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Milivojevic V, Sullivan L, Tiber J, Fogelman N, Simpson C, Hermes G, Sinha R. Pregnenolone effects on provoked alcohol craving, anxiety, HPA axis, and autonomic arousal in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:101-114. [PMID: 36445398 PMCID: PMC10630889 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic alcohol intake down-regulates GABAergic transmission and reduces levels of neuroactive steroids. These changes are associated with greater stress dysregulation and high alcohol craving which in turn increases relapse risk. OBJECTIVES This study tested whether potentiation of the neurosteroid system with pregnenolone (PREG), a precursor to neuroactive steroids and known to increase GABAergic transmission, will normalize chronic alcohol-related stress adaptations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic responses and reduce alcohol craving to significantly impact relapse risk. METHODS Forty-three treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) were randomized to placebo (PBO) or supraphysiologic pregnenolone doses of 300 mg or 500 mg treatment using a parallel-between subject design as part of a larger 8-week pilot clinical trial. In week 2, they participated in a 3-day laboratory experiment where on each day they self-administered the assigned study drug in the laboratory and were then exposed to 5-min personalized guided imagery provocation of stress, alcohol, or neutral/relaxing cues, one condition per day on separate days, in a random, counterbalanced order. Repeated assessments of alcohol craving, anxiety, HPA axis, heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and serum pregnenolone levels were made on each day. RESULTS Pregnenolone levels were significantly increased in the PREG groups versus PBO. PREG treatment decreased stress- and alcohol cue- induced craving and dose-specifically reduced stress-induced anxiety in the 300 mg/day group. Both PREG doses compared to PBO also normalized CORT/ACTH and increased stress-induced HR, stress- and cue-induced SBP, and in the 300 mg PREG group cue-induced DBP responses relative to neutral condition. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that pregnenolone decreases stress- and alcohol cue-provoked craving and normalizes HPA axis and autonomic arousal in individuals with AUD, thereby supporting the need for further assessment of pregnenolone in the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Milivojevic
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
| | - Liam Sullivan
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Jessica Tiber
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Nia Fogelman
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Christine Simpson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gretchen Hermes
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
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Saez E, Erkoreka L, Moreno-Calle T, Berjano B, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Basterreche N, Arrue A. Genetic variables of the glutamatergic system associated with treatment-resistant depression: A review of the literature. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:884-896. [PMID: 36051601 PMCID: PMC9331449 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i7.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common, recurrent mental disorder and one of the leading causes of disability and global burden of disease worldwide. Up to 15%-40% of cases do not respond to diverse pharmacological treatments and, thus, can be defined as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The development of biomarkers predictive of drug response could guide us towards personalized and earlier treatment. Growing evidence points to the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathogenesis of TRD. Specifically, the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), which are targeted by ketamine and esketamine, are proposed as promising pathways. A literature search was performed to identify studies on the genetics of the glutamatergic system in depression, focused on variables related to NMDARs and AMPARs. Our review highlights GRIN2B, which encodes the NR2B subunit of NMDAR, as a candidate gene in the pathogenesis of TRD. In addition, several studies have associated genes encoding AMPAR subunits with symptomatic severity and suicidal ideation. These genes encoding glutamatergic receptors could, therefore, be candidate genes for understanding the etiopathogenesis of TRD, as well as for understanding the pharmacodynamic mechanisms and response to ketamine and esketamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Saez
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
| | - Leire Erkoreka
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
- Mental Health Network Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Teresa Moreno-Calle
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
- Mental Health Network Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Belen Berjano
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Pinto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Araba Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, CIBERSAM, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01004, Spain
- Severe Mental Disorders Group, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01009, Spain
| | - Nieves Basterreche
- Zamudio Hospital, Bizkaia Mental Health Network, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Zamudio 48170, Spain
- Integrative Research Group in Mental Health, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Aurora Arrue
- Mental Health Network Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Bizkaia Mental Health Network, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
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Shyu C, Chavez S, Boileau I, Foll BL. Quantifying GABA in Addiction: A Review of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070918. [PMID: 35884725 PMCID: PMC9316447 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling plays a crucial role in drug reward and the development of addiction. Historically, GABA neurochemistry in humans has been difficult to study due to methodological limitations. In recent years, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS, MRS) has emerged as a non-invasive imaging technique that can detect and quantify human brain metabolites in vivo. Novel sequencing and spectral editing methods have since been developed to allow for quantification of GABA. This review outlines the clinical research utilization of 1H-MRS in understanding GABA neurochemistry in addiction and summarizes current literature that reports GABA measurements by MRS in addiction. Research on alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and cannabis addiction all suggest medications that modulate GABA signaling may be effective in reducing withdrawal, craving, and other addictive behaviors. Thus, we discuss how improvements in current MRS techniques and design can optimize GABA quantification in future studies and explore how monitoring changes to brain GABA could help identify risk factors, improve treatment efficacy, further characterize the nature of addiction, and provide crucial insights for future pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shyu
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada;
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (S.C.); (I.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (S.C.); (I.B.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (S.C.); (I.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada;
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (S.C.); (I.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Concurrent Outpatient Medical & Psychosocial Addiction Support Services, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Acute Care Program, Toronto, ON M6J 1H3, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Waypoint Research Institute, 500 Church Street, Penetanguishene, ON L9M 1G3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-535-8501
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Heba M, Faraz S, Banerjee S. Effect of Shankhpushpi on Alcohol Addiction in Mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S148-S153. [PMID: 28479740 PMCID: PMC5407107 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a worldwide problem. It has mainly two components: dependence and withdrawal. Characteristic properties of most anti-addictive compounds include anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and nootropic actions. Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis. Convolvulaceae), known ethnopharmacologically as brain tonic, possess all the properties mentioned above. Here, we screen shankhpushpi for possible anti-addictive potential. Effect of shankhpushpi churna was measured on ethanol withdrawal anxiety using elevated plus maze. The role of shankhpushpi on chronic ethanol consumption (21 days) was measured using two bottle choice protocol of voluntary drinking. We also measured the effect of the above herb on cortico-hippocampal GABA levels. Shankhpushpi was found to reduce alcohol withdrawal anxiety in a dose-dependent manner. The herb also decreased ethanol intake and increased water intake significantly (P < 0.001) after 4 days of administration. Both these effects were blocked (P < 0.001) by GABAA antagonist suggesting the role of GABAA receptor. Chronic administration of shankhpushpi also significantly (P < 0.01) increased cortico-hippocampal GABA levels in mice. Shankhpushpi reduced both alcohol dependence and withdrawal in a GABAA-dependent manner, thus showing anti-addictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahi Heba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sana Faraz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Schür RR, Boks MP, Geuze E, Prinsen HC, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Joëls M, Kahn RS, Vermetten E, Vinkers CH. Development of psychopathology in deployed armed forces in relation to plasma GABA levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 73:263-270. [PMID: 27566489 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The GABA system is pivotal for an adequate response to a stressful environment but has remained largely unexplored in this context. The present study investigated the relationship of prospectively measured plasma GABA levels with psychopathology symptoms in military deployed to Afghanistan at risk for developing psychopathology following trauma exposure during deployment, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Plasma GABA levels were measured in military personnel (N=731) one month prior to deployment (T0), and one (T1) and six months (T2) after deployment using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Mental health problems and depressive symptoms were measured with the Dutch revised Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) and PTSD symptoms with the Dutch Self-Rating Inventory for PTSD (SRIP). Six months after deployment increases in GABA concentrations were present in individuals who had developed mental health problems (T2: β=0.06, p=1.6×10-2, T1: β=4.7×10-2, p=0.13), depressive symptoms (T2: β=0.29, p=7.9×10-3, T1: β=0.23, p=0.072) and PTSD symptoms at T2 (T2: β=0.12, p=4.3×10-2, T1: β=0.11, p=0.13). Plasma GABA levels prior to and one month after deployment poorly predicted a high level of psychopathology symptoms either one or six months after deployment. The number of previous deployments, trauma experienced during deployment, childhood trauma, age and sex were not significantly associated with plasma GABA levels over time. Exclusion of subjects who either started or stopped smoking, alcohol or medication use between the three time points rendered the association of increasing GABA levels with the emergence of psychopathology symptoms more pronounced (mental health problems at T2: β=0.09, p=4.2×10-3; depressive symptoms at T2: β=0.35, p=3.5×10-3, PTSD symptoms at T2: β=0.17, p=1.7×10-2). To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide prospective evidence that the development of psychopathology after military deployment is associated with increasing plasma GABA levels. Our finding that plasma GABA rises after the emergence of psychopathology symptoms suggests that GABA increase may constitute a compensatory mechanism and warrants further exploration of the GABA system as a potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remmelt R Schür
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research Center-Military Mental Healthcare, Ministry of Defence, Lundlaan 1, 3584 EZ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus C Prinsen
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda M Verhoeven-Duif
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Research Center-Military Mental Healthcare, Ministry of Defence, Lundlaan 1, 3584 EZ Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusweg 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bansal P, Banerjee S. Effect of Withinia Somnifera and Shilajit on Alcohol Addiction in Mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S121-8. [PMID: 27279696 PMCID: PMC4883068 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol addiction is a social problem leading to both loss of health and economic prosperity among addicted individuals. Common properties of anti-addictive compounds include anti-anxiety, anticonvulsants, anti-depressant, and nootropic actions primarily through modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonergic systems. OBJECTIVE Here, we screen ashwagandha and shilajit known ethnopharmacologically as nervine tonic and adaptogenic herbs for possible anti-addictive potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effect of ashwagandha churna and shilajit was measured on ethanol withdrawal anxiety using elevated plus maze. Role of ashwagandha and shilajit on chronic ethanol consumption (21 days) was measured using two bottle choice protocol of voluntary drinking. We also measured the effect of the above herbs on corticohippocampal GABA, dopamine, and serotonin levels. RESULTS Both ashwagandha and shilajit were found to reduce alcohol withdrawal anxiety in a dose-dependent manner. These herbs alone or in combination also decreased ethanol intake and increased water intake significantly after 21 days of chronic administration. Chronic administration of ashwagandha was found to significantly increase GABA and serotonin levels whereas shilajit altered cortico-hippocampal dopamine in mice. CONCLUSION These central nervous system active herbs alone or in combination reduced both alcohol dependence and withdrawal thus showing promising anti-addictive potential. SUMMARY Withinia Somnifera alone and in combination with Shilajeet prevented ethanol withdrawal and alcohol addiction Abbreviations used: GABA: Gama aminobutyric acid, CNS: Central Nervous System, CPP:Condition place preference, DA: Dopamine, 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine, NMDA:N-methyl-D-aspartate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Yavari F, Shahbabaie A, Leite J, Carvalho S, Ekhtiari H, Fregni F. Noninvasive brain stimulation for addiction medicine: From monitoring to modulation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:371-99. [PMID: 26822367 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease with significant economical and medical burden on the societies but with limited effectiveness in the available treatment options. Better understanding of the chemical, neuronal, regional, and network alterations of the brain due to drug abuse can ultimately lead to tailoring individualized and more effective interventions. To this end, employing new assessment and intervention procedures seems crucial. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques including transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulations (tES and TMS) have provided promising opportunities for the addiction medicine in two main domains: (1) providing new insights into neurochemical and neural circuit changes in the human brain cortex and (2) understanding the role of different brain regions by using NIBS and modulating cognitive functions, such as drug craving, risky decision making, inhibitory control and executive functions to obtain specific treatment outcomes. In spite of preliminary positive results, there are several open questions, which need to be addressed before routine clinical utilization of NIBS techniques in addiction to medicine, such as how to account for interindividual differences, define optimal cognitive and neural targets, optimize stimulation protocols, and integrate NIBS with other therapeutic methods. Therefore, in this chapter we revise the available literature on the use of NIBS (TMS and tES) in the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects of the addiction medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yavari
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahbabaie
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jorge Leite
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hinton DJ, Lee MR, Jacobson TL, Mishra PK, Frye MA, Mrazek DA, Macura SI, Choi DS. Ethanol withdrawal-induced brain metabolites and the pharmacological effects of acamprosate in mice lacking ENT1. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2480-8. [PMID: 22616110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Acamprosate is clinically used to treat alcohol-dependent patients. While the molecular and pharmacological mechanisms of acamprosate remain unclear, it has been shown to regulate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glutamate levels in the cortex and striatum. To investigate the effect of acamprosate on brain metabolites in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), we employed in vivo 16.4 T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We utilized type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) null mice since acamprosate attenuates ethanol drinking in these mice. Our findings demonstrated that ethanol withdrawal reduced GABA levels and increased phosphorylated choline compounds in the mPFC of both wild-type and ENT1 null mice. Notably, acamprosate normalized these withdrawal-induced changes only in ENT1 null mice. In the NAc, ethanol withdrawal increased glutamate and glutamine (Glx) levels only in wild-type mice. Interestingly, acamprosate reduced Glx levels in the NAc compared to the withdrawal state in both genotypes. These results provide a molecular basis for the pharmacological effect of acamprosate in the cortical-striatal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hinton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Brousse G, Arnaud B, Vorspan F, Richard D, Dissard A, Dubois M, Pic D, Geneste J, Xavier L, Authier N, Sapin V, Llorca PM, De Chazeron I, Minet-Quinard R, Schmidt J. Alteration of glutamate/GABA balance during acute alcohol withdrawal in emergency department: a prospective analysis. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47:501-8. [PMID: 22791370 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/ags078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Animal studies suggest that in alcohol withdrawal the balance of neurotransmitters gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate is altered. To test this in humans, we aimed to measure plasma levels of glutamate, GABA and glutamate/GABA ratio in alcoholic patients presenting with complicated AWS with the same values in non-alcohol abuser/dependent controls and to determine prognostic factors for severe withdrawal. METHODS 88 patients admitted to the emergency room for acute alcohol intoxication (DSM-IV) were prospectively included. Measurements of GABA and glutamate were performed on admission (Time 1, T1) and after 12 ± 2 h (T2). The experimental group (EG) was composed of 23 patients who presented at T2 with a severe AWS. The control group (CG) consisted of healthy subjects paired with the EG (gender and age). Logistic regression was performed in order to compare associated clinical and biological variables that could predict severe withdrawal. RESULTS The concentration of GABA in the EG at T1 was significantly lower than that in the CG. The concentration of glutamate in the EG at T1 was significantly higher than that in the CG. The glutamate/GABA ratio in the EG at T1 was significantly higher than the ratio in the CG. With a multivariate logistic regression model, glutamate level at admission remained the only criterion identified as a predictor of AWS at 12 h. CONCLUSION Decreased synthesis of GABA and increased synthesis of glutamate might be related to withdrawal symptoms experienced on brutal cessation of chronic alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brousse
- CHU Clermont Ferrand, Urgences Adultes, 28 Place Henri Dunant BP 69, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 01, France.
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Cai HL, Zhu RH, Li HD, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS. Elevated plasma γ-aminobutyrate/glutamate ratio and responses to risperidone antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1273-8. [PMID: 20637820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and Glutamate (Glu) are respectively two major inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and recent theories propose that both of their signaling complexes are compromised in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS The changes in plasma GABA, Glu and GABA/Glu ratio in schizophrenia have been studied and may be potential clinical markers. Here, we examined if plasma GABA, Glu and GABA/Glu ratio are altered in 32 schizophrenics, including a comprehensive investigation of their involvements with clinical course of a 6-week risperidone antipsychotic treatment. RESULTS Plasma levels of GABA and Glu were significantly lower in patients than in controls, while plasma GABA/Glu ratio was significantly elevated. During treatment, a non-significant further decrease of plasma GABA, a significant increase of plasma Glu and a significant reduction of plasma GABA/Glu ratio were observed. The ratio returned to the control level at week 6 even though concentrations of GABA and Glu were still distant from normal. After the Bonferroni correction, partial correlation analyses showed that plasma GABA and GABA/Glu ratio were positively correlated with the dose of risperidone and plasma concentration of 9-hydroxyrisperidone. The reduction of plasma GABA/Glu ratio was positively correlated with the improvement of activation symptom cluster. CONCLUSIONS The elevated plasma GABA/Glu ratio reinforces the idea of an abnormal GABA-Glu interaction in schizophrenia. The ratio may be a good peripheral state-like marker in schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lin Cai
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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11
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Janik P, Kalbarczyk A, Gutowicz M, Barańczyk-Kuźma A, Kwieciński H. The analysis of selected neurotransmitter concentrations in serum of patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2010; 44:251-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Arrúe A, Dávila R, Zumárraga M, Basterreche N, González-Torres MA, Goienetxea B, Zamalloa MI, Anguiano JB, Guimón J. GABA and homovanillic acid in the plasma of Schizophrenic and bipolar I patients. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:247-53. [PMID: 19701707 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the plasma (p) concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), and the pHVA/pGABA ratio in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. The research was undertaken in a geographic area with an ethnically homogeneous population. The HVA plasma concentrations were significantly elevated in the schizophrenic patients compared to the bipolar patients. The levels of pGABA was significantly lower in the two groups of patients compared to the control group, while the pHVA/pGABA ratio was significantly greater in the both groups of patients compared to the controls. As the levels of pHVA and pGABA are partially under genetic control it is better to compare their concentrations within an homogeneous population. The values of the ratio pHVA/pGABA are compatible with the idea of an abnormal dopamine-GABA interaction in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. The pHVA/pGABA ratio may be a good peripheral marker in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Arrúe
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital de Zamudio, Arteaga Auzoa 45, 48170 Zamudio, Vizcaya, Spain
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13
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Lee R, Petty F, Coccaro EF. Cerebrospinal fluid GABA concentration: relationship with impulsivity and history of suicidal behavior, but not aggression, in human subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:353-9. [PMID: 18490031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and measures of impulsivity and related behaviors (aggression and suicidality) in healthy volunteer and personality disordered subjects. CSF GABA levels, and measures of impulsivity, aggression, and history of suicidal behavior were obtained by morning lumbar puncture in 57 healthy volunteer subjects and in subjects with personality disorder. CSF GABA levels were not found to correlate with measures of aggression but were found to correlate directly with measures of impulsivity; e.g., a composite measure of impulsivity in all subjects (r=0.35, df=46, P=0.015) and in personality disordered subjects examined separately (r=0.39, df=30, P=0.029). In the personality disorder group, CSF GABA levels were higher among subjects with a history of suicidal behavior compared with those without this history. These data suggest that central GABAergic function correlates directly with impulsiveness and history of suicidal behavior, but not aggressiveness, in personality disordered subjects. This may be consistent with observations that high doses of benzodiazepines can lead to "behavioral disinhibition" in human subjects. Further work assessing this and other aspects of the central GABA system in personality disordered subjects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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14
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Meyerhoff DJ, Durazzo TC. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in alcohol use disorders: a potential new endophenotype? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1146-58. [PMID: 18540913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current effort is directed at defining new classification schemes for alcohol use disorders (AUD) based on genetic/biological, physiological, and behavioral endophenotypes. METHODS We describe briefly findings of in vivo brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) studies in AUD and propose that they be further explored and expanded regarding their value as a potential endophenotype for AUD. RESULTS In vivo (1)H MRS, as part of the emerging field of "imaging genomics," may provide readily accessible, objective, functionally significant and region-specific neurobiological measures that successfully link genotypes to neurocognition and to psychiatric symptomatology in relatively small patient cohorts. We discuss several functional gene variants that may affect specific (1)H MRS-detectable metabolites and provide recent data from our own work that supports the view of genetic effects on metabolite measures. CONCLUSIONS MRS-genetics research will not only offer clues to the functional significance and downstream effects of genetic differences in AUD, but, via monitoring and/or predicting the efficacy of pharmacological and behavioral interventions as a function of genotype, has the potential to influence future clinical management of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter J Meyerhoff
- University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center San Francisco, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The use of alcohol is widespread in the world, and although there are many regular users, some individuals drink excessively. Understanding the time course of the development and maintenance of alcohol dependence is important in assessing the potential risk/benefit of an intervention and in accurately treating the problem. Most, although not all, literature suggests that alcoholism is a chronic, relapsing disorder and that there is a general progression from less to more severe problems. Understanding the neurobiology that underlies alcohol dependence as it relates to different clinical stages may help in the development of effective targeted pharmacological treatments. Important clinical stages that may be amenable to pharmacological intervention include the transition from alcohol use to heavy drinking particularly in vulnerable individuals, the cessation of heavy drinking in individuals who want to quit, and the prevention of relapse in individuals who have initiated abstinence but may struggle with craving or the desire to resume alcohol use. Neurotransmitter systems implicated in these stages include glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, opioid, and serotonin systems that may act directly or via the indirect modulation of dopamine function. The treatment implications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismene L Petrakis
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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16
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Mason GF, Krystal JH. MR spectroscopy: its potential role for drug development for the treatment of psychiatric diseases. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2006; 19:690-701. [PMID: 16986118 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is likely in the near future to play a key role in the process of drug discovery and evaluation. As the pharmaceutical industry seeks biochemical markers of drug delivery, efficacy and toxicity, this non-invasive technique offers numerous ways to study adults and children repeatedly and without ionizing radiation. In this article, we survey an array of the information that MRS offers about neurochemistry in general and psychiatric disorders and their treatment in particular. We also present growing evidence of glial abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders and discuss what MRS is contributing to that line of investigation. The third major direction of this article is the discussion of where MRS techniques are headed and how those new techniques can contribute to studies of mechanisms of psychiatric disease and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme F Mason
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520-8043, USA.
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Mason GF, Petrakis IL, de Graaf RA, Gueorguieva R, Guidone E, Coric V, Epperson CN, Rothman DL, Krystal JH. Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and the recovery from ethanol dependence: preliminary evidence of modification by cigarette smoking. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:85-93. [PMID: 16289397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic adaptations contribute to the neurobiology of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. Clinical data suggest that tobacco smoking attenuates alcohol withdrawal symptoms. This study's objective was to measure time-dependent cortical GABA levels with sobriety in ethanol-dependent patients with mild to moderate withdrawal severity, controlling for alcoholism-related neurotoxicity and smoking. METHODS Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure occipital cortical N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate plus glutamine, and GABA in 12 ethanol-dependent men at approximately 1 week and 1 month of medication-free sobriety on an inpatient unit. Eight healthy men were studied once. The tissue composition of the MRS volume was determined. RESULTS Adjusting for less white matter in patients, GABA differed insignificantly between ethanol-dependent patients (smokers plus nonsmokers) and healthy subjects. In early sobriety, nonsmoking patients had more GABA than did smoking patients, but by 1 month, GABA decreased in nonsmokers without changing in smokers. Smoking was associated with increased glutamate plus glutamine in patients and healthy subjects, adjusting for NAA levels. CONCLUSIONS These data do not show that deficits in cortical GABA contribute directly to acute ethanol withdrawal. If smoking prevents withdrawal-related changes in cortical GABA systems, it may contribute to comorbidity of alcoholism and tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme F Mason
- NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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18
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Mason G, Bendszus M, Meyerhoff D, Hetherington H, Schweinsburg B, Ross B, Taylor M, Krystal J. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of alcoholism: from heavy drinking to alcohol dependence and back again. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:150-158. [PMID: 15895489 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000150010.72739.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dhossche DM, Song Y, Liu Y. Is There A Connection Between Autism, Prader‐Willi Syndrome, Catatonia, And GABA? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 71:189-216. [PMID: 16512352 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Dhossche
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216, USA
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20
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Sher L, Oquendo MA, Li S, Huang YY, Grunebaum MF, Burke AK, Malone KM, Mann JJ. Lower CSF homovanillic acid levels in depressed patients with a history of alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1712-9. [PMID: 12825091 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Major depression and alcoholism are often comorbid, resulting in more impairment and more suicidal behavior compared with either diagnosis alone. This study compared clinical features and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolites in depressed subjects with and without a history of alcoholism and healthy volunteers. We hypothesized that depressed subjects with a history of alcoholism would be more aggressive, impulsive, and suicidal than depressed subjects without a history of alcoholism, and would have lower CSF monoamine metabolite levels. We compared 63 subjects with a current major depressive episode (MDE) and a history of alcoholism, 72 subjects with a current MDE but without a history of alcoholism, and 22 healthy volunteers. Participants with a history of alcoholism were in remission for at least 6 months. All subjects were free from prescribed medications known to affect brain serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine systems for a minimum of 14 days. Depressive symptoms, lifetime aggression, impulsivity, Axis II disorders, and suicidal behavior were assessed. CSF was sampled and homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were assayed by high-performance lipid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Depressed subjects with a history of alcoholism did not differ from depressed subjects without a history of alcoholism in current severity of depressive symptoms, or in past suicidal behavior. Depressed subjects with a history of alcoholism had lower CSF HVA levels, and higher lifetime aggression and current suicide ideation scale scores and were more likely to be tobacco smokers compared with depressed subjects without a history of alcoholism. Low HVA was present after adjustment for sex, aggression and depression scores, cigarette smoking, antisocial and borderline personality disorders, psychomotor retardation, and delusions. Controls had CSF HVA levels intermediate between the two depressed groups. We found no group difference in CSF 5-HIAA and MHPG levels. In individuals with current MDE, those with a history of comorbid alcoholism had lower CSF HVA levels compared with those without a history of alcoholism. Low CSF HVA suggests that impaired dopaminergic activity is associated with a history of alcoholism in persons with current MDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Sher
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Asghar SJ, Tanay VAMI, Baker GB, Greenshaw A, Silverstone PH. Relationship of plasma amphetamine levels to physiological, subjective, cognitive and biochemical measures in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003; 18:291-9. [PMID: 12766934 DOI: 10.1002/hup.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute administration of the stimulant dextro-amphetamine produces multiple physiological, subjective cognitive and biochemical changes. These effects are similar to those seen in mania, and may be a useful model for mania. The aim of the present study was more fully to determine the multiple effects of dextro-amphetamine and to relate these to changes in plasma levels of the drug. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 25 healthy volunteers (ages 18-45), the effects of 25 mg of oral dextro-amphetamine were examined. Physiological, subjective, cognitive changes, concentrations of amino acids and metabolites of biogenic amines period were related to changes in plasma amphetamine concentrations over 500 min. Peak concentrations of dextro-amphetamine occurred at 2.5-3.5 h post-administration and levels decreased to 75% of peak value after 500 min. The results from the present study indicate that the subjective psychological, cognitive and blood pressure changes frequently did not mirror the time course of plasma levels of the drug. Thus, there was no clear-cut relationship between plasma levels and effects. In addition, dextro-amphetamine caused no significant changes in amino acids or amino metabolite concentrations. In conclusion, while dextro-amphetamine administration definitely causes several changes which are seen in mania, there remain some physiological and metabolic differences between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J Asghar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Al-Sarraf H. Transport of 14C-gamma-aminobutyric acid into brain, cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus in neonatal and adult rats. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 139:121-9. [PMID: 12480126 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In general blood to brain entry of amino acids is greater in the neonatal rats compared to the adults. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter amino acid, shows limited transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the adult rat. Characteristics of GABA entry into the immature rat brain is yet to be addressed. This investigation was set to study the entry of GABA into brain of the neonatal rat compared to the adult. Using the bilateral in situ brain perfusion technique, the entry of 14C-GABA into brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lateral ventricles choroid plexuses was studied in the adult and neonatal rats. 14C-GABA uptake into neonatal rat brain after 20 min perfusion was 0.116+/-0.014 ml g(-1), approximately twice that of the adults (P<0.01). Half saturation constant, K(m), did not change with age (P>0.05), whereas maximal transport into the brain, V(max), was reduced from 0.152 to 0.068 nmol min(-1) g(-1) showing a significant reduction with age (P<0.05). In the neonate the entry of GABA into the CSF was dominant when compared to that into the brain, this could be due to a greater diffusional component, K(d), which was detected to be high in the neonate. In conclusion, the uptake of 14C-GABA into brain of the immature rats exceeded that in the adults which is thought to be due to both greater maximal transport and greater diffusion in the neonate compared to the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Al-Sarraf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat-13110, Kuwait.
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23
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Dahchour A, De Witte P. Ethanol and amino acids in the central nervous system: assessment of the pharmacological actions of acamprosate. Prog Neurobiol 2000; 60:343-62. [PMID: 10670704 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol induces alterations in the central nervous system by differentially interfering with a number of neurotransmitter systems, although the mechanisms by which such effects are executed are not well understood. The present review therefore, is designed to ascertain the effect of ethanol on both excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters, as well as the sulphonated amino acid taurine, assayed by the microdialysis technique within specific brain regions of rat during different types of alcohol intoxication, acute and chronic, as well as during the withdrawal period. Such an understanding of these pharmacological actions of ethanol on neurotransmitters is essential in order to provide the impetus for the development of appropriate therapeutic intervention to ameliorate the multitude of neurochemical disorders induced by ethanol. In addition the possible mode of action of a new therapeutic drug for the treatment of alcoholism, acamprosate will be discussed. The first part of this review will be limited to studies of the effect of ethanol on both amino acid neurotransmitters and the sulphonated amino acid taurine, a possible neuromodulator. While, the second part will seek to establish the possible mechanism of action of a new therapeutic drug, acamprosate, which is used to combat the effects of ethanol, particularly during the craving period, as well as maintaining abstinence in weaned alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dahchour
- Université catholique de Louvain, Laboratoire de Biologie du Comportement, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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24
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Steinsträter O, Lütkenhöner B. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the auditory cortical areas from magnetic resonance images. Audiol Neurootol 1998; 3:265-78. [PMID: 9644538 DOI: 10.1159/000013798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The future of neuromagnetic research will be highly dependent on the development of analysis procedures utilizing morphological information derived from magnetic resonance (MR) images. However, constraining the biomagnetic inverse problem by using such information may lead to serious misinterpretations if the reconstruction algorithm for the cortical surface overlooks boundaries between grey matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or artificially generates them. The purpose of this study was to check as to what extent an advanced automatic three-dimensional reconstruction procedure is able to segment the cortical structures located hidden in the Sylvian fissure (especially Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale). The procedure consisted of four processes: a coarse segmentation, a refined segmentation of the white matter, a skeletonization of the sulci and a segmentation of the cortical surface by concurrent region growing for brain and CSF. The reconstruction result for single slices basically agrees with the impression obtained upon visual inspection of the original MR data. Photorealistic visualizations, showing a good qualitative agreement with anatomical images, suggest that the reconstructed surfaces are realistic and detailed enough to be applicable in source analyses of auditory evoked fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Steinsträter
- Institute of Experimental Audiology, University of Münster, Germany.
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25
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Petty F, Kramer GL, Davis LL, Fulton M, Adinoff B. Plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) predicts outcome in patients with alcohol dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1997; 21:809-16. [PMID: 9278952 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(97)00081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. Previous studies have suggested that low plasma GABA levels (< or = 100 pmol/ml) may characterize a subset of patients with alcohol dependence. 2. In order to assess the clinical relevance of this biologic finding, the authors followed 49 alcohol dependent patients for up to 18 months following inpatient treatment. Treatment outcome was assessed by continuous abstinence and continued contact with research personnel. 3. Alcohol dependent patients with low plasma GABA had significantly better outcome than patients with plasma GABA in the normal control range (101-150 pmol/ml). 4. These findings suggest that plasma GABA measures may prove to be clinically useful in identifying alcohol dependent patients at risk for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Petty
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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26
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Weiner MF, Speciale SG, Risser RC, Kramer GL, Petty F. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:933-4. [PMID: 8896784 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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