the way for therapeutic interventions for COAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houxi Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NanjingPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Hongqun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songxian Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NanjingPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NanjingPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Jiege Huo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NanjingPeople’s Republic of China
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Lopes MQP, Teixeira RLF, Cabello PH, Nery JAC, Sales AM, Nahn J. R. EP, Moreira MV, Stahlke EVR, Possuelo LG, Rossetti MLR, Rabahi MF, Silva LFM, Leme PA, Woods WJ, Nobre ML, de Oliveira MLWDR, Narahashi K, Cavalcanti M, Suffys PN, Boukouvala S, Gallo MEN, Santos AR. Human N-acetyltransferase 2 ( NAT2) gene variability in Brazilian populations from different geographical areas. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1278720. [PMID: 38035025 PMCID: PMC10684696 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1278720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several polymorphisms altering the NAT2 activity have already been identified. The geographical distribution of NAT2 variants has been extensively studied and has been demonstrated to vary significantly among different ethnic population. Here, we describe the genetic variability of human N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene and the predominant genotype-deduced acetylation profiles of Brazilians. Methods: A total of 964 individuals, from five geographical different regions, were genotyped for NAT2 by sequencing the entire coding exon. Results: Twenty-three previously described NAT2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, including the seven most common ones globally (c.191G>A, c.282C>T, c.341T>C, c.481C>T, c.590G>A, c.803A>G and c.857G>A). The main allelic groups were NAT2*5 (36%) and NAT2*6 (18.2%), followed to the reference allele NAT2*4 (20.4%). Combined into genotypes, the most prevalent allelic groups were NAT2*5/*5 (14.6%), NAT2*5/*6 (11.9%) and NAT2*6/*6 (6.2%). The genotype deduced NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype was predominant but showed significant variability between geographical regions. The prevalence of slow acetylation phenotype was higher in the Northeast, North and Midwest (51.3%, 45.5% and 41.5%, respectively) of the country. In the Southeast, the intermediate acetylation phenotype was the most prevalent (40.3%) and, in the South, the prevalence of rapid acetylation phenotype was significantly higher (36.7%), when compared to other Brazilian states (p < 0.0001). Comparison of the predicted acetylation profile among regions showed homogeneity among the North and Northeast but was significantly different when compared to the Southeast (p = 0.0396). The Southern region was significantly different from all other regions (p < 0.0001). Discussion: This study contributes not only to current knowledge of the NAT2 population genetic diversity in different geographical regions of Brazil, but also to the reconstruction of a more accurate phenotypic picture of NAT2 acetylator profiles in those regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Quinhones P. Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Lima F. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Hernan Cabello
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Augusto C. Nery
- Leprosy Laboratory, Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Sales
- Leprosy Laboratory, Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lia Gonçalves Possuelo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, IB and Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia R. Rossetti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, IB and Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F. Rabahi
- Anuar Auad Infectious Disease Reference Hospital, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sotiria Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics - Toxicogenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Eugênia N. Gallo
- Leprosy Laboratory, Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Rezende Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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He YF, Liu Y, Yu JH, Cheng H, Odilov A, Yang FP, Tian GH, Yao XM, Duan HQ, Yu CY, Yu C, Liu YM, Liu GY, Shen JS, Wang Z, Diao XX. Pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and metabolism of [ 14C]TPN171, a novel PDE5 inhibitor, in humans for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:221-233. [PMID: 35676531 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
TPN171 is a novel phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and erectile dysfunction (ED), which currently is undergoing phase II clinical trials in China. In this single-center, single-dose, nonrandomized, and open design study, radiolabeled [14C]TPN171 was used to investigate the metabolic mechanism, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and clearance pathways of TPN171 in 6 healthy Chinese male volunteers. Each volunteer was administered a single oral suspension of 10 mg (100 μCi) of [14C]TPN171. We found that TPN171 was absorbed rapidly in humans with a peak time (Tmax) of 0.667 h and a half-life (t1/2) of approximately 9.89 h in plasma. Excretion of radiopharmaceutical-related components was collected 216 h after administration, accounting for 95.21% of the dose (46.61% in urine and 48.60% in feces). TPN171 underwent extensive metabolism in humans. Twenty-two metabolites were detected in human plasma, urine, and feces using a radioactive detector combined with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. According to radiochromatograms, a glucuronide metabolite of O-dealkylated TPN171 exceeded 10% of the total drug-related components in human plasma. However, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines, no further tests are needed to evaluate the safety of this metabolite because it is a phase II metabolite, but the compound is still worthy of attention. The main metabolic biotransformation of TPN171 was mono-oxidation (hydroxylation and N-oxidation), dehydrogenation, N-dealkylation, O-dealkylation, amide hydrolysis, glucuronidation, and acetylation. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) mainly catalyzed the formation of metabolites, and CYP2E1 and CYP2D6 were involved in the oxidative metabolism of TPN171 to a lesser extent. According to the incubation data, M1 was mainly metabolized to M1G by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9), followed by UGT1A7 and UGT1A10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji-nan, 250355, China
| | - Abdullajon Odilov
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei-Pu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | | | - Xiu-Mei Yao
- Vigonvita Life Sciences Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hua-Qing Duan
- Vigonvita Life Sciences Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Cheng-Yin Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yan-Mei Liu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Gang-Yi Liu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jing-Shan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201602, China.
| | - Xing-Xing Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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5
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Liu T, Shi Y, Li Y, Yi H, Gong P, Lin K, Zhang Z, Zhang L. The Mutual Influence of Predominant Microbes in Sourdough Fermentation: Focusing on Flavor Formation and Gene Transcription. Foods 2022; 11:2373. [PMID: 35954139 PMCID: PMC9367918 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between microorganisms generally plays a vital role in food fermentation. In this study, the mutual influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis, the two predominant microbes in the sourdough ecosystem, were investigated in situ during fermentation. Doughs fermented with S. cerevisiae, F. sanfranciscensis, or their combination were compared regarding acid production, microbial density, and volatiles. Furthermore, in situ gene expressions were investigated using RNA-sequencing. The results showed that the presence of S. cerevisiae had no visible influence on F. sanfranciscensis, whereas F. sanfranciscensis facilitated the growth of S. cerevisiae but affected its volatile production since metabolites such as 3-methyl-1-butanol decreased. The RNA-sequencing demonstrated that S. cerevisiae significantly changed the gene transcripts implicated in amino acid metabolism in F. sanfranciscensis and may stimulate its growth suggested by the enrichment of the KEGG pathway of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yixin Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kai Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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6
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Lakshmi SA, Prasath KG, Tamilmuhilan K, Srivathsan A, Shafreen RMB, Kasthuri T, Pandian SK. Suppression of Thiol-Dependent Antioxidant System and Stress Response in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Docosanol: Explication Through Proteome Investigation. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:575-589. [PMID: 35018617 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of docosanol on the protein expression profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Thus, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF MS technique was utilized to identify the differentially regulated proteins in the presence of docosanol. A total of 947 protein spots were identified from the intracellular proteome of both control and docosanol treated samples among which 40 spots were differentially regulated with a fold change greater than 1.0. Prominently, the thiol-dependent antioxidant system and stress response proteins are downregulated in MRSA, which are critical for survival during oxidative stress. In particular, docosanol downregulated the expression of Tpx, AhpC, BshC, BrxA, and YceI with a fold change of 1.4 (p = 0.02), 1.4 (p = 0.01), 1.6 (p = 0.002), 4.9 (p = 0.02), and 1.4 (p = 0.02), respectively. In addition, docosanol reduced the expression of proteins involved in purine metabolic pathways, biofilm growth cycle, and virulence factor production. Altogether, these findings suggest that docosanol could efficiently target the antioxidant pathway by reducing the expression of bacillithiol and stress-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Alagu Lakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Krishnan Ganesh Prasath
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - Kannapiran Tamilmuhilan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Adimoolam Srivathsan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Raja Mohamed Beema Shafreen
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women, Alagappapuram, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Thirupathi Kasthuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
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7
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Avirmed S, Khuanbai Y, Sanjaajamts A, Selenge B, Dagvadorj BU, Ohashi M. Modifying Effect of Smoking on GSTM1 and NAT2 in Relation to the Risk of Bladder Cancer in Mongolian Population: A Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:2479-2485. [PMID: 34452561 PMCID: PMC8629459 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.8.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Tobacco smoking is the predominant risk factor for bladder cancer as it contains cancer-causing chemicals. However, genetic factors may play important role in response towards chemical carcinogens. In this study we aim to investigate genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) as determinants of bladder cancer risk, independently and in combination with tobacco use in the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: The current study was a hospital-based case-control study including 60 histologically confirmed bladder cancer patients and 60 cancer-free controls. PCR-RFLP assay was used to determine the presence of GSTM1 and NAT2 polymorphisms in bladder cancer patients and controls. GSTM1 and NAT2 were tested using binary logistical regression analysis with adjustment or stratification according to the smoking. Results: There were 46 men and 14 women diagnosed with bladder cancer, with mean age was 58±4. The controls included 37 men and 23 women with a mean age of 57±3. The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype was higher in controls (71.67%) than in bladder cancer patients (58.33%) without statistical significance (OR=0.5534; 95% CI=0.2586-1.1843), (p=0.128). The NAT2 low acetylator phenotype was more common in patients with bladder cancer (15%) than in controls (5%). Furthermore, individuals with NAT2 low acetylator phenotype had a nearly 3.35-fold increased risk to develop bladder cancer (OR=3.35; 95% CI=0.8604-13.0657), (p=0.081) while the risk was even higher when combined with null GSTM1 genotype (OR=4; 95% CI=0.4459-37.5308), (p=0.213) but there was no statistical significance. Prevalence of smoking in bladder cancer patients was higher than controls and increased significantly the risk of bladder cancer (OR=8.31; 95% CI=3.66-18.88). Smokers with GSTM1 null genotype were at 5-fold higher risk of bladder cancer (OR=5.0; 95% CI=1.55-16.16), (p=0.007) while NAT2 low acetylator phenotype increased bladder cancer risk by 20-fold (OR=20.5; 95% CI=2.33-80.86), (p=0.006). Conclusion: The current study shows that tobacco smokers with the NAT2 low acetylator phenotype and GSTM1 null genotype have the highest risk of bladder cancer in the Mongolian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiirevnyamba Avirmed
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.,Department of Graduate Studies, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Yerkhanat Khuanbai
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Amarsaikhan Sanjaajamts
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baasansuren Selenge
- Center of Urology and Andrology, First Central Hospital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayan-Undur Dagvadorj
- Center of Urology and Andrology, First Central Hospital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Institute of Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
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8
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Wu CY, Hu IC, Yang YC, Ding WC, Lai CH, Lee YZ, Liu YC, Cheng HC, Lyu PC. An essential role of acetyl coenzyme A in the catalytic cycle of insect arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. Commun Biol 2020; 3:441. [PMID: 32796911 PMCID: PMC7427786 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA)-dependent N-acetylation is performed by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and is important in many biofunctions. AANAT catalyzes N-acetylation through an ordered sequential mechanism in which cofactor (Ac-CoA) binds first, with substrate binding afterward. No ternary structure containing AANAT, cofactor, and substrate was determined, meaning the details of substrate binding and product release remain unclear. Here, two ternary complexes of dopamine N-acetyltransferase (Dat) before and after N-acetylation were solved at 1.28 Å and 1.36 Å resolution, respectively. Combined with the structures of Dat in apo form and Ac-CoA bound form, we addressed each stage in the catalytic cycle. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were utilized to analyze the product release. Our data revealed that Ac-CoA regulates the conformational properties of Dat to form the catalytic site and substrate binding pocket, while the release of products is facilitated by the binding of new Ac-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ya Wu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Hu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Ding
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Liu
- Institute of Population Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chiang Lyu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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9
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Sah PP, Bhattacharya S, Banerjee A, Ray S. Identification of novel therapeutic target and epitopes through proteome mining from essential hypothetical proteins in Salmonella strains: An In silico approach towards antivirulence therapy and vaccine development. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 83:104315. [PMID: 32276082 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella strains are responsible for a huge mortality rate through foodborne ailment in the world that necessitated the discovery of novel drugs and vaccines. Essential hypothetical proteins (EHPs), whose structures and functions were previously unknown, could serve as potential therapeutic and vaccine targets. Antivirulence therapy shall emerge as a superior therapeutic approach that uses virulence factors as drug targets. This study annotated the biological functions of 96 out of total 106 essential hypothetical proteins in five strains of Salmonella and classified into nine important protein categories. 34 virulence factors were predicted among the EHPs, out of which, 11 were identified to be pathogen specific potential drug targets for antivirulence therapy. These targets were non-homologous to both human and gut microbiota proteome to avoid cross-reactivity with them. Seven identified targets had druggable property, while the rest four targets were novel targets. Four identified targets (DEG10320148, DEG10110027, DEG10110040 and DEG10110142) had antigenic properties and were further classified as: two membrane-bound Lipid-binding transmembrane proteins, a Zinc-binding membrane protein and an extracellular glycosylase. These targets could be potentially used for the development of subunit vaccines. The study further identified 11 highly conserved and exposed epitope sequences from these 4 vaccine targets. The three-dimensional structures of the vaccine targets were also elucidated along with highlighting the conformation of the epitopes. This study identified potential therapeutic targets for antivirulence therapy against Salmonella. It would therefore instigate in novel drug designing as well as provide important leads to new Salmonella vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arundhati Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, India
| | - Sujay Ray
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India.
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10
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Rehman AU, Rahman MU, Lu S, Liu H, Li JY, Arshad T, Wadood A, Ng HL, Chen HF. Decoding allosteric communication pathways in protein lysine acetyltransferase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Tsiokou V, Kilindris T, Begas E, Kouvaras E, Kouretas D, Asprodini EK. Altered activity of xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes at menopause - A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109074. [PMID: 31923849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolism at menopause is an under-investigated topic, albeit women spend one-third of their life in the postmenopausal period. The present study examined the effect of menopause on the in vivo activities of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, xanthine oxidase (XO) and N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Enzyme activity was determined in 152 non-smoking volunteers following oral intake of a single dose of 200 mg caffeine and subsequent determination of caffeine metabolite ratios (CMRs) in a 6-h urine sample as follows: CYP1A2: (AFMU+1U+1X)/17U, CYP2A6: 17U/(17U + 17X), XO: 1U/(1U+1X) and NAT2: AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X). CMRs among groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Significantly lower CYP1A2 and higher CYP2A6 CMRs were observed in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women and age-matched men. These changes could be attributed to menopause rather than chronological aging since an age-related effect was not observed in premenopausal women or men of any age group. XO CMRs were higher in postmenopausal women and men>50 compared to premenopausal women and men<50, respectively, suggesting an age-related increase in XO activity. No significant alterations were discerned in NAT2 CMRs, in either slow- or rapid-acetylators, indicating that menopause exerts minimal modulation of xenobiotics metabolized by this enzyme. This study provides evidence that the transition to menopause induces significant alterations in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes independent of chronological aging suggesting altered metabolism of pharmaceutical and environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Tsiokou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Thomas Kilindris
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Elias Begas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Kouvaras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology - Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Eftihia K Asprodini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
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12
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Khatami F, Mohajeri-Tehrani MR, Tavangar SM. The Importance of Precision Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): From Pharmacogenetic and Pharmacoepigenetic Aspects. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:719-731. [PMID: 31122183 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190228102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide disorder as the most important challenges of health-care systems. Controlling the normal glycaemia greatly profit long-term prognosis and gives explanation for early, effective, constant, and safe intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS Finding the main genetic and epigenetic profile of T2DM and the exact molecular targets of T2DM medications can shed light on its personalized management. The comprehensive information of T2DM was earned through the genome-wide association study (GWAS) studies. In the current review, we represent the most important candidate genes of T2DM like CAPN10, TCF7L2, PPAR-γ, IRSs, KCNJ11, WFS1, and HNF homeoboxes. Different genetic variations of a candidate gene can predict the efficacy of T2DM personalized strategy medication. RESULTS SLCs and AMPK variations are considered for metformin, CYP2C9, KATP channel, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B and KCNQ1 for sulphonylureas, OATP1B, and KCNQ1 for repaglinide and the last but not the least ADIPOQ, PPAR-γ, SLC, CYP2C8, and SLCO1B1 for thiazolidinediones response prediction. CONCLUSION Taken everything into consideration, there is an extreme need to determine the genetic status of T2DM patients in some known genetic region before planning the medication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Mohajeri-Tehrani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed M Tavangar
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alshaikheid M, Chaabane A, Ben Fredj N, Ben Brahim H, Ben Fadhel N, Chadli Z, Slama A, Boughattas NA, Chakroun M, Aouam K. Limited sampling strategy for predicting isoniazid exposure in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019; 45:503-512. [PMID: 31833581 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Limited sampling strategies (LSS), using few sampling times after dosing, have been used to reliably predict the isoniazid area under the 24-hour concentration-time curve (AUC). Experience with isoniazid is very limited, and no LSS has been developed in south-Mediterranean populations. Hence, we aimed to develop an accurate and convenient LSS for predicting isoniazid AUC in Tunisian patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS Pharmacokinetic profiles consisting of six blood samples each, collected during the 24-hour dosing interval, were obtained from 25 (6 men and 19 women) Tunisian patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The AUC was calculated according to the linear trapezoidal rule. The isoniazid concentrations at each sampling time were correlated by a linear regression analysis with the measured AUC. We analysed all the developed models for their ability to estimate the isoniazid AUC. Error indices including the percentage of Mean Absolute Prediction Error (%MAE) and the percentage of Root Mean Squared Prediction Error (%RMSE) were used to evaluate the predictive performance. The agreement between predicted and measured AUCs was investigated using Bland and Altman and mountain plot analyses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among the 1-time-point estimations, the C3 -predicted AUC showed the highest correlation with the measured one (r2 = .906, %MAE = 10.45% and %RMSE = 2.69%). For the 2-time-point estimations, the model including the C2 and C6 provided the highest correlation between predicted and measured isoniazid AUC (r2 = .960, %MAE = 8.02% and %RMSE = 1.75%). The C0 /C3 LSS model provided satisfactory correlation and agreement (r2 = .930, %MAE = 10.19% and %RMSE = 2.32%). The best multilinear regression model for predicting the full isoniazid AUC was found to be the combination of 3 time points: C0 , C1 and C6 (r2 = .992, %MAE = 4.06% and %RMSE = 0.80%). The use of a 2-time-point LSS to predict AUC in our population could be sufficient. C2 /C6 combination has shown the best correlation but the use of the C0 /C3 combination could be more practical with an accurate prediction. Therapeutic drug monitoring of isoniazid based on the C3 can be used also in daily clinical practice in view of its reliability and practicality. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The LSS using C0 and C3 is reliable, accurate and practical to estimate the AUC of isoniazid. A 1-time-point LSS including C3 had acceptable correlation coefficient and prediction error indicators could be used alternatively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amel Chaabane
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Ben Fredj
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Ben Brahim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Najah Ben Fadhel
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zohra Chadli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Slama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Naceur A Boughattas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chakroun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aouam
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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14
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Begas E, Bounitsi M, Kilindris T, Kouvaras E, Makaritsis K, Kouretas D, Asprodini EK. Effects of short-term saffron (Crocus sativus L.) intake on the in vivo activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in healthy volunteers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:32-43. [PMID: 31082462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L., a perennial plant grown mainly around the Mediterranean and Iran, has many medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive and cancer preventing properties. Aqueous herbal extracts may affect the activity of Phase I and II enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. The present study was designed to determine whether C. sativus infusion alters the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, XO and NAT2 enzymes in humans. Thirty-four healthy volunteers consumed infusion prepared from C. sativus stigmata for six days. Enzyme phenotyping was assessed in saliva and urine using caffeine metabolite ratios as follows: CYP1A2: 17X/137Χ (saliva) and CYP1A2: (AFMU+1U+1X)/17U, CYP2A6: 17U/(17U + 17X), XO: 1U/(1U+1X) and NAT2: AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X) (urine). Following C. sativus intake, CYP1A2 index was reduced by ∼13.7% in saliva (before: 0.51 ± 0.22, after: 0.44 ± 0.14; p = 0.002) and ∼6.0% in urine (before: 3.81 ± 1.20, after: 3.58 ± 0.92; p = 0.054). CYP1A2 index was significantly reduced only in males (saliva, before: 0.65 ± 0.22, after: 0.51 ± 0.16; p = 0.0001; urine, before: 4.53 ± 1.19, after: 4.03 ± 0.87; p = 0.017) suggesting sexual dimorphism in CYP1A2 inhibition. There was no effect of C. sativus intake on CYP2A6, XO or NAT2 indices. Short-term consumption of C. sativus infusion is unlikely to result in significant herb-drug interactions involving the enzymes studied, with the exception of potential herb-CYP1A2 substrate interaction in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Begas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Maria Bounitsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Thomas Kilindris
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Kouvaras
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Makaritsis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology - Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Eftihia K Asprodini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
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15
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Asprodini E, Tsiokou V, Begas E, Kilindris T, Kouvaras E, Samara M, Messinis I. Alterations in Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzyme Activities across Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:262-271. [PMID: 30591530 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine whether the in vivo activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2A6, xanthine oxidase (XO), and N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) vary across the menstrual cycle. Forty-two healthy women were studied at early follicular phase (EFP: 2nd to 4th days), late follicular phase (LFP: 10th to 12th days), and luteal phase (LP: 19th to 25th days) of a single menstrual cycle, and blood and urine samples were collected at each phase. Spot urine samples obtained 6 hours following 200-mg caffeine administration were used to determine caffeine metabolite ratios (CMRs); blood samples were used to determine CYP1A2*1F (rs762551) and CYP1A2*1C (rs2069514) polymorphisms and the hormonal profile (estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones) at EFP, LFP, and LP. CMR and hormone variations were analyzed at three levels (EFP, LFP, LP) using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. CYP1A2 activity was lower and that of CYP2A6 and NAT2 were higher at LFP compared with EFP and LP. Enzyme alterations were significant in volunteers (n = 21) whose hormonal profiles at EFP, LFP, and LP corresponded to expected levels, but not in volunteers (n = 15) with presumed early or late sampling around LFP. No significant difference was detected in any enzyme activity in presumed anovulatory volunteers (n = 6). The reduction of CYP1A2 activity at LFP was not associated with smoking or CYP1A2*1F polymorphism. XO and NAT2 (fast acetylators) activities remained unaltered. It is suggested that drug-metabolizing enzyme activities are altered across the menstrual cycle. Selection of appropriate sampling periods verified by hormonal assessment and identification of anovulatory cycles are decisive factors in disclosing altered enzyme activity across the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Asprodini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology (E.A., V.T., E.B., E.K.), Medical Informatics (T.K.), Pathology (M.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (I.M.), Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - V Tsiokou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology (E.A., V.T., E.B., E.K.), Medical Informatics (T.K.), Pathology (M.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (I.M.), Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - E Begas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology (E.A., V.T., E.B., E.K.), Medical Informatics (T.K.), Pathology (M.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (I.M.), Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - T Kilindris
- Laboratory of Pharmacology (E.A., V.T., E.B., E.K.), Medical Informatics (T.K.), Pathology (M.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (I.M.), Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - E Kouvaras
- Laboratory of Pharmacology (E.A., V.T., E.B., E.K.), Medical Informatics (T.K.), Pathology (M.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (I.M.), Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - M Samara
- Laboratory of Pharmacology (E.A., V.T., E.B., E.K.), Medical Informatics (T.K.), Pathology (M.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (I.M.), Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - I Messinis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology (E.A., V.T., E.B., E.K.), Medical Informatics (T.K.), Pathology (M.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (I.M.), Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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16
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Begas E, Kilindris T, Kouvaras E, Tsioutsioumi A, Kouretas D, Asprodini EK. Dietary effects of Sideritis scardica "mountain tea" on human in vivo activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in healthy subjects. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:38-48. [PMID: 30266316 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sideritis scardica(S. scardica) is an endemic plant of the Balkan Peninsula traditionally used as herbal tea for inflammation and gastric disorders. Aqueous herbal extracts may affect the activity of Phase I and II enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether S. scardica decoction alters the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, XO, NAT2 and UGT1A1/1A6 enzymes in humans. Fourteen healthy subjects consumed S. scardica decoction for six days. Enzyme phenotyping was assessed in saliva and urine using caffeine and paracetamol metabolite ratios as follows: CYP1A2: 17X/137X (saliva) and (AFMU+1U+1X)/17U, CYP2A6: 17U/(17U + 17X), XO: 1U/(1U+1X), NAT2: AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X) and UGT1A1/1A6: glucuronidated/total paracetamol (urine). After S. scardica intake, CYP1A2 index was reduced by ∼16% and ∼8% in saliva (before: 0.54 ± 0.18, after: 0.46 ± 0.09; p = 0.08) and urine (before: 3.59 ± 0.52, after: 3.67 ± 0.78; p = 0.12), respectively. CYP2A6 index was significantly reduced only in males (before: 0.76 ± 0.08, after: 0.67 ± 0.07; p = 0.004), suggesting sexual dimorphism in CYP2A6 inhibition. There was no effect of Sideritis scardica treatment on XO, NAT2 or UGT1A1/1A6 indices. Usual consumption of the aerial parts of S. scardica decoction is unlikely to result in herb-drug interactions involving the enzymes studied, with the exception of potential herb-CYP2A6 substrate interaction in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Begas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Thomas Kilindris
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Kouvaras
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Agoritsa Tsioutsioumi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology - Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Eftihia K Asprodini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
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McNeil MJ, Porter RB, Rainford L, Dunbar O, Francis S, Laurieri N, Delgoda R. Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil from Cleome rutidosperma DC. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Shadrack DM, K. Ndesendo VM. Molecular Docking and ADMET Study of Emodin Derivatives as Anticancer Inhibitors of NAT2, COX2 and TOP1 Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/cmb.2017.71001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Acetylates and Thus Inactivates para-Aminosalicylic Acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:7505-7508. [PMID: 27671064 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01312-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis arylamine N-acetyltransferase (TBNAT) is able to acetylate para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) both in vitro and in vivo as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) techniques. The antituberculosis activity of the acetylated PAS is significantly reduced. As a result, overexpression of TBNAT in M. tuberculosis results in PAS resistance, as determined by MIC tests and drug exposure experiments. Taken together, our results suggest that TBNAT from M. tuberculosis is able to inactivate PAS by acetylating the compound.
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Aït Moussa L, El Bouazzi O, Serragui S, Soussi Tanani D, Soulaymani A, Soulaymani R. Rifampicin and isoniazid plasma concentrations in relation to adverse reactions in tuberculosis patients: a retrospective analysis. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2016; 7:239-247. [PMID: 27904742 DOI: 10.1177/2042098616667704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High concentrations of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs can be associated with many adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The objective of this study was to examine the plasma concentrations of rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) in patients with and without ADRs. METHODS Concentration monitoring data of patients treated with anti-TB drugs were retrospectively analyzed from 2009 to 2011. RMP and INH plasma concentrations were measured 2 and 3 h after drug administration respectively using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS A total of 54 out of 120 patients have experienced ADRs to anti-TB drugs. The median concentrations [interquartile range (IQR)] obtained in patients with and without ADRs were 6.7 mg/l (3.7-9.9) and 5.6 mg/l (2.9-8.6) (p = 0.56) for RMP and 4.3 mg/l (2.3-5.3) and 3.1 mg/l (1.7-4.8) (p = 0.04) for INH, respectively. Related median doses (IQR) were 8.7 mg/kg (8.0-10.0) and 8.6 mg/kg (6.5-9.9) (p = 0.42) for RMP and 4.8 mg/kg (4.3-5.0) and 4.0 mg/kg (2.8-5) (p < 0.01) for INH, respectively. Concentrations above the expected range in patients with and without ADRs were not reached for RMP, but were 76% and 65% for INH, respectively. Correlation between concentrations and doses has not been established for RMP or INH. In addition, high INH concentrations showed no association with sex, age, liver injury or renal or diabetes. CONCLUSIONS High INH concentrations were common in patients with and without ADRs whereas RMP concentrations were low or within the normal range in most patients. Further studies are required to assess the association between high INH concentrations and the occurrence of ADRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aït Moussa
- Department of Pharmacovigilance, Moroccan Poison Control and Pharmacovigilance Center-Rue Lamfedel Cherkaoui, Rabat-Institut, Madinat Al Irfan, BP: 6671, Rabat, Morocco
| | - O El Bouazzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Moroccan Poison Control and Pharmacovigilance Center, Rue Lamfedel Cherkaoui, Rabat-Institut, Madinat Al Irfan, BP: 6671, Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Serragui
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - D Soussi Tanani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tanger, Morocco
| | - A Soulaymani
- Laboratory of Genetics & Biometry, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - R Soulaymani
- Moroccan Poison Control and Pharmacovigilance Center-Rue Lamfedel Cherkaoui, Rabat-Institut, Madinat Al Irfan, BP: 6671, Rabat, Morocco
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Chen B, Huang JJ, Chen HF, Xu BM. Clinical pharmacy service practice in a Chinese tertiary hospital. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2016; 30:215-30. [PMID: 26457791 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clinical pharmacy service is focused on the rationality and safety of medication therapy. Clinical pharmacists play an important role in designing therapeutic regimen, preventing medication errors, reducing the incidence of adverse drug reaction, and saving medical costs. Although clinical pharmacy service in China is in its early stage, its development is rapid. In this manuscript, the working model of clinical pharmacists in a Chinese tertiary hospital is introduced, including ward rounds, consultation, stewardship of antimicrobial therapy, drug adverse reaction monitoring, therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics, and training system. With the efforts of clinical pharmacists, there will be a significant increase in the optimization of medication therapy and a notable reduction in preventable adverse drug events as well as health-care cost in China.
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Chung JG, Wu LT, Chang SH, Lo HH, Hsieh SE, Li YC, Hung CF. Inhibitory Actions of Berberine on Growth and Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Activity in Strains of Helicobacter Pylori from Peptic Ulcer Patients. Int J Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/109158199225783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase(NAT)-catalyzed reactions can result in activation or detoxification of arylamine carcinogens. Studies were conducted to examine the dose effects of berberine on inhibition of growth versus arylamine NAT activities in strains of Helicobacter pylori collected from peptic ulcer patients. An inhibition-of-growth study on H. pylori demonstrated that berberine elicited a dose-dependent growth inhibition in the H. Pylori cultures. The results on the NAT activity was determined using acetyl coenzyme A recycling assay and high pressure liquid chromatography. Cyto-sols or suspensions of H. pylori with or without selected concentrations of berberine cotreatment showed different percentages of 2-aminofluorene and p-aminobenzoic acid acetylation. The data indicated that there was decreased NAT activity associated with increased levels of berberine in the H. pylori cytosols and suspensions. The apparent values of Km and Vmax also decreased after cotreatment of berberine in both examined systems. This report is the first finding of berberine inhibition of arylamine NAT activity in strains of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Chung
- Department of Medicine, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - L. T. Wu
- Department of Medicine, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S. H. Chang
- Department of Medicine, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - H. H. Lo
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Tai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S. E. Hsieh
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Tai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Y. C. Li
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Tai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - C. F. Hung
- Department of Surgery, Jen-Ai Hospital, Tali, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Verbeeck RK, Günther G, Kibuule D, Hunter C, Rennie TW. Optimizing treatment outcome of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs: the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:905-16. [PMID: 27305904 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. Although cure rates of the standard four-drug (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) treatment schedule can be as high as 95-98 % under clinical trial conditions, success rates may be much lower in less well resourced countries. Unsuccessful treatment with these first-line anti-TB drugs may lead to the development of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant TB. The intrinsic interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the first-line anti-TB drugs is further exacerbated by co-morbidities such as HIV infection and diabetes. METHODS Therapeutic drug monitoring has been proposed in an attempt to optimize treatment outcome and reduce the development of drug resistance. Several studies have shown that maximum plasma concentrations (C max), especially of rifampicin and isoniazid, are well below the proposed target C max concentrations in a substantial fraction of patients being treated with the standard four-drug treatment schedule, even though treatment's success rate in these studies was typically at least 85 %. DISCUSSION The proposed target C max concentrations are based on the concentrations of these agents achieved in healthy volunteers and patients receiving the standard doses. Estimation of C max based on one or two sampling times may not have the necessary accuracy since absorption rate, especially for rifampicin, may be highly variable. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) variability should be taken into account to set clinically meaningful susceptibility breakpoints. Clearly, there is a need to better define the key target PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the first-line anti-TB drugs to be efficacious, C max (or area under the curve (AUC)) and C max/MIC (or AUC/MIC). CONCLUSION Although TDM of first-line anti-TB drugs has been successfully used in a limited number of specialized centers to improve treatment outcome in slow responders, a better characterization of the target PK and/or PK/PD parameters is in our opinion necessary to make it cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Verbeeck
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | - Gunar Günther
- Katutura State Hospital, Windhoek, Namibia.,Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Dan Kibuule
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Christian Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Tim W Rennie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
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Goto S, Cao F, Kono T, Ogawa H. Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm of Parthenogenetic Embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1274/032.033.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Risk factors of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in Tunisian tuberculosis patients. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:372-377. [PMID: 27089936 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown controversial results on whether acetylator status causes isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity (IIH). Moreover, the contribution of CYP2E1, a hepatic enzyme implicated in the formation of hepatotoxins, to the risk of developing IIH remains unclear. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the quantitative relationship between the level of isoniazid serum concentration and the incidence of IIH and (ii) to evaluate the extent of implication of the N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) and CYP2E1 polymorphisms genes to induce this disorder. Seventy-one patients with tuberculosis receiving a conventional antituberculosis regimen were included. NAT2 and CYP2E1 genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction. Three restriction enzymes, RsaI, PstI and DraI were used to detect CYP2E1 RFLP and four different restriction enzymes, KpnI, TaqI, BamHI and Ddel were used to determine NAT2 acetylator status. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of isoniazid (serum concentration performed 3 h after the morning dose: C3) was performed. Cases of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity were diagnosed according to Benichou et al. Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of IIH. Eleven (15.4%) patients have developed IIH. Demographic factors, including age, weight and gender were not associated with the incidence of hepatotoxicity. High serum concentration of isoniazid (C3) was found to be a risk factor of IIH (area under the curve: 0.74, P=0.007, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.56-0.93), with a cutoff value at 3.69 mg l-1 (odds ratio (OR): 13.2, P=0.0007, 95% CI: 2.9-59). Multivariate analysis showed that only a C3 over 3.69 mg l-1 remains a risk factor of IIH. NAT2 and CYP2E1 variants were not found to increase the risk of IIH when analyzed separately. However, combined analysis of the NAT2/CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms showed that patients with both DraI C/D and slow acetylator have an increased risk of IIH compared with other combined NAT2/CYP2E1 genotype profiles (OR: 8.41, P=0.01, 95% CI: 1.54-45.76). Our results suggest that a serum concentration of isoniazid over 3.69 mg l-1 and a combined genotype CYP2E1 DraI(C/D)/slow acetylator are major risk factors for IIH. Therefore, TDM of isoniazid and the determination of both NAT2 and CYP2E1 genotypes could be useful for the prediction and prevention of IIH in Tunisian tuberculosis patients.
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Esipov RS, Makarov DA, Stepanenko VN, Miroshnikov AI. Development of the intein-mediated method for production of recombinant thymosin β4 from the acetylated in vivo fusion protein. J Biotechnol 2016; 228:73-81. [PMID: 27015974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 is a 43 amino acid long peptide with an acetylated N-terminal serin that has a high potential as a remedy for healing ulcers, wounds and burns. Although protein biosynthesis offers attractive opportunities in terms of a large-scale production, currently thymosin β4 is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. The problems that hinder the successful commercialization of the biotechnological approach are associated with the small peptides expression and N-terminal acetylation. This work presents an innovative biotechnological method for thymosin β4 production that employs the peptide acetylation in vivo. A genetically engineered construct was created, where the Tβ4 coding sequence fused with the intein Mxe GyrA sequence and chitin-binding domain was combined with the acetyltransferase coding sequence to form a polycistronic construct under a stringent control of T7 promoter. This plasmid construct provided for the expression of the Tβ4-intein fusion protein. In the process of the post-translational modification in vivo formyl methionine was completely removed from the target peptide N-terminus and followed by the Tβ4 precursor N-terminal acetylation. The use of the intein-mediated expression system made it possible to extract thymosin β4 in only 2 chromatographic runs. The method is straightforward to implement and scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S Esipov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-7, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Dmitry A Makarov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-7, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Vasily N Stepanenko
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-7, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anatoly I Miroshnikov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-7, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Liu F, Ji F, Ji Y, Jiang Y, Sun X, Lu Y, Zhang L, Han Y, Liu X. In-depth analysis of the critical genes and pathways in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:923-30. [PMID: 26239303 PMCID: PMC4564077 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the molecular targets for colorectal cancer (CRC). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between CRC and matched adjacent noncancerous samples. GENETIC_ASSOIATION_DB_DISEASE analysis was performed to identify CRC genes from the identified DEGs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, followed by Gene Οntology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis for the CRC genes. A protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for the CRC genes, followed by determination and analysis of the hub genes, in terms of the protein domains and spatial structure. In total, 35 CRC genes were determined, including 19 upregulated and 16 downregulated genes. Downregulated N‑acetyltransferase (NAT)1 and NAT2 were enriched in the caffeine metabolism pathway. The downregulated and upregulated genes were enriched in a number of GO terms and pathways, respectively. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were identified as the hub genes in the PPI network. The C‑terminal and N‑terminal domains were similar in PCNA, but different in CCND1. The results suggested PCNA, CCND1, NAT1 and NAT2 for use as biomarkers to enable early diagnosis and monitoring of CRC. These results form a basis for developing therapies, which target the unique protein domains of PCNA and CCND1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Fengzhi Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Ji
- Statistics Division, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yueping Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xueguo Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xishuang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Ma G, Cheng N, Su H, Liu Y. Exploring the substrate-assisted acetylation mechanism by UDP-linked sugar N-acetyltransferase from QM/MM calculations: the role of residue Asn84 and the effects of starting geometries. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the QM/MM calculation, we revised the proposed mechanism ofN-acetyltransferase and explore the role of Asn84 and the effects of starting geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Na Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Hao Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research
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Ippolito DL, Lewis JA, Yu C, Leon LR, Stallings JD. Alteration in circulating metabolites during and after heat stress in the conscious rat: potential biomarkers of exposure and organ-specific injury. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 14:14. [PMID: 25623799 PMCID: PMC4306243 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-014-0014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat illness is a debilitating and potentially life-threatening condition. Limited data are available to identify individuals with heat illness at greatest risk for organ damage. We recently described the transcriptomic and proteomic responses to heat injury and recovery in multiple organs in an in vivo model of conscious rats heated to a maximum core temperature of 41.8°C (Tc,Max). In this study, we examined changes in plasma metabolic networks at Tc,Max, 24, or 48 hours after the heat stress stimulus. RESULTS Circulating metabolites were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics analysis of the metabolomic data corroborated proteomics and transcriptomics data in the tissue at the pathway level, supporting modulations in metabolic networks including cell death or catabolism (pyrimidine and purine degradation, acetylation, sulfation, redox alterations and glutathione metabolism, and the urea cycle/creatinine metabolism), energetics (stasis in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, β-oxidation), cholesterol and nitric oxide metabolism, and bile acids. Hierarchical clustering identified 15 biochemicals that differentiated animals with histopathological evidence of cardiac injury at 48 hours from uninjured animals. The metabolic networks perturbed in the plasma corroborated the tissue proteomics and transcriptomics pathway data, supporting a model of irreversible cell death and decrements in energetics as key indicators of cardiac damage in response to heat stress. CONCLUSIONS Integrating plasma metabolomics with tissue proteomics and transcriptomics supports a diagnostic approach to assessing individual susceptibility to organ injury and predicting recovery after heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Ippolito
- />The United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Environmental Health Program, Bldg. 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5010 USA
| | - John A Lewis
- />The United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Environmental Health Program, Bldg. 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5010 USA
| | - Chenggang Yu
- />Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-5010 USA
| | - Lisa R Leon
- />Thermal Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007 USA
| | - Jonathan D Stallings
- />The United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Environmental Health Program, Bldg. 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5010 USA
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Matsumoto T, Ohno M, Azuma J. Future of pharmacogenetics-based therapy for tuberculosis. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:601-7. [PMID: 24798717 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine uses technology to enable a level of personalization not previously practical. Currently, tuberculosis (TB) therapy is not personalized. Previous reports have shown that a genetic polymorphism of NAT2 is associated with large interindividual and inter-racial differences in the toxicity and efficacy of isoniazid. Herein, we show the safety and efficacy of a pharmacogenetics-based standard TB therapy and also provide a schematic presentation that proposed therapeutic approaches for latent TB infection (LTBI) using NAT2 genotyping. Our data show that the pharmacogenetics-based TB therapy is safer and more efficacious than the standard therapy. Therefore, the therapy using NAT2 genotyping proposed for LTBI herein will be safer and more efficacious than the standard LTBI therapy. Introduction of this therapy with NAT2 genotyping will be one of the cornerstones of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Anti-Tuberculosis Association Osaka Hospital, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
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NAT2 genetic variations among South Indian populations. Hum Genome Var 2014; 1:14014. [PMID: 27081506 PMCID: PMC4785517 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs, environmental toxins and the aromatic amine carcinogens present in cigarette smoke. Genetic variations in NAT2 have long been recognized as the cause of variable enzymatic activity or stability, leading to slow or rapid acetylation. In the present study, we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the NAT2 gene (rs1799929, rs1799930 and rs1799931), using TaqMan allelic discrimination, among 212 individuals from six major South Indian populations and compared the results with other available Indian and worldwide data. All three of the markers followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and were highly polymorphic in the studied populations. The constructed haplotypes showed a high level of heterozygosity. All of the populations in the present study commonly shared only four haplotypes out of the eight possible three-site haplotypes. The haplotypes exhibited fairly high frequencies across multiple populations, where three haplotypes were shared by all six populations with a cumulative frequency ranging from 88.2% (Madiga) to 97.0% (Balija). We also observed a tribal-specific haplotype. A strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between rs1799929 and rs1799930 was consistent in all of the studied populations, with the exception of the Madiga. A comparison of the genomic regions 20-kb up- and downstream of rs1799930 in a large number of worldwide samples showed a strong LD of this SNP with another NAT2 SNP, rs1112005, among the majority of the populations. Moreover, our lifestyle test (hunter-gatherer versus agriculturist) in comparison with the NAT2 variant suggested that two of the studied populations (Balija and Madiga) have likely shifted their diet more recently.
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Djordjevic N, Carrillo JA, Roh HK, Karlsson S, Ueda N, Bertilsson L, Aklillu E. Comparison ofN-Acetyltransferase-2 Enzyme Genotype-Phenotype and Xanthine Oxidase Enzyme Activity Between Swedes and Koreans. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 52:1527-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270011420261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tilak AV, Iyer SN, Mukherjee MS, Singhal RS, Lele SS. Full-gene-sequencing analysis of N-acetyltransferase-2 in an adult Indian population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 17:188-94. [PMID: 23216273 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Drug-metabolizing enzymes play a major role in determining the outcome of drug therapy. N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) is one of the main enzymes involved in metabolism of isoniazid used in treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Several variations in the NAT2 gene give rise to multiple haplotypes that phenotypically code for different acetylator status. The objective was to generate a more unambiguous picture of the NAT2 scenario in India as compared to that obtained from polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. METHODS Full-gene-sequencing analysis of NAT2 was carried out in 181 healthy Indian subjects from different regional groups. RESULTS A total of 33 diplotypes were recorded from six known single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The overall frequency of the slow acetylator haplotypes detected in this study was 65%, followed by 26% and 9% intermediate and rapid acetylators, respectively. Of the slow acetylator alleles, the NAT2*5B/*6A occurred in 25% of the study subjects. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that the frequency of slow acetylator alleles is high in the adult Indian population. Since the prevalence of TB is high in this population, pharmacogenetic testing for NAT2 alleles may be advisable before start of therapy with isoniazid to prevent drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini V Tilak
- Food Engineering and Technology Department (FETD), Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Matunga, Mumbai, India.
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NAT2 genotype guided regimen reduces isoniazid-induced liver injury and early treatment failure in the 6-month four-drug standard treatment of tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial for pharmacogenetics-based therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 69:1091-101. [PMID: 23150149 PMCID: PMC3641305 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study is a pharmacogenetic clinical trial designed to clarify whether the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene (NAT2) genotype-guided dosing of isoniazid improves the tolerability and efficacy of the 6-month four-drug standard regimen for newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods In a multicenter, parallel, randomized, and controlled trial with a PROBE design, patients were assigned to either conventional standard treatment (STD-treatment: approx. 5 mg/kg of isoniazid for all) or NAT2 genotype-guided treatment (PGx-treatment: approx. 7.5 mg/kg for patients homozygous for NAT2*4: rapid acetylators; 5 mg/kg, patients heterozygous for NAT2*4: intermediate acetylators; 2.5 mg/kg, patients without NAT2*4: slow acetylators). The primary outcome included incidences of 1) isoniazid-related liver injury (INH-DILI) during the first 8 weeks of therapy, and 2) early treatment failure as indicated by a persistent positive culture or no improvement in chest radiographs at the8th week. Results One hundred and seventy-two Japanese patients (slow acetylators, 9.3 %; rapid acetylators, 53.5 %) were enrolled in this trial. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, INH-DILI occurred in 78 % of the slow acetylators in the STD-treatment, while none of the slow acetylators in the PGx-treatment experienced either INH-DILI or early treatment failure. Among the rapid acetylators, early treatment failure was observed with a significantly lower incidence rate in the PGx-treatment than in the STD-treatment (15.0 % vs. 38 %). Thus, the NAT2 genotype-guided regimen resulted in much lower incidences of unfavorable events, INH-DILI or early treatment failure, than the conventional standard regimen. Conclusion Our results clearly indicate a great potential of the NAT2 genotype-guided dosing stratification of isoniazid in chemotherapy for tuberculosis.
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Touré A, Diop C, Cabral M, Fall M, Lhermitte M, Diouf A, Broly F, Allorge D. Study of NAT2 genetic polymorphism in West African subjects: example of an healthy non-smoker Senegalese population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10489-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dierolf D, Scheitza S, Bonifas J, Blömeke B. Cyanamide-mediated Inhibition of N-acetyltransferase 1. Toxicology 2012; 302:1-10. [PMID: 22835378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanamide has been used for decades for medical intentions in the treatment of alcoholism and for agricultural purposes as a plant growth regulator and bud-breaking agent. Its therapeutic effect is mediated by reversible inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase and it was reported to be metabolized in vivo mainly via coenzyme A dependent N-acetylation by N-acetyltransferases. Although described to be a substrate for N-acetyltransferases (NATs), cyanamide has a different molecular structure to arylamines and hydrazines, the preferred substrates for N-acetyltransferases. Therefore, a more detailed investigation of its interrelations with N-acetyltransferases was performed. We analyzed the impact of cyanamide on NAT1 activities of human monocytes (monocytic THP-1 cells) using the classical substrate p-aminobenzoic acid. We found that a 24h treatment with physiologically relevant concentrations of cyanamide decreased the NAT1 activity significantly. Based on this observation we performed additional experiments using recombinant human NAT1 and NAT2 to achieve further insights. In detail a significant dose- and time-dependent inhibition of NAT1 activity was observed for 100 and 1000μM cyanamide using recombinant human NAT1*4. However, cyanamide did not inhibit recombinant NAT2*4. Experiments testing cyanamide as substrate did not provide evidence that cyanamide is metabolized via coenzyme A dependent N-acetylation in vitro by human NAT1 or NAT2, THP-1 or human liver cytosol. Therefore we can conclude that the observed enzyme inhibition (around 50% and 25% after treatment with 0.5 and 0.25mM CA, respectively) is not based on substrate-dependent down-regulation of NAT1. Further mechanistic and kinetic studies indicated that cyanamide reacts with the active site cysteine residue of NAT1, leading to its rapid inhibition (significant inhibition after 30min and 2h for 1000 and 100μM CA, respectively). Addition of the reduction agent dithiothreitol (DTT) did not modify the effect, indicating that oxidative processes that can be reversed by 5mM DTT are not likely involved in the inhibition. Taken together our results show that cyanamide is able to inhibit NAT1 most likely via interaction with the active site cysteine residue. Thereby cyanamide might modulate NAT1 dependent detoxification and activation of arylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Dierolf
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
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Evolution of insect arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases: structural evidence from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11669-74. [PMID: 22753468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206828109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT) catalyzes the transacetylation from acetyl-CoA to arylalkylamines. aaNATs are involved in sclerotization and neurotransmitter inactivation in insects. Phyletic distribution analysis confirms three clusters of aaNAT-like sequences in insects: typical insect aaNAT, polyamine NAT-like aaNAT, and mosquito unique putative aaNAT (paaNAT). Here we studied three proteins: aaNAT2, aaNAT5b, and paaNAT7, each from a different cluster. aaNAT2, a protein from the typical insect aaNAT cluster, uses histamine as a substrate as well as the previously identified arylalkylamines. aaNAT5b, a protein from polyamine NAT -like aaNAT cluster, uses hydrazine and histamine as substrates. The crystal structure of aaNAT2 was determined using single-wavelength anomalous dispersion methods, and that of native aaNAT2, aaNAT5b and paaNAT7 was detected using molecular replacement techniques. All three aaNAT structures have a common fold core of GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily proteins, along with a unique structural feature: helix/helices between β3 and β4 strands. Our data provide a start toward a more comprehensive understanding of the structure-function relationship and physiology of aaNATs from the mosquito Aedes aegypti and serve as a reference for studying the aaNAT family of proteins from other insect species. The structures of three different types of aaNATs may provide targets for designing insecticides for use in mosquito control.
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Murali M, Manjari T, Madhuri B, Raghavan S, Jain DC, Vivekanandhan S. Genetic polymorphism of NAT2 metabolizing enzymes on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in Indian epileptic patients developing toxicity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:350-8. [PMID: 22268821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of NAT2 metabolizing enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drug phenytoin in the epileptic patients showing toxicity. METHODS Fifty epileptic individuals who had developed toxicity to phenytoin and 50 control epileptic subjects who had not developed toxicity to phenytoin were genotyped for NAT2 (NAT2*5A, NAT2*5C, NAT2*7, NAT2*6) polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP method). Phenytoin plasma levels were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC method and pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the concentration curve (AUC), maximum concentration (C(max)), time to C(max) (t(max)) and half-life (t(1/2)) were estimated by noncompartmental analysis using PK Solutions® software. RESULTS The NAT2 polymorphism was seen to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and showed significant genotypic as well as allelic association with phenytoin toxicity for NAT2*5A (481C>T) and NAT2*5C (803A>G). Pharmacokinetic parameters for phenytoin in toxicity group of poor metabolizers showed a longer elimination half-life of a drug (t(1/2) = 35.3 h) and less clearance rate (CL = 468 mL/h) compared to intermediate metabolizers (t(1/2) = 33.2 h, CL = 674 mL/h) and extensive metabolizer (t(1/2) = 20.7 h, CL = 977 mL/h) in NAT2*5A polymorphism. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the NAT2*5A genetic polymorphisms plays a significant role in the steady-state concentrations of phenytoin and thereby have impact on toxicity in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murali
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Balaji L, Krishna BS, Bhaskar LVKS. An unlikely role for the NAT2 genotypes and haplotypes in the oral cancer of south Indians. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:513-8. [PMID: 22137356 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme detoxifies a wide spectrum of naturally occurring xenobiotics including carcinogens and drugs. Acetylation catalysed by the NAT2 is an important process in metabolic activation of arylamines to electrophilic intermediates that initiate carcinogenesis. Polymorphism in N-acetyltransferase 2 gene was reported to be associated with the susceptibility of various cancers. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to determine whether there is any association between the susceptibility to oral cancer amongst the variations of NAT2 genotypes. DESIGN This study was carried out in 157 patients with oral cancer. The control group consisted of 132 healthy volunteers. The most common polymorphisms rs1799929, rs1799930 and rs1799931 on the NAT2 gene were screened for the genotypes using TaqMan allelic discrimination. RESULTS All the three SNPs were polymorphic with minor allele frequency of 0.339, 0.372 and 0.061 for rs1799929, rs1799930 and rs1799931, respectively. None of the polymorphic site deviated from HWE in controls. There were no significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies of three SNPs between controls and cases with oral cancer. Risk of oral cancer development for the carriers of the individual deduced phenotypes was also not statistically significant. Of the 3 studied polymorphisms, 2 were in strong LD and form one haplotype block. None of the haplotype had shown significant association with the oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study concludes that the NAT2 genotypes, phenotypes and haplotypes are not involved in the susceptibility to oral cancer in South Indian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Balaji
- Department of Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
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Kasaian K, Jones SJ. A new frontier in personalized cancer therapy: mapping molecular changes. Future Oncol 2011; 7:873-94. [PMID: 21732758 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genome of a normal cell can affect the function of its many genes and pathways. These alterations could eventually transform the cell from a normal to a malignant state by allowing an uncontrolled proliferation of the cell and formation of a cancer tumor. Each tumor in an individual patient can have hundreds of mutated genes and perturbed pathways. Cancers clinically presenting as the same type or subtype could potentially be very different at the molecular level and thus behave differently in response to therapy. The challenge is to distinguish the key mutations driving the cancer from the background of mutational noise and find ways to effectively target them. The promise is that such a molecular approach to classifying cancer will lead to better diagnostic, prognostic and personalized treatment strategies. This article provides an overview of advances in the molecular characterization of cancers and their applications in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Kasaian
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mehere P, Han Q, Christensen BM, Li J. Identification and characterization of two arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:707-14. [PMID: 21645618 PMCID: PMC3576024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we provide a molecular and biochemical identification of two arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases (aaNAT) from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. N-acetyldopamine, the enzyme product of aaNAT, was detected in Ae. aegypti, indicating the presence of an aaNAT in this mosquito. A BLAST search of the Ae. aegypti genome, using sequence information from an activity-verified Drosophila aaNAT, identified thirteen putative aaNAT sequences sharing 13-48% sequence identity with the Drosophila enzyme. Eight of the thirteen putative aaNAT proteins were expressed using a bacterial expression system. Screening of purified recombinant proteins against 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, methoxytryptamine, norepinephrine, octopamine, tryptamine, and tyramine substrates, established that two of the putative aaNATs are active to the tested arylalkylamines. We therefore named them aaNAT1 and 2, respectively. Analysis of the transcriptional profiles of the two aaNAT genes from Ae. aegypti revealed that aaNAT1 is more abundant in the whole body of larvae and pupae, and aaNAT2 is more abundant in the head of adult mosquitoes. Based on their substrate and transcriptional profiles, together with previous reports from other insects, we suggest that the two aaNATs play diverse roles in Ae. aegypti, with aaNAT1 primarily involved in sclerotization and aaNAT2 mainly in neurotransmitter inactivation. Our data provide a beginning to a more comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry and physiology of aaNATs from the Ae. aegypti and serve as a reference for studying the aaNAT family of proteins from other insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bruce M. Christensen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Corresponding author: Jianyong Li: Tel: 540-231-1182; Fax: 540-231-9070;
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Rana SV, Ola RP, Sharma SK, Arora SK, Sinha SK, Pandhi P, Singh K. Comparison between acetylator phenotype and genotype polymorphism of n-acetyltransferase-2 in tuberculosis patients. Hepatol Int 2011; 6:397-402. [PMID: 22020825 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoniazid (INH) is one of the most important drugs of antitubercular treatment regime, and in some cases it causes hepatotoxicity. It is metabolized by hepatic N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2). AIM To compare whether both methods, i.e., genotype NAT2 and phenotype test of measuring serum INH levels, are useful to identify acetylator status of patients on antitubercular treatment (ATT). METHODS A total of 251 tuberculosis (TB) patients on standard treatment were followed up to 6 months for this study. NAT2 genotype was assessed by PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) whereas serum INH levels were measured by fluorometry. RESULTS Of the 251 patients, 50 (19.9%) developed ATT-induced hepatotoxicity. By phenotypic estimation, in the hepatotoxicity group, 17/50 (34%) were slow acetylators whereas 33/50 (66%) were fast acetylators. Genotypically, 19/50 (38%) were slow acetylators and 31/50 (62%) fast acetylators. By phenotypic analysis, in non-hepatotoxicity group, 46/201 (22.9%) were slow acetylators and 155/201 (77.1%) fast acetylators. By genotypic analysis, 30/201 (14.9%) were slow acetylators and 171/201 (85%) fast acetylators. Overall, slow acetylators (25.1%) measured phenotypically were not significantly different from slow acetylators (19.5%) measured genotypically. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the acetylator status of TB patients can be detected by phenotypic method as efficaciously as by genotypic method. Therefore, phenotypic method can replace genotypic method to determine acetylating status as phenotypic method is simple and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. .,, House # 137, Sector 15-A, Chandigarh, 160015, India.
| | - R P Ola
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeev K Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Arora
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Sinha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - P Pandhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zeruesenay D, Siegmund W, Zschiesche M, Franke G, Walter R, Bleyer H. Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Isoniazid and Theophylline in Rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:893-7. [PMID: 1361532 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic interactions between isoniazid and theophylline were studied in male Wistar rats, 206±17 g. Concomitant oral administration of 2 × 5 mg kg−1 isoniazid accelerated slightly the disposition of theophylline (10 mg kg−1, i.v.) whereas 2 × 25 mg kg−1 isoniazid slowed it marginally. The differences in distribution volume, systemic clearance and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) between the high and the low dose, however, were statistically significant. One week pretreatment with 10 mg kg−1 isoniazid tended towards inhibition (significant decrease of systemic clearance, increase of AUC) and 50 mg kg−1 to acceleration (decrease of half-life, mean residence time and AUC, increase of systemic clearance) of theophylline disposition. After oral pretreatment with 20 mg kg−1 theophylline, neither the kinetics of free isoniazid (50 mg kg−1, i.v.) and the amount acetylated nor the acetylation indices differed from the controls. There was no evidence that concomitant or subacute administration of different doses of isoniazid affects major metabolic pathways of theophylline or that prolonged theophylline treatment interacts with the N-acetylation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zeruesenay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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Pavanello S. Metabolic and DNA Repair Variations in Susceptibility to Genotoxins. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630308061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavanello
- a Section of Occupational Health, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Saruwatari J, Hisaeda S, Higa Y, Tomiyasu Y, Nakagawa K, Ishizaki T. The in-vivo effect of bakumondo-to (TJ-29), a traditional Japanese medicine used for treatment of chronic airway disease, on cytochrome P450 1A2, xanthine oxidase and N-acetyltransferase 2 activity in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:1171-7. [PMID: 15324486 DOI: 10.1211/0022357044094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In Japan, patients with chronic airway disease are administered bakumondo-to (TJ-29), a mixture of six herbal components. We have assessed the effects of TJ-29 on the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, xanthine oxidase and N-acetyltransferase 2 in 26 healthy subjects under a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study design. The baseline activities of the three enzymes were assessed by the respective urinary metabolic ratios of an 8-h urine sample after an oral 150-mg dose of caffeine. Thereafter, the subjects received a thrice-daily 3.0-g dose of TJ-29 or placebo for seven days, and underwent the same caffeine test on the post-dose days 1 and 7. No statistically significant difference was observed in the activity of the three enzymes between those at baseline, and on day 1 after dosing with TJ-29 or placebo. The mean activity of CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase and N-acetyltransferase 2 tended to be lower on day 7 after dosing with TJ-29 compared with those at baseline and on day 7 after dosing with placebo. However, these changes were not statistically significant in CYP1A2 (P=0.120), xanthine oxidase (P=0.123) or N-acetyltransferase 2 (P=0.056). In conclusion, TJ-29 did not appear to substantially affect the activity of CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase or N-acetyltransferase 2 in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Oe-honmachi 5-1, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is a growing field of research that focuses on how an individual's genetic background influences his or her response to therapy with a drug or device. Increasing evidence from clinical trials in patients with heart failure (HF) due to systolic dysfunction suggests that genetic variations can predict the occurrence of HF, influence the effects of standard therapies, and influence outcomes of HF patients. This article reviews the underlying principles of pharmacogenomics, discusses some of the complex variables that influence the investigational approach to pharmacogenomics, demonstrates how variations in genes encoding a variety of different proteins can influence the effects of pharmacologic agents, and describes the potential impact of pharmacogenomics on the treatment of patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hamad
- Magee Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Editor-in-Chief, Clinical and Translational Science, 1025 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, 215-955-6946,
| | - Arthur M. Feldman
- Magee Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Editor-in-Chief, Clinical and Translational Science, 1025 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, 215-955-6946,
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Andrade RJ, Robles M, Ulzurrun E, Lucena MI. Drug-induced liver injury: insights from genetic studies. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:1467-87. [PMID: 19761370 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an increasing health problem and a challenge for physicians, regulatory bodies and the pharmaceutical industry, not only because of its potential severity and elusive pathogenesis but also because it is often inaccurately diagnosed, commonly missed entirely and more often not reported. The general view is that idiosyncratic DILI, which is not predictable whether based on the pharmacology of the drug or on the dose administered, is determined by the presence in the recipient of variants in, or expression of, genes coding for key metabolic pathways and/or the immune response, and the interaction of these genetic variants with environmental variables. Furthermore, idiosyncratic DILI is an example of a complex-trait disease with two or more susceptibility loci, as reflected by the frequency of genetic variants in the population often being higher than the occurrence of significant liver injury. Polymorphisms of bioactivation/toxification pathways via the CYP450 enzymes (Phase I), detoxification reactions (Phase II) and excretion/transport (Phase III), together with immunological factors that might determine DILI are reviewed. Challenges such as gene-trait association studies and whole-genome studies, and future approaches to the study of DILI are explored. Better knowledge of the candidate genes involved could provide further insight for the prospective identification of susceptible patients at risk of developing drug-induced hepatotoxicity, development of new diagnostic tools and new treatment strategies with safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl J Andrade
- Unidad de Hepatología, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Boulevard Louis Pasteur 32, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Abstract
Biotransformation is essential to convert lipophilic chemicals to water-soluble and readily excretable metabolites. Formally, biotransformation reactions are classified into phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions represent the introduction of functional groups, whereas phase II reactions are conjugations of such functional groups with endogenous, polar products. Biotransformation also plays an essential role in the toxicity of many chemicals due to the metabolic formation of toxic metabolites. These may be classified as stable but toxic products, reactive electrophiles, radicals, and reactive oxygen metabolites. The interaction of toxic products formed by biotransformation reactions with cellular macromolecules initiates the sequences resulting in cellular damage, cell death and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Russell AJ, Westwood IM, Crawford MH, Robinson J, Kawamura A, Redfield C, Laurieri N, Lowe ED, Davies SG, Sim E. Selective small molecule inhibitors of the potential breast cancer marker, human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1, and its murine homologue, mouse arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:905-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chowbay B, Zhou S, Lee EJD. An Interethnic Comparison of Polymorphisms of the Genes Encoding Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters: Experience in Singapore. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 37:327-78. [PMID: 15931768 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-28805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Much of the interindividual variability in drug response is attributable to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. In recent years, we have investigated the polymorphisms in a number of genes encoding phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes including CYPIA1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, GSTM1, NAT2, UGT1A1, and TPMT and drug transporter (MDR1) in three distinct Asian populations in Singapore, namely the Chinese, Malays, and Indians. Significant differences in the frequencies of common alleles encoding these proteins have been observed among these three ethnic groups. For example, the frequency of the variant A2455G polymorphism of CYP1A1 was 28% in Chinese and 31% in Malays, but only 18% in Indians. CYP3A4*4 was detected in two of 110 Chinese subjects, but absent in Indians and Malays. Many Chinese and Malays (61-63%) were homozygous for the GSTM1*0 null genotype compared with 33% of Indians. The frequency of the UGTIA1*28 allele was highest in the Indian population (35%) compared to similar frequencies that were found in the Chinese (16%) and Malay (19%) populations. More importantly, our experience over the years has shown that the pharmacogenetics of these drug-metabolizing enzymes and MDR1 in the Asian populations are different from these in the Caucasian and African populations. For example, the CYP3A4*1B allele, which contains an A-290G substitution in the promoter region of CYP3A4, is absent in all three Asian populations of Singapore studied, but occurs in more than 54% of Africans and 5% of Caucasians. There were no difference in genotype and allelic variant frequencies in exon 12 of MDR1 between the Chinese, Malay, and Indian populations. When compared with other ethnic groups, the distribution of the wild-type C allele in exon 12 in the Malays (34.2%) and Indians (32.8%) was relatively high and similar to the Japanese (38.55%) and Caucasians (41%) but different from African-Americans (15%). The frequency of wild-type TT genotype in Asians (43.5% to 52.1%) and Japanese (61.5%) was much higher than those found in Caucasians (13.3%). All the proteins we studied represent the primary hepatic or extrahepatic enzymes, and their polymorphic expression may be implicated in disease risk and the disposition of drugs or endogenous substances. As such, dose requirements of certain drugs may not be optimal for Asian populations, and a second look at the factors responsible for this difference is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Chowbay
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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