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Chen G, Dang D, Zhang C, Qin L, Yan T, Wang W, Liang W. Recent advances in neurotechnology-based biohybrid robots. SOFT MATTER 2024. [PMID: 39328163 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Biohybrid robots retain the innate biological characteristics and behavioral traits of animals, making them valuable in applications such as disaster relief, exploration of unknown terrains, and medical care. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the evolution of biohybrid robots, their key technologies and applications, and the challenges they face. By analyzing studies conducted on terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial biohybrid robots, we gain a deeper understanding of how these technologies have made significant progress in simulating natural organisms, improving mechanical performance, and intelligent control. Additionally, we address challenges associated with the application of electrical stimulation technology, the precision of neural signal monitoring, and the ethical considerations for biohybrid robots. We highlight the importance of future research focusing on developing more sophisticated and biocompatible control methods while prioritizing animal welfare. We believe that exploring multimodal monitoring and stimulation technologies holds the potential to enhance the performance of biohybrid robots. These efforts are expected to pave the way for biohybrid robotics technology to introduce greater innovation and well-being to human society in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Dang
- School of Sciences, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qin
- School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, People's Republic of China.
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Bilateral Vagotomy Inhibits Apnea and Attenuates Other Physiological Responses After Blunt Chest Trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 64:1420-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318054e247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nishino T, Isono S, Shinozuka N, Ishikawa T. Coughing induced by airway irritation modulates the sensation of air hunger. J Physiol 2007; 586:649-58. [PMID: 17974590 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.145276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify whether coughing elicited by airway irritation can modulate the sensation of air hunger. Using a visual analog scale (VAS), we measured air hunger for 30 s following breakpoint of a breath-hold in healthy young subjects who were asked to resume their breathing according to four patterns (free breathing, citric acid inhalation, voluntary cough, and panting) before and/or after airway anaesthesia. We also measured air hunger for citric acid-induced coughing and voluntary coughing without the preceding breath-holding. The free breathing after breakpoint of breath-holding causes an immediate relief of air hunger (VAS median values at 5, 15 and 25 s after breath-hold: 39, 0 and 0), whereas voluntary coughing causes a delay in the relief of air hunger (67, P < 0.05; 17, P < 0.05; and 0, NS) and a slower relief occurred during citric acid-induced coughing (81, P < 0.01; 49, P < 0.05; and 12, P < 0.05). Conversely, the voluntary coughing and citric acid-induced coughing per se failed to induce air hunger. Inhalation of lidocaine aerosol completely abolished the cough response to citric acid inhalation causing an immediate relief of air hunger, whereas airway anaesthesia alleviated only slightly the air hunger during voluntary coughing. The changes in air hunger during the panting were similar to those during the voluntary coughing observed before airway anaesthesia and were not affected by airway anaesthesia (VAS at 15 s point before versus after anaesthesia: 18 versus 15; NS). Coughing induced by airway irritation per se does not generate the sensation of air hunger but can aggravate it, presumably by vagally mediated mechanisms and/or central mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohanacho, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Villien F, Yu M, Barthélémy P, Jammes Y. Training to yoga respiration selectively increases respiratory sensation in healthy man. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 146:85-96. [PMID: 15733782 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because yoga practitioners think they are benefiting from their breath training we hypothesized that yoga respiration training (YRT) could modify the respiratory sensation. Yoga respiration (YR) ("ujjai") consisted of very slow, deep breaths (2-3 min(-1)) with sustained breath-hold after each inspiration and expiration. At inclusion in the study and after a 2-month YRT program, we determined in healthy subjects their eupneic ventilatory pattern and their capacity to discriminate external inspiratory resistive loads (respiratory sensation), digital tactile mechanical pressures (somesthetic sensation) and sound-pressure stimulations (auditory sensation). Data were compared to a gender-, age-, and weight-matched control group of healthy subjects who did not undergo the YRT program but were explored at the same epochs. After the 2-month YRT program, the respiratory sensation increased. Thus, both the exponent of the Steven's power law (Psi=kPhin) and the slope of the linear-linear plot between Psi and mouth pressure (Pm) were significantly higher, and the intercept with ordinate axis of the Psi versus Pm relationship was lower. After YRT, the peak Pm developed against inspiratory loads was significantly lower, reducing the load-induced activation of respiratory afferents. YRT induced long-lasting modifications of the ventilatory pattern with a significant lengthening of expiratory duration and a modest tidal volume increase. No significant changes in somesthetic and auditory sensations were noted. In the control group, the respiratory sensation was not modified during a 15-min period of yoga respiration, despite the peak Pm changes in response to added loads were then significantly reduced. These data suggest that training to yoga respiration selectively increases the respiratory sensation, perhaps through its persistent conditioning of the breathing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Villien
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Respiratoire (EA 2201), Institut Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Zhao W, Martin AD, Davenport PW. Respiratory-related evoked potentials elicited by inspiratory occlusions in double-lung transplant recipients. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 93:894-902. [PMID: 12183483 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01218.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of lung vagal afferents in the respiratory-related evoked potential (RREP) response to inspiratory occlusions by using double-lung transplant recipients as a lung denervation model. Evoked potential recordings in response to inspiratory occlusions were obtained from 10 double-lung transplant (DLT) recipients with normal lung function and 12 healthy control (Nor) subjects under the attend, ignore, and unoccluded conditions. Results demonstrated that early-latency RREP components (P(1), P(1a), N(f), and N(1)) were not significantly different between the DLT and the Nor groups. The late-latency RREP component (P(3)) was identifiable in all DLT subjects during the attend trial. However, P(3) latency was significantly longer in the DLT group compared with the Nor group. The zero-to-peak amplitude of P(3) was also significantly smaller in the DLT group than that in the Nor group during the attend trial. These results suggest that lung vagal afferents were not essential to elicit RREP responses, but may contribute to the cognitive processing of respiratory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Zhao
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Filippi MM, Oliveri M, Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Rossini PM. Are autonomic signals influencing cortico-spinal motor excitability? A study with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Res 2000; 881:159-64. [PMID: 11036154 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the role of visceral afferent inputs flowing along autonomic fibers on corticospinal tract excitability, the variability of Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs), elicited by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), was analysed during simultaneous monitoring of electrocardiogram (EKG) phases, breathing phases and sudomotor skin responses (SSRs) in a group of 10 healthy subjects. A cascade of at least 60 consecutive magnetic stimuli, with an interstimulus interval randomly varying between 20 and 40 s, was acquired. At the end of the recording session, the subject was asked to make at random five not consecutive self-paced forced inspirations. TMS was carried out at an intensity 10% above motor threshold excitability via a circular coil placed over the motor area of the right hemisphere. MEPs were recorded from the contralateral abductor digiti minimi muscle (ADM). Sudomotor Skin Responses (SSRs) were recorded on both hand palms. MEPs latency and amplitude did not show significant correlation with any of the EKG and respiratory phases. During forced inspiration, a significant latency shortening was found. TMS elicited SSRs, whose amplitudes were not correlated with MEP parameters. During forced inspiration a significant SSR amplitude increment, not correlated with MEP latency shortening, was also observed. These results assign a minor if any role to the considered autonomic parameters in modulating corticospinal motor excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Filippi
- AFaR CRCCS Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Isola Tiberina, 39-00100, Rome, Italy
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Fontanari P, Vuillon-Cacciuttolo G, Balzamo E, Zattara-Hartmann MC, Lagier-Tessonnier F, Jammes Y. Resistive loaded breathing changes the motor drive to arm and leg muscles in man. Neurosci Lett 1996; 210:130-4. [PMID: 8783291 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Breathing through inspiratory or expiratory resistive loads activates respiratory afferents. In healthy individuals, we explored the recruitment of motor units in arm (adductor pollicis, AP and biceps branchialis, BB) and leg (vastus lateralis, VL) muscle groups during voluntary contractions sustained at 80% of maximal force. Quantitative EMG analysis consisted of measurement of energies in high (EH) and low (EL) frequency bands. EH and EL changes were measured at constant time, i.e. 10 and 20 s after the onset of plateau contraction. The resistive load was added to the inspiratory or the expiratory circuit for 10-min periods. Its value was high but not enough to induce changes in blood gases and blood pressure. Compared to muscle contractions performed during non-loaded breathing periods, inspiratory loading did not affect BB and VL contractions, whereas it induced significant changes in AP contraction, characterized by enhanced variations in EL value measured at 10 s. Expiratory loading affected solely the VP contraction. Then, EH decreased at 10 and 20 s while it increased always when VP contractions were executed during non-loaded breathing. Expiratory loading elevated the functional residual capacity (FRC), but the load-induced changes in VL contraction persisted when subjects adjusted their FRC to the control level. These data suggest that respiratory afferents influence the skeleto-motor drive. Thus, viscero-somatic reflex may be present in patients with severe obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fontanari
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Respiratoire Intégrée et Cellulaire, URA 1630, Institut Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille, France
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Balzamo E, Burnet H, Zattara-Hartmann MC, Jammes Y. Increasing background inspiratory resistance changes somatosensory sensations in healthy man. Neurosci Lett 1995; 197:125-8. [PMID: 8552276 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11911-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The central purpose of the study was to investigate if increasing background inspiratory resistance, a circumstance which activated afferents from the lungs and respiratory muscles, modified somatosensory and/or auditory sensations in healthy individuals. Estimation of mechanical stimulations applied on the middle finger (somatosensory sensation) and unilateral sound-pressure stimulations (auditory sensation) was based on the computation of Stevens' power function psi = k.phi n, where psi is the estimate and phi is either the somatosensory stimuli or sound-pressures. This was studied during eupnoeic unloaded ventilation then during a 10-min period of loaded breathing followed by a 10-min recovery period. Loaded breathing significantly lowered the estimate of somatosensory stimuli (decreased n coefficient). This effect persisted during the two first minutes of recovery period. By contrast, loaded breathing did not modify the perception of auditory stimulus. As somesthetic and respiratory afferents, but not auditory afferents, project on the same area in the sensory cortex we suggest the existence of central interactions which could explain observations of the difficulties to execute accurate tasks in patients suffering from obstructive lung disease independently from the alterations in their arterial blood gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Balzamo
- URA 1630 CNRS Physiopathologie Respiratoire Intégrée et Cellulaire, Institut Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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Hammond EJ, Uthman BM, Reid SA, Wilder BJ. Electrophysiological studies of cervical vagus nerve stimulation in humans: I. EEG effects. Epilepsia 1992; 33:1013-20. [PMID: 1464257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from studies of experimental animals indicates that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve alters EEGs under certain stimulus parameters. We report EEG effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in 9 patients with medically intractable seizures as part of a clinical trial of chronic vagal stimulation for control of epilepsy. The mechanism of action of the vagal antiepileptic effect is unknown, and we believed that analysis of electrophysiologic effects of vagal nerve stimulation would help elucidate the brain areas affected. The left vagus nerve in the neck was stimulated with a programmable implanted stimulator. Stimulation at various stimulus frequencies and amplitudes had no noticeable effect on EEG activity whether the patient was under general anesthesia, awake, or asleep, but vagus nerve stimulation may interrupt ongoing ictal EEG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Hammond
- Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida 32608-1197
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Balzamo E, Lagier-Tessonnier F, Jammes Y. Fatigue-induced changes in diaphragmatic afferents and cortical activity in the cat. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 90:213-26. [PMID: 1494721 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(92)90082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rationale for the present study was to test the hypothesis that changes in phrenic sensory activity during diaphragmatic fatigue may modify the transmission of phrenic afferent action potentials to the cortex and also the spontaneous EEG activity. This was performed in anesthetized cats. Diaphragmatic fatigue was produced by intermittent direct muscle stimulation for a 30 min period. Diaphragmatic metaboreceptors (tonically active afferents) and mechanoreceptors (phasic phrenic activity) were identified by their activation by intraarterial lactic acid injection or their discharge in phase with diaphragmatic contraction, respectively. Cortical phrenic evoked potentials (CPEPs) and spontaneous EEG activity were recorded from the left sensorimotor area. Diaphragmatic failure was shown from the 10th minute of stimulation. Then, the activity of tonic phrenic afferents increased markedly whereas, in parallel, the phasic discharge of mechanoreceptors decreased progressively. This was associated with progressive lengthening in onset and peak latencies of CPEPs. The main EEG changes (visual and fast Fourier transform analysis) were characterized by a transient increased energy in the delta frequency band during the first minutes of the fatigue run, followed by decreased energy in the theta frequency band after 11-25 min of stimulation. Denervation of the diaphragm suppressed the EEG changes during the fatigue run. The present observations suggest that the cortical integration of sensory information from the diaphragm may be altered during fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Balzamo
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
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Balzamo E, Gayan-Ramirez G, Jammes Y. Quantitative EEG changes under various conditions of hyperventilation in the sensorimotor cortex of the anaesthetized cat. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1991; 78:159-65. [PMID: 1704839 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90116-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects on the EEG rhythms recorded from the sensorimotor cortex (post-sigmoid gyrus) of anaesthetized cats were studied under 4 conditions of artificial mechanical hyperventilation (HV) before and after cervical bilateral vagotomy. In animals with intact vagus nerves, using visual examination, EEG changes were only observed within the 2nd min during HV produced by increased stroke volume (delta V) with associated hypocapnia. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) showed that, for the same increase in minute ventilation and the same degree of hypocapnia, delta V induced a greater and earlier relative decrease (2nd min) in the power density of delta, theta and alpha bands, than increased pump frequency (delta F). The delta F tests produced a fall only in the theta band and within the 3rd min. With constant paCO2, transient modifications occurred only with delta V and were limited to the first 30 sec. In bivagotomized cats, moderate EEG responses to delta V plus associated hypocapnia persisted partly in the alpha band. Finally, no changes appeared with delta V or delta F when the vagus nerves were cut and paCO2 was maintained constant. The present data suggest strongly that, in anaesthetized cats, peripheral vagal afferents from the respiratory system play a major role in the EEG changes caused by artificial hyperventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Balzamo
- Laboratoires de Biologie des Hautes Pressions (URA 1330 CNRS), Faculté de Médecine, Marseilles, France
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