1
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Ryczko D. The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region: Multiple Cell Types, Multiple Behavioral Roles, and Multiple Implications for Disease. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:347-366. [PMID: 36575956 PMCID: PMC11107129 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221139136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) controls locomotion in vertebrates. In humans with Parkinson disease, locomotor deficits are increasingly associated with decreased activity in the MLR. This brainstem region, commonly considered to include the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, has been explored as a target for deep brain stimulation to improve locomotor function, but the results are variable, from modest to promising. However, the MLR is a heterogeneous structure, and identification of the best cell type to target is only beginning. Here, I review the studies that uncovered the role of genetically defined MLR cell types, and I highlight the cells whose activation improves locomotor function in animal models of Parkinson disease. The promising cell types to activate comprise some glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform and caudal pedunculopontine nuclei, as well as some cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Activation of MLR GABAergic neurons should be avoided, since they stop locomotion or evoke bouts flanked with numerous stops. MLR is also considered a potential target in spinal cord injury, supranuclear palsy, primary progressive freezing of gait, or stroke. Better targeting of the MLR cell types should be achieved through optimized deep brain stimulation protocols, pharmacotherapy, or the development of optogenetics for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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2
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Scheuber MI, Guidolin C, Martins S, Sartori AM, Hofer AS, Schwab ME. Electrical stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus enhances the effects of rehabilitative training on locomotor recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1352742. [PMID: 38595973 PMCID: PMC11002271 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1352742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Most human spinal cord injuries are anatomically incomplete, leaving some fibers still connecting the brain with the sublesional spinal cord. Spared descending fibers of the brainstem motor control system can be activated by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), a subnucleus of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). The MLR is an evolutionarily highly conserved structure which initiates and controls locomotion in all vertebrates. Acute electrical stimulation experiments in female adult rats with incomplete spinal cord injury conducted in our lab showed that CnF-DBS was able to re-establish a high degree of locomotion five weeks after injury, even in animals with initially very severe functional deficits and white matter lesions up to 80-95%. Here, we analyzed whether CnF-DBS can be used to support medium-intensity locomotor training and long-term recovery in rats with large but incomplete spinal cord injuries. Rats underwent rehabilitative training sessions three times per week in an enriched environment, either with or without CnF-DBS supported hindlimb stepping. After 4 weeks, animals that trained under CnF-DBS showed a higher level of locomotor performance than rats that trained comparable distances under non-stimulated conditions. The MLR does not project to the spinal cord directly; one of its main output targets is the gigantocellular reticular nucleus in the medulla oblongata. Long-term electrical stimulation of spared reticulospinal fibers after incomplete spinal cord injury via the CnF could enhance reticulospinal anatomical rearrangement and in this way lead to persistent improvement of motor function. By analyzing the spared, BDA-labeled giganto-spinal fibers we found that their gray matter arborization density after discontinuation of CnF-DBS enhanced training was lower in the lumbar L2 and L5 spinal cord in stimulated as compared to unstimulated animals, suggesting improved pruning with stimulation-enhanced training. An on-going clinical study in chronic paraplegic patients investigates the effects of CnF-DBS on locomotor capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam I. Scheuber
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Guidolin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzi Martins
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M. Sartori
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Sophie Hofer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Sharma S, Badenhorst CA, Ashby DM, Di Vito SA, Tran MA, Ghavasieh Z, Grewal GK, Belway CR, McGirr A, Whelan PJ. Inhibitory medial zona incerta pathway drives exploratory behavior by inhibiting glutamatergic cuneiform neurons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1160. [PMID: 38326327 PMCID: PMC10850156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cuneiform nucleus (CnF) regulates locomotor activity, which is canonically viewed as being primarily involved in initiating locomotion and regulating speed. Recent research shows greater context dependency in the locomotor functions of this nucleus. Glutamatergic neurons, which contain vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2), regulate context-dependent locomotor speed in the CnF and play a role in defensive behavior. Here, we identify projections from the medial zona incerta (mZI) to CnF vGLUT2 neurons that promote exploratory behavior. Using fiber photometry recordings in male mice, we find that mZI gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons increase activity during periods of exploration. Activation of mZI GABAergic neurons is associated with reduced spiking of CnF neurons. Additionally, activating both retrogradely labeled mZI-CnF GABAergic projection neurons and their terminals in the CnF increase exploratory behavior. Inhibiting CnF vGLUT2 neuronal activity also increases exploratory behavior. These findings provide evidence for the context-dependent dynamic regulation of CnF vGLUT2 neurons, with the mZI-CnF circuit shaping exploratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sharma
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cecilia A Badenhorst
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Donovan M Ashby
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Di Vito
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michelle A Tran
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zahra Ghavasieh
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gurleen K Grewal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cole R Belway
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander McGirr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Patrick J Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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4
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Cola RB, Roccaro-Waldmeyer DM, Naim S, Babalian A, Seebeck P, Alvarez-Bolado G, Celio MR. Chemo- and optogenetic activation of hypothalamic Foxb1-expressing neurons and their terminal endings in the rostral-dorsolateral PAG leads to tachypnea, bradycardia, and immobility. eLife 2024; 12:RP86737. [PMID: 38300670 PMCID: PMC10945554 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Foxb1 -expressing neurons occur in the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) and further rostrally in the parvafox nucleus, a longitudinal cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus of rodents. The descending projection of these Foxb1+ neurons end in the dorsolateral part of the periaqueductal gray (dlPAG). The functional role of the Foxb1+ neuronal subpopulation in the PMd and the parvafox nucleus remains elusive. In this study, the activity of the Foxb1+ neurons and of their terminal endings in the dlPAG in mice was selectively altered by employing chemo- and optogenetic tools. Our results show that in whole-body barometric plethysmography, hM3Dq-mediated, global Foxb1+ neuron excitation activates respiration. Time-resolved optogenetic gain-of-function manipulation of the terminal endings of Foxb1+ neurons in the rostral third of the dlPAG leads to abrupt immobility and bradycardia. Chemogenetic activation of Foxb1+ cell bodies and ChR2-mediated excitation of their axonal endings in the dlPAG led to a phenotypical presentation congruent with a 'freezing-like' situation during innate defensive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto B Cola
- Anatomy and program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Diana M Roccaro-Waldmeyer
- Anatomy and program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Samara Naim
- Anatomy and program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Alexandre Babalian
- Anatomy and program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Petra Seebeck
- Zurich integrative Rodent Physiology (ZIRP), University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Marco R Celio
- Anatomy and program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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5
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Liao JY, Bohnen NI. Is heart rate variability the heart of the matter for freezing of gait? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023:105763. [PMID: 37468360 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Y Liao
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Hérent C, Diem S, Usseglio G, Fortin G, Bouvier J. Upregulation of breathing rate during running exercise by central locomotor circuits in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2939. [PMID: 37217517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While respiratory adaptation to exercise is compulsory to cope with the increased metabolic demand, the neural signals at stake remain poorly identified. Using neural circuit tracing and activity interference strategies in mice, we uncover here two systems by which the central locomotor network can enable respiratory augmentation in relation to running activity. One originates in the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), a conserved locomotor controller. Through direct projections onto the neurons of the preBötzinger complex that generate the inspiratory rhythm, the MLR can trigger a moderate increase of respiratory frequency, prior to, or even in the absence of, locomotion. The other is the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord containing the hindlimb motor circuits. When activated, and through projections onto the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), it also potently upregulates breathing rate. On top of identifying critical underpinnings for respiratory hyperpnea, these data also expand the functional implication of cell types and pathways that are typically regarded as "locomotor" or "respiratory" related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Hérent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Séverine Diem
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Usseglio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Julien Bouvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France.
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7
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Lacroix-Ouellette P, Dubuc R. Brainstem neural mechanisms controlling locomotion with special reference to basal vertebrates. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:910207. [PMID: 37063386 PMCID: PMC10098025 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.910207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 60 years, the basic neural circuitry responsible for the supraspinal control of locomotion has progressively been uncovered. Initially, significant progress was made in identifying the different supraspinal structures controlling locomotion in mammals as well as some of the underlying mechanisms. It became clear, however, that the complexity of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) prevented researchers from characterizing the detailed cellular mechanisms involved and that animal models with a simpler nervous system were needed. Basal vertebrate species such as lampreys, xenopus embryos, and zebrafish became models of choice. More recently, optogenetic approaches have considerably revived interest in mammalian models. The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is an important brainstem region known to control locomotion in all vertebrate species examined to date. It controls locomotion through intermediary cells in the hindbrain, the reticulospinal neurons (RSNs). The MLR comprises populations of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons and their specific contribution to the control of locomotion is not fully resolved yet. Moreover, the downward projections from the MLR to RSNs is still not fully understood. Reporting on discoveries made in different animal models, this review article focuses on the MLR, its projections to RSNs, and the contribution of these neural elements to the control of locomotion. Excellent and detailed reviews on the brainstem control of locomotion have been recently published with emphasis on mammalian species. The present review article focuses on findings made in basal vertebrates such as the lamprey, to help direct new research in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Group for Adapted Physical Activity, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Réjean Dubuc,
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8
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Baselmans B, Hammerschlag AR, Noordijk S, Ip H, van der Zee M, de Geus E, Abdellaoui A, Treur JL, van ’t Ent D. The Genetic and Neural Substrates of Externalizing Behavior. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:389-399. [PMID: 36324656 PMCID: PMC9616240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To gain more insight into the biological factors that mediate vulnerability to display externalizing behaviors, we leveraged genome-wide association study summary statistics on 13 externalizing phenotypes. Methods After data classification based on genetic resemblance, we performed multivariate genome-wide association meta-analyses and conducted extensive bioinformatic analyses, including genetic correlation assessment with other traits, Mendelian randomization, and gene set and gene expression analyses. Results The genetic data could be categorized into disruptive behavior (DB) and risk-taking behavior (RTB) factors, and subsequent genome-wide association meta-analyses provided association statistics for DB and RTB (N eff = 523,150 and 1,506,537, respectively), yielding 50 and 257 independent genetic signals. The statistics of DB, much more than RTB, signaled genetic predisposition to adverse cognitive, mental health, and personality outcomes. We found evidence for bidirectional causal influences between DB and substance use behaviors. Gene set analyses implicated contributions of neuronal cell development (DB/RTB) and synapse formation and transcription (RTB) mechanisms. Gene-brain mapping confirmed involvement of the amygdala and hypothalamus and highlighted other candidate regions (cerebellar dentate, cuneiform nucleus, claustrum, paracentral cortex). At the cell-type level, we noted enrichment of glutamatergic neurons for DB and RTB. Conclusions This bottom-up, data-driven study provides new insights into the genetic signals of externalizing behaviors and indicates that commonalities in genetic architecture contribute to the frequent co-occurrence of different DBs and different RTBs, respectively. Bioinformatic analyses supported the DB versus RTB categorization and indicated relevant biological mechanisms. Generally similar gene-brain mappings indicate that neuroanatomical differences, if any, escaped the resolution of our methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Baselmans
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anke R. Hammerschlag
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephany Noordijk
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hill Ip
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van der Zee
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eco de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis van ’t Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Address correspondence to Dennis van ’t Ent, Ph.D.
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9
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Noga BR, Whelan PJ. The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region: Beyond Locomotor Control. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:884785. [PMID: 35615623 PMCID: PMC9124768 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.884785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was discovered several decades ago in the cat. It was functionally defined based on the ability of low threshold electrical stimuli within a region comprising the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nucleus to evoke locomotion. Since then, similar regions have been found in diverse vertebrate species, including the lamprey, skate, rodent, pig, monkey, and human. The MLR, while often viewed under the lens of locomotion, is involved in diverse processes involving the autonomic nervous system, respiratory system, and the state-dependent activation of motor systems. This review will discuss the pedunculopontine nucleus and cuneiform nucleus that comprises the MLR and examine their respective connectomes from both an anatomical and functional angle. From a functional perspective, the MLR primes the cardiovascular and respiratory systems before the locomotor activity occurs. Inputs from a variety of higher structures, and direct outputs to the monoaminergic nuclei, allow the MLR to be able to respond appropriately to state-dependent locomotion. These state-dependent effects are roughly divided into escape and exploratory behavior, and the MLR also can reinforce the selection of these locomotor behaviors through projections to adjacent structures such as the periaqueductal gray or to limbic and cortical regions. Findings from the rat, mouse, pig, and cat will be discussed to highlight similarities and differences among diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Noga
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian R. Noga Patrick J. Whelan
| | - Patrick J. Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Brian R. Noga Patrick J. Whelan
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10
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Kuraoka K, Nakamura K. Facial temperature and pupil size as indicators of internal state in primates. Neurosci Res 2022; 175:25-37. [PMID: 35026345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies in human subjects have revealed that autonomic responses provide objective and biologically relevant information about cognitive and affective states. Measures of autonomic responses can also be applied to studies of non-human primates, which are neuro-anatomically and physically similar to humans. Facial temperature and pupil size are measured remotely and can be applied to physiological experiments in primates, preferably in a head-fixed condition. However, detailed guidelines for the use of these measures in non-human primates is lacking. Here, we review the neuronal circuits and methodological considerations necessary for measuring and analyzing facial temperature and pupil size in non-human primates. Previous studies have shown that the modulation of these measures primarily reflects sympathetic reactions to cognitive and emotional processes, including alertness, attention, and mental effort, over different time scales. Integrated analyses of autonomic, behavioral, and neurophysiological data in primates are promising methods that reflect multiple dimensions of emotion and could potentially provide tools for understanding the mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders and vulnerabilities characterized by cognitive and affective disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kuraoka
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kae Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
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11
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Mohebbati R, Abbassian H, Shafei MN, Gorji A, Negah SS. The alteration of neuronal activities of the cuneiform nucleus in non-hypovolemic and hypovolemic hypotensive conditions. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:871-878. [PMID: 34706016 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuneiform nucleus is located in the center of the circuit that mediates autonomic responses to stress. Hemorrhagic hypotension leads to chemoreceptor anoxia, which consequently results in the reduction of baroreceptor discharge and stimulation of the chemoreceptor. OBJECTIVE Using the single-unit recording technique, the neuronal activities of the cuneiform nucleus were investigated in hypotensive states induced by hemorrhage and administration of an anti-hypertensive drug (hydralazine). METHODS Thirty male rats were divided into the control, hemorrhage, and hydralazine groups. The femoral artery was cannulated for the recording of cardiovascular responses, including systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate. Hydralazine was administered via tail vein. The single-unit recording was performed from the cuneiform nucleus. RESULTS The maximal systolic blood pressure and the mean arterial pressure significantly decreased and heart rate significantly increased after the application of hydralazine as well as the following hemorrhage compared to the control group. Hypotension significantly increased the firing rate of the cuneiform nucleus in both the hemorrhage and hydralazine groups compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that the cuneiform nucleus activities following hypotension may play a crucial role in blood vessels and vasomotor tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebbati
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Abbassian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Sleep Clinic, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Dautan D, Kovács A, Bayasgalan T, Diaz-Acevedo MA, Pal B, Mena-Segovia J. Modulation of motor behavior by the mesencephalic locomotor region. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109594. [PMID: 34433068 PMCID: PMC8641693 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) serves as an interface between higher-order motor systems and lower motor neurons. The excitatory module of the MLR is composed of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), and their activation has been proposed to elicit different modalities of movement. However, how the differences in connectivity and physiological properties explain their contributions to motor activity is not well known. Here we report that CnF glutamatergic neurons are more electrophysiologically homogeneous than PPN neurons and have mostly short-range connectivity, whereas PPN glutamatergic neurons are heterogeneous and maintain long-range connections, most notably with the basal ganglia. Optogenetic activation of CnF neurons produces short-lasting muscle activation, driving involuntary motor activity. In contrast, PPN neuron activation produces long-lasting increases in muscle tone that reduce motor activity and disrupt gait. Our results highlight biophysical and functional attributes among MLR neurons that support their differential contribution to motor behavior. Dautan et al. show key differences in the connectivity and physiological properties of neurons of the mesencephalic locomotor region. Although activation of CnF neurons elicits involuntary locomotor responses, activation of PPN neurons increases muscle tone and reduces motor activity, suggesting that PPN encodes a readiness signal that precedes locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dautan
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Adrienn Kovács
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tsogbadrakh Bayasgalan
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miguel A Diaz-Acevedo
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Balazs Pal
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Juan Mena-Segovia
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Sans-Dublanc A, Chrzanowska A, Reinhard K, Lemmon D, Nuttin B, Lambert T, Montaldo G, Urban A, Farrow K. Optogenetic fUSI for brain-wide mapping of neural activity mediating collicular-dependent behaviors. Neuron 2021; 109:1888-1905.e10. [PMID: 33930307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell types are arranged in brain-wide circuits that guide behavior. In mice, the superior colliculus innervates a set of targets that direct orienting and defensive actions. We combined functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) with optogenetics to reveal the network of brain regions functionally activated by four collicular cell types. Stimulating each neuronal group triggered different behaviors and activated distinct sets of brain nuclei. This included regions not previously thought to mediate defensive behaviors, for example, the posterior paralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (PPnT), which we show to play a role in suppressing habituation. Neuronal recordings with Neuropixels probes show that (1) patterns of spiking activity and fUSI signals correlate well in space and (2) neurons in downstream nuclei preferentially respond to innately threatening visual stimuli. This work provides insight into the functional organization of the networks governing innate behaviors and demonstrates an experimental approach to explore the whole-brain neuronal activity downstream of targeted cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Sans-Dublanc
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Chrzanowska
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katja Reinhard
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dani Lemmon
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bram Nuttin
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Théo Lambert
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Chang SJ, Santamaria AJ, Sanchez FJ, Villamil LM, Saraiva PP, Benavides F, Nunez-Gomez Y, Solano JP, Opris I, Guest JD, Noga BR. Deep brain stimulation of midbrain locomotor circuits in the freely moving pig. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:467-476. [PMID: 33652130 PMCID: PMC9097921 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has been studied as a therapeutic target in rodent models of stroke, parkinsonism, and spinal cord injury. Clinical DBS trials have targeted the closely related pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson’s disease as a therapy for gait dysfunction, with mixed reported outcomes. Recent studies suggest that optimizing the MLR target could improve its effectiveness. Objective: We sought to determine if stereotaxic targeting and DBS in the midbrain of the pig, in a region anatomically similar to that previously identified as the MLR in other species, could initiate and modulate ongoing locomotion, as a step towards generating a large animal neuromodulation model of gait. Methods: We implanted Medtronic 3389 electrodes into putative MLR structures in Yucatan micropigs to characterize the locomotor effects of acute DBS in this region, using EMG recordings, joint kinematics, and speed measurements on a manual treadmill. Results: MLR DBS initiated and augmented locomotion in freely moving micropigs. Effective locomotor sites centered around the cuneiform nucleus and stimulation frequency controlled locomotor speed and stepping frequency. Off-target stimulation evoked defensive and aversive behaviors that precluded locomotion in the animals. Conclusion: Pigs appear to have an MLR and can be used to model neuromodulation of this gait-promoting center. These results indicate that the pig is a useful model to guide future clinical studies for optimizing MLR DBS in cases of gait deficiencies associated with such conditions as Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephano J Chang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrea J Santamaria
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francisco J Sanchez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Luz M Villamil
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pedro Pinheiro Saraiva
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francisco Benavides
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yohjans Nunez-Gomez
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Juan P Solano
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ioan Opris
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James D Guest
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brian R Noga
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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15
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Mohebbati R, KhajaviRad A, Hosseini M, Shafei MN. Effect of opioid receptors of the cuneiform nucleus on cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hypotensive hemorrhagic rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 745:135582. [PMID: 33346075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of opioid receptors in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), which is a mesencephalic area, and their involvement in the central cardiovascular responses have been shown. Therefore, this study is designed to examine the possible role of mu- (μ) and delta- (δ) opioid receptors in the CnF in the cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hemorrhagic hypotensive rats. Following anesthesia and the recording of the blood pressure, the agonist and antagonist of μ- (morphine and naloxone) and δ- (D-Pen 2, 5]-Enkephalin hydrate (DPDPE) and naltridole) receptors were microinjected into the CnF. In the hemorrhagic groups, the drugs were microinjected into the nucleus 2 min after withdrawing 15 % of the total blood volume (TBV). Time-course changes (Δ) in the mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were obtained and compared with the control and hemorrhage groups. Microinjecting morphine in both normotensive and hemorrhagic rats significantly decreased ΔSBP, ΔMAP, and ΔHR; also, naloxone significantly increased all these parameters. The cardiovascular effects of DPDPE and naltridole were not significant in the normotensive rats; however, DPDPE attenuated only the tachycardia induced by the hypotensive hemorrhage. The findings of this study revealed that the opioid receptors in the CnF had an inhibitory effect on the cardiovascular parameters in both normotensive and hypotensive hemorrhagic conditions and these effects were mostly mediated by μ-opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebbati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl KhajaviRad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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16
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NejadShahrokhAbadi R, Zangouei AS, Mohebbati R, Shafei MN. Determining the cardiovascular effects of nitric oxide in the dorsolateral Periaqueductal Gray (dlPAG) in anaesthetised rats. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15:502-508. [PMID: 33318742 PMCID: PMC7715464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) is an area located in the brain stem that performs a host of functions including cardiovascular regulation. Owing to the presence of nitric oxide (NO) in this area, we investigated its effect on the cardiovascular system. METHODS We divided rats into four groups: 1) control; 2) l-arginine (L-Arg, a precursor for nitric oxide, 60 nmol); 3) l-NAME (N omega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 90 nmol); and 4) sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide donor, 27 nmol). After anaesthesia, the rats were mounted on a stereotaxic apparatus and the drugs were microinjected into the dlPAG. Cardiovascular parameters were continuously recorded by a PowerLab system connected to the cannulated femoral artery via a pressure transducer. The changes (Δ) of systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were calculated at different times as compared to the control group. RESULTS In the l-NAME group, the ΔSBP, ΔMAP, and ΔHR were not significantly affected compared to the control group. In the L-Arg group, ΔSBP and ΔMAP increased; however, only SBP showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In the SNP group, SBP and MAP were significantly affected in comparison to the controls. Additionally, ΔHR decreased in both L-Arg and SNP, but was only significant in L-Arg. CONCLUSION Our study showed that NO of dlPAG has a pressor effect and attenuates baroreflex bradycardia. However, its pressor effect is more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Mohebbati
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Prepulse Inhibition of the Auditory Startle Reflex Assessment as a Hallmark of Brainstem Sensorimotor Gating Mechanisms. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090639. [PMID: 32947873 PMCID: PMC7563436 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When a low-salience stimulus of any type of sensory modality-auditory, visual, tactile-immediately precedes an unexpected startle-like stimulus, such as the acoustic startle reflex, the startle motor reaction becomes less pronounced or is even abolished. This phenomenon is known as prepulse inhibition (PPI), and it provides a quantitative measure of central processing by filtering out irrelevant stimuli. As PPI implies plasticity of a reflex and is related to automatic or attentional processes, depending on the interstimulus intervals, this behavioral paradigm might be considered a potential marker of short- and long-term plasticity. Assessment of PPI is directly related to the examination of neural sensorimotor gating mechanisms, which are plastic-adaptive operations for preventing overstimulation and helping the brain to focus on a specific stimulus among other distracters. Despite their obvious importance in normal brain activity, little is known about the intimate physiology, circuitry, and neurochemistry of sensorimotor gating mechanisms. In this work, we extensively review the current literature focusing on studies that used state-of-the-art techniques to interrogate the neuroanatomy, connectomics, neurotransmitter-receptor functions, and sex-derived differences in the PPI process, and how we can harness it as biological marker in neurological and psychiatric pathology.
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18
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Mirzaei-Damabi N, Hatam M, Yeganeh F, Ketabchi F, Nasimi A. Roles of glutamate and GABA of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in generating the cardiovascular chemoreflex. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1051-1063. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Azevedo H, Ferreira M, Mascarello A, Osten P, Guimarães CRW. Brain-wide mapping of c-fos expression in the single prolonged stress model and the effects of pretreatment with ACH-000029 or prazosin. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100226. [PMID: 32478146 PMCID: PMC7251424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a stressful event, with symptoms including exaggerated startle response, intrusive traumatic memories and nightmares. The single prolonged stress (SPS) is a multimodal stress protocol that comprises a sequential exposure to physical restraint, forced swimming, predator scent and ether anesthesia. This procedure generates behavioral and neurobiological alterations that resemble clinical findings of PTSD, and thus it is commonly used to model the disease in rodents. Here, we applied c-fos mapping to produce a comprehensive view of stress-activated brain regions in mice exposed to SPS alone or to SPS after oral pretreatment with the serotonin-noradrenaline receptor dual modulator ACH-000029 or the α1-adrenergic blocker prazosin. The SPS protocol evoked c-fos expression in several brain regions that control the stress-anxiety response, including the central and medial amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the pallidum, the paraventricular hypothalamus, the intermediodorsal, paraventricular and central medial thalamic nuclei, the periaqueductal gray, the lateral habenula and the cuneiform nucleus. These effects were partially blocked by pretreatment with prazosin but completely prevented by ACH-000029. Collectively, these findings contribute to the brain-wide characterization of neural circuits involved in PTSD-related stress responses. Furthermore, the identification of brain areas regulated by ACH-000029 and prazosin revealed regions in which SPS-induced activation may depend on the combined or isolated action of the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Finally, the dual regulation of serotonin and α1 receptors by ACH-000029 might represent a potential pharmacotherapy that can be applied in the peri-trauma or early post-trauma period to mitigate the development of symptoms in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatylas Azevedo
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Ferreira
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Certerra Inc., Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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20
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Liang H, Paxinos G. Afferents of the mouse linear nucleus. Mol Brain 2020; 13:67. [PMID: 32370769 PMCID: PMC7201812 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. However, there is no systematic study of its connections with other areas of the central nervous system possibly due to the challenge of injecting retrograde tracers into this nucleus. The present study examines its afferents from some nuclei involved in motor and cardiovascular control with anterograde tracer injections. BDA injections into the central amygdaloid nucleus result in labeled fibers to the ipsilateral Li. Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in Li after BDA injections into all these nuclei except the central amygdaloid and the paralemniscal nuclei. Our results suggest that Li is involved in a variety of physiological functions apart from motor and balance control it may exert via its cerebellar projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazheng Liang
- Department of Neurology, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, 1878 North Sichuan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200081, China. .,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - George Paxinos
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
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21
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Mohebbati R, Hosseini M, Khazaei M, Shafei MN. Cardiovascular Effect of Cuneiform Nucleus During Hemorrhagic Hypotension. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:251-259. [PMID: 32963718 PMCID: PMC7502186 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.2.84.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The underlying mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular response to Hemorrhage (HEM) is still unknown; however, several brain areas, such as the Cuneiform nucleus (CnF) have shown to be involved. In this study, the cardiovascular effect of the CnF during HEM was evaluated. Methods: The animals were divided into the following groups: 1. Vehicle; 2. HEM; 3. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2); 4. CoCl2+saline; and 5. CoCl2+HEM. Catheterization of the left and right femoral artery was performed to record blood pressure and blood withdrawal, respectively. Saline and CoCl2 were microinjected into the CnF nucleus, and then blood withdrawal was done for HEM induction. Cardiovascular regulation throughout the experiments was recorded and changes (Δ) in the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Heart Rate (HR) were calculated over time and compared with those treated with saline and HEM, using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: HEM significantly reduced ΔSBP and ΔMAP and augmented ΔHR than the vehicle group. CoCl2 did not significantly affect basic ΔSBP, ΔMAP, and ΔHR compared with the vehicle group. However, injection of CoCl2 into the CnF before HEM (CoCl2+HEM group) significantly decreased ΔSBP, ΔMAP, and tachycardia, induced by HEM. Conclusion: Our results indicated that blockade of the CnF by CoCl2 significantly reduced the hypotension and tachycardia, induced by HEM indicating the involvement of CnF in cardiovascular regulation during HEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebbati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mirzaei-Damabi N, Rostami B, Hatam M. Role of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in cardiovascular responses to hypoxia and baroreceptor activation in anesthetized rats. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2020; 10:55-61. [PMID: 31988857 PMCID: PMC6977589 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2020.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Parabrachial Kölliker-Fuse (KF) complex, located in dorsolateral part of the pons, is involved in the respiratory control, however, its role in the baroreflex and chemoreflex responses has not been established yet. This study was performed to test the contribution of the KF to chemoreflex and baroreflex and the effect of microinjection of a reversible synaptic blocker (Cocl2) into the KF in urethane anesthetized rats. Methods: Activation of chemoreflex was induced by systemic hypoxia caused by N2 breathing for 30 seconds "hypoxic- hypoxia methods" and baroreflex was evoked by intravenous injection (i.v.) of phenylephrine (Phe, 20 µg /kg/0.05-0.1 mL). N2 induced generalized vasodilatation followed by tachycardia reflex and Phe evoked vasoconstriction followed by bradycardia. Results: Microinjection of Cocl2 (5 mM/100 nL/side) produced no significant changes in the Phe-induced hypertension and bradycardia, whereas the cardiovascular effect of N2 was significantly attenuated by the injection of CoCl2 to the KF. Conclusion: The KF played no significant role in the baroreflex, but could account for cardiovascular chemoreflex in urethane anesthetized rats.
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GABA A receptor in the Pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus: Effects on cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:1001-1009. [PMID: 32002952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus is a heterogeneous nucleus with several functions including cardiovascular regulation. The presence of GABAA receptor has been shown in the PPT. Therefore, the cardiovascular effects of this receptor were examined. METHODS Rats were divided into: Control; Muscimol; Bicuculline (BMI); Hexamethonium (Hexa) + BMI and Atropine + BMI groups. The femoral vein and artery were cannulated for drug administration and recording of cardiovascular parameters, respectively. Muscimol (a GABAA agonist; 1.5 and 2.5 nmol), BMI (a GABAA antagonist; 0.1 and 0.2 nmol) were stereotaxically microinjected into the PPT. To evaluate the peripheral cardiovascular mechanisms of GABAA receptors, Hexa (a ganglionic blocker; 10 mg/kg) and atropine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist; 1 mg/kg) were intravenously (iv) injected before BMI (0.2 nmol). The average changes of mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP), systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP) and heart rate (ΔHR) in different intervals were calculated and compared both within and between case group and control group (repeated measures ANOVA). The peak changes in each group were also calculated and compared with those of the control group (independent sample t-test). RESULTS Both doses of BMI significantly increased ΔMAP, ΔSBP and ΔHR compared to control, while the only higher dose of muscimol significantly decreased ΔSBP. Iv injection of Hexa significantly attenuated ΔMAP, ΔSBP and ΔHR responses induced by BMI but atropine did not affect. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that GABAA receptor of the PPT has a tonic inhibitory effect on the cardiovascular system and its peripheral effect mostly is mediated by sympathetic system.
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25
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Kosaka T, Kosaka K. Calcium-binding protein, secretagogin, specifies the microcellular tegmental nucleus and intermediate and ventral parts of the cuneiform nucleus of the mouse and rat. Neurosci Res 2018; 134:30-38. [PMID: 29366872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a recently discovered calcium binding protein of the EF hand family, cloned from β cells of pancreatic island of Langerhans and endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal gland. SCGN characterizes some particular neuron groups in various regions of the nervous system and is considered as one of the useful neuron subpopulation markers. In the present study we reported that SCGN specifically labelled a particular neuronal cluster in the brainstem of the mice and rats. The comparison of the SCGN immunostaining with the choline acetyltransferase immunostaining and acetylcholinesterase staining clearly indicated that the particular cluster of SCGN positive neurons corresponded to the microcellular tegmental nucleus (MiTg) and the ventral portion of the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), both of which are components of the isthmus. The analyses in mice indicated that SCGN positive neurons in the MiTg and CnF were homogeneous in size and shape, appearing to compose a single complex: their somata were small comparing with the adjacent cholinergic neurons in the pedunculotegmantal nucleus, 10.5 vs 16.0 μm in diameter, and extended 2-3 slender smooth processes. SCGN might be one of significant markers to reconsider the delineations of the structures of the mouse, and presumably rat, brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kosaka
- Department of Medical Science Technology, Faculty of Health and Welfare Sciences in Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa City, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan.
| | - Katsuko Kosaka
- Department of Medical Science Technology, Faculty of Health and Welfare Sciences in Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa City, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
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Transient Pupil Dilation after Subsaccadic Microstimulation of Primate Frontal Eye Fields. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3765-76. [PMID: 27030761 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4264-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pupillometry provides a simple and noninvasive index for a variety of cognitive processes, including perception, attention, task consolidation, learning, and memory. The neural substrates by which such cognitive processes influence pupil diameter remain somewhat unclear, although cortical inputs to the locus coeruleus mediating arousal are likely involved. Changes in pupil diameter also accompany covert orienting; hence the oculomotor system may provide an alternative substrate for cognitive influences on pupil diameter. Here, we show that low-level electrical microstimulation of the primate frontal eye fields (FEFs), a cortical component of the oculomotor system strongly connected to the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCi), evoked robust pupil dilation even in the absence of evoked saccades. The magnitude of such dilation scaled with increases in stimulation parameters, depending strongly on the intensity and number of pulses. Although there are multiple pathways by which FEF stimulation could cause pupil dilation, the timing and profile of dilation closely resembled that evoked by SCi stimulation. Moreover, pupil dilation evoked from the FEFs increased when presumed oculomotor activity was higher at the time of stimulation. Our findings implicate the oculomotor system as a potential substrate for how cognitive processes can influence pupil diameter. We suggest that a pathway from the frontal cortex through the SCi operates in parallel with frontal inputs to arousal circuits to regulate task-dependent modulation of pupil diameter, perhaps indicative of an organization wherein one pathway assumes primacy for a given cognitive process. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pupillometry (the measurement of pupil diameter) provides a simple and noninvasive index for a variety of cognitive processes, offering a biomarker that has value in both health and disease. But how do cognitive processes influence pupil diameter? Here, we show that low-level stimulation of the primate frontal eye fields can induce robust pupil dilation without saccades. Pupil dilation scaled with the number and intensity of stimulation pulses and varied with endogenous oculomotor activity at the time of stimulation. The oculomotor system therefore provides a plausible pathway by which cognitive processes may influence pupil diameter, perhaps operating in conjunction with systems regulating arousal.
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Bilella A, Alvarez-Bolado G, Celio MR. TheFoxb1-expressing neurons of the ventrolateral hypothalamic parvafox nucleus project to defensive circuits. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2955-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bilella
- Anatomy Unit and Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marco R. Celio
- Anatomy Unit and Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Bondarenko E, Guimarães DD, Braga VA, Nalivaiko E. Integrity of the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey is essential for the fight-or-flight response, but not the respiratory component of a defense reaction. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 226:94-101. [PMID: 26519212 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Periaqueductal grey is believed to be one of the key structures of the central respiratory stress network. Previous studies established that stimulation of the periaqueductal grey, especially its dorsolateral division (dlPAG), evokes tachypnea as well as increases in other autonomic parameters and motor activity. We investigated the effects of blockade of the dlPAG with GABAA agonist muscimol on respiration during stress and presentation of brief alerting stimuli in conscious unrestrained rats. We found that integrity of the dlPAG is not essential for stress-induced increase in basal/resting respiratory rate or for generation of respiratory responses to brief alerting stimuli. However, blockade of the dlPAG reduced the amount of motor activity and concomitant high-frequency respiratory activity during restraint and the first 5min of novelty stress. We conclude that the integrity of the dlPAG is not essential for generation of respiratory component of the defense reaction, but it mediates expression of the fight-or-flight response including its respiratory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bondarenko
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - D D Guimarães
- Biotechnology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - V A Braga
- Biotechnology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - E Nalivaiko
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Song YT, Liu TT, Feng L, Zhang T, Xiang HB. Melanocortin-4 receptor expression in the cuneiform nucleus is involved in modulation of opioidergic signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:662-665. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dampney RAL. Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory function during stress and arousal. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R429-43. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actual or potentially threatening stimuli in the external environment (i.e., psychological stressors) trigger highly coordinated defensive behavioral responses that are accompanied by appropriate autonomic and respiratory changes. As discussed in this review, several brain regions and pathways have major roles in subserving the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to threatening stimuli, which may vary from relatively mild acute arousing stimuli to more prolonged life-threatening stimuli. One key region is the dorsomedial hypothalamus, which receives inputs from the cortex, amygdala, and other forebrain regions and which is critical for generating autonomic, respiratory, and neuroendocrine responses to psychological stressors. Recent studies suggest that the dorsomedial hypothalamus also receives an input from the dorsolateral column in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, which is another key region involved in the integration of stress-evoked cardiorespiratory responses. In addition, it has recently been shown that neurons in the midbrain colliculi can generate highly synchronized autonomic, respiratory, and somatomotor responses to visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs. These collicular neurons may be part of a subcortical defense system that also includes the basal ganglia and which is well adapted to responding to threats that require an immediate stereotyped response that does not involve the cortex. The basal ganglia/colliculi system is phylogenetically ancient. In contrast, the defense system that includes the dorsomedial hypothalamus and cortex evolved at a later time, and appears to be better adapted to generating appropriate responses to more sustained threatening stimuli that involve cognitive appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. L. Dampney
- School of Medical Sciences (Physiology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Wang CA, Munoz DP. A circuit for pupil orienting responses: implications for cognitive modulation of pupil size. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 33:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Processing of visually evoked innate fear by a non-canonical thalamic pathway. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6756. [PMID: 25854147 PMCID: PMC4403372 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of animals to respond to life-threatening stimuli is essential for survival. Although vision provides one of the major sensory inputs for detecting threats across animal species, the circuitry underlying defensive responses to visual stimuli remains poorly defined. Here, we investigate the circuitry underlying innate defensive behaviours elicited by predator-like visual stimuli in mice. Our results demonstrate that neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) are essential for a variety of acute and persistent defensive responses to overhead looming stimuli. Optogenetic mapping revealed that SC projections to the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus, a non-canonical polymodal sensory relay, are sufficient to mimic visually evoked fear responses. In vivo electrophysiology experiments identified a di-synaptic circuit from SC through LP to the lateral amygdale (Amg), and lesions of the Amg blocked the full range of visually evoked defensive responses. Our results reveal a novel collicular-thalamic-Amg circuit important for innate defensive responses to visual threats.
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Corrigan F, Grand D, Raju R. Brainspotting: Sustained attention, spinothalamic tracts, thalamocortical processing, and the healing of adaptive orientation truncated by traumatic experience. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:384-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Evidence accumulated over 30 years, from experiments on animals and human subjects, has conclusively demonstrated that inputs from the vestibular otolith organs contribute to the control of blood pressure during movement and changes in posture. This review considers the effects of gravity on the body axis, and the consequences of postural changes on blood distribution in the body. It then separately considers findings collected in experiments on animals and human subjects demonstrating that the vestibular system regulates blood distribution in the body during movement. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes differ from responses triggered by unloading of cardiovascular receptors such as baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors, as they can be elicited before a change in blood distribution occurs in the body. Dissimilarities in the expression of vestibulosympathetic reflexes in humans and animals are also described. In particular, there is evidence from experiments in animals, but not humans, that vestibulosympathetic reflexes are patterned, and differ between body regions. Results from neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies in animals are discussed that identify the neurons that mediate vestibulosympathetic responses, which include cells in the caudal aspect of the vestibular nucleus complex, interneurons in the lateral medullary reticular formation, and bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Recent findings showing that cognition can modify the gain of vestibulosympathetic responses are also presented, and neural pathways that could mediate adaptive plasticity in the responses are proposed, including connections of the posterior cerebellar vermis with the vestibular nuclei and brainstem nuclei that regulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hagenaars MA, Oitzl M, Roelofs K. Updating freeze: Aligning animal and human research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:165-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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36
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Bondarenko E, Hodgson DM, Nalivaiko E. Prelimbic prefrontal cortex mediates respiratory responses to mild and potent prolonged, but not brief, stressors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 204:21-7. [PMID: 25090960 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is one of the key areas of the central mechanism of cardiovascular and respiratory control. Disinhibition of the prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex elicits tachypnoeic responses in anesthetized rats (Hassan et al., J. Physiol. 591: 6069-6088, 2013). The current study examines the effects of inhibition of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex during presentation of stressors of various lengths and intensities in conscious unrestrained rats. 8 Wistar rats were implanted with bilateral guide cannulas targeting the prelimbic prefrontal cortex and received microinjections of either saline of GABAA agonist muscimol prior to recording sessions. Inhibition of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex significantly attenuated respiratory responses to a novel environment stress, 30s light stimulus and restraint stress. It did not affect respiratory responses to 500 ms acoustic stimuli of varying intensities (40-90 dB). We conclude that the prelimbic prefrontal cortex contributes to generation of tachypnoeic responses to prolonged stressors, but does not contribute to respiratory arousal in response to brief stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bondarenko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - D M Hodgson
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - E Nalivaiko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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37
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Mueller SG, Bateman LM, Laxer KD. Evidence for brainstem network disruption in temporal lobe epilepsy and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 5:208-16. [PMID: 25068110 PMCID: PMC4110882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The symptoms witnessed in unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) suggest a breakdown of central autonomic control. Since the brainstem plays a crucial role in autonomic control, the objectives of this study were 1. To investigate if temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is associated with brainstem atrophy and to characterize it using graph Analysis 2. To compare the findings with those in two probable TLESUDEP. T1 images were obtained from 17 controls, 30 TLE (16 with mesial-temporal-sclerosis (TLE-MTS) and 14 without (TLE-no)) and from 2 patients who died of SUDEP. The brainstem was extracted, warped onto a brainstem atlas and Jacobian determinants maps (JDM) calculated. SPM8 was used to compare the JDMs at the group level, z-score maps were calculated for single subject analysis. Brainstem regions encompassing autonomic structures were identified based on macroscopic landmarks and mean z-scores from 5 × 5 × 5 voxel cubes extracted to calculate a new measure called atrophy-similarity index (ASI) for graph analysis. TLE-MTS had volume loss in the dorsal mesencephalon. The SUDEP cases had severe and more extensive volume loss in the same region. Nodal degrees and participation coefficients were decreased and local efficiency increased in SUDEP compared to controls. TLE is associated with volume loss in brainstem regions involved in autonomic control. Structural damage in these regions might increase the risk for a fatal dysregulation during situations with increased demand such as following severe seizures. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were studied. Two had died of Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy (TLE-SUDEP)The brainstem was studied with deformation-based morphometry and graph analysis TLE has volume loss in the dorsal mesencephalon.TLE-SUDEP have more extensive brainstem damage and evidence for network breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G Mueller
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Bateman
- Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth D Laxer
- Sutter Pacific Epilepsy Program, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Rohleder C, Jung F, Mertgens H, Wiedermann D, Sué M, Neumaier B, Graf R, Leweke FM, Endepols H. Neural correlates of sensorimotor gating: a metabolic positron emission tomography study in awake rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:178. [PMID: 24904330 PMCID: PMC4033256 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired sensorimotor gating occurs in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and can be measured using the prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigm of the acoustic startle response. This assay is frequently used to validate animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders and to explore the therapeutic potential of new drugs. The underlying neural network of PPI has been extensively studied with invasive methods and genetic modifications. However, its relevance for healthy untreated animals and the functional interplay between startle- and PPI-related areas during a PPI session is so far unknown. Therefore, we studied awake rats in a PPI paradigm, startle control and background noise control, combined with behavioral [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Subtractive analyses between conditions were used to identify brain regions involved in startle and PPI processing in well-hearing Black hooded rats. For correlative analysis with regard to the amount of PPI we also included hearing-impaired Lister hooded rats that startled more often, because their hearing threshold was just below the lowest prepulses. Metabolic imaging showed that the brain areas proposed for startle and PPI mediation are active during PPI paradigms in healthy untreated rats. More importantly, we show for the first time that the whole PPI modulation network is active during "passive" PPI sessions, where no selective attention to prepulse or startle stimulus is required. We conclude that this reflects ongoing monitoring of stimulus significance and constant adjustment of sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Rohleder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Fabienne Jung
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Mertgens
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Michael Sué
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf Graf
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Multimodal Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological ResearchCologne, Germany
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Abstract
The sudden appearance of a novel stimulus in the environment initiates a series of orienting responses that include coordinated shifts of gaze and attention, and also transient changes in pupil size. Although numerous studies have identified a significant effect of stimulus saliency on shifts of gaze and attention, saliency effects on pupil size are less understood. To examine salience-evoked pupil responses, we presented visual, auditory, or audiovisual stimuli while monkeys fixated a central visual spot. Transient pupil dilation was elicited after visual stimulus presentation regardless of target luminance relative to background, and auditory stimuli also evoked similar pupil responses. Importantly, the evoked pupil response was modulated by contrast-based saliency, with faster and larger pupil responses following the presentation of more salient stimuli. The initial transient component of pupil dilation was qualitatively similar to that evoked by weak microstimulation of the midbrain superior colliculus. The pupil responses elicited by audiovisual stimuli were well predicted by a linear summation of each modality response. Together, the results suggest that the transient pupil response, as one component of orienting, is modulated by contrast-based saliency, and the superior colliculus is likely involved in its coordination.
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Projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the precuneiform nucleus in the mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 220:263-71. [PMID: 24129768 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mouse precuneiform nucleus has been proposed as the midbrain locomotion center, a function ascribed to its caudal neighbor, cuneiform nucleus, in the rat, cat and other species. The present study investigated the projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the precuneiform nucleus in the mouse using retrograde tracer injections (fluoro-gold) into the precuneiform nucleus and anterograde tracer injections (biotinylated dextran amine) into the central amygdaloid nucleus. The entire central amygdaloid nucleus except the rostral pole had retrogradely labeled neurons, especially in the middle portion where labeled neurons were densely packed. Anterogradely labeled amygdaloid fibers approached the precuneiform nucleus from the area ventrolateral to it and terminated in the entire precuneiform nucleus. Labeled fibers were also found in laminae 5 and 6 in the upper cervical cord on the ipsilateral side. The present study is the first demonstration of projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the precuneiform nucleus. This projection may underpin the role of the precuneiform nucleus in the modulation of the cardiovascular activity.
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Shafei MN, Niazmand S, Enayatfard L, Hosseini M, Daloee MH. Pharmacological study of cholinergic system on cardiovascular regulation in the cuneiform nucleus of rat. Neurosci Lett 2013; 549:12-7. [PMID: 23811029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the effect of cholinergic system of Cuneiform nucleus (CnF) on central regulation of cardiovascular system was investigated. Two doses of acetylcholine (Ach; 90 and 150 nmol), atropine (3 and 9 nmol) and hexamethonium (Hexa; 100 and 300 nmol) were microinjected into the CnF. The maximum changes of MAP and HR were compared with control group (independent t-test). Both doses of Ach significantly decreased MAP but had no significant effect on HR. Administration of atropine and Hexa by themselves did not alter the MAP or HR. However, both doses of atropine and higher dose of Hexa significantly attenuated the hypotensive effect of Ach with no significant effect on HR. Our results suggest the involvement of CnF cholinergic system only on central blood pressure regulation that strongly mediated by muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Role of dorsolateral periaqueductal grey in the coordinated regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory function. Auton Neurosci 2013; 175:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bajic D, Proudfit HK. Projections from the rat cuneiform nucleus to the A7, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A5 pontine noradrenergic cell groups. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 50-51:11-20. [PMID: 23524296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of neurons in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) produces antinociception and cardiovascular responses that could be mediated, in part, by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. The present study determined the projections of neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons in the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 cell groups that are known to project to the spinal cord. Injections of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine in the CnF of Sasco Sprague-Dawley rats labeled axons located near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity. Anterogradely labeled axons were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit. Both A7 and A5 cell groups received dense projections from neurons in the CnF, whereas locus coeruleus received only a sparse projection. Highly varicose anterogradely labeled axons from the CnF were found in close apposition to dendrites and somata of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in pontine tegmentum. Although definitive evidence for direct pathways from CnF neurons to the pontine noradrenergic cell groups requires ultrastructural analysis, the results of the present studies provide presumptive evidence of direct projections from neurons in the CnF to the pontine noradrenergic neurons of the A7, locus coeruleus, and A5 cell groups. These results support the suggestion that the analgesia and cardiovascular responses produced by stimulation of neurons in the CnF may be mediated, in part, by pontine noradrenergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Bajic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Hahn JD, Swanson LW. Connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region in the male rat. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1831-90. [PMID: 22488503 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region (LHAjd) were investigated in a series of pathway-tracing experiments involving iontophoretic co-injection of the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L; for outputs) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB; for inputs). Results revealed that the LHAjd has connections with some 318 distinct gray matter regions encompassing all four subsystems-motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral state-included in a basic structure-function network model of the nervous system. Integration of these subsystems is necessary for the coordination and control of emotion and behavior, and in that regard the connections of the LHAjd indicate that it may have a prominent role. Furthermore, the LHAjd connections, together with the connections of other LHA differentiations studied similarly to date, indicate a distinct topographic organization that suggests each LHA differentiation has specifically differing degrees of involvement in the control of multiple behaviors. For the LHAjd, its involvement to a high degree in the control of defensive behavior, and to a lesser degree in the control of other behaviors, including ingestive and reproductive, is suggested. Moreover, the connections of the LHAjd suggest that its possible role in the control of these behaviors may be very broad in scope because they involve the somatic, neuroendocrine, and autonomic divisions of the nervous system. In addition, we suggest that connections between LHA differentiations may provide, at the level of the hypothalamus, a neuronal substrate for the coordinated control of multiple themes in the behavioral repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520, USA.
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Nasimi A, Shafei MN, Alaei H. Glutamate injection into the cuneiform nucleus in rat, produces correlated single unit activities in the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and cardiovascular responses. Neuroscience 2012; 223:439-46. [PMID: 22858597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cuneiform (CnF) and Kolliker-Fuse (KF) nuclei are implicated in several functions including regulation of cardiovascular system and pain modulation. The KF also is a potential candidate for relaying the CnF cardiovascular responses to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). In a previous study we showed that blockade of the KF strongly attenuated the short responses and moderately attenuated the long responses to glutamate microinjection into the CnF, suggesting that the cardiovascular effects of the CnF, especially the short responses, were mediated by the KF. In the present study the cellular basis of the cardiovascular responses of the CnF and possible role of the KF in relaying them to the RVLM were explored. In one group, l-glutamate was microinjected in the CnF and the cardiovascular responses were recorded. In another group the single unit responses of the KF to l-glutamate injection into the CnF were recorded. Our results showed that chemical stimulation of the CnF with glutamate produced mainly excitatory cardiovascular and single unit responses and a minority of mixed (excitatory and inhibitory) responses. In about one fourth of the cases there were no responses to stimulation. Various patterns of each group were presented and compared between cardiovascular and single unit responses. Similarities were found between cardiovascular and single unit response patterns, suggesting a significant role of KF neurons in mediating the CnF cardiovascular responses to the RVLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nasimi
- Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Shafei MN, Nasimi A, Alaei H, Pourshanazari AA, Hosseini M. Role of cuneiform nucleus in regulation of sympathetic vasomotor tone in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:151-5. [PMID: 22743154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cuneiform nucleus (CnF) is a sympathoexcitatory area involved in the central cardiovascular regulation. Its role in the maintaining vasomotor tone has, however, not yet been clarified. In the present study the effects of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) a nonselective synapse blocker and NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors on resting mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate of CnF have been evaluated. CoCl(2), AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) and CNQX (an AMPA/kinase receptor antagonist) (100nl) were microinjected into the CnF of anesthetized rats. The blood pressure and heart rate were recorded throughout the experiment. The responses of blood pressure and heart rate were compared with the pre-injection (paired t-test) and control (independent t-test) values. Microinjection of CoCl(2), AP5 and CNQX did not change the basal blood pressure and heart rate. In conclusion, our present study indicates that the CnF is not important in the regulation of cardiovascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Gerrits PO, Kortekaas R, Veening JG, de Weerd H, van der Want JJL. Reduced aging defects in estrogen receptive brainstem nuclei in the female hamster. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2920-34. [PMID: 22445324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The nucleus pararetroambiguus (NPRA) and the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (NTScom) show estrogen nuclear receptor-α immunoreactivity (nuclear ER-α-IR). Both cell groups are involved in estrous cycle related adaptations. We examined in normally cycling aged hamsters the occurrence/amount/frequency of age-related degenerative changes in NPRA and NTScom during estrus and diestrus. In 2640 electron microscopy photomicrographs plasticity reflected in the ratio of axon terminal surface/dendrite surface (t/d) was morphometrically analyzed. Medial tegmental field (mtf, nuclear ER-α-IR poor), served as control. In aged animals, irrespective of nuclear ER-α-IR+ or nuclear ER-α-IR- related cell groups, extensive diffuse degenerative structural aberrations were observed. The hormonal state had a strong influence on t/d ratios in NPRA and NTScom, but not in mtf. In NPRA and NTScom, diestrous hamsters had significantly smaller t/d ratios (NPRA, 0.750 ± 0.050; NTScom, 0.900 ± 0.039) than the estrous hamsters (NPRA, 1.083 ± 0.075; NTScom, 1.204 ± 0.076). Aging affected axodendritic ratios only in mtf (p < 0.001). IN CONCLUSION in the female hamster brain, estrous cycle-induced structural plasticity is preserved in NPRA and NTScom during aging despite the presence of diffuse age-related neurodegenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Gerrits
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wang CA, Boehnke SE, White BJ, Munoz DP. Microstimulation of the monkey superior colliculus induces pupil dilation without evoking saccades. J Neurosci 2012; 32:3629-36. [PMID: 22423086 PMCID: PMC6703448 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5512-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The orienting reflex is initiated by a salient stimulus and facilitates quick, appropriate action. It involves a rapid shift of the eyes, head, and attention and other physiological responses such as changes in heart rate and transient pupil dilation. The SC is a critical structure in the midbrain that selects incoming stimuli based on saliency and relevance to coordinate orienting behaviors, particularly gaze shifts, but its causal role in pupil dilation remains poorly understood in mammals. Here, we examined the role of the primate SC in the control of pupil dynamics. While requiring monkeys to keep their gaze fixed, we delivered weak electrical microstimulation to the SC, so that saccadic eye movements were not evoked. Pupil size increased transiently after microstimulation of the intermediate SC layers (SCi) and the size of evoked pupil dilation was larger on a dim versus bright background. In contrast, microstimulation of the superficial SC layers did not cause pupil dilation. Thus, the SCi is directly involved not only in shifts of gaze and attention, but also in pupil dilation as part of the orienting reflex, and the function of pupil dilation may be related to increasing visual sensitivity. The shared neural mechanisms suggest that pupil dilation may be associated with covert attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-An Wang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Susan E. Boehnke
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brian J. White
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Granjeiro EM, Gomes FV, Guimarães FS, Corrêa FMA, Resstel LBM. Effects of intracisternal administration of cannabidiol on the cardiovascular and behavioral responses to acute restraint stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:743-8. [PMID: 21771609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa, attenuates the cardiovascular and behavioral responses to restraint stress. Although the brain structures related to CBD effects are not entirely known, they could involve brainstem structures responsible for cardiovascular control. Therefore, to investigate this possibility the present study verified the effects of CBD (15, 30 and 60 nmol) injected into the cisterna magna on the autonomic and behavioral changes induced by acute restraint stress. During exposure to restraint stress (1h) there was a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Also, 24h later the animals showed a decreased percentage of entries onto the open arms of the elevated plus-maze. These effects were attenuated by CBD (30 nmol). The drug had no effect on MAP and HR baseline values. These results indicate that intracisternal administration of CBD can attenuate autonomic responses to stress. However, since CBD decreased the anxiogenic consequences of restraint stress, it is possible that the drug is also acting on forebrain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Granjeiro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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Shafei MN, Nasimi A. Effect of glutamate stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus on cardiovascular regulation in anesthetized rats: role of the pontine Kolliker-Fuse nucleus. Brain Res 2011; 1385:135-43. [PMID: 21349254 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cuneiform nucleus (CnF) is a reticular nucleus of the midbrain involved in cardiovascular function and stress. There is no report on the cardiovascular effects of the glutamatergic system in the CnF. In the present study, we investigated the cardiovascular effects of glutamate and its NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors in the CnF. In addition, the possible mediation of Kolliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus in the cardiovascular effects of the CnF was explored. l-glutamate, AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist), and CNQX (an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist) (50-100 nl) were microinjected into the CnF of anesthetized rats. Also, the KF was blocked by cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) then l-glutamate was microinjected into the CnF. The maximum changes of blood pressure and heart rate were compared with the pre-injection (paired t-test) and control (independent t-test) values. Microinjection of glutamate (25 nmol/100 nl) into the CnF produced either a short pressor and bradycardic or a long pressor and tachycardic responses. Microinjection of AP5 or CNQX alone did not affect the basal arterial pressure and heart rate. However, co-injection of glutamate with AP5 strongly attenuated the short and moderately attenuated the long cardiovascular responses elicited by glutamate. Co-injection of glutamate with CNQX did not attenuate the short and weakly attenuated the long cardiovascular responses elicited by glutamate. These data suggest that the responses are mediated mainly through NMDA receptors. Blockade of the KF nucleus strongly attenuated the short response and weakly attenuated the long response to glutamate microinjection, suggesting that the cardiovascular effects of glutamate in the CnF, especially the short responses, were mediated by the KF nucleus.
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