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Berveiller P, Rault E, Guerby P. [Physiological and Psychological Data influencing Pregnant Women Smoking Behavior - CNGOF-SFT Expert Report and Guidelines for Smoking Management during Pregnancy]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2020; 48:551-558. [PMID: 32247097 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the main addictive substance in tobacco and its addictive effects mainly involve dopamine. Nicotine is mainly metabolized (C-oxidation) in the liver to cotinine by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Nicotine half-life is short being about 2hours. Nicotine metabolism appears to be increased during pregnancy, mainly due to an increased cytochrome activity and maternal cardiac output. Thus, the smoking behavior of the pregnant woman is subsequently modified with an increase in withdrawal syndromes and an increased desire to smoke. These pharmacological elements should be taken into account when prescribing nicotine replacement therapy. Regarding the markers of tobacco intoxication, there is a good correlation between the importance of smoking and the measurement of expired air carbon monoxide. Although there is no evidence of decreased obstetrical complications related to its use, it is simple and non-invasive and therefore may be useful in routine practice. It gives an instantaneous value of tobacco intoxication, and represents a starting point for dialogue and management and can help to highlight the reality of withdrawal. Regarding the evaluation of tobacco addiction, the most commonly used questionnaires are the Fagerström tests (FTCD, HSI…), which are well correlated with cotinine concentration. However, there is insufficient evidence of their usefulness in reducing tobacco consumption during pregnancy to recommend them in current practice. DSM-V diagnostic criteria for addiction should be known as they can also be used to characterize the intensity of this addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berveiller
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, CHI de Poissy St-Germain, 78300 Poissy, France.
| | - E Rault
- Service d'obstétrique, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - P Guerby
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, CHU de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
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Centner AM, Bhide PG, Salazar G. Nicotine in Senescence and Atherosclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:E1035. [PMID: 32331221 PMCID: PMC7226537 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a known exacerbator of age-related pathologies, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and cellular aging (senescence). However, the role of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine is yet to be elucidated. Considering the growing amount of nicotine-containing aerosol use in recent years, the role of nicotine is a relevant public health concern. A number of recent studies and health education sites have focused on nicotine aerosol-induced adverse lung function, and neglected cardiovascular (CV) impairments and diseases. A critical review of the present scientific literature leads to the hypothesis that nicotine mediates the effects of cigarette smoke in the CV system by increasing MAPK signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress through NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), to induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence. The accumulation of senescent VSMCs in the lesion cap is detrimental as it increases the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by promoting an unstable plaque phenotype. Therefore, nicotine, and most likely its metabolite cotinine, adversely influence atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Centner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Scinces, 120 Convocation Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, FSU College of Medicine, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Gloria Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Scinces, 120 Convocation Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging (CAENRA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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3
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Holtyn AF, Davis CM, Weerts EM. Development of a novel alcohol and nicotine concurrent access (ANCA) self-administration procedure in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107665. [PMID: 31801108 PMCID: PMC6980761 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-administration of either alcohol or nicotine under single-access conditions has been studied extensively in laboratory animals. Relatively few studies have examined the co-use of these substances, even though alcohol and nicotine use and abuse commonly co-occur in humans. The objectives of this study were to develop a baboon model of concurrent alcohol and nicotine self-administration, and examine effects of varenicline on alcohol and nicotine co-use. METHODS In Experiment 1, five male baboons were trained to self-administer drinks of alcohol (4% w/v) and injections of nicotine (0.032-0.1 mg/kg) under single-access and then concurrent-access conditions, and intake of alcohol (g/kg) and nicotine (mg/kg) was compared under single- and concurrent-access conditions. In Experiment 2, three male baboons self-administered drinks of alcohol (4% w/v) and injections of nicotine (0.056 mg/kg) under concurrent-access conditions. Pretreatment with varenicline (0.32-1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or an equal volume of its vehicle before concurrent-access sessions was repeated for 5 consecutive days. RESULTS Self-administration of nicotine and alcohol was successfully established under both single- and concurrent-access conditions that produced reliable levels of voluntary alcohol and nicotine intake. Co-self-administration of both drugs produced levels of intake similar to that produced by each drug alone. Varenicline significantly reduced intake of both alcohol and nicotine when compared to the vehicle condition. CONCLUSIONS This baboon model provides a valuable tool for further investigation of the behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms involved in co-use of nicotine and alcohol. A single pharmacotherapeutic agent (e.g., varenicline) may be useful in treating nicotine and alcohol co-use.
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Yamamoto RT, Rohan ML, Goletiani N, Olson D, Peltier M, Renshaw PF, Mello NK. Nicotine related brain activity: the influence of smoking history and blood nicotine levels, an exploratory study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:137-44. [PMID: 23117126 PMCID: PMC3582808 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to explore brain activity in nicotine-dependent men in response to acute intravenous nicotine using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI). METHODS phMRI was used to evaluate brain activity in response to 1.5 mg/70 kg intravenous nicotine or saline. The nicotine and saline were administered on different visits. The time courses of individual subjects' nicotine levels were used as regressors to assess neural activity relating to the infusions. The influence of smoking history and physiological measures on the response to nicotine were also investigated. RESULTS Greater lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking was significantly correlated with higher peak serum nicotine levels. PhMRI analysis of the differential response of nicotine compared to the saline condition showed distinctive activation patterns when analyzed with the (a) nicotine time course, (b) nicotine time course controlling for smoking history (pack years), and (c) pack years controlling for nicotine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that smoking exposure history influences serum nicotine levels and the brain's response to nicotine. Alterations in brain activity may be a result of vascular and neuro-adaptations involved in drug exposure and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinah T Yamamoto
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
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5
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Gestational exposure to nicotine in drinking water: teratogenic effects and methodological issues. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:206-16. [PMID: 20480542 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833a5bb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in nicotine effects lead to questions about appropriate experimental procedures for prenatal nicotine exposure in rodent models. The objective of this study was to develop a method for gestational studies in rats based on oral nicotine exposure, and to evaluate the neurodevelopmental effects. Female Lister hooded rats were exposed to nicotine solutions both before and during pregnancy. These female rats were divided into groups consuming solutions of different concentrations such that animals that initially consumed the solutions most readily were exposed to progressively higher concentrations. Offspring of these female rats were evaluated in a test battery measuring maturational and developmental milestones. Female rats ingested nicotine solutions at levels that provided blood nicotine concentrations of 10-60 ng/ml, at daily dose levels of 2.9-6.2 mg/kg. Solutions with concentrations below 0.06 mg/ml were well tolerated with some moderate adverse effects at the highest dose. Concentrations above 0.08 mg/ml led to a large drop in fluid consumption and in body weight. Strong teratogenic effects of prenatal nicotine exposure were observed at concentrations above 0.04 mg/ml, including developmental and maturational delays shown by measures of pinnae detachment, fur appearance, incisor eruption, eye opening and righting reflex. Negative geotaxis, grip strength and weight gain were impaired and postnatal mortality was increased. This study design provides a model for the impact of prenatal exposure to nicotine at blood levels comparable with those in medium and heavy smokers. There were marked developmental and behavioural deficits induced in the offspring of nicotine-exposed female rats.
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Matta SG, Balfour DJ, Benowitz NL, Boyd RT, Buccafusco JJ, Caggiula AR, Craig CR, Collins AC, Damaj MI, Donny EC, Gardiner PS, Grady SR, Heberlein U, Leonard SS, Levin ED, Lukas RJ, Markou A, Marks MJ, McCallum SE, Parameswaran N, Perkins KA, Picciotto MR, Quik M, Rose JE, Rothenfluh A, Schafer WR, Stolerman IP, Tyndale RF, Wehner JM, Zirger JM. Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190:269-319. [PMID: 16896961 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This review provides insight for the judicious selection of nicotine dose ranges and routes of administration for in vivo studies. The literature is replete with reports in which a dosaging regimen chosen for a specific nicotine-mediated response was suboptimal for the species used. In many cases, such discrepancies could be attributed to the complex variables comprising species-specific in vivo responses to acute or chronic nicotine exposure. OBJECTIVES This review capitalizes on the authors' collective decades of in vivo nicotine experimentation to clarify the issues and to identify the variables to be considered in choosing a dosaging regimen. Nicotine dose ranges tolerated by humans and their animal models provide guidelines for experiments intended to extrapolate to human tobacco exposure through cigarette smoking or nicotine replacement therapies. Just as important are the nicotine dosaging regimens used to provide a mechanistic framework for acquisition of drug-taking behavior, dependence, tolerance, or withdrawal in animal models. RESULTS Seven species are addressed: humans, nonhuman primates, rats, mice, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish. After an overview on nicotine metabolism, each section focuses on an individual species, addressing issues related to genetic background, age, acute vs chronic exposure, route of administration, and behavioral responses. CONCLUSIONS The selected examples of successful dosaging ranges are provided, while emphasizing the necessity of empirically determined dose-response relationships based on the precise parameters and conditions inherent to a specific hypothesis. This review provides a new, experimentally based compilation of species-specific dose selection for studies on the in vivo effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon G Matta
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Crowe 115, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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7
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Farkas S, Hussein J, Ariano RE, Sitar DS, Hasan SU. Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure: pregnancy outcome and gestational changes in plasma nicotine concentration, hematocrit, and carboxyhemoglobin in a newly standardized rat model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:118-25. [PMID: 16473381 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies support an association between perinatal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and a number of severe pre- and postnatal complications. However, the mechanisms through which CS enhances such risks largely remain unknown. One of the reasons for our inability to discover such mechanisms has been the unavailability of a clinically relevant and physiologically concordant animal model. A number of studies have previously used nicotine (Nic) as surrogate for CS. We sought to (1) establish the amount of CS exposure to achieve plasma Nic concentrations observed among moderate to heavy smokers (20-60 ng/ml), (2) investigate the temporal changes in plasma Nic concentrations, carboxyhemoglobin, and hematocrit with advancing pregnancy, and (3) elucidate the effects of CS exposure on pregnancy outcome. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to various doses of CS or room air (Sham) from days 6 to 21 of gestation. Exposure to 6000 ml/day of CS led to very high plasma Nic concentrations and increased maternal and fetal mortality (P < 0.001). The plasma Nic concentrations remained higher than those observed in moderate smokers until the CS dose was reduced to 1000 ml/day and showed dose-dependent temporal changes with advancing gestational age. Significant increases in carboxyhemoglobin and hematocrit were observed in the CS group as compared with the Sham group (P < 0.001). In addition, prenatally CS exposed fetuses had lower birth weight as compared with the Sham group (P = 0.04). Our current study establishes a newly standardized and physiologically relevant model to investigate the mechanisms of CS-mediated adverse effects during the critical period of fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Farkas
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Abstract
Nicotine is of importance as the addictive chemical in tobacco, pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, a potential medication for several diseases, and a useful probe drug for phenotyping cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). We review current knowledge about the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine, some other naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids, and nicotine analogs that are under development as potential therapeutic agents. The focus is on studies in humans, but animal data are mentioned when relevant to the interpretation of human data. The pathways of nicotine metabolism are described in detail. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nicotine and related compounds are reviewed. Enzymes involved in nicotine metabolism including cytochrome P450 enzymes, aldehyde oxidase, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, amine N-methyltransferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases are represented, as well as factors affecting metabolism, such as genetic variations in metabolic enzymes, effects of diet, age, gender, pregnancy, liver and kidney diseases, and racial and ethnic differences. Also effects of smoking and various inhibitors and inducers, including oral contraceptives, on nicotine metabolism are discussed. Due to the significance of the CYP2A6 enzyme in nicotine clearance, special emphasis is given to the effects and population distributions of CYP2A6 alleles and the regulation of CYP2A6 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hukkanen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, San Francisco Genreral Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
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9
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Bozikas VP, Niopas I, Kafantari A, Kanaze FI, Gabrieli C, Melissidis P, Gamvrula K, Fokas K, Karavatos A. No increased levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in smokers with schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:1-6. [PMID: 15610938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of smoking cigarettes has repeatedly been found to be greater in schizophrenia as compared with other psychiatric patients and the general population. Patients with schizophrenia have been found to engage in heavy smoking and consumption of higher doses of nicotine, probably by deeper inhalation of cigarettes. The aim of the current study was to assess nicotine exposure through smoking by measuring urinary cotinine, the major nicotine metabolite, in a group of smokers from Greece of smokers with schizophrenia and smokers from the general population. Participants were current smokers and belonged to one of two groups: 35 patients with schizophrenia and 48 healthy controls matched in age, education, and gender. The quantitative analysis of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, in urine samples was performed by a modified high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Patients with schizophrenia who smoke presented a significantly larger time interval between last cigarette smoked and urine sample collection, as well as a significantly higher average number of cigarettes consumed daily than normal smokers. Urinary cotinine levels of patients with schizophrenia who smoke did not significantly differ from that of normal smokers when adjusted for average number of cigarettes per day and time interval between last cigarette smoked and urine collection. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia did not present higher nicotine exposure through smoking compared with smokers from the community. The pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of nicotine, as well as patient medications of the patients may explain our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis P Bozikas
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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10
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Johnson BA. Topiramate-induced neuromodulation of cortico-mesolimbic dopamine function: a new vista for the treatment of comorbid alcohol and nicotine dependence? Addict Behav 2004; 29:1465-79. [PMID: 15345276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and nicotine dependence are commonly occurring disorders that together represent the most important preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. While there have been differences of opinion as to which disorder to treat first when they occur, there is growing evidence that a management strategy addressing both conditions contemporaneously would be optimal. Advances in the neurosciences have demonstrated not only that the reinforcing effects of both alcohol and nicotine are mediated by similar mechanisms resulting in enhanced activity of the cortico-mesolimbic dopamine system, but that their neurochemical interactions can lead to an aggregation of these effects. Despite this striking neurobiological overlap between alcohol and nicotine consumption, few studies have sought to take advantage of this commonality by devising a pharmacological approach that serves to treat both disorders. The results of our proof-of-concept study showed that topiramate is a promising medication for the treatment of both alcohol and nicotine dependence, presumably by its ability to modulate cortico-mesolimbic dopamine function profoundly; however, other mechanisms might also contribute to this effect. Further studies are ongoing to establish and extend topiramate's efficacy in the treatment of each and both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankole A Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Addiction Research and Technology (START) Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Large interindividual differences occur in human nicotine disposition, and it has been proposed that genetic polymorphisms in nicotine metabolism may be a major determinant of an individual's smoking behaviour. Hepatic cytochrome P4502A6 (CYP2A6) catalyses the major route of nicotine metabolism: C-oxidation to cotinine, followed by hydroxylation to trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. Nicotine and cotinine both undergo N-oxidation and pyridine N-glucuronidation. Nicotine N-1-oxide formation is catalysed by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3), but the enzyme(s) required for cotinine N-1'-oxide formation has not been identified. trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine is conjugated by O-glucuronidation. The uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme(s) required for N- and O-glucuronidation have not been identified. CYP2A6 is highly polymorphic resulting in functional differences in nicotine C-oxidation both in vitro and in vivo; however, population studies fail to consistently and conclusively demonstrate any associations between variant CYP2A6 alleles encoding for either reduced or enhanced enzyme activity with self-reported smoking behaviour. The functional consequences of FMO3 and UGT polymorphisms on nicotine disposition have not been investigated, but are unlikely to significantly affect smoking behaviour. Therefore, current evidence does not support the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms associated with nicotine metabolism are a major determinant of an individual's smoking behaviour and exposure to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Tricker
- Worldwide Scientific Affairs, Philip Morris Products SA, CH2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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12
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Littleton J, Little H. Interactions Between Alcohol and Nicotine Dependence: A Summary of Potential Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ahijevych K. Nicotine metabolism variability and nicotine addiction. Nicotine Tob Res 2002; 1 Suppl 2:S59-62; discussion S69-70. [PMID: 11768188 DOI: 10.1080/14622299050011821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in nicotine metabolism may play a role in a person's level of smoking, as well as in the transition from initiation to maintenance of a smoking behavior pattern. Since there is a paucity of research on nicotine metabolism in youth that smoke, a brief review of salient aspects of nicotine metabolism in adults provides a basis from which to extrapolate. We do know that factors influencing the rate of nicotine metabolism include differences in nicotine intake and absorption, inhalation patterns, genetic polymorphisms of pertinent enzymes, as well as daily activities such as meal consumption. Variability is illustrated with differences in cotinine levels identified in African-American and Caucasian women and in menthol and nonmenthol smokers. There are a number of areas where more information to improve understanding the initiation and maintenance of smoking behavior is needed. Characterization of nicotine metabolism and smoking topography in youth from multiple ethnic groups who are engaged in smoking initiation is currently lacking. Important measures of smoke constituent exposure such as carbon monoxide, nicotine and cotinine, as well as puff volume and duration and respiratory movements should be addressed. While there are numerous factors that impact initiation and maintenance of smoking behavior, nicotine metabolism may represent one important aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ahijevych
- Ohio State University, College of Nursing, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Zeman MV, Hiraki L, Sellers EM. Gender differences in tobacco smoking: higher relative exposure to smoke than nicotine in women. JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2002; 11:147-53. [PMID: 11975862 DOI: 10.1089/152460902753645281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Men and women are thought to regulate their smoking differently and to differ in their susceptibility to nicotine addiction. METHODS AND MATERIALS Various measures of smoke exposure were compared between 400 current regular tobacco-dependent (DSM-IV) male and female light (1-15 cigarettes per day) and heavy (>15 cigarettes per day) smokers. Between 2 and 8 PM, blood was collected for nicotine and cotinine analysis, and breath carbon monoxide (CO) was measured. Individuals with genetic variants of the CYP2A6 gene were removed from analysis (n = 25). RESULTS No significant difference was found in the number of cigarettes per day or CO levels between the sexes. However, females had significantly lower nicotine levels than males (16.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 21.1 +/- 0.07, p < 0.01). This is only partly explained by the fact that females smoked lower nicotine-containing cigarettes. Female heavy smokers demonstrated higher -log nicotine/CO values (a representation of cost of smoking) compared with male heavy smokers (0.1 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.02 +/- 0.01 mg/L ppm, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thus, gender differences appear to exist in smoking behaviors, nicotine sensitivity, and nicotine requirements. These differences are expected to contribute to gender differences in health risks and cancers associated with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Zeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Research in Women's Health, Sunnybrook, Canada
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15
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White HR, Pandina RJ, Chen PH. Developmental trajectories of cigarette use from early adolescence into young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 65:167-78. [PMID: 11772478 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study identified developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking from early adolescence into young adulthood, and delineated whether risk factors derived from a social learning-problem behavior framework could differentiate among trajectories. Participants (N=374) were interviewed five times from age 12 until age 30/31. Using growth mixture modeling, three trajectory groups were identified--heavy/regular, occasional/maturing out, and non/experimental smokers. Being a female, having higher disinhibition, receiving lower grades, and more frequent use of alcohol or drugs significantly increased the probability of belonging to a smoking trajectory group compared with being a nonsmoker. Higher disinhibition and receiving lower grades also differentiated regular smokers from the rest of the sample. None of the risk factors distinguished occasional from regular smokers. When models were tested separately by sex, disinhibition, other drug use, and school grades were associated with smoking for both sexes. On the other hand, environmental factors, including socioeconomic status, parent smoking and friend smoking, were related to smoking for females but not for males. Sex differences in developmental trajectories and in smoking behavior among regular smokers were notable. Future research should examine transitions and turning points from adolescence to adulthood that may affect cessation and escalation differently for males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Raskin White
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8001, USA.
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Wong M, Koren G. Bias in maternal reports of smoking during pregnancy associated with fetal distress. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2001. [PMID: 11338147 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies examining the adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy commonly use maternal reports. We hypothesized that if an adverse event occurred during pregnancy, women may underreport smoking. This study looked for bias in maternal report of smoking if fetal distress occurs. METHODS Data were collected prospectively from patients attending The MotheRisk Program who smoked during pregnancy, and were categorized by delivery outcome, maternal and neonatal characteristics, and the raw number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy reported at clinic and at follow-up. The difference between these two values was compared. RESULTS 95 women had uneventful deliveries and 25 had fetal distress. Women who reported fetal distress decreased their report of smoking after delivery compared to their original report during pregnancy, whereas women with an uneventful labour did not (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that if an adverse pregnancy outcome occurs, mothers may tend to underreport their cigarette consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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Tizabi Y, Perry DC. Prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with an increase in [125I]epibatidine binding in discrete cortical regions in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 67:319-23. [PMID: 11124396 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was reported that hyperactive male offspring of dams exposed to nicotine (6 mg/kg/day) during gestation had an increase in cortical alpha4-beta2 nicotinic receptor subtype density as determined by [3H]cytisine binding in tissue homogenate [Tizabi Y, Popke EJ, Rahman MA, Nespor SM, Grunberg NE. Hyperactivity induced by prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with an increase in cortical nicotinic receptors. Pharmacol, Biochem Behav 1997;58:141-6]. [125I]Epibatidine labels alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors with higher affinity than [3H]cytisine. In the present study, using quantitative autoradiography, we evaluated the effects of in-utero exposure to nicotine (9 mg/kg/day) on [125I]epibatidine binding in 46 discrete brain regions of 36-day-old male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats. This dosage of nicotine administered during pregnancy to same rats was shown to result in increased vertical activity in the male offspring [Tizabi Y, Russell LT, Nespor SM, Perry DC, Grunberg NE. Prenatal nicotine exposure: effects on locomotor activity and central [125I]alpha-BT binding in rats. Pharmacol, Biochem Behav (in press).]. Prenatal nicotine exposure resulted in increases in receptor densities of the somatosensory cortex (90%) and the visual cortex (107%) only. Moreover, these increases were restricted to cortical layer 1. Collectively, these results indicate that prenatal nicotine exposure affects specific nicotinic receptors in selective cortical regions of male offspring. These neurochemical effects may be responsible for some of the behavioral abnormalities seen in such offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street N.W., Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Abstract
Many researchers have conceptualized smoking uptake behavior in adolescence as progressing through a sequence of developmental stages. Multiple social, psychological, and biological factors influence this process, and may play different functions at different points in the progression, and play different roles for different people. The major objective of this paper is to review empirical studies of predictors of transitions in stages of smoking progression, and identify similarities and differences related to predictors of stages and transitions across studies. While a number of factors related to stage of progression replicated across studies, few variables uniquely predicted a particular stage or transition in smoking behavior. Subsequently, theoretical considerations related to stage conceptualization and measurement, inter-individual differences in intra-individual change, and the staged or continuous nature of smoking progression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mayhew
- Health Research and Policy Centers, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Ahijevych K, Gillespie J, Demirci M, Jagadeesh J. Menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes and smoke exposure in black and white women. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996; 53:355-60. [PMID: 8808144 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(95)02034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Purposes of this investigation were to compare smoke constituent exposure (CO and nicotine boosts) and smoking topography parameters between black and white women, and between women regularly using menthol or nonmenthol cigarettes. A two-factor factorial design with a sample of 37 women stratified by race and menthol or nonmenthol cigarette use was implemented. There were significant main and interaction effects of race and menthol/nonmenthol use on CO boost. Black women had a mean CO boost of 10.1 ppm vs. 7.2 ppm for white women, while women using nonmenthol cigarettes had a higher CO boost (mean = 10.6 ppm) compared to those regularly using menthol cigarettes mean = 6.5 ppm). White menthol smokers had the lowest CO boost of all subgroups. There was a trend for black women to have higher nicotine boost than white women (21.4 ng/ml vs. 15.9 ng/ml). Black women had nonsignificantly higher puff volumes compared to white women (mean = 48.4 vs. 43.5 ml), while nonmenthol smokers had nonsignificantly higher puff volumes than menthol smokers (mean = 48.5 vs. 42.7 ml). Lower CO boost with mentholated cigarettes suggests factors beyond mentholation may affect elevated smoke constituent exposure among black women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ahijevych
- College of Nursing, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Schneider MJ. Chapter Two Pyridine and piperidine alkaloids: An update. ALKALOIDS: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(96)80026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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