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Žegura B, Filipič M. The application of the Comet assay in fish cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Castaño A, Bols N, Braunbeck T, Dierickx P, Halder M, Isomaa B, Kawahara K, Lee LEJ, Mothersill C, Pärt P, Repetto G, Sintes JR, Rufli H, Smith R, Wood C, Segner H. The use of Fish Cells in Ecotoxicology: The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 47,. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 31:317-51. [PMID: 15612875 DOI: 10.1177/026119290303100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Castaño
- Animal Health Research Centre, Spanish National Institute for Food and Agrarian Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Sriuttha M, Khammanichanh A, Patawang I, Tanomtong A, Tengjaroenkul B, Neeratanaphan L. Cytotoxic Assessment of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) from a Domestic Wastewater Canal with Heavy Metal Contamination. CYTOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.82.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manop Sriuttha
- Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, Khon Kaen University
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, Khon Kaen University
| | - Arthone Khammanichanh
- Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, Khon Kaen University
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - Isara Patawang
- Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, Khon Kaen University
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, Khon Kaen University
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - Bundit Tengjaroenkul
- Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, Khon Kaen University
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University
| | - Lamyai Neeratanaphan
- Research Group on Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals, Khon Kaen University
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
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Ishikawa T, Ogata S, Okumura K, Taguchi AH. Detection of DMA Damages Induced by Five Model Chemicals in Goldfish Carassius auratus Cells Using Comet Assay. CYTOLOGIA 2005. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.70.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sánchez P, Llorente MT, Castaño A. Flow cytometric detection of micronuclei and cell cycle alterations in fish-derived cells after exposure to three model genotoxic agents: mitomycin C, vincristine sulfate and benzo(a)pyrene. Mutat Res 2000; 465:113-22. [PMID: 10708976 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of cytogenetic alterations in vitro is considered an initial step in the risk assessment procedures for genotoxic agents. The concern about genotoxic pollutants in natural fish population makes the use of fish-derived cells an useful tool for these purposes. The technological improvements in well-established cytogenetic endpoints, such as micronuclei (MN) estimations by means of flow cytometry, have been proposed in the later years using mammalian cells. In this work, we test the capability of flow cytometry to evaluate MN induction and cell cycle alterations in an established fish cell line (RTG-2) using three agent-inductor models at different concentrations and exposure periods. For mitomycin C, an inverse relationship between length of exposure period and concentrations was observed. A dose-response relationship was observed after exposing RTG-2 cells to vincristine sulfate and benzo(a)pyrene. As this study shows, RTG-2 cells respond to clastogenic and aneugenic effects of the tested chemicals through the induction of MN at similar doses to mammalian cells and without the addition of exogenous metabolic activity. The possibility to check cell cycle alterations, in the same sample, gives the opportunity to evaluate early signals of cytotoxicity. The use of flow cytometry improves the assay by means of its speed and objectivity, which makes the assay very useful for genotoxicity assessment of aquatic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sánchez
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
In aquatic toxicology, cytotoxicity tests using continuous fish cell lines have been suggested as a tool for (1) screening or toxicity ranking of anthropogenic chemicals, compound mixtures and environmental samples, (2) establishment of structure-activity relationships, and (3) replacement or supplementation of in vivo animal tests. Due to the small sample volumes necessary for cytotoxicity tests, they appear to be particularly suited for use in chemical fractionation studies. The present contribution reviews the existing literature on cytotoxicity studies with fish cells and considers the influence of cell line and cytotoxicity endpoint selection on the test results. Furthermore, in vitro/in vivo correlations between fish cell lines and intact fish are discussed. During recent years, fish cell lines have been increasingly used for purposes beyond their meanwhile established role for cytotoxicity measurements. They have been successfully introduced for detection of genotoxic effects, and cell lines are now applied for investigations on toxic mechanisms and on biomarkers such as cytochrome P4501A. The development of recombinant fish cell lines may further support their role as a bioanalytical tool in environmental diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Segner
- Department of Chemical Ecotoxicology, Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
An investigation of the cytogenetic effects of chromium (Cr(VI) and Cr(III)) in Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) was made. For detecting cytogenetic damage, micronuclei induction in fish erythrocyte cells was employed. Fish were investigated 100 m above and 400 m below the discharge of leather waste products into the river Ljubljanica, and by exposing fish to three doses of chromium (Cr(VI) and Cr(III)) in the laboratory. The exposure of fish to various concentration levels (sub-lethal) of chromium under laboratory and field conditions caused an increase in the frequency of micronuclei compared with the control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K al-Sabti
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Babich H, Borenfreund E. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays with cultured fish cells: A review. Toxicol In Vitro 1991; 5:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(91)90052-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/1990] [Revised: 07/25/1990] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Fish cell line (ULF-23HU) derived from the fin of the central mudminnow (Umbra limi): Suitable characteristics for clastogenicity assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02624131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Babich H, Borenfreund E. Cultured fish cells for the ecotoxicity testing of aquatic pollutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/tox.2540020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Ellingham TJ, Christensen EA, Maddock MB. In vitro induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of the oyster toadfish and American eel. ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 1986; 8:555-69. [PMID: 3089772 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860080407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of experiments was conducted to characterize the proliferation of oyster toadfish lymphocytes in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and to determine the effectiveness of cytogenetic endpoints for assessing the genotoxic effects of in vitro exposure of toadfish and eel lymphocytes to known mammalian clastogens. Although the rate of proliferation of toadfish lymphocytes was low compared to that of mammalian lymphocytes, the effects of increasing BrdUrd concentrations were similar, in that proliferation exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition for concentrations above 10 microM BrdUrd, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies exhibited a concentration-dependent increase for concentrations above 100 microM BrdUrd. Mitomycin C (MMC) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) induced concentration-dependent increases in chromatid-type exchange and SCE frequencies with least effective concentrations (control SCE frequency divided by the slope of the least-squares line) for SCE induction by MMC (6.8 X 10(-9) M) and EDB (2.6 X 10(-4) M) that were comparable to or slightly lower than those that have been obtained with mammalian in vitro systems. In vitro exposure of toadfish lymphocytes to dimethoate (DIM) induced a concentration-dependent increase in SCE frequency with a least effective concentration of 2.8 X 10(-3) M that was much higher than that observed with mammalian in vitro systems. In vitro exposure of American eel lymphocytes to MMC also induced a concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and SCEs with a least effective concentration for SCE induction of 2.0 X 10(-9) M. These results indicate that cytogenetic endpoints can be effectively scored with cultured lymphocytes from these and perhaps other fish species with comparable karyotypes that contain an average of at least 0.07 pg DNA/chromosome.
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Al-Sabti K. Clastogenic effects of five carcinogenic-mutagenic chemicals on the cells of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1986; 85:5-9. [PMID: 2877805 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(86)90043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytogenetic effects of various i.p. treatments with five carcinogenic-mutagenic chemicals and three doses for each (aflatoxin B1, Aroclor 1254, benzidine, benzo[a]pyrene and 20-methylcholanthrene), were investigated in the cells of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Injection with distilled water and corn oil served as the two control groups. For detecting cytogenetic damage we used two test systems, chromosomal aberrations (CA) in kidney cells and micronucleated erythrocytes (M). At 48 hr after treatment with the chemicals under investigation, the frequencies of CA and M were clearly increased in a dose-response manner compared to the control groups.
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Hose JE. Potential uses of sea urchin embryos for identifying toxic chemicals: description of a bioassay incorporating cytologic, cytogenetic and embryologic endpoints. J Appl Toxicol 1985; 5:245-54. [PMID: 4045097 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550050406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for evaluating pollutant genotoxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity using sea urchin embryos has been developed and was tested using benzo(a)pyrene (BP). Initial results suggested that the bioassay may be a sensitive indicator of pollutant toxicity and mutagenicity since several endpoints can be simultaneously assessed. The bioassay is rapid, inexpensive and appears applicable to a variety of toxicants and delivery methods. The test is based upon the standard 48 h sea urchin development assay and incorporates cytologic-cytogenetic analysis of embryos. Following toxic exposure of gametes, fertilization success is assessed. Embryos then develop for 48 h at which time survival and teratogenesis are evaluated. A subsample of embryos is stained and dissociated into monolayers and mitotic configurations are examined using light microscopy. Embryo mitotic rates are used as an indicator of overall embryonic health. Cytotoxic effects are concomitantly evaluated. Genotoxicity is measured using two methods: (1) anaphase aberration analysis, a technique which assesses abnormalities in the chromosome configurations (such as bridges and fragments) as the groups of chromosomes move to opposite poles and (2) micronucleus formation, a procedure examining the incidence of smaller, secondary nuclei composed of whole chromosomes or chromatid fragments. These two measurements preclude the need to examine individual chromosomes for deletions and exchanges, a laborious process in most aquatic organisms which possess numerous relatively small chromosomes. This genotoxicity-teratogenicity test appears promising for laboratory evaluations of individual substances or of complex chemical mixtures as well as for environmental monitoring of nearshore areas. The standard development assay has been used to screen pharmaceuticals and environmental contaminants and some recent investigations have included mitotic aberration analysis. Experiments in our laboratory suggest that the genotoxicity-teratogenicity test may be a feasible approach to field monitoring. Mutagen loads of spawning adult urchins could be assessed by conducting cytologic-cytogenetic analysis of resulting embryos although initial studies suggest that this method is less sensitive than direct embryo exposures.
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Al-Sabti K. Carcinogenic-mutagenic chemicals induced chromosomal aberrations in the kidney cells of three cyprinids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1985; 82:489-93. [PMID: 2866926 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo kidney cells of three cyprinids (common carp, tench and grass carp) were used to study chromosomal aberrations (CA) after i.p. administration and direct effects of five well known carcinogenic-mutagenic chemicals (aflatoxin B1, Aroclor 1254, benzidine, benzo[a]pyrene and 20-methyl-cholanthrene). Injections with distilled water and corn oil served as the two control groups. The induction rate of CA in the cells of the fish species exposed to the chemicals tested for 48 hr clearly shows not only an increase in the CA frequency in a dose-response manner above the control, but also a species response dependency. The results show that the in vivo CA method in the fish system proved to be an excellent means to detect or investigate water-borne or internally administered carcinogenic-mutagenic agents.
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Zakour HR, Landolt ML, Kocan RM. Sister chromatid exchange analysis in cultured peripheral blood leukocytes of the coldwater marine fish, Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus): a feasible system for assessing genotoxic marine pollutants. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1984; 29 Pt B:493-508. [PMID: 6529413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4892-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of environmental contaminants and test compounds to aquatic and marine fish has primarily been assessed by in vivo techniques that require sacrifice of the test organism for analysis. The major objective of this research was to develop an in vitro sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay which would utilize cultured peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of a coldwater marine fish species. Use of PBLs in cytogenetic genotoxicity tests has several advantages, the major one being that the experimental fish need not be sacrificed for sample collection. In addition, this nondestructive method of tissue collection permits the investigator to take multiple samples from a single individual and thereby allows the use of an individual as its own control and to monitor its SCE frequency over time. A suitable in vitro culture method for fish PBLs was a prerequisite for cytogenetic analysis of this tissue. The in vitro culture conditions necessary to provide a sufficient number of dividing cells for performance of the SCE assay were established in our laboratory for the PBLs of the Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), a common bottom-dwelling Puget Sound fish. The major components of this culture system are heparinized whole blood, fetal bovine serum-supplemented enriched tissue culture medium (RPMI 1640), purified protein derivative of tuberculin as a mitogen, and an incubation temperature of 13.5 degrees C. This in vitro PBL culture system is unique because it involves cultured blood cells from a coldwater marine fish species. Using this culture method, SCE induction was investigated in Pacific staghorn sculpin PBLs which had been exposed in vitro to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a known direct-acting inducer of SCEs. Cultured cells exposed in vitro responded to MNNG in a dose-related manner in regard to SCE induction, and the frequency of "outlier" cells increased at the higher concentrations of MNNG. With further development, this technique may be adaptable for use with in vivo genotoxicity studies and provide information concerning the induction and persistence of chemically induced SCEs in fish. This PBL/SCE assay may also be a feasible assessment tool for detecting exposure of marine fish to genotoxic environmental contaminants in laboratory and field situations.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in 1960, this compound has become one of the most widely used chemical mutagens. The present paper gives a survey on the chemistry, metabolism, and mode of interaction of MNNG with DNA and proteins, and of the genotoxic effects of this agent on microorganisms, plants, and animals, including human cells cultured in vitro. Data on the carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of MNNG as well as on the genotoxic effects of homologs of MNNG are also presented.
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Krishnaja AP, Rege MS. Induction of chromosomal aberrations in fish Boleophthalmus dissumieri after exposure in vivo to mitomycin C and heavy metals mercury, selenium and chromium. Mutat Res 1982; 102:71-82. [PMID: 6811879 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(82)90147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The possibilities were explored of using fish as a cytogenetic model in vivo for the detection of potential mutagens. Boleophthalmus dussumieri (2n = 46, fairly large acrocentric chromosomes), an edible mud-skipper and a widely occurring Goby along the Bombay coast, was chosen as the test species after screening 20 species of fish locally available. I.m. injections of mitomycin C in the dose range of 0.5-2.0 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of aberrations per metaphase compared with the control. A dose-response effect was also evident. The types of aberration observed included chromatid and isochromatid breaks, fragments, rings, exchanges and unclassified markers. A significant increase in the number of gaps was also observed. Clastogenic effects of metals such as Hg, Se and Cr in the form of phenyl mercuric acetate, selenium dioxide and sodium dichromate following direct (i.m. injections) and indirect (dissolved in the aquarial water) exposures were studied. A marked enhancement was noticed in the aberration frequency at most of the dose levels tested. Spontaneous chromosomal aberrations in this species were rather rare and occurred at a rate close to zero. If developed along proper lines, fish could be a useful biological model for studying the teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of environmental chemicals.
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Kocan RM, Landolt ML, Sabo KM. Anaphase aberrations: a measure of genotoxicity in mutagen-treated fish cells. ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 1982; 4:181-9. [PMID: 6280991 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout gonad cells (RTG-2) were cultured for various lengths of time in the presence of several classes of known mutagenic chemicals and several related compounds that possessed no known mutagenic/carcinogenic activity. During the course of exposure the cells were examined for the presence of abnormalities in the chromosome arrangement of anaphase figures during mitosis. Untreated and solvent-treated (dimethylsulfoxide-treated) cells exhibited a background abnormality rate of 12% with only minor chromosomal defects being observed. This was also true for those cells exposed to naphthol and anthracene, two chemicals with no proven mutagenic or carcinogenic activity. Conversely, significant increases in the frequency of anaphase aberrations were produced in cells treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, benzo(a)pyrene, 9-aminoacridine and mitomycin-C. These abnormalities were also far more complex and extensive than those observed in the control and nonmutagen-treated cells. Many species of fish have extremely small and numerous chromosomes, making resolution of chromosome defects such as sister chromatid exchange and deletions more difficult than in most mammalian diploid cells, which generally have larger and fewer chromosomes. Examination of cells during anaphase eliminates the need to observe each chromosome separately as well as the need to produce well-spread metaphase chromosomes. Since the sensitivity of anaphase aberrations to known mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds appears to be quite high in trout cells and since hundreds of suitable cells are available for analysis, this may be an appropriate alternative or addition to some of the more standard chromosome macrolesion tests developed in mammalian systems.
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