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Larionov A, Volobaev V, Zverev A, Vdovina E, Bach S, Schetnikova E, Leshukov T, Legoshchin K, Eremeeva G. Chemical Composition and Toxicity of PM 10 and PM 0.1 Samples near Open-Pit Mines and Coal Power Stations. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12071047. [PMID: 35888135 PMCID: PMC9323517 DOI: 10.3390/life12071047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) <10 μm in size represents an extremely heterogeneous and variable group of objects that can penetrate the human respiratory tract. The present study aimed to isolate samples of coarse and ultrafine PM at some distance from polluting industries (1−1.5 km from the border of open-cast mines). PM was collected from snow samples which allowed the accumulation of a relatively large amount of ultrafine particles (UFPs) (50−60 mg) from five objects: three open-cast mines, coal power plants, and control territories. The chemical composition of PM was examined using absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of solid particle material samples. Toxicity was assessed in human MRC-5 lung fibroblasts after 6 h of in vitro exposure to PM samples. The absorption spectra of all the samples contained a wide non-elementary absorption band with a maximum of 270 nm. This band is usually associated with the absorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The X-ray fluorescence spectra of all the studied samples showed intense lines of calcium and potassium and less intense lines of silicon, sulfur, chlorine, and titanium. The proliferation of MRC-5 cells that were exposed to PM0.1 samples was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than that of MRC-5 cells exposed to PM10 at the same concentration, except for PM samples obtained from the control point. PM0.1 samples—even those that were collected from control territories—showed increased genotoxicity (micronucleus, ‱) compared to PM10. The study findings suggest that UFPs deserve special attention as a biological agent, distinct from larger PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Larionov
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (V.V.); (E.V.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentin Volobaev
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (V.V.); (E.V.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Anton Zverev
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Fundamental Science, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (A.Z.); (G.E.)
- Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemical Materials Science, The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of SB RAS, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Vdovina
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (V.V.); (E.V.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Sebastian Bach
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (V.V.); (E.V.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Schetnikova
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (V.V.); (E.V.); (S.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Timofey Leshukov
- Department of Geology and Geography, Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (T.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Konstantin Legoshchin
- Department of Geology and Geography, Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (T.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Galina Eremeeva
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Fundamental Science, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia; (A.Z.); (G.E.)
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da Silva J. DNA damage induced by occupational and environmental exposure to miscellaneous chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Li Y, Doak SH, Yan J, Chen DH, Zhou M, Mittelstaedt RA, Chen Y, Li C, Chen T. Factors affecting the in vitro micronucleus assay for evaluation of nanomaterials. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:151-159. [PMID: 27567283 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of in vitro methodologies have been used to assess the genotoxicity of different nanomaterials, including titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The in vitro micronucleus assay is one of the most commonly used test methods for genotoxicity evaluation of nanomaterials. However, due to the novel features of nanomaterials, such as high adsorption capacity and fluorescence properties, there are unexpected interactions with experimental components and detection systems. In this study, we evaluate the interference by two nanoparticles, AgNPs and TiO2 NPs, with the in vitro micronucleus assay system and possible confounding factors affecting cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of the nanomaterials including cell lines with different p53 status, nanoparticle coatings and fluorescence, cytochalasin B, fetal bovine serum in cell treatment medium and different measurement methodologies for detecting micronuclei. Our results showed that micronucleus induction by AgNPs was similar when evaluated using flow cytometry or microscope, whereas the induction by TiO2 NPs was different using the two methods due to TiO2's fluorescence interference with the cytometry equipment. Cells with the mutated p53 gene were more sensitive to micronucleus induction by AgNPs than the p53 wild-type cells. The presence of serum during treatment increased the toxicity of AgNPs. The coatings of nanoparticles played an important role in the genotoxicity of AgNPs. These collective data highlight the importance of considering the unique properties of nanoparticles in assessing their genotoxicity using the in vitro micronucleus assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.,Covance Laboratories Inc. 671 S. Meridian Rd., Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jian Yan
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - David H Chen
- Columbia College, Columbia University in the City of New York, 2960 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA and
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Roberta A Mittelstaedt
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, USA,
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Kvitko K, Bandinelli E, Henriques JAP, Heuser VD, Rohr P, da Silva FR, Schneider NB, Fernandes S, Ancines C, da Silva J. Susceptibility to DNA damage in workers occupationally exposed to pesticides, to tannery chemicals and to coal dust during mining. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:1060-8. [PMID: 23413045 PMCID: PMC3571421 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our mutagenesis group has been studying with important economic drivers of our state, such as agriculture, the foot-wear and leather industry and open-cast coal mining. Working conditions in these sectors have potentially harmful to humans. The aim of these studies is to determine the health risk of workers by biomonitoring subjects exposed to genotoxic agents. The main results of our studies with vineyard farmers we observed a high rate of MN and DNA damage in individuals exposed to pesticides (p < 0.001). In addition, some effects of genetic polymorphisms in the modulation of MN results were observed in this group. Tobacco farmers were also evaluated at different crop times. The results showed a significant increase in the Damage index and frequency in tobacco farmers compared to the non-exposed group, for all crop times. The results for footwear and tannery workers showed a significant increase in the mean ID for the solvent-based adhesive (p < 0.001) group in comparison to the water-based adhesive group and control (p < 0.05). For open-cast coal mine workers, the EBCyt indicated a significant increase in nuclear bud frequency and cytokinetic defects in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group (p < 0.0001). We were able to associate specific genetic susceptibility with each type of exposure and with the non-use or improper use of personal protection equipment and diet adequacy. These results show how important the continuous education of exposed workers is to minimizing the effect of the occupational exposure and the risk of disease associated with the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Kvitko
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Leffa DD, Damiani AP, da Silva J, Zocche JJ, dos Santos CEI, Boufleur LA, Dias JF, de Andrade VM. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of the mineral coal tailings through the Helix aspersa (Müller, 1774). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 59:614-621. [PMID: 20372882 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Coal mining is an activity with a high potential for environmental pollution. Coal has been described as the most significant pollutant of all the fossil fuels, containing a heterogeneous mixture. Many elements present in coal byproducts as well as coal tailings are rich in potentially toxic and genotoxic metals, which ultimately lead to profound changes in cells, tissues, populations, and ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to assess the genotoxic potential of the mineral coal tailings using the land snail Helix aspersa. Animals were divided in three groups, clustered in plexiglass cages: control (animals fed with organic lettuce), coal tailings (animals living in a layer of pyrite tailings and fed with organic lettuce), and mine lettuce (animals fed with lettuce grown in an area located in a deposit of coal tailings). The hemolymph was collected at different exposure times (24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 1 month) for comet assay analyses. Results showed that the animals of the coal tailings and mine lettuce groups presented higher levels of DNA damage in relation to the control group at all exposure times, but with a peak of DNA damage in 48 h and 96 h. These results demonstrate that the coal pyrite tailings are potentially genotoxic and that H. aspersa has proven to be a sensitive instrument for a better risk assessment of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dimer Leffa
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária 1105, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Celik M, Donbak L, Unal F, Yüzbasioglu D, Aksoy H, Yilmaz S. Cytogenetic damage in workers from a coal-fired power plant. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 627:158-63. [PMID: 17178253 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic risk to workers occupationally exposed to coal combustion products in Afsin-Elbistan A power plant, located in south-eastern Turkey. We analysed chromosomal aberrations (CAs), polyploidy, sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and micronuclei (MN) in 48 male workers without a history of smoking, tobacco chewing, or alcohol consumption. The results were compared with a control group of 30 healthy male individuals without exposure to any known genotoxic agents. The mean frequencies of CA, polyploidy, SCEs (P<0.01), and MN (P<0.05) were significantly higher in workers than in the control group, by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Spearman's rho correlation analysis revealed a significant increase in the frequency of CA and MN with increasing years of exposure (P<0.05). However, there was no significant effect of age on the cytogenetic markers analysed in both groups (P>0.05). The data obtained from this study clearly showed chromosomal hazard in the peripheral lymphocytes of workers exposed to coal combustion products in Afsin-Elbistan A power plant for several years. This cytogenetic damage might be attributed to the cumulative effects of several substances due to chemical complexity of the coal ash and gaseous emissions rather than a specific substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Celik
- University of Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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7
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Pacheco ADO, Hackel C. [Chromosome instability induced by agrochemicals among farm workers in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2002; 18:1675-83. [PMID: 12488895 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2002000600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A major share of the grain farming (wheat and soybeans) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul is in the Passo Fundo area. For crop pest control, large amounts of agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides) are used. To evaluate the genotoxicity of these products, the micronucleus test was performed in farm workers directly exposed to these chemicals. Heparinized blood samples were drawn by venipuncture from 30 exposed workers and 30 non-exposed controls. Micronuclei frequency was evaluated by counting 1,000 binucleated cells per individual in both groups. Smoking habits, age, and duration of exposure showed no effect on the frequency of micronuclei in both groups. However, statistical analysis showed significantly higher mean numbers of binucleated cells with micronuclei in exposed individuals (14.3/1,000 cells) as compared to controls (7.1/1,000 cells), allowing the authors to conclude that the micronucleus test is an efficient biological assay for monitoring population exposure to mixtures of agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil de Oliveira Pacheco
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS 90001-970, Brasil.
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Bukvic N, Gentile M, Susca F, Fanelli M, Serio G, Buonadonna L, Capurso A, Guanti G. Sex chromosome loss, micronuclei, sister chromatid exchange and aging: a study including 16 centenarians. Mutat Res 2001; 498:159-67. [PMID: 11673081 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we analysed the possible effect of age, sex and smoking on the mean values of micronucleus (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies on peripheral blood obtained from 38 subjects ranging in age from 16 to 63 years and 16 centenarians. The mean number of binucleated cells with micronuclei varied in function of age and sex (as demonstrated by the analysis of covariance (F=13.13; P<0.001), particularly evident was the increment observed in women with increasing age (interaction age/sex: F=5.53; P<0.05). Smoking habits had no effects on MN frequency (F=0.36; P>0.05). Sex (F=4.18; P<0.05) and smoking habits (F=14.64; P<0.001) influenced significantly SCE per cell frequencies, but age had no effects on them (F=2.45; P>0.05). The age-associated increase of sex chromosome loss was studied using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on interphase nuclei. The loss of Y signals was observed in approximately 10% of interphase cells from the centenarians males, that is six times more often than in the younger control men (approximately 1.6%). The frequency of X signal loss (approximately 1.7%) in young women was similar to that observed in male controls of the same age but the incidence of the X chromosome aneuploidy in centenarian females was appreciably higher (approximately 22%) than that found for the Y chromosome in males. These results were correlated with the data on MN formation and a positive correlation between the percentage of aneuploid cells (FISH) and MN values was observed (r=0.50; P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bukvic
- DIMIMP Sezione di Genetica Medica, Policlinico, P.zza G. Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Maffei F, Vigagni F, Norppa H, Hrelia P. Bromodeoxyuridine labelling as an alternative method to identify 6-thioguanine-resistant mutant lymphocytes in humans. Mutat Res 1999; 431:223-31. [PMID: 10635989 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
6-Thioguanine-resistant (TGR) mutant lymphocytes in human blood are usually enumerated by the cloning assay which allows the molecular characterisation of the HPRT mutations to be detected. A "short-term" alternative approach is provided by the anti-bromodeoxyuridine (anti-BrdU) technique in which TGR lymphocytes are identified immunocytochemically by their ability to synthesise DNA in the presence of 6-thioguanine (TG). We have evaluated the influence of various experimental factors that could affect the frequency of TGR lymphocytes. A standard protocol is proposed, based on 24-h cold storage of isolated lymphocytes at 4 degrees C and 40-h culture with and without TG, the last 16 h with BrdU. The harvested cells are treated with hypotonic (0.075 M) KCl, fixed with methanol:acetic acid (3:1) and put on microscopic slides. For the TG cultures, all cells are prepared on the slides, while slides from the control cultures are made by a 1/50 dilution. DNA is denatured by formamide, and the BrdU label is identified by anti-BrdU antibody detected by immunoperoxidase staining using a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody with diaminobenzidine as substrate. In 10 donors, the frequency of TGR lymphocytes (variant frequency, Vf) detected by this protocol ranged from 69.65 x 10(-6) to 83.45 x 10(-6), and split measurements showed a relatively small intra-assay variation in Vf values of each donor. BrdU in DNA was also detected by immunofluorescence using a fluorescein-conjugated anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody. This method, facilitating easy identification of positive cells and rapid microscopic scoring, may serve as a basis for an automated analysis of TGR lymphocytes. Vf values detected by the anti-BrdU assay are higher than mutant frequencies obtained by the cloning assay, which has been assigned to the presence of non-mutant phenocopies considered to represent spontaneously cycling lymphocytes. Although the anti-BrdU assay is rapid and easy and has been shown to respond to genotoxic exposures, its true value could be evaluated only when it can be ascertained that phenocopies do not significantly contribute to the Vf values obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maffei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Hageman GJ, Stierum RH, van Herwijnen MH, van der Veer MS, Kleinjans JC. Nicotinic acid supplementation: effects on niacin status, cytogenetic damage, and poly(ADP-ribosylation) in lymphocytes of smokers. Nutr Cancer 1999; 32:113-20. [PMID: 9919621 DOI: 10.1080/01635589809514728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As a substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC, 2.4.2.30), an enzyme that is activated by DNA strand breaks and is thought to facilitate efficient DNA repair, NAD+ and its precursor nicotinic acid (niacin) are involved in the cellular defense against DNA damage by genotoxic compounds. In this study, the effect of nicotinic acid supplementation on cytogenetic damage and poly(ADP-ribosylation) was evaluated in a human population that is continuously exposed to genotoxic agents, e.g., smokers. By use of a placebo-controlled intervention design, 21 healthy smokers received supplementary nicotinic acid at 0-100 mg/day for 14 weeks. An increased niacin status, as assessed from blood nicotinamide concentrations and lymphocyte NAD+ concentrations, was observed in groups supplemented with 50 and 100 mg/day. This effect was most pronounced in subjects with lower initial NAD+ levels. An increased niacin status did not result in decreased hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase variant frequencies and micronuclei induction in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Sister chromatid exchanges in PBLs, however, were increased after supplementation with nicotinic acid. This increase was positively associated with the daily dose of nicotinic acid. No effects of nicotinic acid supplementation were found for ex vivo (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene-induced poly(ADP-ribosylation), although the small number of samples that could be analyzed (n = 12) does not allow firm conclusions. Because no evidence was found for a decrease in cigarette smoke-induced cytogenetic damage in PBLs of smokers after nicotinic acid supplementation of up to 100 mg/day, it is concluded that supplemental niacin does not contribute to a reduced genetic risk in healthy smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hageman
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Barale R, Chelotti L, Davini T, Del Ry S, Andreassi MG, Ballardin M, Bulleri M, He J, Baldacci S, Di Pede F, Gemignani F, Landi S. Sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus frequency in human lymphocytes of 1,650 subjects in an Italian population: II. Contribution of sex, age, and lifestyle. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1998; 31:228-242. [PMID: 9585261 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1998)31:3<228::aid-em4>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) analysis was carried out on 1,650 healthy individuals living in Pisa and in two nearby small cities, Cascina and Navacchio (Ca-Na). The effect of smoking on SCEs was linearly correlated with the number of cigarettes per day, and an increase of 7.3% SCEs was detectable for as few cigarettes as 1-10/day. Ex-smokers showed intermediate mean values of SCEs (8.09 +/- 1.88) in comparison with never smokers (7.54 +/- 1.61) and current smokers (8.45 +/- 1.94). Mean values of SCEs of ex-smokers decreased linearly with time of smoking cessation, reaching the mean values of never smokers within 8 years. The extent of SCE decrease was inversely proportional to the number of cigarettes previously smoked. No interaction between smoking habits and coffee or alcohol drinking on SCEs was observed. A borderline (P = 0.053) increase in mean SCE values in coffee drinkers (more than 3 cups/day) was found. The age effect on SCEs was remarkable in Ca-Na, but not in Pisa donors. Job type was not associated with significant modification of mean values of SCEs. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the proportion of high frequency cells (HCF) outliers and coffee consumption. Age and sex appeared to be by far the most important variables associated with modifications in MN frequency, which increased by 0.04 per thousand and 0.02 per thousand per year in males and females, respectively. Children and young donors (age < or = 40 years) showed lower MN frequency regardless of sex, whereas sex appeared to determine a significantly higher increase of MN only in females older than 40 years. In contrast, in males the MN rate by age tended to level off after the age of 30-50. MN frequencies of Pisa blue- and white-collar workers were statistically significantly higher than in students (+0.71 and +0.55 per thousand, respectively). Smoking did not determine any increase of MN frequency. A total lack of correlation (P = 0.913) between MN and SCEs was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barale
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pisa, Italy
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Odagiri Y, Uchida H, Shibazaki S. Interindividual variation in cytogenetic response to X-ray and colchicine measured with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Mutat Res 1997; 381:1-13. [PMID: 9403025 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interindividual variation in cytogenetic response to two different types of micronucleus (MN) inducer, X-rays (a clastogen) and colchicine (a spindle poison), was investigated in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal healthy donors by the cytokinesis-block MN method. The data for 124 donors between the ages of 19 and 80 years showed that the histogram of individual frequency of X-ray (2 Gy)-induced micronucleated cells followed the normal distribution (Shapiro Wilks W-test) with a significant interindividual variance (ANOVA, p < 0.001). This was, however, not the case for colchicine (0.03 microgram/ml)-induced micronucleated cells. Instead, a skewed distribution illustrating interindividual variation was evident (ANOVA, p < 0.001). Statistical analysis of the effect of age and sex on MN incidence by using the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that age affected the baseline and colchicine-induced MN incidences strongly but not the X-ray-induced MN incidence. There was no effect of sex on the incidence of micronuclei induced by either agent. In order to avoid any possible effect of age on the MN index, data for young subjects aged less than 30 years old were analyzed separately. The results of this analysis again showed significant interindividual variations in baseline, X-ray-induced, and colchicine-induced micronucleated cell rates. Results of the correlation-coefficient analysis showed that neither X-ray-induced MN incidence nor colchicine-induced MN incidence was related to baseline MN incidence. No correlation between X-ray-induced and colchicine-induced MN incidences was also found by this analysis. These results suggest that interindividual variance in chromosomal response to mutagens in normal populations may be a real phenomenon, as is interindividual variance in baseline MN frequency, and that individual susceptibilities to the two different types of micronucleus inducers (X-ray and colchicine) are unrelated, and the baseline MN level is not of predictive value for the susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Odagiri
- Division of Human and Health Sciences, Yamanashi Prefectural College of Nursing, Japan.
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van Maanen JM, Maas LM, Hageman G, Kleinjans JC, van Agen B. DNA adduct and mutation analysis in white blood cells of smokers and nonsmokers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1994; 24:46-50. [PMID: 8050415 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850240106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M van Maanen
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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