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Kimura T, Kimura AK, Epand RM. Systematic crosstalk in plasmalogen and diacyl lipid biosynthesis for their differential yet concerted molecular functions in the cell. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101234. [PMID: 37169310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogen is a major phospholipid of mammalian cell membranes. Recently it is becoming evident that the sn-1 vinyl-ether linkage in plasmalogen, contrasting to the ester linkage in the counterpart diacyl glycerophospholipid, yields differential molecular characteristics for these lipids especially related to hydrocarbon-chain order, so as to concertedly regulate biological membrane processes. A role played by NMR in gaining information in this respect, ranging from molecular to tissue levels, draws particular attention. We note here that a broad range of enzymes in de novo synthesis pathway of plasmalogen commonly constitute that of diacyl glycerophospholipid. This fact forms the basis for systematic crosstalk that not only controls a quantitative balance between these lipids, but also senses a defect causing loss of lipid in either pathway for compensation by increase of the counterpart lipid. However, this inherent counterbalancing mechanism paradoxically amplifies imbalance in differential effects of these lipids in a diseased state on membrane processes. While sharing of enzymes has been recognized, it is now possible to overview the crosstalk with growing information for specific enzymes involved. The overview provides a fundamental clue to consider cell and tissue type-dependent schemes in regulating membrane processes by plasmalogen and diacyl glycerophospholipid in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Atsuko K Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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2
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Schooneveldt YL, Paul S, Calkin AC, Meikle PJ. Ether Lipids in Obesity: From Cells to Population Studies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:841278. [PMID: 35309067 PMCID: PMC8927733 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.841278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ether lipids are a unique class of glycero- and glycerophospho-lipid that carry an ether or vinyl ether linked fatty alcohol at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. These specialised lipids are important endogenous anti-oxidants with additional roles in regulating membrane fluidity and dynamics, intracellular signalling, immunomodulation and cholesterol metabolism. Lipidomic profiling of human population cohorts has identified new associations between reduced circulatory plasmalogen levels, an abundant and biologically active sub-class of ether lipids, with obesity and body-mass index. These findings align with the growing body of work exploring novel roles for ether lipids within adipose tissue. In this regard, ether lipids have now been linked to facilitating lipid droplet formation, regulating thermogenesis and mediating beiging of white adipose tissue in early life. This review will assess recent findings in both population studies and studies using cell and animal models to delineate the functional and protective roles of ether lipids in the setting of obesity. We will also discuss the therapeutic potential of ether lipid supplementation to attenuate diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette L. Schooneveldt
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudip Paul
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C. Calkin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anna C. Calkin,
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Peter J. Meikle,
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3
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Fu SS, Wen M, Zhao YC, Shi HH, Wang YM, Xue CH, Wei ZH, Zhang TT. Short-term supplementation of EPA-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen increases the level of DHA in the brain and liver of n-3 PUFA deficient mice in early life after weaning. Food Funct 2022; 13:1906-1920. [PMID: 35088775 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A lack of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in mothers' diet significantly reduced the amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the brains of offspring, which might affect their brain function. Our previous research has proven multiple benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen (pPE) in enhancing the learning and memory ability. However, the effect of dietary supplementation with EPA-pPE on the DHA content in the brain and liver of offspring lacking n-3 PUFAs in early life is still unclear. Female ICR mice were fed with n-3 PUFA-deficient diets throughout the gestation and lactation periods to get n-3 PUFA-deficient offspring. The lipid profiles in the cerebral cortex and liver of offspring were analyzed using lipidomics after dietary supplementation with EPA-pPE (0.05%, w/w) and EPA-phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0.05%, w/w) for 2 weeks after weaning. Dietary supplementation with EPA could significantly change fatty acid composition in a variety of phospholipid molecular species compared with the n-3 deficient group. EPA-pPE and EPA-PC remarkably increased the DHA content in the brain PC, ether-linked phosphatidylcholine (ePC), and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (pPE) and liver triglyceride (TG), lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC), ePC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and pPE molecular species, in which EPA-pPE showed more significant effects on the increase of DHA in cerebral cortex PC, ePC and liver PC compared with EPA-PC. Both EPA-phospholipids could effectively increase the DHA levels, and the pPE form was superior to PC in the contribution of DHA content in the cerebral cortex PC, ePC and liver PC molecular species. EPA-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen might be a good nutritional supplement to increase DHA levels in the brains of n-3 PUFA-deficient offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Min- Wen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ying-Cai Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China. .,Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China. .,Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
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4
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Maeda S, Mohri T, Inoue T, Asano Y, Otoki Y, Enomoto M, Nakagawa K, Kuwahara S, Ogura Y. Synthesis of a plasmenylethanolamine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1383-1389. [PMID: 33705523 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of a plasmenylethanolamine (PlsEtn-[16:0/18:1 n-9]), known as antioxidative phospholipids commonly found in cell membranes, has been achieved from an optically active known diol through 8 steps. The key transformations for the synthesis of PlsEtn-[16:0/18:1 n-9] are (1) regio- and Z-selective vinyl ether formation via the alkylation of a lithioalkoxy allyl intermediate with an alkyl iodide, and (2) a one-pot phosphite esterification-oxidation sequence to construct the ethanolamine phosphonate moiety in the presence of the vinyl ether functionality. The piperidine salt of synthetic PlsEtn-[16:0/18:1 n-9] was desalinated through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Maeda
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Mohri
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Inoue
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshio Asano
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogura
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Walters DC, Lawrence R, Kirby T, Ahrendsen JT, Anderson MP, Roullet JB, Murphy EJ, Gibson KM. Postmortem Analyses in a Patient With Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SSADHD): II. Histological, Lipid, and Gene Expression Outcomes in Regional Brain Tissue. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:1177-1188. [PMID: 33557678 PMCID: PMC8349921 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820987742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study has extended previous metabolic measures in postmortem tissues (frontal and parietal lobes, pons, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex) obtained from a 37-year-old male patient with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) who expired from SUDEP (sudden unexplained death in epilepsy). Histopathologic characterization of fixed cortex and hippocampus revealed mild to moderate astrogliosis, especially in white matter. Analysis of total phospholipid mass in all sections of the patient revealed a 61% increase in cortex and 51% decrease in hippocampus as compared to (n = 2-4) approximately age-matched controls. Examination of mass and molar composition of major phospholipid classes showed decreases in phospholipids enriched in myelin, such as phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, and ethanolamine plasmalogen. Evaluation of gene expression (RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays, GABA, glutamate; Qiagen) revealed dysregulation in 14/15 GABAA receptor subunits in cerebellum, parietal, and frontal lobes with the most significant downregulation in ∊, θ, ρ1, and ρ2 subunits (7.7-9.9-fold). GABAB receptor subunits were largely unaffected, as were ionotropic glutamate receptors. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 was consistently downregulated (maximum 5.9-fold) as was the neurotransmitter transporter (GABA), member 13 (maximum 7.3-fold). For other genes, consistent dysregulation was seen for interleukin 1β (maximum downregulation 9.9-fold) and synuclein α (maximal upregulation 6.5-fold). Our data provide unique insight into SSADHD brain function, confirming astrogliosis and lipid abnormalities previously observed in the null mouse model while highlighting long-term effects on GABAergic/glutamatergic gene expression in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- DC Walters
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - R Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
| | - T Kirby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - JT Ahrendsen
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - MP Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J-B Roullet
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - EJ Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
| | - KM Gibson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA,Correspondence: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Building Room 210C, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202-2131; phone 509-358-7954; fax 508-358-7667;
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6
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Whitehead B, Boysen AT, Mardahl M, Nejsum P. Unique glycan and lipid composition of helminth-derived extracellular vesicles may reveal novel roles in host-parasite interactions. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:647-654. [PMID: 32526222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the study of helminth-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is in its infancy, proteomic studies of EVs from representatives of nematodes, cestodes and trematodes have identified homologs of mammalian EV proteins including components of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport and heat-shock proteins, suggesting conservation of pathways of EV biogenesis and cargo loading between helminths and their hosts. However, parasitic helminth biology is unique and this is likely reflected in helminth EV composition and biological activity. This opinion article highlights two exceptional studies that identified EVs released by Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Fasciola hepatica which display differential lipid and glycan composition, respectively, when compared with EVs derived from mammalian cells. Furthermore, we discuss the potential implications of helminth EV lipid and glycan composition upon helminth infection and host pathology. Future studies, focusing on the unique composition and functional properties of helminth EVs, may prove crucial to the understanding of host-parasite communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Whitehead
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anders T Boysen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maibritt Mardahl
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Jones JW, Sarkar C, Lipinski MM, Kane MA. Detection and Structural Characterization of Ether Glycerophosphoethanolamine from Cortical Lysosomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury Using UPLC-HDMS E. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800297. [PMID: 30790445 PMCID: PMC7565256 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to data independent tandem mass spectrometry with traveling wave ion mobility for detection and structural identification of ether-linked glycerophosphoethanolamine is described. The experimental design generates 4D data (chromatographic retention time, precursor accurate mass, drift time with associated calculated collisional cross-section, and time-aligned accurate mass diagnostic product ions) for each ionization mode. Confident structure identification depends on satisfying 4D data confirmation in both positive and negative ion mode. Using this methodology, a number of ether-linked glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids are structurally elucidated from mouse brain lysosomes. It is further determined that several ether-linked glycerophosphoethanolamine structures are differentially abundant between lysosomes isolated from mouse cortex following traumatic brain injury as compared to that of sham animals. The combined effort of aligning multi-dimensional mass spectrometry data with a well-defined traumatic brain injury model lays the foundation for gaining mechanistic insight in the role lysosomal membrane damage plays in neuronal cell death following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace W Jones
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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8
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Paul S, Lancaster GI, Meikle PJ. WITHDRAWN: Plasmalogens: A potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disease. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100993. [PMID: 31442528 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Paul
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
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Paul S, Lancaster GI, Meikle PJ. Plasmalogens: A potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disease. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:186-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zayed MA, Hsu FF, Patterson BW, Yan Y, Naim U, Darwesh M, De Silva G, Yang C, Semenkovich CF. Diabetes adversely affects phospholipid profiles in human carotid artery endarterectomy plaques. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:730-738. [PMID: 29478028 PMCID: PMC5880490 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of developing carotid artery stenosis and resultant stroke. Arachidonoyl phospholipids affect plaque inflammation and vulnerability, but whether diabetic patients have unique carotid artery phospholipidomic profiles is unknown. We performed a comprehensive paired analysis of phospholipids in extracranial carotid endarterectomy (CEA) plaques of matched diabetic and nondiabetic patients and analyzed mass spectrometry-derived profiles of three phospholipids, plasmenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (pPE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylinositol (PI), in maximally (MAX) and minimally (MIN) diseased CEA segments. We also measured levels of arachidonic acid (AA), produced by pPE hydrolysis, and choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1), responsible for most pPE de novo biosynthesis. In paired analysis, MIN CEA segments had higher levels than MAX segments of pPE (P < 0.001), PS (P < 0.001), and PI (P < 0.03). MIN diabetic plaques contained higher levels than MAX diabetic plaques of arachidonoyl pPE38:4 and pPE38:5 and CEPT1 was upregulated in diabetic versus nondiabetic plaques. AA levels were relatively greater in MIN versus MAX segments of all CEA segments, and were higher in diabetic than nondiabetic plaques. Our findings suggest that arachidonoyl phospholipids are more likely to be abundant in the extracranial carotid artery plaque of diabetic rather than nondiabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Zayed
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Department of Medicine, and Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Uzma Naim
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Malik Darwesh
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gayan De Silva
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chao Yang
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Human Nutrition Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of hypoxic conditions to the chemical composition of membranes is not completely established. Plasmalogens, containing an alkenyl group with aldehydogenic ether linkage, are significant components of membrane lipids and their level can change in oxygen deficiency. METHODS Analysis of plasmalogens in red blood cells was performed in patients (n = 17) with coronary heart disease, stable angina (functional class II-III) and coronary atherosclerosis. The control group consisted of 17 healthy volunteers. In addition, isolated blood samples of seven healthy volunteers were analysed before and after 180 min incubation at 37 °C. Fatty acid ethyl esters and diethyl acetals of fatty aldehydes, obtained during sample preparation from red blood cells, were analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Quantitative assessment of the change of the plasmalogen levels was evaluated as change of the share of fatty aldehyde diethyl acetals in the total sum of fatty aldehyde diethyl acetals and fatty acid ethyl esters. RESULTS In comparison with the healthy volunteers, an increase in plasmalogen content of red blood cells and a reduction of the pH of the blood plasma in the group of patients with coronary heart disease were detected. In experimental hypoxia, there was an increase in the plasmalogen content of the red blood cells and a plasma pH decrease in all samples subjected to the incubation. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate changes in the physicochemical properties of the cell membrane in hypoxia. One of the most likely reasons of the increase of plasmalogen content in the membranes may be a more significant increase in activity of calcium-dependent phospholipases in comparison with the activity of calcium-independent plasmalogen phospholipases.
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12
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Murphy EJ. Ether lipids and their elusive function in the nervous system: a role for plasmalogens: An Editorial Highlight for 'Reduced muscle strength in ether lipid-deficient mice is accompanied by altered development and function of the neuromuscular junction' on page 569. J Neurochem 2017; 143:463-466. [PMID: 28944460 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this editorial, we highlight the recent work of Dorninger et al. that demonstrates a reduction in plasmalogens in the motor end plate is associated with a reduction in motor end plate function. This reduction in function is illuminated in reduced muscle function in these mice, corresponding with the reduction in acetylcholine release and in its receptor density observed in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Muralimanoharan S, Li C, Nakayasu ES, Casey CP, Metz TO, Nathanielsz PW, Maloyan A. Sexual dimorphism in the fetal cardiac response to maternal nutrient restriction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017. [PMID: 28641979 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR); however, its effects on fetal cardiac development are unclear. We have developed a baboon model of moderate maternal undernutrition, leading to IUGR. We hypothesized that the IUGR affects fetal cardiac structure and metabolism. Six control pregnant baboons ate ad-libitum (CTRL)) or 70% CTRL from 0.16 of gestation (G). Fetuses were euthanized at C-section at 0.9G under general anesthesia. Male but not female IUGR fetuses showed left ventricular fibrosis inversely correlated with birth weight. Expression of extracellular matrix protein TSP-1 was increased (p<0.05) in male IUGR. Expression of cardiac fibrotic markers TGFβ, SMAD3 and ALK-1 were downregulated in male IUGRs with no difference in females. Autophagy was present in male IUGR evidenced by upregulation of ATG7 expression and lipidation LC3B. Global miRNA expression profiling revealed 56 annotated and novel cardiac miRNAs exclusively dysregulated in female IUGR, and 38 cardiac miRNAs were exclusively dysregulated in males (p<0.05). Fifteen (CTRL) and 23 (IUGR) miRNAs, were differentially expressed between males and females (p<0.05) suggesting sexual dimorphism, which can be at least partially explained by differential expression of upstream transcription factors (e.g. HNF4α, and NFκB p50). Lipidomics analysis of fetal cardiac tissue exhibited a net increase in diacylglycerol and plasmalogens and a decrease in triglycerides and phosphatidylcholines. In summary, IUGR resulting from decreased maternal nutrition is associated with sex-dependent dysregulations in cardiac structure, miRNA expression, and lipid metabolism. If these changes persist postnatally, they may program offspring for higher later life cardiac risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sribalasubashini Muralimanoharan
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Cun Li
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Cameron P Casey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Alina Maloyan
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Farooqui AA, Ong WY, Horrocks LA, Farooqui T. Brain Cytosolic Phospholipase A2: Localization, Role, and Involvement in Neurological Diseases. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) hydrolyzes the arachidonoyl group from the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids generating arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. The products of the cPLA2-catalyzed reaction act as second messengers themselves or further metabolize to eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and lysophosphatidic acid. cPLA2 has not been purified from brain tissue. Immunocytochemical studies have indicated that cPLA2 is expressed in neurons and astrocytes. The hindbrain and spinal cord contain dense immunoreactivity for cPLA2. Activity and immunoreactivity of cPLA2 are markedly increased in ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, and kainic acid neurotoxicity. This increase in cPLA2 activity and immunoreactivity is accompanied by marked alterations in neural membrane phospholipid composition and the accumulation of lipid peroxides and eicosanoids. At present, it is not known whether the increased activity and immunoreactivity of cPLA2 in neural trauma (e.g., in ischemia) and neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer’s disease) is the cause or effect of neurodegeneration. Recent studies on the role of this enzyme in brain tissue suggest that cPLA2 may be involved in synaptic plasticity, generation of second messengers, axon regeneration, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A. Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wei Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lloyd A. Horrocks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Ong WY, Farooqui T, Kokotos G, Farooqui AA. Synthetic and natural inhibitors of phospholipases A2: their importance for understanding and treatment of neurological disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:814-31. [PMID: 25891385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), and lysophospholipids are converted to platelet-activating factors. These lipid mediators play critical roles in the initiation, maintenance, and modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Neurological disorders including excitotoxicity; traumatic nerve and brain injury; cerebral ischemia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; multiple sclerosis; experimental allergic encephalitis; pain; depression; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; and autism are characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, alterations in phospholipid metabolism, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and increased activities of brain phospholipase A2 isoforms. Several old and new synthetic inhibitors of PLA2, including fatty acid trifluoromethyl ketones; methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate; bromoenol lactone; indole-based inhibitors; pyrrolidine-based inhibitors; amide inhibitors, 2-oxoamides; 1,3-disubstituted propan-2-ones and polyfluoroalkyl ketones as well as phytochemical based PLA2 inhibitors including curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and Centella asiatica extracts have been discovered and used for the treatment of neurological disorders in cell culture and animal model systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize information on selective and potent synthetic inhibitors of PLA2 as well as several PLA2 inhibitors from plants, for treatment of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department
of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,
Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Akhlaq A. Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Ramchani-Ben Othman K, Cercy C, Amri M, Doly M, Ranchon-Cole I. Dietary supplement enriched in antioxidants and omega-3 protects from progressive light-induced retinal degeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128395. [PMID: 26042773 PMCID: PMC4455991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have evaluated one of the dietary supplements enriched with antioxidants and fish oil used in clinical care for patient with age-related macular degeneration. Rats were orally fed by a gastric canula daily with 0.2 ml of water or dietary supplement until they were sacrificed. After one week of treatment, animals were either sacrificed for lipid analysis in plasma and retina, or used for evaluation of rod-response recovery by electroretinography (ERG) followed by their sacrifice to measure rhodopsin content, or used for progressive light-induced retinal degeneration (PLIRD). For PLIRD, animals were transferred to bright cyclic light for one week. Retinal damage was quantified by ERG, histology and detection of apoptotic nuclei. Animals kept in dim-cyclic-light were processed in parallel. PLIRD induced a thinning of the outer nuclear layer and a reduction of the b-wave amplitude of the ERG in the water group. Retinal structure and function were preserved in supplemented animals. Supplement induced a significant increase in omega-3 fatty acids in plasma by 168% for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 142% for docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and 19% for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a decrease in the omega-6 fatty acids, DPA by 28%. In the retina, supplement induced significant reduction of linolenic acid by 67% and an increase in EPA and DPA by 80% and 72%, respectively, associated with significant decrease in omega-6 DPA by 42%. Supplement did not affect rhodopsin content or rod-response recovery. The present data indicate that supplement rapidly modified the fatty acid content and induced an accumulation of EPA in the retina without affecting rhodopsin content or recovery. In addition, it protected the retina from oxidative stress induced by light. Therefore, this supplement might be beneficial to slow down progression of certain retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Ramchani-Ben Othman
- Université Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biophysique Neurosensorielle, Inserm UMR 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, UR/11ES09, El Manar 1, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Christine Cercy
- Université Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biophysique Neurosensorielle, Inserm UMR 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, UR/11ES09, El Manar 1, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michel Doly
- Université Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biophysique Neurosensorielle, Inserm UMR 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Ranchon-Cole
- Université Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biophysique Neurosensorielle, Inserm UMR 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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Fuchs B. Analytical methods for (oxidized) plasmalogens: Methodological aspects and applications. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:599-617. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.999675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Moser AB, Steinberg SJ, Watkins PA, Moser HW, Ramaswamy K, Siegmund KD, Lee DR, Ely JJ, Ryder OA, Hacia JG. Human and great ape red blood cells differ in plasmalogen levels and composition. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:101. [PMID: 21679470 PMCID: PMC3129581 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmalogens are ether phospholipids required for normal mammalian developmental, physiological, and cognitive functions. They have been proposed to act as membrane antioxidants and reservoirs of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as influence intracellular signaling and membrane dynamics. Plasmalogens are particularly enriched in cells and tissues of the human nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Humans with severely reduced plasmalogen levels have reduced life spans, abnormal neurological development, skeletal dysplasia, impaired respiration, and cataracts. Plasmalogen deficiency is also found in the brain tissue of individuals with Alzheimer disease. Results In a human and great ape cohort, we measured the red blood cell (RBC) levels of the most abundant types of plasmalogens. Total RBC plasmalogen levels were lower in humans than bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas, but higher than orangutans. There were especially pronounced cross-species differences in the levels of plasmalogens with a C16:0 moiety at the sn-1 position. Humans on Western or vegan diets had comparable total RBC plasmalogen levels, but the latter group showed moderately higher levels of plasmalogens with a C18:1 moiety at the sn-1 position. We did not find robust sex-specific differences in human or chimpanzee RBC plasmalogen levels or composition. Furthermore, human and great ape skin fibroblasts showed only modest differences in peroxisomal plasmalogen biosynthetic activity. Human and chimpanzee microarray data indicated that genes involved in plasmalogen biosynthesis show cross-species differential expression in multiple tissues. Conclusion We propose that the observed differences in human and great ape RBC plasmalogens are primarily caused by their rates of biosynthesis and/or turnover. Gene expression data raise the possibility that other human and great ape cells and tissues differ in plasmalogen levels. Based on the phenotypes of humans and rodents with plasmalogen disorders, we propose that cross-species differences in tissue plasmalogen levels could influence organ functions and processes ranging from cognition to reproduction to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Moser
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Farooqui AA. Studies on plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 in brain. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:267-73. [PMID: 20049656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A(2) (PlsEtn-PLA(2)) has been purified from pig brain using multiple column chromatographic procedure. The purified enzyme migrates as a single band on polyacrylamide. It is stimulated by Triton X-100 and inhibited by sodium deoxycholate. Purified PlsEtn-PLA(2) is inhibited by iodoacetate, and this inhibition can be prevented by beta-meracaptoethanol. Treatment of neuronal cell cultures with kainic acid stimulates PlsEtn-PLA(2) activity in a dose-dependent manner, and this stimulation can be blocked by Ly294486, a selective kainic acid receptor antagonist. Activities of PlsEtn-PLA(2) are markedly increased in plasma membrane and synaptosomal plasma membrane fraction prepared from nucleus basalis and hippocampal region of brains from Alzheimer disease patients compared to age-matched controls. It is proposed that accumulation of ceramide and increased expression of cytokines may be responsible for the stimulation of PlsEtn-PLA(2) in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Brown HA. Identification of atypical ether-linked glycerophospholipid species in macrophages by mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1581-90. [PMID: 19965583 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d003715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A large scale profiling and analysis of glycerophospholipid species in macrophages has facilitated the identification of several rare and atypical glycerophospholipid species. By using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and comparison of the elution and fragmentation properties of the rare lipids to synthetic standards, we were able to identify an array of ether-linked phosphatidylinositols (PIs), phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylserines (PSs), very long chain phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as well as phosphatidylthreonines (PTs) and a wide collection of odd carbon fatty acid-containing phospholipids in macrophages. A comprehensive qualitative analysis of glycerophospholipids from different macrophage cells was conducted. During the phospholipid profiling of the macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, we identified dozens of rare or previously uncharacterized phospholipids, including ether-linked PIs, PSs, and glycerophosphatidic acids, PTs, and PCs and PTs containing very long polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, large numbers of phospholipids containing at least one odd carbon fatty acid were identified. Using the same methodology, we also identified many of the same species of glycerophospholipids in resident peritoneal macrophages, foam cells, and murine bone marrow derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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21
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Lessig J, Fuchs B. HOCl-mediated glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine generation from plasmalogens in phospholipid mixtures. Lipids 2009; 45:37-51. [PMID: 19937395 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many mammalian tissues and cells contain, in addition to (diacyl) phospholipids, considerable amounts of plasmalogens, which may function as important antioxidants. Apart from the "scavenger" function mediated by the high sensitivity of the vinyl-ether bond, the functional role of plasmalogens is so far widely unknown. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that plasmalogen degradation products have harmful effects in inflammatory processes. In a previous investigation glycerophosphocholine (GPC) formation was verified as a novel plasmalogen degradation pathway upon oxidation with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), however these investigations were performed in simple model systems. Herein, we examine plasmalogen degradation in a more complex system in order to evaluate if GPC generation is also a major pathway in the presence of other highly unsaturated glycerophospholipids (GPL) representing an additional reaction site of HOCl targets. Using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, we confirmed that the first step of the HOCl-induced degradation of GPL mixtures containing plasmalogens is the attack of the vinyl-ether bond resulting in the generation of 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) or 1-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. In the second step HOCl reacts with the fatty acyl residue in the sn-2 position of 1-lysoPtdCho. This reaction is about three times faster in comparison to comparable diacyl-GPL. Thus, the generation of GPC and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) from plasmalogens are relevant products formed from HOCl attack on the vinyl-ether bond of plasmalogens under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lessig
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Saitoh M, Itoh M, Takashima S, Mizuguchi M, Iwamori M. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine with increased polyunsaturated fatty acids in compensation for plasmalogen defect in the Zellweger syndrome brain. Neurosci Lett 2009; 449:164-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Moraitou M, Dimitriou E, Zafeiriou D, Reppa C, Marinakis T, Sarafidou J, Michelakakis H. Plasmalogen levels in Gaucher disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 41:196-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A male-specific fatty acid omega-hydroxylase, SXE1, is necessary for efficient male mating in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2008; 180:179-90. [PMID: 18716335 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.089177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, sexual differentiation, physiology, and behavior are thought to be mediated by numerous male- and female-specific effector genes whose expression is controlled by sex-specifically expressed transcriptional regulators. One such downstream effector gene, sex-specific enzyme 1 (sxe1, cyp4d21), has been identified in a screen for genes with sex-biased expression in the head. Sxe1 was also identified in another screen as a circadian regulated gene. Here, we analyzed the spatial and temporal regulation of sxe1 and identified a function for this gene in male courtship. We show that male-specific transcriptional regulator DSX(M) and the clock genes are necessary for cycling of sxe1 mRNA during the diurnal cycle. Similar to sxe1 mRNA, expression of SXE1 protein oscillates in a diurnal fashion, with highest protein levels occurring around midnight. SXE1 protein expression is restricted to nonneuronal cells associated with diverse sensory bristles of both the chemo- and mechanosensory systems. Suppression or knockout of sxe1 significantly reduces mating success throughout the diurnal cycle. Finally, the metabolomic profile of wild-type and sxe1 mutant males revealed that sxe1 likely functions as a fatty acid omega-hydroxylase, suggesting that male courtship and mating success is mediated by small compounds generated by this enzyme.
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Saitoh M, Yamashita S, Shimozawa N, Mizuguchi M, Iwamori M. Changes in the amounts of myelin lipids and molecular species of plasmalogen PE in the brain of an autopsy case with D-bifunctional protein deficiency. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:4-9. [PMID: 18611434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the molecular species of lipids associated with peroxisomal d-bifunctional protein (d-BP) deficiency were investigated in cerebral tissues to elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying this disorder. Total phospholipids in the gray and white matters of the patient's brain were decreased to approximately 73% and 50% of control levels, respectively, and profound declines in myelin lipids, i.e. galactosyl ceramide and sulfatides, indicated dysmyelination in our patient with d-BP deficiency. Although the total ganglioside amounts in the gray and white matter of this patient's brain were also decreased to 61% and 37% of control levels and GM1 in the white matter was 20% of the control level, the relative amounts of GM2 in both the gray and the white matter of this patient's brain were increased in comparison to those in the control, indicating altered metabolism of gangliosides. In addition, among molecular species of phospholipids, plasmalogen-type and polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylethanolamine were characteristically decreased in the patient's gray matter. These alterations in the molecular species of brain lipids may affect sensitivity to oxidative stress and the membrane fluidity of neural cells, thereby producing the brain pathology of d-BP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Saitoh
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Gao F, Zhang Z, Fu X, Li W, Wang T, Liu H. Analysis of phospholipids by NACE with on-line ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1418-25. [PMID: 17372939 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A hyphenated method of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (NACE-ESI-MS) is described for the simultaneous analysis of phospholipids. The best results were obtained with a mixed solution of methanol/ACN (40:60 v/v) containing 20 mM ammonium acetate and 0.5% acetic acid, under the applied voltage of 30 kV and capillary temperature of 25 degrees C. ESI-MS measurements were performed in the negative mode with methanol/ACN (40:60 v/v) containing 50 mM ammonium acetate as sheath liquid at a flow rate of 2 microL/min. Different phospholipid classes have been successfully separated within 16 min, and the molecular species of every single class have been identified by using MS(2) or MS(3), which generates characteristic fragments through CID. The developed method has been applied to analyze the phospholipids extracted from rat peritoneal surface and the molecular species of phospholipid classes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Farooqui AA, Ong WY, Horrocks LA. Inhibitors of brain phospholipase A2 activity: their neuropharmacological effects and therapeutic importance for the treatment of neurologic disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:591-620. [PMID: 16968951 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A(2) family includes secretory phospholipase A(2), cytosolic phospholipase A(2), plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A(2), and calcium-independent phospholipase A(2). It is generally thought that the release of arachidonic acid by cytosolic phospholipase A(2) is the rate-limiting step in the generation of eicosanoids and platelet activating factor. These lipid mediators play critical roles in the initiation and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Neurological disorders, such as ischemia, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, prion diseases, and epilepsy are characterized by inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, altered phospholipid metabolism, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and increased phospholipase A(2) activity. Increased activities of phospholipases A(2) and generation of lipid mediators may be involved in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with the above neurological disorders. Several phospholipase A(2) inhibitors have been recently discovered and used for the treatment of ischemia and other neurological diseases in cell culture and animal models. At this time very little is known about in vivo neurochemical effects, mechanism of action, or toxicity of phospholipase A(2) inhibitors in human or animal models of neurological disorders. In kainic acid-mediated neurotoxicity, the activities of phospholipase A(2) isoforms and their immunoreactivities are markedly increased and phospholipase A(2) inhibitors, quinacrine and chloroquine, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, bromoenol lactone, cytidine 5-diphosphoamines, and vitamin E, not only inhibit phospholipase A(2) activity and immunoreactivity but also prevent neurodegeneration, suggesting that phospholipase A(2) is involved in the neurodegenerative process. This also suggests that phospholipase A(2) inhibitors can be used as neuroprotectants and anti-inflammatory agents against neurodegenerative processes in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
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André A, Chanséaume E, Dumusois C, Cabaret S, Berdeaux O, Chardigny JM. Cerebral plasmalogens and aldehydes in senescence-accelerated mice P8 and R1: a comparison between weaned, adult and aged mice. Brain Res 2006; 1085:28-32. [PMID: 16581039 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In contrast with senescence-accelerated mice R1, SAM P8 show abnormal aging characteristics. Changes occurring during aging could be mainly caused by free radical reactions. The brain is a plasmalogen-rich tissue. These particular phospholipids may act as endogenous antioxidants, be oxidized and release long chain aldehydes and alpha-hydroxyaldehydes during oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine by GC/MS the age- and strain-related levels of plasmalogens, aldehydes and alpha-hydroxyaldehydes in brain homogenates of SAM P8 and R1 at weaning, 5 months and 9 months of age in order to better understand the differences between both strains. In SAM R1, the evolution of brain plasmalogen levels corresponded to characteristics of normal aging: an increase from weaned to adult mice followed by a decrease characterizing the normal loss of myelin. By contrast to SAM R1, there was no change in the plasmalogen content in SAM P8 brain. The levels of aldehydes and alpha-hydroxyaldehydes were similar for both strains, they remained constant between adult and aged mice. Specific changes in the aging of SAM P8 were not explained by cerebral levels of these oxidative products. Other mechanisms related to the toxicity of aldehydes and alpha-hydroxyaldehydes could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A André
- UMR INRA-ENESAD Flaveur, Vision et Comportement du consommateur, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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André A, Juanéda P, Sébédio JL, Chardigny JM. Plasmalogen metabolism-related enzymes in rat brain during aging: influence of n-3 fatty acid intake. Biochimie 2006; 88:103-11. [PMID: 16046045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (Pls) are phospholipids containing a vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. They represent between 1/2 and 2/3 of the ethanolamine phospholipids in the brain. During aging, the Pls content in human brain falls down. However, the role of Pls metabolism-related enzymes in the regulation of Pls levels remains to be determined. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (DHAP-AT) is the enzyme involved in the first step of Pls biosynthesis. In the brain, a phospholipase A2, which selectively acts on Pls, has been isolated (Pls-PLA2s). In this work, we aimed to evaluate the impact of DHAP-AT (a key enzyme of Pls biosynthesis) and Pls-PLA2 (a specific Pls degradation enzyme) on the evolution of Pls content in the rat brain during aging. The influence of n-3 fatty acid intake was also evaluated. Littermates from two generations of n-3 deficient rats were fed an equilibrated diet containing either alpha-LNA alone or with two doses of DHA. After weaning, 3, 9 or 21 months of diet, rats were sacrificed. Enzymatic assays were performed, Pls levels were assessed and the sn-2 position of ethanolamine Pls was analyzed. DHAP-AT activity significantly increased between weaning and 3 months with a concomitant increase of brain Pls, which reached maximal levels after 9 months. Then, Pls levels and DHAP-AT activity significantly decreased while Pls-PLA2s activity significantly increased. Dietary n-3 fatty acids had no effect on DHAP-AT activity and on Pls levels. In conclusion, the increase of brain Pls content in the first part of the life may be related to the high increase of DHAP-AT activity, probably stimulated by DHA. In aged animals, the decrease of Pls levels may mainly be caused to an increase of their degradation by Pls-PLA2. Dietary DHA may not oppose the physiologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A André
- UMR Inra-ENESAD Flaveur, vision et Comportement du consommateur, 17, rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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Park EJ, Suh M, Thomson ABR, Ramanujam KS, Clandinin MT. Dietary gangliosides increase the content and molecular percentage of ether phospholipids containing 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 in weanling rat intestine. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 17:337-44. [PMID: 16216486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether dietary ganglioside (GG) increases the content of ether phospholipids (EPL) in intestinal mucosa. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a semipurified diet consisting of 20% fat as a control diet. Two experimental diets were formulated by adding either 0.1% (w/w fat) GGs (GG diet) or 1.0% (w/w fat) sphingomyelin (SM diet) to the control diet. Fatty acid methyl esters from the alkenylacyl, alkylacyl and diacyl subclasses of phospholipids were measured to determine total and molecular percentage of EPL comprising the choline phosphoglyceride (CPG) and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG) fraction. Animals fed the GG diet significantly increased total EPL content both in CPG (by 36%) and in EPG (by 66%), and the molecular percentage of EPL in CPG (by 76%) and in EPG (by 59%) compared to animals fed the control diet. Dietary GG-induced increase in EPL resulted in a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) specifically in 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 compared to control animals, leading to a decrease in the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to PUFA both in CPG and in EPG. Feeding animals the SM diet showed a higher level of EPL than control animals with a concomitant increase in 22:6n-3 in EPL. The present data demonstrate that dietary GG increases the content and composition of EPL containing PUFA in the weanling rat intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eek J Park
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2P5
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Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Brain phospholipases A2: a perspective on the history. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 71:161-9. [PMID: 15253885 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipases A2 (PLA2) belong to a large family of enzymes involved in the generation of several second messengers that play an important role in signal transduction processes associated with normal brain function. The phospholipase A2 family includes secretory phospholipase A2, cytosolic phospholipase A2, calcium-independent phospholipase A2, plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 and many other enzymes with phospholipase A2 activity that have not been classified. Few attempts have been made purify and characterize the multiple forms of PLA2 and none have been fully characterized and cloned from brain tissue. A tight regulation of phospholipase A2 isozymes is necessary for maintaining physiological levels of free fatty acids including arachidonic acid and its metabolites in the various types of neural cells. Under normal conditions, phospholipase A2 isozymes may be involved in neurotransmitter release, long-term potentiation, growth and differentiation, and membrane repair. Under pathological conditions, high levels of lipid metabolites generated by phospholipase A2 are involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neural cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Avenue, 465 Hamilton Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
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Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. Docosahexaenoic acid in the diet: its importance in maintenance and restoration of neural membrane function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:361-72. [PMID: 15041028 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system has the second highest concentration of lipids after adipose tissue. Long chain fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are integral components of neural membrane phospholipids. Alterations in neural membrane phospholipid components cannot only influence crucial intracellular and intercellular signaling but also alter many membrane physical properties such as fluidity, phase transition temperature, bilayer thickness, and lateral domains. A deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid markedly affects neurotransmission, membrane-bound enzyme and ion channel activities, gene expression, intensity of inflammation, and immunity and synaptic plasticity. Docosahexaenoic acid deficiency is associated with normal aging, Alzheimer disease, hyperactivity, schizophrenia, and peroxisomal disorders. Although the molecular mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid involvement in the disorders remains unknown, the supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid in the diet restores gene expression and modulates neurotransmission. Also, improvements are seen in signal transduction processes associated with behavioral deficits, learning activity, peroxisomal disorders, and psychotic changes in schizophrenia, depression, hyperactivity, stroke, and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A Horrocks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Brites P, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Functions and biosynthesis of plasmalogens in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1636:219-31. [PMID: 15164770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipids) constitute a special class of phospholipids characterized by the presence of a vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position. Although long considered as biological peculiarities, interest in this group of phospholipids has grown in recent years, thanks to the realization that plasmalogens are involved in different human diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge with respect to the enzymatic synthesis of plasmalogens, the characteristic topology of the enzymes involved and the biological roles that have been assigned to plasmalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Lab Genetic Metabolic Diseases, F0-224, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands
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Phillis JW, O'Regan MH. A potentially critical role of phospholipases in central nervous system ischemic, traumatic, and neurodegenerative disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 44:13-47. [PMID: 14739001 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases are a diverse group of enzymes whose activation may be responsible for the development of injury following insult to the brain. Amongst the numerous isoforms of phospholipase proteins expressed in mammals are 19 different phospholipase A2's (PLA2s), classified functionally as either secretory, calcium dependent, or calcium independent, 11 isozymes belonging to three structural groups of PLC, and 3 PLD gene products. Many of these phospholipases have been identified in selected brain regions. Under normal conditions, these enzymes regulate the turnover of free fatty acids (FFAs) in membrane phospholipids affecting membrane stability, fluidity, and transport processes. The measurement of free fatty acids thus provides a convenient method to follow phospholipase activity and their regulation. Phospholipase activity is also responsible for the generation of an extensive list of intracellular messengers including arachidonic acid metabolites. Phospholipases are regulated by many factors including selective phosphorylation, intracellular calcium and pH. However, under abnormal conditions, excessive phospholipase activation, along with a decreased ability to resynthesize membrane phospholipids, can lead to the generation of free radicals, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis/necrosis. This review evaluates the critical contribution of the various phospholipases to brain injury following ischemia and trauma and in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Phillis
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 5374 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201-1928, USA.
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Collado MP, Latorre E, Fernández I, Aragonés MD, Catalán RE. Endothelin-1 decreases ethanolamine plasmalogen levels and evokes PAF production in brain microvessels. Microvasc Res 2003; 66:197-203. [PMID: 14609525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of brain microvessels with Endothelin-1 evoked a decrease in ethanolamine plasmalogen levels by calcium-independent phospholipase A(2). In contrast, the diacyl molecular forms of ethanolamine phospholipids were unaffected. Evidence also shows that Endothelin type A receptors are involved. Concomitantly, PAF production mediated by CoA-independent transacylase was observed. This is the first evidence of involvement of these pathways on the Endothelin-1 mechanism of action on the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Collado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Latorre E, Collado MP, Fernández I, Aragonés MD, Catalán RE. Signaling events mediating activation of brain ethanolamine plasmalogen hydrolysis by ceramide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:36-46. [PMID: 12492473 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide is a lipid second messenger that acts on multiple-target enzymes, some of which are involved in other signal-transduction systems. We have previously demonstrated that endogenous ceramide modifies the metabolism of brain ethanolamine plasmalogens. The mechanism involved was studied. On the basis of measurements of breakdown products, specific inhibitor effects, and previous findings, we suggest that a plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 is the ceramide target. Arachidonate-rich pools of the diacylphosphatidylethanolamine subclass were also affected by ceramide, but the most affected were plasmalogens. Concomitantly with production of free arachidonate, increased 1-O-arachidonoyl ceramide formation was observed. Quinacrine (phospholipase A2 inhibitor) and 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (CoA-independent transacylase inhibitor) prevented all of these ceramide-elicited effects. Therefore, phospholipase and transacylase activities are tightly coupled. Okadaic acid (phosphatase 2A inhibitor) and PD 98059 (mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor) modified basal levels of ceramide and sphingomyelinase-induced accumulation of ceramide, respectively. Therefore, they provided no evidence to determine whether there is a sensitive enzyme downstream of ceramide. The evidence shows that there are serine-dependent and thiol-dependent enzymes downstream of ceramide generation. Furthermore, experiments with Ac-DEVD-CMK (caspase-3 specific inhibitor) have led us to conclude that caspase-3 is downstream of ceramide in activating the brain plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Latorre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Giusto NM, Salvador GA, Castagnet PI, Pasquaré SJ, Ilincheta de Boschero MG. Age-associated changes in central nervous system glycerolipid composition and metabolism. Neurochem Res 2002; 27:1513-23. [PMID: 12512956 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021604623208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, changes in brain lipid composition and metabolism due to aging are outlined. The most striking changes in cerebral cortex and cerebellum lipid composition involve an increase in acidic phospholipid synthesis. The most important changes with respect to fatty acyl composition involve a decreased content in polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, 22:6n-3) and an increased content in monounsaturated fatty acids (18:1n-9 and 20:1n-9), mainly in ethanolamine and serineglycerophospholipids. Changes in the activity of the enzymes modifying the phospholipid headgroup occur during aging. Serine incorporation into phosphatidylserine through base-exchange reactions and phosphatidylcholine synthesis through phosphatidylethanolamine methylation increases in the aged brain. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and phospholipase D activities are also altered in the aged brain thus producing changes in the lipid second messengers diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Giusto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Ross BM, Turenne SD. Chronic cocaine administration reduces phospholipase A(2) activity in rat brain striatum. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 66:479-83. [PMID: 12144867 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2002.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) catalyses the release of free fatty acids used for eicosanoid biosynthesis. We previously reported that calcium-stimulated PLA(2) activity is reduced in the brain of cocaine users and patients with schizophrenia, and have speculated that this is due to dopaminergic hyperactivity in both conditions. METHODS To investigate these observations under controlled conditions, PLA(2) activity was measured in brain of rats exposed to cocaine and the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol. RESULTS As compared with saline-treated controls, calcium-stimulated PLA(2) activity was reduced (-30%; P<0.01) in the dopamine-rich striatum of animals sacrificed 1 h after chronic (20 mg/kg/day) injection of cocaine, but was normal in haloperidol- (2 mg/kg/day) treated animals, and in the dopamine-poor cortex and cerebellum of animals treated with either drug. CONCLUSION This confirms and extends our observations in human brain, and further suggests a link between the brain dopaminergic and phospholipid catabolic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Ross
- Highland Psychiatric Research Foundation, UHI Millenium Institute, Inverness, Scotland.
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40
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Latorre E, Morán M, Aragonés MD, Saborido A, Fernández I, Delgado J, Catalán RE, Megías A. Exercise training-induced changes in sensitivity to endothelin-1 and aortic and cerebellum lipid profile in rats. Lipids 2002; 37:43-52. [PMID: 11876262 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study whether exercise training induces changes in the lipid profile of rat aorta and nervous system and in the in vitro intrinsic responsiveness of these tissues to endothel in-1 (ET-1) treatment. The exercise program performed successfully produced the characteristic metabolic alterations of the trained state. Exercise training induced a large and significant increase in the levels of both aortic ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlasEtn) and glucosylceramides. In contrast, a decrease of aortic ceramide and cholesterol levels was evoked by exercise training. ET-1 increased PlasEtn content only in sedentary animals. An exercise-induced increase in cerebellum levels of ceramides and ceramide monohexosides was found. The cerebellum ceramide content was increased by ET-1 more noticeably in sedentary rats than in trained animals. In contrast, cerebral cortex was observed to be largely insensitive to both exercise training and ET-1 treatment. It was concluded that exercise training (i) induces changes in both vascular and cerebellar lipid profiles, the former being much more pronounced than the latter, and (ii) diminishes the aortic and cerebellar sensitivity to ET-1 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Latorre
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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41
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Rosenberger TA, Oki J, Purdon AD, Rapoport SI, Murphy EJ. Rapid synthesis and turnover of brain microsomal ether phospholipids in the adult rat. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Antony P, Freysz L, Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. Effect of retinoic acid on the Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 in nuclei of LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:83-8. [PMID: 11358286 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007636801035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cell cultures contain Ca2+-independent phospholipases A2 hydrolyzing phosphatidylethanolamine and ethanolamine plasmalogens. These enzymes differ from each other in their molecular mass, substrate specificity, and kinetic properties. Subcellular distribution studies have indicated that the activity of these phospholipases is not only localized in the cytosol but also in non-nuclear membranes and in nuclei. The treatment of LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cell cultures with retinoic acid results in a marked stimulation of Ca2+-independent phospholipases A2 hydrolyzing phosphatidylethanolamine and plasmenylethanolamine. The increase of the activities of both enzymes was first observed in nuclei followed by those present in the cytosol. No effect of retinoic acid on either phospholipase activity could be observed in non-nuclear membranes. The stimulation of these enzymes may be involved in the generation and regulation of arachidonic acid and its metabolites during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Antony
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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Pettegrew JW, Panchalingam K, Hamilton RL, McClure RJ. Brain membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:771-82. [PMID: 11565608 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011603916962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated alterations in brain membrane phospholipid metabolite levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The changes in phospholipid metabolite levels correlate with neuropathological hallmarks of the disease and measures of cognitive decline. This 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of Folch extracts of autopsy material reveals significant reductions in AD brain levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), and elevations in sphingomyelin (SPH) and the plasmalogen derivative of PtdEtn. In the superior temporal gyrus, there were additional reductions in the levels of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidic acid (PtdA). The findings are present in 3/3 as well as 3/4 and 4/4 apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotypes. The AD findings do not appear to reflect non-specific neurodegeneration or the presence of gliosis. The present findings could possibly contribute to an abnormal membrane repair in AD brains which ultimately results in synaptic loss and the aggregation of A beta peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Pettegrew
- Department of Psychiatry. School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Prinetti A, Chigorno V, Prioni S, Loberto N, Marano N, Tettamanti G, Sonnino S. Changes in the lipid turnover, composition, and organization, as sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains, in rat cerebellar granule cells developing in vitro. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21136-45. [PMID: 11264283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010666200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we report on the properties of sphingolipid-enriched domains of rat cerebellar granule cells in culture at different stages of neuronal development. The major lipid components of these domains were glycerophospholipids and cholesterol. Glycerophospholipids were 45-75% and cholesterol 15-45% of total lipids of the domains. This corresponded to 5-17% of total cell glycerophospholipids and 15-45% of total cell cholesterol. Phosphatidylcholine, mainly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, was 66-85% of all the glycerophospholipids associated with these domains. Consequently, the palmitoyl residue was significantly enriched in the domains. The surface occupied by these structures increased during development. 40-70% of cell sphingolipids segregated in sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains, with the maximum ganglioside density in fully differentiated neurons. A high content of ceramide was found in the domains of aging neurons. Then, the sphingolipid/glycerophospholipid molar ratio was more than doubled during the initial stage of development, whereas the cholesterol/glycerophospholipid molar ratio gradually decreased during in vitro differentiation. Phosphorylated phosphoinositides, which were scant in the domains of undifferentiated cells, dramatically increased during differentiation and aging in culture. Proteins were minor components of the domains (0.1-2.8% of all domain components). Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins were selectively recovered in the sphingolipid-enriched domain. Among these, Src family protein-tyrosine kinases, known to participate to the process of neuronal differentiation, were associated with the sphingolipid-enriched domains in a way specific for the type of kinase and for the developmental stage of the cell. Proteins belonging to other signaling pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase and its downstream target, Akt, were not associated with the domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prinetti
- Study Center for the Functional Biochemistry of Brain Lipids, Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy 20090
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McHowat J, Creer MH, Rickard A. Stimulation of protease activated receptors on RT4 cells mediates arachidonic acid release via Ca2+ independent phospholipase A2. J Urol 2001; 165:2063-7. [PMID: 11371929 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200106000-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protease activated receptors (PAR) represent a family of G protein coupled receptors with 7 membrane spanning domains that are activated by proteolysis of the N-terminus of the receptor by serine proteases. The presence of multiple PARs on the same cell is thought to extend the range of proteases a cell responds to rather than expand the range of intracellular responses. We investigated arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release in the human urothelial carcinoma cell line RT4 in response to stimulation with thrombin, which activates PAR-1, and tryptase, which activates PAR-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS RT4 cells were incubated with thrombin, tryptase or PAR agonist peptides and intracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release were measured. Pretreatment with bromoenol lactone, a selective inhibitor for Ca2+ independent PLA2 (iPLA2), was also investigated. RESULTS Thrombin and tryptase stimulation resulted in a 2 to 3-fold increase in membrane associated iPLA2 that was accompanied by comparative increases in arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release. These responses were also observed when synthetic peptides representing the tethered ligand for each receptor were incubated with RT4 cells. Arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release, and iPLA2 activation were completely inhibited by pretreatment with bromoenol lactone. CONCLUSIONS Stimulating RT4 cells with PAR-1 or PAR-2 leads to the selective activation of iPLA2 as well as the release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2, which may provide cytoprotection during an acute inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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McHowat J, Creer MH, Rickard A. Stimulation of protease activated receptors on RT4 cells mediates arachidonic acid release via Ca2+ independent phospholipase A2. J Urol 2001. [PMID: 11371929 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protease activated receptors (PAR) represent a family of G protein coupled receptors with 7 membrane spanning domains that are activated by proteolysis of the N-terminus of the receptor by serine proteases. The presence of multiple PARs on the same cell is thought to extend the range of proteases a cell responds to rather than expand the range of intracellular responses. We investigated arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release in the human urothelial carcinoma cell line RT4 in response to stimulation with thrombin, which activates PAR-1, and tryptase, which activates PAR-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS RT4 cells were incubated with thrombin, tryptase or PAR agonist peptides and intracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release were measured. Pretreatment with bromoenol lactone, a selective inhibitor for Ca2+ independent PLA2 (iPLA2), was also investigated. RESULTS Thrombin and tryptase stimulation resulted in a 2 to 3-fold increase in membrane associated iPLA2 that was accompanied by comparative increases in arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release. These responses were also observed when synthetic peptides representing the tethered ligand for each receptor were incubated with RT4 cells. Arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release, and iPLA2 activation were completely inhibited by pretreatment with bromoenol lactone. CONCLUSIONS Stimulating RT4 cells with PAR-1 or PAR-2 leads to the selective activation of iPLA2 as well as the release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2, which may provide cytoprotection during an acute inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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47
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Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Plasmalogens: workhorse lipids of membranes in normal and injured neurons and glia. Neuroscientist 2001; 7:232-45. [PMID: 11499402 DOI: 10.1177/107385840100700308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are unique glycerophospholipids because they have an enol ether double bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. They are found in all mammalian tissues, with ethanolamine plasmalogens 10-fold higher than choline plasmalogens except in muscles. The enol ether double bond at the sn-1 position makes plasmalogens more susceptible to oxidative stress than the corresponding ester-bonded glycerophospholipids. Plasmalogens are not only structural membrane components and a reservoir for second messengers but may also be involved in membrane fusion, ion transport, and cholesterol efflux. Plasmalogens may also act as antioxidants, thus protecting cells from oxidative stress. Receptor-mediated degradation of plasmalogens by plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 results in the generation of arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, and platelet activating factor. Low levels of these metabolites have trophic effects, but at high concentration they are cytotoxic and may be involved in allergic response, inflammation, and trauma. Levels of plasmalogens are decreased in several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, and spinal cord trauma. This may be due to the stimulation of plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2. A deficiency of plasmalogens in peroxisomal disorders and Niemann-Pick type C disease indicates that this deficiency may be due to the decreased activity of plasmalogen synthesizing enzymes that occur in peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1218, USA
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48
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Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Plasmalogens, phospholipase A2, and docosahexaenoic acid turnover in brain tissue. J Mol Neurosci 2001; 16:263-72; discussion 279-84. [PMID: 11478381 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:16:2-3:263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids of neural membranes containing vinyl ether bonds. Their synthetic pathway is located in peroxisomes and endoplasmic reticulum. The rate-limiting enzymes are in the peroxisomes and are induced by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasmalogens often contain arachidonic acid (AA) or DHA at the sn-2 position of the glycerol moiety. The receptor-mediated hydrolysis of plasmalogens by cytosolic plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 generates AA or DHA and lysoplasmalogens. AA is metabolized to eicosanoids. The mechanism of signaling with DHA is not known. The plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 differs from other intracellular phospholipases A2 in molecular mass, kinetic properties, substrate specificity, and response to glycosaminoglycans, gangliosides, and sialoglycoproteins. A major portion of [3H]DHA incorporated into neural membranes is found at the sn-2 position of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. Studies with a mutant cell line defective in plasmalogen biosynthesis indicate that the incorporation of DHA is reduced in this RAW 264.7 cell line by 50%. In contrast, the incorporation of AA remains unaffected. This is reversed completely when the growth medium is supplemented with sn-1-hexadecylglycerol, suggesting that DHA can be selectively targeted for incorporation into plasmalogens. We suggest that deficiencies of DHA and plasmalogens in peroxisomal disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) may be responsible for abnormal signal transduction associated with learning disability, cognitive deficit, and visual dysfunction. These abnormalities in the signal-transduction process can be partially corrected by supplementation with a diet enriched with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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McHowat J, Tappia PS, Liu S, McCrory R, Panagia V. Redistribution and abnormal activity of phospholipase A(2) isoenzymes in postinfarct congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C573-80. [PMID: 11171577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.3.c573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac sarcolemmal (SL) cis-unsaturated fatty acid sensitive phospholipase D (cis-UFA PLD) is modulated by SL Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) activity via intramembrane release of cis-UFA. As PLD-derived phosphatidic acid influences intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and contractile performance of the cardiomyocyte, changes in iPLA(2) activity may contribute to abnormal function of the failing heart. We examined PLA(2) immunoprotein expression and activity in the SL and cytosol from noninfarcted left ventricular (LV) tissue of rats in an overt stage of congestive heart failure (CHF). Hemodynamic assessment of CHF animals showed an increase of the LV end-diastolic pressure with loss of contractile function. In normal hearts, immunoblot analysis revealed the presence of cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) and secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) in the cytosol, with cPLA(2) and iPLA(2) in the SL. Intracellular PLA(2) activity was predominantly Ca(2+) independent, with minimal sPLA(2) activity. CHF increased cPLA(2) immunoprotein and PLA(2) activity in the cytosol and decreased SL iPLA(2) and cPLA(2) immunoprotein and SL PLA(2) activity. sPLA(2) activity and abundance decreased in the cytosol and increased in SL in CHF. The results show that intrinsic to the pathophysiology of post-myocardial infarction CHF are abnormalities of SL PLA(2) isoenzymes, suggesting that PLA(2)-mediated bioprocesses are altered in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McHowat
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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Granier LA, Langley K, Leray C, Sarlieve LL. Phospholipid composition in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:1011-7. [PMID: 11114964 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a relatively common group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterised by the accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments (ceroid) similar to lipofuscin. Because of this property, studies have concentrated on fatty acid metabolism and lipid peroxidation. METHODS In the present study, the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and the molecular species compositions of diacylglycerophosphocholine (diacyl GPC), diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine (diacyl GPE) and alkenylacyl GPE (plasmalogens) were investigated in cultured skin fibroblasts from three patients with a confirmed diagnosis of the late infantile form of the disease (LINCL, CLN2) and three healthy age-matched controls. RESULTS Relatively minor differences in the fatty acid compositions of PC and PE were observed between patients and controls. However, dimethyl acetals of plasmalogens were found to be 40% higher in the patients compared to in the controls. Control and LINCL fibroblasts displayed only slight differences in the molecular compositions of diacyl GPE and diacyl GPC. In contrast, compared with normal cells, LINCL fibroblasts had higher levels of alkenylacyl GPE species containing both 18 : 1 and polyunsaturated fatty acids, but lower levels of species with 16 : 0 or 18 : 0 in the sn-1 position. CONCLUSION The molecular composition of PC and PE subclasses in skin fibroblasts of healthy subjects and patients suffering from LINCL is here described for the first time. While few differences are noticeable in the fatty acid composition of PC and PE and the molecular species distribution of diacylGPC and diacylGPE, the alkenylacyl GPE (or ethanolamine plasmalogens) were found to differ significantly between patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Granier
- Lilly Development Centre, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium
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