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Wang Z, Liu Q, Luo J, Luo P, Wu Y. A Straightforward, Sensitive, and Reliable Strategy for Ethyl Carbamate Detection in By-Products from Baijiu Production by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Foods 2024; 13:1835. [PMID: 38928776 PMCID: PMC11203372 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Baijiu is a renowned Chinese distilled liquor, notable for its distinctive flavor profile and intricate production process, which prominently involves fermentation and distillation. Ethyl carbamate (EC), a probable human carcinogen, can be potentially formed during these procedures, thus prompting significant health concerns. Consequently, the contamination of EC during Baijiu production has become an increasingly pressing issue. In this study, we developed a rapid and easily operable immunoassay for determining EC in the fermented materials used in Baijiu production. The development of a high-quality antibody specific to EC facilitated a streamlined analytical procedure and heightened method sensitivity. Furthermore, we systematically evaluated other essential parameters. Following optimization, the method achieved an IC50 value of 11.83 μg/kg, with negligible cross-reactivity against EC analogs. The recovery study demonstrated the method's good accuracy and precision, with mean recovery rates ranging from 86.0% to 105.5% and coefficients of variation all below 10%. To validate the feasibility of the technique, we collected and analyzed 39 samples simultaneously using both the proposed immunoassay and confirmatory gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A robust correlation was observed between the results obtained from the two methods (R2 > 0.99). The detected EC levels ranged from 2.36 μg/kg to 7.08 μg/kg, indicating an increase during the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Wang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
| | - Pengjie Luo
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
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2
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Shalamitskiy MY, Tanashchuk TN, Cherviak SN, Vasyagin EA, Ravin NV, Mardanov AV. Ethyl Carbamate in Fermented Food Products: Sources of Appearance, Hazards and Methods for Reducing Its Content. Foods 2023; 12:3816. [PMID: 37893709 PMCID: PMC10606259 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate, the ethyl ester of carbamic acid, has been identified in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. Since ethyl carbamate is a probable human carcinogen, reduction of its content is important for food safety and human health. In alcoholic beverages, ethyl carbamate is mostly formed from the reaction of ethanol with urea, citrulline and carbamyl phosphate during fermentation and storage. These precursors are generated from arginine metabolism by wine yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. This review summarizes the mechanisms of ethyl carbamate formation, its impact on human health and methods used in winemaking to minimize its content. These approaches include genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains targeting pathways of arginine transport and metabolism, the use of lactic acid bacteria to consume arginine, direct degradation of ethyl carbamate by enzymes and microorganisms, and different technological methods of grape cultivation, alcoholic fermentation, wine aging, temperature and duration of storage and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Yu. Shalamitskiy
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Tatiana N. Tanashchuk
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Sofia N. Cherviak
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Egor A. Vasyagin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Nikolai V. Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Andrey V. Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
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3
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Ratkovich N, Esser C, de Resende Machado AM, Mendes BDA, Cardoso MDG. The Spirit of Cachaça Production: An Umbrella Review of Processes, Flavour, Contaminants and Quality Improvement. Foods 2023; 12:3325. [PMID: 37685257 PMCID: PMC10486784 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the production, classification, and quality control of cachaça, a traditional Brazilian sugarcane spirit with significant cultural importance. It explores the fermentation and distillation of sugarcane juice, the ageing process in wooden containers, and the regulatory aspects of cachaça labelling. It emphasises the role of quality control in maintaining the spirit's integrity, focusing on monitoring copper levels in distillation stills. Ethyl carbamate (EC), a potential carcinogen found in cachaça, is investigated, with the study illuminating factors influencing its formation and prevalence and the importance of its vigilant monitoring for ensuring safety and quality. It also underscores the control of multiple parameters in producing high-quality cachaça, including raw material selection, yeast strains, acidity, and contaminants. Further, the impact of ageing, wood cask type, and yeast strains on cachaça quality is examined, along with potential uses of vinasse, a cachaça by-product, in yeast cell biomass production and fertigation. A deeper understanding of the (bio)chemical and microbiological reactions involved in cachaça production is essential to facilitate quality control and standardisation of sensory descriptors, promoting global acceptance of cachaça. Continued research will address safety concerns, improve quality, and support the long-term sustainability and success of the cachaça industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ratkovich
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Christian Esser
- Wineschool3, P.O. Box 11227, Grand Cayman KY1-1008, Cayman Islands;
| | - Ana Maria de Resende Machado
- Departamento de Química, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Avenida Amazonas, 5253, Nova Suiça, Belo Horizonte 30421-169, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Maria das Graças Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lavras (UFLA), Campus Universitário, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil;
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4
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Inthachat W, Suttisansanee U, Kruawan K, On-Nom N, Chupeerach C, Temviriyanukul P. Evaluation of Mutagenicity and Anti-Mutagenicity of Various Bean Milks Using Drosophila with High Bioactivation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193090. [PMID: 36230165 PMCID: PMC9562202 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of a nutritious diet including phytochemicals can minimize mutations as the primary cause of carcinogenesis. Bean consumption supplies calories, minerals and phytochemicals but their anti-mutagenic properties in vivo remain little understood. Hence, the present study aimed to study the mutagenicity and anti-mutagenic properties of five bean milks using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) involving Drosophila with high bioactivation. Milk derived from five bean varieties, namely black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mung bean (Phaseolus aureus), peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) did not induce DNA mutations in Drosophila with high bioactivation, indicating their genome-safe properties. All bean milks showed anti-mutagenicity against the food-derived mutagen, urethane, in vivo with different degrees of inhibition. In the co-administration study, larvae were treated with each bean milk together with urethane. Soybean milk showed the highest anti-mutagenicity at 27.75%; peanut milk exhibited the lowest at 7.51%. In the pre-feeding study, the larvae received each bean milk followed by urethane. Soybean milk exhibited the highest anti-mutagenic potential, followed by red kidney bean and black bean milks. Total phenolic and antioxidant data revealed that the anti-mutagenicity of both red kidney bean milk and black bean milk might be derived from their phenolic or antioxidant properties; other phytochemicals may contribute to the high anti-mutagenicity observed in soybean milk. Further investigations on the anti-mutagenicity of bean milks against other dietary mutagens are required to develop bean-based products with potent anti-mutagenic properties.
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5
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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6
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Satoh H, Arai Y, Furukawa E, Moriguchi T, Hama N, Urushidate T, Totoki Y, Kato M, Ohe Y, Yamamoto M, Shibata T. Genomic landscape of chemical-induced lung tumors under Nrf2 different expression levels. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:613-623. [PMID: 35561328 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 plays a crucial role in the anti-oxidative stress response, protection of DNA from injury, and DNA repair mechanisms. Nrf2 activity reduces cancer initiation, but how Nrf2 affects whole-genome alterations upon carcinogenic stimulus remains unexplored. Although recent genome-wide analysis using next-generation sequencing revealed landscapes of nucleotide mutations and copy number alterations in various human cancers, genomic changes in murine cancer models have not been thoroughly examined. We elucidated the relationship between Nrf2 expression levels and whole exon mutation patterns using an ethyl-carbamate (urethane)-induced lung carcinogenesis model employing Nrf2-deficient and Keap1-kd mice, the latter of which express high levels of Nrf2. Exome analysis demonstrated that single nucleotide and trinucleotide mutation patterns and the Kras mutational signature differed significantly and were dependent on the expression level of Nrf2. The Nrf2-deficient tumors exhibited fewer copy number alterations relative to the Nrf2-wt and Keap1-kd tumors. The observed trend in genomic alterations likely prevented the Nrf2-deficient tumors from progressing into malignancy. For the first time, we present whole-exome sequencing results for chemically-induced lung tumors in the Nrf2 gain or loss of function mouse models. Our results demonstrate that different Nrf2 expression levels lead to distinct gene mutation patterns that underly different oncogenic mechanisms in each tumor genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Satoh
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pulmonary Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Arai
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisaku Furukawa
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natuko Hama
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Urushidate
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kato
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pulmonary Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Vázquez L, Sánchez-Moyano M, de la Iglesia L, Reglero G, Torres CF. A new urea adducts method for PUFA concentration using green food grade solvents and avoiding ethyl carbamate formation. Food Chem 2022; 392:133197. [PMID: 35659697 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to selectively enrich stearidonic acid (SDA) together with γ-linolenic acid (GLA) in Echium plantagineum oil by urea complexation. The complexation process at room temperature was carried out replacing common organic solvents, such as hexane and ethanol, by alternative compounds, included in Green Solvent and Food Grade categories, adapting this process towards the principles of Green Chemistry. This substitution was also intended to avoid the generation of the toxic compound ethyl carbamate. Among all the solvents studied, the mixture propionic acid and α-pinene provided the best results, leading to a final product comprised of ∼99% of PUFA, with ∼45% SDA (∼14% in the original oil), and without apparition of ethyl carbamate. The procedure was tested on other raw materials (salmon and microalgae oils). The solvent was efficiently recuperated from the liquid phase (∼87% recovery) and reutilized once with almost identical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vázquez
- Department of Novel Food Production and Characterization, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mario Sánchez-Moyano
- Department of Novel Food Production and Characterization, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena de la Iglesia
- Department of Novel Food Production and Characterization, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Department of Novel Food Production and Characterization, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos F Torres
- Department of Novel Food Production and Characterization, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Guan T, Tian X, Wu J, Luo J, Peng Z, Yang H, Zhao X, Zhang J. Investigation and risk assessment of ethyl carbamate in Chinese Baijiu. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Abt E, Incorvati V, Robin LP, Redan BW. Occurrence of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Review of the Formation Mechanisms, Advances in Analytical Methods, and Mitigation Strategies. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2195-2212. [PMID: 34347857 PMCID: PMC9092314 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a process contaminant that can be formed as a by-product during fermentation and processing of foods and beverages. Elevated EC concentrations are primarily associated with distilled spirits, but this compound has also been found at lower concentrations in foods and beverages, including breads, soy sauce, and wine. Evidence from animal studies suggests that EC is a probable human carcinogen. Consequently, several governmental institutions have established allowable limits for EC in the food supply. This review includes EC formation mechanisms, occurrence of EC in the food supply, and EC dietary exposure assessments. Current analytical methods used to detect EC will be covered, in addition to emerging technologies, such as nanosensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Various mitigation methods have been used to maintain EC concentrations below allowable limits, including distillation, enzymatic treatments, and genetic engineering of yeast. More research in this field is needed to refine mitigation strategies and develop methods to rapidly detect EC in the food supply. HIGHLIGHTS
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10
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Han Y, Du J, Song Z. Effects of the yeast endogenous β-glucosidase on hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) wine ethyl carbamate and volatile compounds. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Choi B, Koh E. Effect of fruit thermal processing on ethyl carbamate content in maesil ( Prunus mume) liqueur. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1427-1434. [PMID: 34790426 PMCID: PMC8581116 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal effect of maesil on the content of ethyl carbamate and its precursors during one-year ripening of maesil liqueur was investigated. Fresh maesil (control), fruit blanched for 2 min (blanched), and fruit blanched and dried for 15 h at 50 °C (blanched/dried) were soaked in the liquor containing 25% alcohol at a ratio of 1:2 (w/w) for 100 days at 25 °C and the liquid was further ripened for 260 days. Ethyl carbamate ranged from 13.1 to 204.4 μg/kg with the highest value at 210 day. Thermally treated samples had higher ethyl carbamate concentration than the control, suggesting that thermal treatment increased the formation of ethyl carbamate. A positive correlation between ethyl carbamate content and β-glucosidase activity in all samples indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin by β-glucosidase determined ethyl carbamate concentration during the fermentation of maesil liqueur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogyoung Choi
- Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797 Korea
| | - Eunmi Koh
- Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797 Korea
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12
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Kim S, Jung S, Kim I, Chung M, Shin S, Lee J. Ethyl carbamate in retail market condiments and risk assessment of its dietary exposure for the Korean population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2026-2035. [PMID: 34407742 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1963491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), a potential human dietary carcinogen, is found in fermented foods including the fermented soybean-based condiments, the major part of the Korean diet. Therefore, it is expected that their EC contents might pose health risks. Herein, we collected 111 condiments and estimated their EC contents via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further, dietary intake of EC was evaluated, and the risk levels were assessed via the margin of exposure (MOE) approach and excess cancer risk assessment. EC contents of the condiments ranged from not detectable to 39.47 μg/kg, and the daily EC exposure ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 ng/kg BW per day, depending on gender and age groups in Korea. Of the condiments, soy sauce was the largest contributor to EC exposure. MOE and excess cancer risks for the average consumer were 166,300 and 9.0 × 10-8, respectively, and those for the consumers in the 95th percentiles (P95) were 53,504 and 2.8 × 10-7, respectively, indicating that the risk of exposure to EC is of lower concern in average consumers than heavy consumers. However, the EC exposure from condiments was higher than that in other Asian countries.Abbreviations: EC: ethyl carbamate; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; MOE: margin of exposure; MRL: maximum residue level; IDL: instrumental detection level; IQL: instrumental quantification level; MDL: method detection level; MQL: method quantification level; EDI: estimated daily intakes; BMDL10: benchmark dose lower confidence limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyeon Jung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungSub Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangah Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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13
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Liang Z, Gao J, Yu P, Yang D. History, mechanism of action, and toxicity: a review of commonly used dough rheology improvers. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:947-963. [PMID: 34309422 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1956427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dough rheology improvers, which often are oxidative reagents in nature, have long been used in bread-making industry to enhance protein crosslinking and subsequently improve the dough rheological properties and bread qualities. Numerous studies were conducted to explore the effects of these oxidative agents on dough quality improving, however, the underlying mechanism of their action during dough development has not been fully understood. Due to the public health concerns, multiple oxidative reagents were banned in some countries across the world, while others are still permitted in accordance with regulations. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of their application, significance, and safety in bread manufacturing is necessary. This review aims to provide a detailed information about the evolutionary history of several commonly used oxidants acting as dough rheology improvers, their mechanisms of action, as well as their potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jihui Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peixuan Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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14
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Xu X, Li T, Ji Y, Jiang X, Shi X, Wang B. Origin, Succession, and Control of Biotoxin in Wine. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703391. [PMID: 34367103 PMCID: PMC8339702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wine is a worldwide alcoholic beverage with antioxidant active substances and complex flavors. Moderate drinking of wine has been proven to be beneficial to health. However, wine has some negative components, such as residual pesticides, heavy metals, and biotoxins. Of these, biotoxins from microorganisms were characterized as the most important toxins in wine. Wine fermentation mainly involves alcoholic fermentation, malolactic fermentation, and aging, which endue wine with complex flavors and even produce some undesirable metabolites. These metabolites cause potential safety risks that are not thoroughly understood. This review aimed to investigate the origin, evolution, and control technology of undesirable metabolites (e.g., ochratoxin A, ethyl carbamate, and biogenic amines) in wine. It also highlighted current wine industry practices of minimizing the number of biotoxins in wine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xuewei Shi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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15
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Jung S, Kim S, Kim I, Chung MS, Moon B, Shin S, Lee J. Risk assessment of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages in Korea using the margin of exposure approach and cancer risk assessment. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Corrêa AC, Bortoletto AM, Silvello GC, Alcarde AR. Novel distilled spirits obtained from combinations of fermented sugarcane juice and malted barley wort. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Corrêa
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ Universidade de São Paulo Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | | | | | - André Ricardo Alcarde
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ Universidade de São Paulo Piracicaba SP Brazil
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17
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Wu D, Xie W, Li X, Cai G, Lu J, Xie G. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to minimize ethyl carbamate accumulation during Chinese rice wine fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4435-4444. [PMID: 32215703 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a potential carcinogen to humans that is mainly produced through the spontaneous reaction between urea and ethanol during Chinese rice wine brewing. We metabolically engineered a strain by over-expressing the DUR3 gene in a previously modified strain using an improved CRISPR/Cas9 system to further decrease the EC level. Homologous recombination of the DUR3 over-expression cassette was performed at the HO locus by individual transformation of the constructed plasmid CRISPR-DUR3-gBlock-HO, generating the engineered strain N85DUR1,2/DUR3-c. Consequently, the DUR3 expression level was significantly enhanced in the modified strain, resulting in increased utilization of urea. The brewing test showed that N85DUR1,2/DUR3-c reduced urea and EC concentrations by 92.0% and 58.5%, respectively, compared with those of the original N85 strain. Moreover, the engineered strain showed good genetic stability in reducing urea content during the repeated brewing experiments. Importantly, the genetic manipulation had a negligible effect on the growth and fermentation characteristics of the yeast strain. Therefore, the constructed strain is potentially suitable for application to reduce urea and EC contents during production of Chinese rice wine. KEY POINTS: • An efficient CRISPR vector was constructed and applied for DUR3 over-expression. • Multi-modification of urea cycle had synergistic effect on reducing EC level. • Fermentation performance of engineered strain was similar with the parental strain. • No residual heterologous genes were left in the genome after genetic manipulation. • An efficient CRISPR vector was constructed and applied for DUR3 over-expression. • Multi-modification of urea cycle had synergistic effect on reducing EC level. • Fermentation performance of engineered strain was similar with the parental strain. • No residual heterologous genes were left in the genome after genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfa Xie
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, People's Republic of China
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18
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Chu Q, Jia R, Chen W, Liu Y, Li Y, Ye X, Jiang Y, Zheng X. Purified Tetrastigma hemsleyanum vines polysaccharide attenuates EC-induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans via DAF-16/FOXO pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1192-1202. [PMID: 31739013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl Carbamate (EC), as a carcinogen widely found in fermented foods, was verified that its cytotoxicity was associated with oxidative stress. Polysaccharides from natural sources due to their antioxidative capacity have attracted great attention in the past time. In this study, purified polysaccharide from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum vines (TVP) with 64.89 kDA was extracted and conducted multiple analysis to identify its structural information. It could be discovered that TVP was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose. In vitro, TVP could inhibit cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, attenuate oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by EC in Caco-2 cells. Meanwhile, TVP could suppress apoptosis by mTOR and Bcl-2 signaling pathways, ameliorate oxidative via Sirt1-FoxO1 and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathways. In vivo, EC as well triggered the decline of survival and athletic ability in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and TVP could reverse the decline. In the meantime, TVP could ameliorate oxidative damage in N2 and daf-2 (-) mutant but fail in daf-16 (-) mutant, which suggested that DAF-16 (FOXO) might affect the antioxidative protection of TVP in C. elegans. In brief, our results manifested that TVP could attenuate EC-induced cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyi Jia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglu Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Shanghai Zhengyue Enterprise Management Co, Ltd., 19th Floor, Block B, Xinchengkonggu Building, No. 388 Zhongjiang Road, Putuo District, Shanghai 600062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Ginésy M, Enman J, Rusanova-Naydenova D, Rova U. Simultaneous Quantification of L-arginine and Monosaccharides during Fermentation: An Advanced Chromatography Approach. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040802. [PMID: 30813364 PMCID: PMC6413082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for L-arginine by the food and pharmaceutical industries has sparked the search for sustainable ways of producing it. Microbial fermentation offers a suitable alternative; however, monitoring of arginine production and carbon source uptake during fermentation, requires simple and reliable quantitative methods compatible with the fermentation medium. Two methods for the simultaneous quantification of arginine and glucose or xylose are described here: high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled to integrated pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-IPAD) and reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with charged aerosol detection (RP-UHPLC-CAD). Both were thoroughly validated in a lysogeny broth, a minimal medium, and a complex medium containing corn steep liquor. HPAEC-IPAD displayed an excellent specificity, accuracy, and precision for arginine, glucose, and xylose in minimal medium and lysogeny broth, whereas specificity and accuracy for arginine were somewhat lower in medium containing corn steep liquor. RP-UHPLC-CAD exhibited high accuracy and precision, and enabled successful monitoring of arginine and glucose or xylose in all media. The present study describes the first successful application of the above chromatographic methods for the determination and monitoring of L-arginine amounts during its fermentative production by a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain cultivated in various growth media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ginésy
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Josefine Enman
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Daniela Rusanova-Naydenova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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20
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Chen G, Wen H, Mao Z, Song J, Jiang H, Wang W, Yang Y, Miao Y, Wang C, Huang Z, Wang X. Assessment of the Pig-a, micronucleus, and comet assay endpoints in rats treated by acute or repeated dosing protocols with procarbazine hydrochloride and ethyl carbamate. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:56-71. [PMID: 30240497 DOI: 10.1002/em.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The utility and sensitivity of the newly developed flow cytometric Pig-a gene mutation assay have become a great concern recently. In this study, we have examined the feasibility of integrating the Pig-a assay as well as micronucleus and Comet endpoints into acute and subchronic general toxicology studies. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 3 or 28 consecutive days by oral gavage with procarbazine hydrochloride (PCZ) or ethyl carbamate (EC) up to the maximum tolerated dose. The induction of CD59-negative reticulocytes and erythrocytes, micronucleated reticulocytes in peripheral blood, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow, and Comet responses in peripheral blood, liver, kidney, and lung were evaluated at one, two, or more timepoints. Both PCZ and EC produced positive responses at most analyzed timepoints in all tissue types, both with the 3-day and 28-day treatment regimens. Furthermore, comparison of the magnitude of the genotoxicity responses indicated that the micronucleus and Comet endpoints generally produced greater responses with the higher dose, short-term treatments in the 3-day study, while the Pig-a assay responded better to the cumulative effects of the lower dose, but repeated subchronic dosing in the 28-day study. Collectively, these results indicate that integration of several in vivo genotoxicity endpoints into a single routine toxicology study is feasible and that the Pig-a assay may be particularly suitable for integration into subchronic dose studies based on its ability to accumulate the mutations that result from repeated treatments. This characteristic may be especially important for assaying lower doses of relatively weak genotoxicants. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:56-71, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairuo Wen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufa Miao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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21
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22
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Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Sugar Cane Spirit by Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using 18-Crown-6/Trifluoroacetic Acid Spiking Additives. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Soldatkin OO, Marchenko SV, Soldatkina OV, Cherenok SO, Kalchenko OI, Prynova OS, Sylenko OM, Kalchenko VI, Dzyadevych SV. Conductometric sensor with calixarene-based chemosensitive element for the arginine detection. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Kim KH, Bae Y, Lee KS, Moon Y, Kwon CH, Ahn JH. Characterization of Mutagenicity Test and Identification of N-Nitroso Mutagens in Some Soju Alcoholic Spirits. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2012-0716-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Kyu-Sup Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Chae Hwa Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Ahn
- Korea Science Academy, Busan, Korea
- Institute for Gifted Students, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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25
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Quantitative strategies for detecting different levels of ethyl carbamate (EC) in various fermented food matrices: An overview. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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26
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Wu D, Li X, Sun J, Cai G, Xie G, Lu J. Effect of citrulline metabolism inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeon the formation of ethyl carbamate during Chinese rice wine fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Junyong Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfa Xie
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Chinese Rice Wine; China Shaoxing Rice Wine Group Co. Ltd Shaoxing 312000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
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27
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Lee GH, Bang DY, Lim JH, Yoon SM, Yea MJ, Chi YM. Simultaneous determination of ethyl carbamate and urea in Korean rice wine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:44-49. [PMID: 28946124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid method for simultaneous detection of ethyl carbamate (EC) and urea in Korean rice wine was developed. To achieve quantitative analysis of EC and urea, the conditions for Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) separation and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS) detection were first optimized. Under the established conditions, the detection limit, relative standard deviation and linear range were 2.83μg/L, 3.75-5.96%, and 0.01-10.0mg/L, respectively, for urea; the corresponding values were 0.17μg/L, 1.06-4.01%, and 1.0-50.0μg/L, respectively, for EC. The correlation between the contents of EC and its precursor urea was determined under specific pH (3.5 and 4.5) and temperature (4, 25, and 50°C) conditions using the developed method. As a result, EC content was increased with greater temperature and lower pH. In Korean rice wine, urea was detected 0.19-1.37mg/L and EC was detected 2.0-7.7μg/L. The method developed in this study, which has the advantages of simplified sample preparation, low detection limits, and good selectivity, was successfully applied for the rapid analysis of EC and urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Hweon Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Bang
- Lotte R&D Center, 19, Yangpyeong-ro 19-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07209, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Lim
- Lotte R&D Center, 19, Yangpyeong-ro 19-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07209, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Min Yoon
- Lotte R&D Center, 19, Yangpyeong-ro 19-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07209, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Jai Yea
- Lotte R&D Center, 19, Yangpyeong-ro 19-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07209, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Chi
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Choi B, Ryu D, Kim CI, Lee JY, Choi A, Koh E. Probabilistic dietary exposure to ethyl carbamate from fermented foods and alcoholic beverages in the Korean population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1885-1892. [PMID: 28783003 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of ethyl carbamate was investigated in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages of the Korean total diet study. The concentrations of ethyl carbamate ranged from not detected to 166.5 μg kg-1. Dietary exposure to ethyl carbamate was estimated by the probabilistic method. Estimated intakes of ethyl carbamate from foods and alcoholic beverages were 4.12 ng kg-1 body weight (bw) per day for average consumers and 12.37 ng kg-1 bw/day for 95th percentile high consumers. The major foods contributing to ethyl carbamate exposure were soy sauce (63%), followed by maesilju (plum liqueur, 30%), whisky (5%), and bokbunjaju (black raspberry wine, 2%). On the basis of the benchmark dose lower confidence limit 10% (BMDL10) of 0.3 mg kg-1 bw/day, margins of exposure were 128,000 for mean exposure and 40,000 for 95th percentile exposure. This indicates that the exposure of the Korean general population for ethyl carbamate is of low concern. However, careful vigilance should be continued for high consumers of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Choi
- a Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System , Seoul Women's University , Seoul , Korea
| | - D Ryu
- a Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System , Seoul Women's University , Seoul , Korea
| | - C-I Kim
- b Bureau of Health Industry Promotion , Korea Health Industry Development Institute , Osong , Chungcheongbuk-do , Korea
| | - J-Y Lee
- b Bureau of Health Industry Promotion , Korea Health Industry Development Institute , Osong , Chungcheongbuk-do , Korea
| | - A Choi
- b Bureau of Health Industry Promotion , Korea Health Industry Development Institute , Osong , Chungcheongbuk-do , Korea
| | - E Koh
- a Major of Food & Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System , Seoul Women's University , Seoul , Korea
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29
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Chaim IA, Gardner A, Wu J, Iyama T, Wilson DM, Samson LD. A novel role for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair for the in vivo repair of 3,N4-ethenocytosine. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3242-3252. [PMID: 28115629 PMCID: PMC5389632 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Etheno (ε) DNA base adducts are highly mutagenic lesions produced endogenously via reactions with lipid peroxidation (LPO) products. Cancer-promoting conditions, such as inflammation, can induce persistent oxidative stress and increased LPO, resulting in the accumulation of ε-adducts in different tissues. Using a recently described fluorescence multiplexed host cell reactivation assay, we show that a plasmid reporter bearing a site-specific 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εC) causes transcriptional blockage. Notably, this blockage is exacerbated in Cockayne Syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum patient-derived lymphoblastoid and fibroblast cells. Parallel RNA-Seq expression analysis of the plasmid reporter identifies novel transcriptional mutagenesis properties of εC. Our studies reveal that beyond the known pathways, such as base excision repair, the process of transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair plays a role in the removal of εC from the genome, and thus in the protection of cells and tissues from collateral damage induced by inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alycia Gardner
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- The Barbara K. Ostrom (1978) Bioinformatics and Computing Facility in the Swanson Biotechnology Center, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Teruaki Iyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Balcerek M, Pielech-Przybylska K, Patelski P, Dziekońska-Kubczak U, Strąk E. The effect of distillation conditions and alcohol content in ‘heart’ fractions on the concentration of aroma volatiles and undesirable compounds in plum brandies. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balcerek
- Department of Spirit and Yeast Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences; Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171 /173 Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Department of Spirit and Yeast Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences; Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171 /173 Poland
| | - Piotr Patelski
- Department of Spirit and Yeast Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences; Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171 /173 Poland
| | - Urszula Dziekońska-Kubczak
- Department of Spirit and Yeast Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences; Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171 /173 Poland
| | - Ewelina Strąk
- Department of Spirit and Yeast Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences; Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz, Wolczanska 171 /173 Poland
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31
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Kuguacin J isolated from bitter melon leaves modulates paclitaxel sensitivity in drug-resistant human ovarian cancer cells. J Nat Med 2017. [PMID: 28639112 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the multidrug resistance-reversing ability of kuguacin J (KJ) in cervical cancer cells via the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function. This study investigated whether KJ could promote cisplatin- and paclitaxel (PTX)-induced cancer cell death in drug-resistance human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3). Cytotoxicity testing showed that SKOV3 was more resistant to cisplatin and PTX compared to drug-sensitive human ovarian cancer cells (A2780). The cytotoxicity of PTX was significantly increased in SKOV3 cells when co-treated with KJ. We found that enhancement of PTX toxicity in the cells was not related to P-gp inhibition. To elucidate the mechanism by which KJ increases PTX sensitivity, the expression of cell death involving proteins was analyzed by Western blot analysis. The results showed that PTX treatment increased the level of an anti-apoptotic protein, survivin, which may be involved in drug resistance in SKOV3. The co-treatment with PTX and KJ dramatically decreased the level of survivin and markedly induced cleavage of PARP and caspase-3, which are apoptotic-induced molecules. These findings may support the use of KJ as an effective chemosensitizer in combination with conventional chemotherapy to promote PTX sensitization in ovarian cancer patients.
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32
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Nagpal I, Abraham SK. Ameliorative effects of gallic acid, quercetin and limonene on urethane-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:286-292. [PMID: 28043195 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1278294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of our present work was to ascertain the efficacy of Drosophila melanogaster model for assessing antigenotoxic and antioxidant effects of dietary phytochemicals gallic acid (GA), quercetin (QC) and limonene (Lim) against urethane (URE), a genotoxic environmental carcinogen. Oregon-K (ORK) adult male flies were fed GA, QC and Lim in combination with URE (20 mM) in 10% sucrose for 72 h. Third instar larvae were fed instant medium containing the above phytochemicals and URE for 24 h. Sex-linked recessive lethal (SLRL) test and assays for estimating glutathione content (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidation (MDA content) were performed. Adult feeding experiments demonstrated that co-treatment of flies with URE and the test phytochemicals has significantly decreased the frequencies of SLRL mutations in all the germ cell stages when compared to that with URE alone. Larval feeding experiments also showed a similar pattern. The above results correlate well with antioxidative potentials of the test agents where we observed the elevated enzymatic levels with a significant reduction in MDA level in Drosophila larvae. The results further suggest that the dietary phytochemicals have an antioxidant and antimutagenic property which can be assessed using D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nagpal
- a School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Suresh K Abraham
- a School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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33
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Portugal CB, de Silva AP, Bortoletto AM, Alcarde AR. How native yeasts may influence the chemical profile of the Brazilian spirit, cachaça? Food Res Int 2017; 91:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Ryu D, Choi B, Kim N, Koh E. Validation of analytical methods for ethyl carbamate in nine food matrices. Food Chem 2016; 211:770-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Contamination in Cachaça (Brazilian Sugar Cane Spirit). BEVERAGES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages2040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Choi B, Koh E. Changes of ethyl carbamate and its precursors in maesil (Prunus mume) extract during one-year fermentation. Food Chem 2016; 209:318-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Wu D, Li X, Lu J, Chen J, Xie G, Zhang L. The overexpression ofDUR1,2and deletion ofCAR1in an industrialSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrain and effects on nitrogen catabolite repression in Chinese rice wine production. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University in Suqian; Suqian China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfa Xie
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University in Suqian; Suqian China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Chinese Rice Wine; China Shaoxing Rice Wine Group Co. Ltd; Shaoxing People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
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38
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Pflaum T, Hausler T, Baumung C, Ackermann S, Kuballa T, Rehm J, Lachenmeier DW. Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2349-67. [PMID: 27353523 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans. Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages as identified based on monograph reviews by the IARC. For most of the compounds of alcoholic beverages, quantitative risk assessment provided evidence for only a very low risk (such as margins of exposure above 10,000). The highest risk was found for ethanol, which may reach exposures in ranges known to increase the cancer risk even at moderate drinking (margin of exposure around 1). Other constituents that could pose a risk to the drinker were inorganic lead, arsenic, acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate, for most of which mitigation by good manufacturing practices is possible. Nevertheless, due to the major effect of ethanol, the cancer burden due to alcohol consumption can only be reduced by reducing alcohol consumption in general or by lowering the alcoholic strength of beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Pflaum
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Hausler
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Baumung
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Svenja Ackermann
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
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39
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Benson RW, Beland FA. Modulation of Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate) Carcinogenicity by Ethyl Alcohol: A Review. Int J Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/109158197226865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Urethane (ethyl carbamate) is a carcinogen that has been detected as a contaminant in certain foods and alcoholic beverages. The carcinogenicity of urethane appears to be mediated through a metabolic pathway involving sequential cytochrome P-450-catalyzed oxidation to vinyl carbamate and vinyl carbamate epoxide, the latter of which reacts with DNA to yield etheno-type DNA adducts. The interactions of ethanol on urethane metabolism and carcinogenicity are varied and complex. Urethane is oxidized by cytochrome P-450 IIE1, an isoform induced by ethanol, which suggests that chronic ethanol consumption could increase the oxidation of urethane to its epoxide derivative. On the other hand, ethanol coadministration is known to inhibit the elimination and hydrolysis of urethane. Ethanol has decreased the tumorigenicity of urethane in two bioassays, but did not have an effect in a third. While the results to date suggest that ethanol will decrease the metabolic activation of urethane, with a resultant decrease in tumorigenicity, additional studies are clearly necessary to elucidate the mechanisms by which ethanol influences the carcinogenicity of urethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Wayne Benson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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40
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Intranasal Administration of Type V Collagen Reduces Lung Carcinogenesis through Increasing Endothelial and Epithelial Apoptosis in a Urethane-Induced Lung Tumor Model. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:321-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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41
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Śliwińska M, Wiśniewska P, Dymerski T, Wardencki W, Namieśnik J. Application of Electronic Nose Based on Fast GC for Authenticity Assessment of Polish Homemade Liqueurs Called Nalewka. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Lee JG, Park SK, Yoon HJ, Kang DH, Kim M. Exposure assessment and risk characterisation of ethyl carbamate from Korean traditional fermented rice wine, Takju and Yakju. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:207-14. [PMID: 26794849 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1124460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate is one of the most hazardous chemicals naturally occurring in food, and is present in alcoholic beverages. Korean traditional rice wine, Takju and Yakju, is frequently consumed in Korea, but there have been no studies characterising the risks of ethyl carbamate in these products. In order to assess and characterise the exposure risk of ethyl carbamate in Korean traditional rice wines, ethyl carbamate was investigated by means of GC-MS. The analytical methods were optimised and validated through determining linearity, detection limit, quantification limit, recovery and precision. A total of 283 traditional Korean rice wines, including 175 Takju and 108 Yakju samples, were analysed. Exposure assessment was performed by factoring in ethyl carbamate content, daily consumption and body weight. Daily exposures of ethyl carbamate were estimated for adults in four age groups, and risks of ethyl carbamate were characterised by the margin of exposure, which is more than 10 000. Based on this study, the risks of ethyl carbamate in Korean traditional rice wine were shown to be of low concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Goo Lee
- a Food Contaminants Division , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si , Chungcheongbuk-do , South Korea.,b Department of Agricultural Biotechnology , Seoul National University , Silim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul , South Korea
| | - Sung-Kug Park
- a Food Contaminants Division , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si , Chungcheongbuk-do , South Korea
| | - Hae-Jung Yoon
- a Food Contaminants Division , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si , Chungcheongbuk-do , South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- b Department of Agricultural Biotechnology , Seoul National University , Silim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul , South Korea
| | - Meehye Kim
- a Food Contaminants Division , Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si , Chungcheongbuk-do , South Korea
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43
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Kim YG, Lyu J, Kim MK, Lee KG. Effect of citrulline, urea, ethanol, and urease on the formation of ethyl carbamate in soybean paste model system. Food Chem 2015; 189:74-9. [PMID: 26190603 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of urease on the formation of ethyl carbamate (EC) in the presence of previously known precursors of EC (citrulline, urea, and ethanol) using a soybean paste model system. The levels of EC were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) every five days for a 30-day period. After 30 days fermentation, the concentration of EC increased significantly by 135.2%, 242.2%, and 3757.1% when the precursors (citrulline, urea and ethanol) were added to the model system, respectively (p<0.05). Urease significantly decreased the level of EC by 38.4%, 18.8%, and 17.3% when citrulline, urea, and ethanol were added to the model system, respectively (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina K Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Geun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Wu D, Li X, Lu J, Chen J, Zhang L, Xie G. Constitutive expression of theDUR1,2gene in an industrial yeast strain to minimize ethyl carbamate production during Chinese rice wine fermentation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv214. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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45
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Ryu D, Choi B, Kim E, Park S, Paeng H, Kim CI, Lee JY, Yoon HJ, Koh E. Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Alcoholic Beverages and Fermented Foods Sold in Korea. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:289-97. [PMID: 26483888 PMCID: PMC4609976 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) is naturally formed in alcoholic beverages and fermented foods during fermentation process and/or during storage. The objective of this study was to analyze EC in 34 food items including 14 alcoholic beverages and 20 fermented foods sold in Korea. Each food was collected from 18 supermarkets in 9 metropolitan cities in Korea, and then made into composite. According to food composition and alcohol content, samples were divided into four matrices such as apple juice, milk, Soju (liquor containing about 20% alcohol), and rice porridge. The maximum EC value of 151.06 µg/kg was found in Maesilju (liquor made from Maesil and Soju). Whisky and Bokbunjaju (Korean black raspberry wine) contained 9.90 µg/kg and 6.30 µg/kg, respectively. EC was not detected in other alcoholic beverages. Of 20 fermented foods, Japanese-style soy sauce had highest level of 15.59 µg/kg and traditional one contained 4.18 µg/kg. Soybean paste had 1.18 µg/kg, however, EC was not found in other fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayeon Ryu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bogyoung Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seri Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwijin Paeng
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cho-Il Kim
- Bureau of Health Industry Promotion, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Lee
- Nutrition Policy & Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hae Jung Yoon
- Department of Food Safety Evaluation, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Eunmi Koh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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46
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Brodnik ZD, España RA. Dopamine uptake dynamics are preserved under isoflurane anesthesia. Neurosci Lett 2015; 606:129-34. [PMID: 26321152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry is commonly used for measuring the kinetics of dopamine release and uptake. For experiments using an anesthetized preparation, urethane is preferentially used because it does not alter dopamine uptake kinetics compared to freely moving animals. Unfortunately, urethane is highly toxic, can induce premature death during experiments, and cannot be used for recovery surgeries. Isoflurane is an alternative anesthetic that is less toxic than urethane, produces a stable level of anesthesia over extended periods, and is often used for recovery surgeries. Despite these benefits, the effects of isoflurane on dopamine release and uptake have not been directly characterized. In the present studies, we assessed the utility of isoflurane for voltammetry experiments by testing dopamine signaling parameters under baseline conditions, after treatment with the dopamine uptake inhibitor cocaine, and after exposure to increasing concentrations of isoflurane. Our results indicate that surgical levels of isoflurane do not significantly alter terminal mechanisms of dopamine release and uptake over prolonged periods of time. Consequently, we propose that isoflurane is an acceptable anesthetic for voltammetry experiments, which in turn permits the design of studies in which dopamine signaling is examined under anesthesia prior to recovery and subsequent experimentation in the same animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Brodnik
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Rodrigo A España
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
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47
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Zacaroni LM, Cardoso MDG, Santiago WD, de Souza Gomes M, Duarte FC, Nelson DL. Effect of light on the concentration of ethyl carbamate in cachaça stored in glass bottles. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiany Mendonça Zacaroni
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Lavras; C.P. 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Lavras; C.P. 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Wilder Douglas Santiago
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Lavras; C.P. 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marcos de Souza Gomes
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Lavras; C.P. 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Felipe Cimino Duarte
- Department of Food Science; Federal University of Lavras; C.P. 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - David Lee Nelson
- Food Department, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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48
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Li X, Shen C, Wu D, Lu J, Chen J, Xie G. Enhancement of urea uptake in Chinese rice wine yeast strain N85 by the constitutive expression ofDUR3for ethyl carbamate elimination. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Dianhui Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University in Suqian; 888 Renmin Road Suqian 223800 China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfa Xie
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Chinese Rice Wine; China Shaoxing Rice Wine Group Co., Ltd; Shaoxing 312000 People's Republic of China
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Śliwińska M, Wiśniewska P, Dymerski T, Wardencki W, Namieśnik J. The flavour of fruit spirits and fruit liqueurs: a review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Śliwińska
- Gdansk University of Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; 11/12 Narutowicza Street 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Paulina Wiśniewska
- Gdansk University of Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; 11/12 Narutowicza Street 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Gdansk University of Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; 11/12 Narutowicza Street 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Waldemar Wardencki
- Gdansk University of Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; 11/12 Narutowicza Street 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Gdansk University of Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; 11/12 Narutowicza Street 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
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50
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Zhao X, Jiang C. Determination of ethyl carbamate in fermented liquids by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Food Chem 2015; 177:66-71. [PMID: 25660859 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC) in fermented liquids (red wines, Chinese liquors and yellow wines) was carried by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The parameters usually examined in the method validation were firstly evaluated. Good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of EC in sample were 1.8 and 4.0 μg/L, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 107.19% and 110.98%. The precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) of the method was <5%. Furthermore, red wines, Chinese liquors and yellow wines for sale were detected using this method. The results showed that the red wines and Chinese liquors had the normal EC level that was within the limits of the Canadian legislation. The proposed method was simple in sample preparation without using organic solvents in pre-treatment and could be used for the determination of the content of EC in fermented liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Zhao
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Changxing Jiang
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, PR China.
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