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Hua K, Liu D, Xu Q, Peng Y, Sun Y, He R, Luo R, Jin H. The role of hormones in the regulation of lactogenic immunity in porcine and bovine species. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 88:106851. [PMID: 38733944 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Colostrum and milk offer a complete diet and vital immune protection for newborn mammals with developing immune systems. High immunoglobulin levels in colostrum serve as the primary antibody source for newborn piglets and calves. Subsequent milk feeding support continued local antibody protection against enteric pathogens, as well as maturation of the developing immune system and provide nutrients for newborn growth. Mammals have evolved hormonal strategies that modulate the levels of immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk to facilitate effective lactational immunity. In addition, hormones regulate the gut-mammary gland-secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) axis in pregnant mammals, controlling the levels of sIgA in milk, which serves as the primary source of IgA for piglets and helps them resist pathogens such as PEDV and TGEV. In the present study, we review the existing studies on the interactions between hormones and the gut-mammary-sIgA axis/lactogenic immunity in mammals and explore the potential mechanisms of hormonal regulation that have not been studied in detail, to draw attention to the role of hormones in influencing the immune response of pregnant and lactating mammals and their offspring, and highlight the effect of hormones in regulating sIgA-mediated anti-infection processes in colostrum and milk. Discussion of the relationship between hormones and lactogenic immunity may lead to a better way of improving lactogenic immunity by determining a better injection time and developing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qianshuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuna Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Rongrong He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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Bokma J, Kaske M, Vermijlen J, Stuyvaert S, Pardon B. Diagnostic performance of Mycoplasmopsis bovis antibody ELISA tests on bulk tank milk from dairy herds. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:81. [PMID: 38443962 PMCID: PMC10916218 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing of bulk tank milk (BTM) for Mycoplasmopsis bovis (previously Mycoplasma bovis) antibodies is increasingly popular. However the performance of some commercially available tests is unknown, and cutoff values possibly need to be adjusted in light of the purpose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of three commercially available M. bovis antibody ELISAs on BTM, and to explore optimal cutoff values for screening purposes. A prospective diagnostic test accuracy study was performed on 156 BTM samples from Belgian and Swiss dairy farms using Bayesian Latent Class Analysis. Samples were initially classified using manufacturer cutoff values, followed by generated values. RESULTS Following the manufacturer's guidelines, sensitivity of 91.4%, 25.6%, 69.2%, and specificity of 67.2%, 96.8%, 85.8% were observed for ID-screen, Bio K432, and Bio K302, respectively. Optimization of cutoffs resulted in a sensitivity of 89.0%, 82.0%, and 85.5%, and a specificity of 83.4%, 75.1%, 77.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ID-screen showed the highest diagnostic performance after optimization of cutoff values, and could be useful for screening. Both Bio-X tests may be of value for diagnostic or confirmation purposes due to their high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Martin Kaske
- Swiss Bovine Health Service, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sabrina Stuyvaert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Potârniche AV, Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz-Fik A, Mickiewicz M, Biernacka K, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Cerbu C, Olah D, Trif E, Spinu M, Kaba J. Serological testing of an equal-volume milk sample - a new method to estimate the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus infection? BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:43. [PMID: 36759821 PMCID: PMC9912530 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cattle attempts to evaluate within-herd prevalence of various infectious and parasitic diseases by bulk-tank milk (BTM) testing with ELISA have been made with moderate success. The fact that BTM is composed of variable and unknown volumes of milk from individual lactating animals weakens the relationship between numerical result of the ELISA and the within-herd prevalence. We carried out a laboratory experimental study to evaluate if a pooled milk sample created by mixing an equal volume of individual milk samples from seropositive and seronegative goats, henceforth referred to as an equal-volume milk sample (EVMS), would allow for accurate estimation of within-herd seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) using 3 different commercial ELISAs. By mixing randomly selected milk samples from seronegative and seropositive goats, 193 EVMS were created - 93 made of seronegative samples and 100 with the proportion of seropositive individual milk samples (EVMS%POS) ranging from 1 to 100%. EVMS%POS could be considered as a proxy for the within-herd seroprevalence. Then, OD of EVMS (ODEVMS) of the 193 EVMS was measured using 3 commercial ELISAs for CAE - 2 indirect and 1 competitive. RESULTS The cut-off values of ODEVMS indicating SRLV infection were determined. The regression functions were developed to link ODEVMS with EVMS%POS. A significant monotonic relationship between ODEVMS measured with 2 commercial indirect ELISAs and EVMS%POS was identified. Two regression models developed on this basis described approximately 90% of variability and allowed to estimate EVMS%POS, when it was below 50%. High ODEVMS indicated EVMS%POS of > 50%. CONCLUSION Our study introduces the concept of serological testing of EVMS as a method of detecting SRLV-infected herds and estimating the proportion of strongly seropositive goats. Further field studies are warranted to assess practical benefits of EVMS serological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Valentin Potârniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz-Fik
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Biernacka
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Magdalenka Poland
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Olah
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Trif
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spinu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Bigler NA, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. Implications of placentation type on species-specific colostrum properties in mammals. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac287. [PMID: 36048628 PMCID: PMC9713508 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal care is essential to optimally support survival of the offspring. During evolution of mammalian species, different phenotypes have evolved in relation to gestation length, number, size, and maturation stage of the offspring at parturition, as well as colostrum and milk composition. The aim of the present review is to describe relationships between placental function and colostrum and milk composition in different mammalian species. Species covered in this article include humans, rabbits, rodents (rat and mouse), carnivores (cats and dogs), and a variety of ungulate species (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses). Species-specific aspects are elucidated with a special focus on the transfer of passive immunity. In this regard, the structure and thus the capability of the placenta to transport immunoglobulins from maternal to fetal circulation in utero dictates the necessity of the passive transfer of immunity via colostrum. Consequently, species with exclusive postpartal transfer of immunity such as in all ungulate species have greater immunoglobulin G concentrations in colostrum than species with a prepartal transfer in utero, where especially immunoglobulin A with its local immune function in the gastrointestinal tract is present in colostrum (e.g., rabbit and human). In terms of the nutritional purpose, suckling frequency is an important factor determining the gross composition of colostrum as well as in the mature milk of these species. Milk of nidicolous animals with long intervals in-between suckling events contains more fat than milk of nidifugous animals with constant access to their mother. However, the importance of colostrum and milk consumption for newborn animals and human babies goes beyond nutrition and the transfer of immunity. Numerous bioactive components such as growth factors, hormones, and oligosaccharides are enriched in colostrum and transition milk, which support the development of the intestinal tract and local immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A Bigler
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josef J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Natural Infection of Dairy Cows with Bovine Leukemia Virus Affects Immunoglobulin Levels in Saliva and Serum but Not Milk. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070907. [PMID: 34358057 PMCID: PMC8308649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retroviral infection that disrupts the immune function of infected animals. It is widespread among U.S. dairy cattle. In this pilot study, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations in milk, saliva, and serum samples from BLV ELISA-positive (ELISA+) dairy cows were compared against samples from BLV ELISA-negative (ELISA−) cows using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with ties). The results from ELISA+ cows were also stratified by lymphocyte count (LC) and proviral load (PVL). In milk and saliva from ELISA+ cows, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations were decreased compared to ELISA− cows, although this was only statistically significant for saliva IgM in cows with low PVL (p = 0.0424). Numerically, the average total IgA concentrations were 33.6% lower in milk and 23.7% lower in saliva, and the average total IgM concentrations were 42.4% lower in milk and 15.5% lower in saliva. No significant differences were observed in the total serum IgA concentrations, regardless of PVL and LC. The total serum IgM from ELISA+ cows was significantly decreased (p = 0.0223), with the largest decreases occurring in the highest PVL and LC subgroups. This pilot study is a first step in investigating the impact of BLV on mucosal immunity and will require further exploration in each of the various stages of disease progression.
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7
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Schalich KM, Reiff OM, Nguyen BT, Lamb CL, Mondoza CR, Selvaraj V. Temporal kinetics of bovine mammary IgG secretion into colostrum and transition milk. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6170618. [PMID: 33715013 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf survival and health is predominantly dependent on sufficient consumption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the resulting transfer of passive immunity (TPI). In this study, we investigate the potential for continued IgG secretion and temporal kinetics of mammary IgG output in sequential milkings performed at 0, 4, 16, 28, 40, and 52 hr postcalving in Holstein dairy cows. For colostrum (0 hr), we also scrutinize the relationships between IgG concentration, volume, refractometer readings (˚Bx values, Brix) and concentration of sugars (lactose and glucose). Mammary transcripts postpartum (0 hr) indicated that active IgG secretion continues beyond the first milking (colostrum; n = 4 to 5). IgG measurements at the different timepoints indicated that colostrum represents only 25.1% of the total IgG produced across the 6 sequential milking timepoints, with a substantial 48.9% being secreted into transition milk over the next 3 timepoints (4-, 6-, and 28-hr) combined. The differences on the basis of IgG concentrations across 0-, 4-, and 16-hr milking timepoints were not statistically significant (P = 0.1522; n = 9). For colostrum, volume remained highly variable, even with induced let-down prior to milking (n = 27). Nonetheless, colostrum IgG secretion was significantly co-regulated with volume (R2 = 0.915; P < 0.001; n = 18), an association that was stronger than that measured for lactose (R2 = 0.803; P < 0.001; n = 18) and glucose (R2 = 0.467; P = 0.002; n = 17). Comparing colostrum ˚Bx values to absolute IgG concentrations showed no correlation (R2 = 0.127; P = 0.07; n = 27); biochemical separation of colostrum components indicated that both proteins and nonprotein solutes could affect ˚Bx values (P < 0.0001 for both; n = 5). This suggests that ˚Bx values do not reasonably indicate IgG concentration to serve as a measure of "colostrum quality." Additionally, our finding that early transition milk (4-, 6-, and 28-hr) can contribute substantially more IgG than colostrum forces a rethink of existing feeding paradigms and means to maximize TPI in calves. Collectively, our results reveal the remarkable value of early transition milk and caveats to colostrum assessments that could advance application in enhancing neonatal calf health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Schalich
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell, University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Olivia M Reiff
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell, University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Blake T Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell, University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary, Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cassandra L Lamb
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell, University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cecilia R Mondoza
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell, University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell, University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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8
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Ke C, Ma Y, Pan D, Wan Z, Feng T, Yu D, Liu X, Wang H, Du M, Huang L, Zhang Y, Du L, Wang X, Li K, Yu D, Zhang M, Huang J, Qu J, Ren L, Hu Y, Cao G, Hu X, Wu S, Han H, Zhao Y. FcRn is not the receptor mediating the transfer of serum IgG to colostrum in pigs. Immunology 2021; 163:448-459. [PMID: 33738807 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to humans or rabbits, in which maternal IgG is transmitted to offspring prenatally via the placenta or the yolk sac, large domestic animals such as pigs, cows and sheep transmit IgG exclusively through colostrum feeding after delivery. The extremely high IgG content in colostrum is absorbed by newborns via the small intestine. Although it is widely accepted that the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is the receptor mediating IgG transfer across both the placenta and small intestine, it remains unclear whether FcRn also mediates serum IgG transfer across the mammary barrier to colostrum/milk, especially in large domestic animals. In this study, using a FcRn knockout pig model generated with a CRISPR-Cas9-based approach, we clearly demonstrate that FcRn is not responsible for the IgG transfer from serum to colostrum in pigs, although like in other mammals, it is involved in IgG homeostasis and mediates IgG absorption in the small intestine of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yonghe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengke Pan
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Du
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhua Huang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifu Zhang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kongpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Qu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gengsheng Cao
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Atyeo C, Alter G. The multifaceted roles of breast milk antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:1486-1499. [PMID: 33740451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonates are born with an immature immune system and rely on the transfer of immunity from their mothers. Maternal antibodies are transferred via the placenta and breast milk. Although the role of placentally transferred immunoglobulin G (IgG) is established, less is known about the selection of antibodies transferred via breast milk and the mechanisms by which they provide protection against neonatal disease. Evidence suggests that breast milk antibodies play multifaceted roles, preventing infection and supporting the selection of commensals and tolerizing immunity during infancy. Here, we discuss emerging data related to the importance of breast milk antibodies in neonatal immunity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Hine BC, Hunt PW, Colditz IG. Production and active transport of immunoglobulins within the ruminant mammary gland. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 211:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Wąsowska E, Puppel K. Changes in the content of immunostimulating components of colostrum obtained from dairy cows at different levels of production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5062-5068. [PMID: 29604073 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicate that almost 60% of colostrum samples do not have enough antibodies to provide adequate protection for the calf. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of the level of production of cows on the content of immunostimulating components of protein fraction of colostrum. The observations were conducted on two farms that keep dairy cows. One of the farms was selected to represent a typical performance level for the mass population of dairy cows in Poland, about 5500 kg of milk per cow per year (LI) and the second one was characterized by a higher level of production, about 8000 kg (HI). RESULTS Based on the data obtained, 100% of the samples collected from LI had an immunoglobulin G (IgG) content >50 gL-1 , in the first collection. In the case of HI, 63% of the samples had an IgG content >50 gL-1 , with a distribution in the range of 10.7 to 72.7 gL-1 . The colostrum of LI cows was characterized by a higher content of lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin compared to the milk of HI cows. CONCLUSIONS The immunostimulating components of colostrum declined rapidly in subsequent milkings or with the increased productivity of the cows. The concentration of IgG was negatively correlated with the performance level of cows, which means that high-producing cows had colostrum with a low concentration of IgG. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Wąsowska
- Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding and Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Puppel
- Cattle Breeding Division, Animal Breeding and Production Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Schmautz C, Hillreiner M, Ballweg I, Pfaffl MW, Kliem H. Stimulated enrichment of Clostridium difficile specific IgA in mature cow's milk. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195275. [PMID: 29694363 PMCID: PMC5919046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow milk products enriched with Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) specific IgA are possible alternative therapeutics against C. diff. associated diarrhea. A persistently high level of C. diff. specific IgA in mature milk triggered by continuous immunizations of dairy cows against C. diff. was hypothesized. Nine Brown Swiss cows were repeatedly vaccinated against C. diff. and divided into low responder (LR) and high responder (HR) cows, as measured by their production of anti-C. diff. specific IgA in milk (threshold: 8.0 μg anti-C. diff. specific IgA/mL on average). Total and C. diff. specific IgA were quantified in bovine milk and blood using a sandwich ELISA. Important milk production factors were analyzed per lactation stage. Milk yield, milk fats and proteins were significantly different (P < 0.05) in the early lactation stage when the treated with the untreated cows (n = 30) were compared. In contrast to the "before treatment control" values, the HR's milk anti-C. diff. IgA was approximately 80% higher at any lactation stage, and the HR's total milk IgA increased up to 72% in the late lactation stage. The LR's total milk IgA differed from the baseline by roughly 47% only in the late lactation stage. The total and specific IgA contents in milk were more influenced by the anti-C. diff. immunizations than in blood. The correlations between anti-C. diff. specific IgA, total IgA and the main production factors in milk were classified as weak (I r I < 0.5), except for the close relation of anti-C. diff. specific IgA and total IgA (r = 0.69). To conclude, a sustainable C. diff. specific IgA enrichment in milk can be achieved by continuous immunization of dairy cows, provided a potent and well-formulated anti-C. diff. vaccine is given to dairy cows preselected due to their proven anti-C. diff. receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schmautz
- Chair for Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Maria Hillreiner
- Chair for Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Ines Ballweg
- Chair for Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Chair for Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Heike Kliem
- Chair for Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Parker AM, Sheehy PA, Hazelton MS, Bosward KL, House JK. A review of mycoplasma diagnostics in cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1241-1252. [PMID: 29671903 PMCID: PMC5980305 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma species have a global distribution causing serious diseases in cattle worldwide including mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, otitis media and reproductive disorders. Mycoplasma species are typically highly contagious, are capable of causing severe disease, and are difficult infections to resolve requiring rapid and accurate diagnosis to prevent and control disease outbreaks. This review discusses the development and use of different diagnostic methods to identify Mycoplasma species relevant to cattle, with a particular focus on Mycoplasma bovis. Traditionally, the identification and diagnosis of mycoplasma has been performed via microbial culture. More recently, the use of polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma species from various bovine samples has increased. Polymerase chain reaction has a higher efficiency, specificity, and sensitivity for laboratory diagnosis when compared with conventional culture‐based methods. Several tools are now available for typing Mycoplasma spp. isolates, allowing for genetic characterization in disease outbreak investigations. Serological diagnosis through the use of indirect ELISA allows the detection of antimycoplasma antibodies in sera and milk, with their use demonstrated on individual animal samples as well as BTM samples. While each testing method has strengths and limitations, their combined use provides complementary information, which when interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and herd history, facilitates pathogen detection, and characterization of the disease status of cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Parker
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark S Hazelton
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Type I and type II cytokine production of CD4+ T-cells in immune response biased dairy cattle around calving. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 199:70-76. [PMID: 29678232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The peripartum period is a period of high stress, transition and management changes for dairy cows. It is associated with higher incidence of both metabolic and pathogenic disease. Both antibody-(AMIR) and cell-(CMIR) mediated immune responses play a key role in the maintenance of health in mammals protecting against extracellular and intracellular pathogens, respectively. Generally, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) has been associated with CMIR, whereas interleukin 4 (IL-4) has been associated with AMIR bias, and interleukin 17 (IL-17A) is associated with pro-inflammatory. It has been previously demonstrated that cows can be classified as high (H), average (A), and low (L) immune responders based upon their AMIR and CMIR to test antigens, and that this classification is associated with disease occurrence throughout lactation. The mechanisms behind these differences in phenotype and the effects of the peripartum period have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the peripartum period on cytokine production of CD4+ T-cells or T helper (Th) cells, key mediators of the adaptive immune response. Immune response phenotyped cows were selected based on H-AMIR/L-CMIR (H-AMIR cows; n = 10) and H-CMIR/L-AMIR (H-CMIR cows; n = 11) response to test antigens. Isolated CD4+ T-cells collected at 28 days before calving (prepartum samples), 4 days after calving (early postpartum samples), and 21 days after calving (late postpartum samples) from these groups were stimulated with Concanavalin-A (ConA) with unstimulated controls. Subsequently, IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-17A concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Overall, there was no obvious decline in IL-4, IFN-γ or IL-17A close to calving observed from CD4+ T-cells from each of these phenotypically distinct groups of cows. However, CD4+ T-cells isolated from H-CMIR secreted higher amounts of IL-4 (746.43 ± 428 pg/mL), IL-17A (446IL ± 62 pg/mL), and IFN-γ (7755.79 ± 4449 pg/mL) than H-AMIR cows (IL-4 (212.15 ± 121 pg/mL), IL-17A (163.15 ± 87 pg/mL), and IFN-γ (2909.771 ± 1671 pg/mL)) on day 21 after calving, late postpartum. This study indicates a genetic predisposition based on immune response phenotype of cytokine production from CD4+ T-cells around calving.
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Watanabe A, Hata E, Sláma P, Kimura K, Hirai T. Characteristics of mammary secretions from Holstein cows at approximately 10 days before parturition: with or without intramammary infection. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1368524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Watanabe
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Petr Sláma
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunao Hirai
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Hokkaido, Japan
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Natural and artificial feeding management before weaning promote different rumen microbial colonization but not differences in gene expression levels at the rumen epithelium of newborn goats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182235. [PMID: 28813529 PMCID: PMC5558975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of feeding management during the first month of life (natural with the mother, NAT, or artificial with milk replacer, ART) on the rumen microbial colonization and the host innate immune response. Thirty pregnant goats carrying two fetuses were used. At birth one kid was taken immediately away from the doe and fed milk replacer (ART) while the other remained with the mother (NAT). Kids from groups received colostrum during first 2 days of life. Groups of four kids (from ART and NAT experimental groups) were slaughtered at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of life. On the sampling day, after slaughtering, the rumen content was sampled and epithelial rumen tissue was collected. Pyrosequencing analyses of the bacterial community structure on samples collected at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days showed that both systems promoted significantly different colonization patterns (P = 0.001). Diversity indices increased with age and were higher in NAT feeding system. Lower mRNA abundance was detected in TLR2, TLR8 and TLR10 in days 3 and 5 compared to the other days (7, 14, 21 and 28). Only TLR5 showed a significantly different level of expression according to the feeding system, presenting higher mRNA abundances in ART kids. PGLYRP1 showed significantly higher abundance levels in days 3, 5 and 7, and then experienced a decline independently of the feeding system. These observations confirmed a highly diverse microbial colonisation from the first day of life in the undeveloped rumen, and show that the colonization pattern substantially differs between pre-ruminants reared under natural or artificial milk feeding systems. However, the rumen epithelial immune development does not differentially respond to distinct microbial colonization patterns.
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Characterization of three commercial ELISA kits for detection of BOHV-1 gE specific antibodies in serum and milk samples and applicability of bulk milk for determination of herd status. J Virol Methods 2017; 245:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Baumrucker C, Dechow C, Macrina A, Gross J, Bruckmaier R. Mammary immunoglobulin transfer rates following prepartum milking. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9254-9262. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Quarter variation and correlations of colostrum albumin, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 in dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:209-18. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029916000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A high variation in immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration in first milked quarter colostrum has been reported, but BSA quarter colostrum variation is not known. The occurrence of serum albumin in milk has been attributed to increased blood-milk barrier penetration. Reports of serum albumin binding to the Fc Receptor of the neonate, the receptor thought to be responsible for IgG1 transcytosis, suggested that a correlation with the appearance of IgG1 in colostrum of dairy cows was likely. The objective of the study was to establish the quarter colostrum concentration and mass of immunoglobulins and serum albumin. First colostrum was quarter collected within 4 h of parturition from healthy udders of 31 multiparous dairy cows. Individual quarter colostrum weight was determined and a sample of each was frozen for subsequent analysis. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G1, G2, and BSA were measured by ELISA and total mass of components was calculated. In addition, colostrum was also analysed for L-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Analysis of concentration and mass of BSA, immunoglobulin G1, G2 established that the quarter variations were different by cow, quarter and quarter within cow. Partial correlations corrected for colostrum weight indicated that BSA and IgG2 concentration and mass are closely correlated while that of BSA and IgG1 concentration and mass exhibited no correlation suggesting that BSA and IgG1 may have different transport mechanisms. Interestingly, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 concentration and mass exhibited strong correlations suggesting that also some unknown mechanism of immunoglobulin G2 appearance in colostrum is occurring. Finally, no measured protein exhibited any correlation with the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in colostrum.
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Fleming K, Thompson-Crispi KA, Hodgins DC, Miglior F, Corredig M, Mallard BA. Short communication: Variation of total immunoglobulin G and β-lactoglobulin concentrations in colostrum and milk from Canadian Holsteins classified as high, average, or low immune responders. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2358-2363. [PMID: 26774725 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate IgG and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) concentrations in colostrum and milk of Canadian Holsteins (n=108) classified as high (H), average (A), or low (L) for antibody-mediated (AMIR) or cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR) based on estimated breeding values. It was hypothesized that H-AMIR and H-CMIR cows produce colostrum (first milking) and milk (d 5 postcalving) with higher concentrations of IgG and β-LG. Data for IgG and β-LG in colostrum and milk were analyzed independently using mixed linear models. Least squares means were compared using Tukey's test. Cows classified as H-AMIR had higher IgG and β-LG concentrations in colostrum compared with A- and L-AMIR cows; 84% of H-AMIR, 69% of A-AMIR, and 68% of L-AMIR cows had over 5,000 mg/dL IgG in colostrum. No differences in IgG and β-LG concentrations in colostrum were noted among cows ranked on CMIR or in milk of cows ranked on AMIR. β-Lactoglobulin and IgG concentrations were positively correlated in colostrum. Breeding cows for H-AMIR status may reduce failure of passive transfer of IgG in their calves; β-LG may play a role in bovine immune defenses. Colostrum from H-AMIR cows may serve as a more economical feedstock source for manufacturing natural health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fleming
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K A Thompson-Crispi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, Ontario, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - M Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - B A Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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21
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Almeida RA, Kerro-Dego O, Prado ME, Headrick SI, Lewis MJ, Siebert LJ, Pighetti GM, Oliver SP. Protective effect of anti-SUAM antibodies on Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Vet Res 2015; 46:133. [PMID: 26582308 PMCID: PMC4652381 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of anti-recombinant Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) antibodies against S. uberis intramammary infections (IMI) was evaluated using a passive protection model. Mammary quarters of healthy cows were infused with S. uberis UT888 opsonized with affinity purified anti-rSUAM antibodies or hyperimmune sera. Non-opsonized S. uberis UT888 were used as a control. Mammary quarters infused with opsonized S. uberis showed mild-to undetectable clinical symptoms of mastitis, lower milk bacterial counts, and less infected mammary quarters as compared to mammary quarters infused with non-opsonized S. uberis. These findings suggest that anti-rSUAM antibodies interfered with infection of mammary gland by S. uberis which might be through preventing adherence to and internalization into mammary gland cells, thus facilitating clearance of S. uberis, reducing colonization, and causing less IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Oudessa Kerro-Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - María E Prado
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Susan I Headrick
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Mark J Lewis
- Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center, Walland, TN, 37886, USA.
| | - Lydia J Siebert
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Gina M Pighetti
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Stephen P Oliver
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
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Prevalence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) in Irish dairy herds. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Eisenberg SWF, Veldman E, Rutten VPMG, Koets AP. A longitudinal study of factors influencing the result of a Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis antibody ELISA in milk of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2345-55. [PMID: 25660747 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of milk yield and milk composition on the diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by milk ELISA in the context of the total IgG secretion patterns in milk throughout lactation and serum concentrations were investigated. A 2-yr trial was performed in which 1,410 dairy cows were sampled monthly and MAP milk ELISA status and milk yield and composition were determined. Data were analyzed by mixed model analysis. Milk yield was found to significantly influence ELISA results expressed as sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios. For each 5-kg increase in milk, the S/P ratio has to be multiplied by 0.89; therefore, high milk yield can change the MAP milk ELISA outcome of a cow in early infection from positive to negative. Parity influenced ELISA outcome significantly, indicating that cows with a parity >1 are more likely to be identified by milk testing. Also, herd was an important predictor, showing that herd prevalence influences the milk ELISA strongly. Other factors influencing the S/P ratios were protein concentration, somatic cell count, and days in milk. The IgG concentration and mass excreted per day were determined longitudinally in a subset of 41 cows of which samples and data of a complete lactation were available. Again, the IgG concentration in milk was mainly influenced by milk yield. The total IgG mass secreted per day in milk was found to be relatively constant, with a mean of 8.70 ± 5.38 g despite an increasing IgG concentration in serum at the same time. The variation of IgG concentration in milk can be mainly attributed to dilution through changes in milk yield. This supports the assumption that concentrations of MAP-specific antibodies are influenced by changes in milk yield similarly. In conclusion, we confirmed that antibody concentrations, and therefore MAP ELISA outcome, were influenced by milk yield, herd, and parity. To enhance performance, milk ELISA tests should either be performed in early or late lactation, when milk yield is low. From a management perspective, sampling should be done during early lactation before cows are bred again. Based on the slow progressive infection dynamics, only first-parity cows should be preferentially tested at the end of their first lactation to avoid false-negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W F Eisenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - E Veldman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - A P Koets
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Butler J. Collection, Handling, and Analysis of Specimens for Studies of Mucosal Immunity in Animals of Veterinary Importance. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.15003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Bachofen C, Bollinger B, Peterhans E, Stalder H, Schweizer M. Diagnostic gap in Bovine viral diarrhea virus serology during the periparturient period in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 25:655-61. [PMID: 24029404 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713501172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of antibodies against Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in serum and milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a crucial part of all ongoing national schemes to eradicate this important cattle pathogen. Serum and milk are regarded as equally suited for antibody measurement. However, when retesting a seropositive cow 1 day after calving, the serum was negative in 6 out of 9 different ELISAs. To further investigate this diagnostic gap around parturition, pre- and postcalving serum and milk samples of 5 cows were analyzed by BVDV antibody ELISA and serum neutralization test (SNT). By ELISA, 3 out of the 5 animals showed a diagnostic gap in the serum for up to 12 days around calving but all animals remained positive in SNT. In milk, the ELISA was strongly positive after birth but antibody levels decreased considerably within the next few days. Because of the immunoglobulin G (IgG)1-specific transport of serum antibodies into the mammary gland for colostrum production, the IgG subclass specificity of the total and the BVDV-specific antibodies were determined. Although all 5 animals showed a clear decrease in the total and BVDV-specific IgG1 antibody levels at parturition, the precalving IgG1-to-IgG2 ratios of the BVDV-specific antibodies were considerably lower in animals that showed the diagnostic gap. Results showed that BVDV seropositive cows may become "false" negative in several ELISAs in the periparturient period and suggest that the occurrence of this diagnostic gap is influenced by the BVDV-specific IgG subclass response of the individual animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- 1Claudia Bachofen, Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggassstraße 122, PO Box 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Zaworski EM, Shriver-Munsch CM, Fadden NA, Sanchez WK, Yoon I, Bobe G. Effects of feeding various dosages of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3081-98. [PMID: 24612807 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Feeding 56 versus 0 g/d of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; Diamond V Original XP; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) can increase feed intake and milk production in transition dairy cows. To evaluate the effects of various dosages of SCFP, Holstein cows were given individually a supplement containing 0 (n=14), 56 (n=15), or 112 g (n=13) of SCFP daily during morning lockup as a topdressing to their total mixed ration. The supplement consisted of 0, 56, or 112 g of SCFP mixed with 84 g of molasses and 168, 112, or 56 g of corn meal, respectively. Supplement feeding began 28 d before predicted calving date (no less than 14 d) and ended 28 d postpartum, and supplement intake was evaluated daily. Blood samples were collected at d -21, -14, -7, -3, -1, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to measure serum concentrations of macrominerals, metabolites, acute-phase proteins, immunoglobulin, and hormones. Milk weights were measured and milk samples were collected 2 times/wk on nonconsecutive days and analyzed for milk fat, protein, lactose, and somatic cell count (SCC). During the first day after calving, feeding SCFP versus no SCFP decreased serum cortisol concentrations and at least tended to increase supplement intake and serum concentrations of calcium, glucose, urea N, and serum amyloid A. During the first 4 wk postpartum, feeding SCFP versus no SCFP decreased milk SCC and increased milk production and serum phosphorus concentrations. Feeding 112 versus 56 g of SCFP/d did not show additional effects. Feeding SCFP may have a dosage-independent beneficial effect in supporting the physiologic adaptations after parturition, resulting in higher milk production and lower milk SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Zaworski
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - C M Shriver-Munsch
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - N A Fadden
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | | | - I Yoon
- Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - G Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331.
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Ofori JA, Hsieh YHP. Issues Related to the Use of Blood in Food and Animal Feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:687-97. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.605229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zervens LML, Nielsen SS, Jungersen G. Characterisation of an ELISA detecting immunoglobulin G to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine colostrum. Vet J 2013; 197:889-91. [PMID: 23611487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although colostrum has been used to detect specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle, confounding, non-specific reactions can be a problem. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of non-specific ELISA reactions in samples of colostrum taken between 0 and 4 days-in-milk (DIM), and to assess the probability of an animal testing positive for MAP specific IgG over this time-period. Non-specific reactions were found in 3/365 (0.8%) of samples. The odds of an animal testing positive on day of calving were 130 times higher than at 4 DIM. The findings suggest colostral samples may have enhanced diagnostic potential over milk samples in determining if cattle have been exposed to or infected with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie-Louise Zervens
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Wellnitz O, Arnold ET, Lehmann M, Bruckmaier RM. Short communication: differential immunoglobulin transfer during mastitis challenge by pathogen-specific components. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1681-4. [PMID: 23295119 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis induced by Escherichia coli is often characterized by severe clinical signs, indicating a more powerful combat of the immune system against the pathogen compared with Staphylococcus aureus infections, which are often represented by chronic and subclinical diseases. The aim of this study was to test the major pathogenic component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staph. aureus for their effects on blood-milk barrier integrity and the related transfer of immunoglobulins and lactate from blood into milk. A similar somatic cell count (SCC) increase was achieved by intramammary challenge of 1 quarter of 5 cows with 20 µg of LTA, and 8 cows with 0.2 µg of LPS (maximum log SCC/mL: 7). Milk IgG(1) concentrations increased in LPS- but not in LTA-challenged quarters. Milk IgG(2) concentrations were increased in treated quarters at 3h after LPS, and 6h after LTA challenge. Higher maximum levels of IgG(2) were reached in milk of LPS-treated quarters (173 ± 58 μg/mL) than of LTA-challenged quarters (62 ± 13 μg/mL). Immunoglobulin G(1) and IgG(2) levels did not change in control quarters. l-Lactate concentrations in milk increased 4h after LPS and 5h after LTA challenge and reached higher maximum levels in LPS- (221 ± 48 mg/L) than in LTA-treated quarters (77 ± 18 mg/L). In conclusion, a mammary inflammation on a quantitatively similar level based on SCC increase achieves a more efficient transfer of blood components such as IgG(2) via the blood-milk barrier if induced by LPS from E. coli than by LTA from Staph. aureus. This pathogen-specific difference may play an important role in the cure rate of the respective intramammary infection, which is usually lower in Staph. aureus- than in E. coli-induced mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-1725 Posieux, Switzerland.
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Comparison of three immunosensor methods (surface plasmon resonance, screen-printed and classical amperometric immunosensors) for immunoglobulin G determination in human serum and animal or powdered milks. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 73:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lehmann M, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM. Concomitant lipopolysaccharide-induced transfer of blood-derived components including immunoglobulins into milk. J Dairy Sci 2012; 96:889-96. [PMID: 23219120 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During a mammary immune response, the integrity of the blood-milk barrier is negatively affected and becomes leaky. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the blood origin, and to investigate changes in the concentration, of various constituents including immunoglobulins in blood and milk during the early phase of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis. Five lactating dairy cows received continuous β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) clamp infusions to maintain elevated BHBA blood concentrations (1.5 to 2.0 mmol/L) from 48 h before and 8h after LPS administration. One udder quarter was infused with 200 μg of Escherichia coli LPS. A second quarter served as control. Milk and blood samples were taken hourly for 8h postchallenge (PC). The somatic cell count in LPS-challenged quarters was increased from 4h PC to the end of the experiment compared with control quarters. In LPS-challenged quarters, l-lactate, BHBA, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IgG(1), and IgG(2) were increased at 3h PC and remained elevated until the end of experiment (8h PC) compared with control quarters. In addition, the optical density values in milk in a nonquantitative ELISA for antibodies directed against bluetongue virus (used as a measure of nonspecific antibody transfer; all animals were vaccinated) increased and, thus, indicates an increase in these antibodies in response to LPS treatment. l-Lactate concentration also increased in blood 2h PC and in the milk of control quarters during the experiment from 3h PC. A second experiment was conducted in vitro to investigate a possible contribution from destructed milk cells to l-lactate concentration and activity of LDH in milk. Aliquots of milk samples (n=8) were frozen (-20°C) or disrupted with ultrasound, respectively. Freeze thawing and ultrasound treatment increased LDH in milk samples, but had no effect on l-lactate concentrations. Results suggest that intramammary infusion of LPS induces a systemic response, as evidenced by an elevation of blood l-lactate concentration. The concomitant changes of all investigated components suggest that they were blood derived. However, the increase in blood components in the milk is not necessarily supportive of the mammary immune system, and likely a side effect of reduced blood-milk barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lehmann
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Cruz-Rojo MA, Martínez-Valladares M, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Teladorsagia circumcincta antibodies in serum and milk samples in experimentally infected lactating ewes. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:386-90. [PMID: 22551720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the IgG activity in serum and milk samples of experimentally infected lactating ewes with the nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta as well as its relationship to the degree of infection. In a previous study 28 pregnant ewes were divided into two homogeneous groups, with high (H) and low (L) level of parasitism, respectively. Blood and milk samples were taken weekly after lambing until the end of the lactation, 126 days post-partum (pp). IgG against T. circumcincta were measured by means of an indirect ELISA. The kinetic of the immunoglubulins in serum samples showed a very low activity at the beginning but gradually increased throughout the lactation; H group showed higher values most of the sampled days than L group. Contrary, IgG in milk samples remained high during the first month pp, then decreased around 38% and by the end of the study rose again. Antibodies in both samples were correlated and especially during the second month of lactation (r=0.3; p<0.001). With the aim to correlate the immune response and the degree of infection we found an inverse relationship (r=-0.2; p<0.05) during the second month of lactation between eggs and IgG in serum. However the correlation with immunoglobulins in milk was positive, mainly, on the last third of lactation (r=0.2; p<0.01). As a conclusion, the individual detection of total IgG antibodies against T. circumcincta in lactating ewes is highly dependent on the stage of lactation. Therefore, these associations should be confirmed under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cruz-Rojo
- Universidad de León, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
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Nielsen SS, Toft N. Effect of days in milk and milk yield on testing positive in milk antibody ELISA to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Hernández-Castellano L, Torres A, Alavoine A, Ruiz-Díaz M, Argüello A, Capote J, Castro N. Effect of milking frequency on milk immunoglobulin concentration (IgG, IgM and IgA) and chitotriosidase activity in Majorera goats. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients 2011; 3:442-74. [PMID: 22254105 PMCID: PMC3257684 DOI: 10.3390/nu3040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins form an important component of the immunological activity found in milk and colostrum. They are central to the immunological link that occurs when the mother transfers passive immunity to the offspring. The mechanism of transfer varies among mammalian species. Cattle provide a readily available immune rich colostrum and milk in large quantities, making those secretions important potential sources of immune products that may benefit humans. Immune milk is a term used to describe a range of products of the bovine mammary gland that have been tested against several human diseases. The use of colostrum or milk as a source of immunoglobulins, whether intended for the neonate of the species producing the secretion or for a different species, can be viewed in the context of the types of immunoglobulins in the secretion, the mechanisms by which the immunoglobulins are secreted, and the mechanisms by which the neonate or adult consuming the milk then gains immunological benefit. The stability of immunoglobulins as they undergo processing in the milk, or undergo digestion in the intestine, is an additional consideration for evaluating the value of milk immunoglobulins. This review summarizes the fundamental knowledge of immunoglobulins found in colostrum, milk, and immune milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Hurley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Peter K. Theil
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark;
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Morin DE, Nelson SV, Reid ED, Nagy DW, Dahl GE, Constable PD. Effect of colostral volume, interval between calving and first milking, and photoperiod on colostral IgG concentrations in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:420-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.237.4.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Liu G, Wang J, Bu D, Cheng J, Zhang C, Wei H, Zhou L, Zhou Z, Hu H, Dong X. Factors affecting the transfer of immunoglobulin G1 into the milk of Holstein cows. Vet J 2009; 182:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Östensson K, Lun S. Transfer of immunoglobulins through the mammary endothelium and epithelium and in the local lymph node of cows during the initial response after intramammary challenge with E. coli endotoxin. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:26. [PMID: 18597683 PMCID: PMC2483282 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first hours after antigen stimulation, interactions occur influencing the outcome of the immunological reaction. Immunoglobulins originate in blood and/or are locally synthesized. The transfer of Ig isotypes (Igs) in the udder has been studied previously but without the possibility to distinguish between the endothelium and the epithelium. The purpose of this study was to map the Ig transfer through each barrier, separately, and Ig transfer in the local lymph nodes of the bovine udder during the initial innate immune response. METHODS The content of IgG1, IgG2, IgM, IgA and albumin (BSA) was examined in peripheral/afferent mammary lymph and lymph leaving the supramammary lymph nodes, and in blood and milk before (0 h) and during 4 hours after intramammary challenge with Esherichia coli endotoxin in 5 cows. RESULTS Igs increased most rapidly in afferent lymph resulting in higher concentrations than in efferent lymph at postinfusion hour (PIH) 2, contrary to before challenge. Ig concentrations in milk were lower than in lymph; except for IgA at 0 h; and they increased more slowly. Afferent lymph:serum and efferent lymph:serum concentration ratios (CR) of Igs were similar to those of BSA but slightly lower. Milk:afferent lymph (M:A) CRs of each Ig, except for IgG2, showed strikingly different pattern than those of BSA. The M:A CR of IgG1, IgM and IgA were higher than that of BSA before challenge and the CR of IgA and IgG1 remained higher also thereafter. At PIH 2 there was a drop in Ig CRs, except for IgG2, in contrast to the BSA CR which gradually increased. The M:A CR of IgM and Ig A decreased from 0 h to PIH 4, in spite of increasing permeability. CONCLUSION The transfer of Igs through the endothelium appeared to be merely a result of diffusion although their large molecular size may hamper the diffusion. The transfer through the epithelium and the Ig concentrations in milk seemed more influenced by selective mechanisms and local sources, respectively. Our observations indicate a selective mechanism in the transfer of IgG1 through the epithelium also in lactating glands, not previously shown; a local synthesis of IgA and possibly of IgM, released primarily into milk, not into tissue fluid; that IgG2 transfer through both barriers is a result of passive diffusion only and that the content of efferent lymph is strongly influenced by IgG1, IgM and IgA in the mammary tissue, brought to the lymph node by afferent lymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Östensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shichun Lun
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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40
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Gapper LW, Copestake DEJ, Otter DE, Indyk HE. Analysis of bovine immunoglobulin G in milk, colostrum and dietary supplements: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:93-109. [PMID: 17579844 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunoprotective properties of bovine milk immunoglobulin G (IgG) have led to a recent proliferation of nutritional products incorporating this protein. It has therefore become critical that reliable analytical techniques for the measurement of the IgG content in such products are available. This literature review surveys current methods of analysis for IgG, including separation-based or immuno-based concentration analysis. The review also discusses nutraceutical applications, regulatory issues, stability of IgG and the significance of primary reference material in IgG analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyton W Gapper
- Fonterra Research Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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41
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Saini SS, Farrugia W, Muthusamy N, Ramsland PA, Kaushik AK. Structural evidence for a new IgG1 antibody sequence allele of cattle. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:32-8. [PMID: 17212764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the heavy-chain gene (pTGHC9907) encoding a bovine IgG1 antibody against bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) isolated from a Holstein cow has led to the identification of a new IgG1 sequence allele. A comparison of nucleotide sequence of pTGHC9907 with the IgG1(a) (clone 2) and IgG1(b) (clone 8.10) sequence variants and unclassified IgG1 cDNA sequence (clone 8.75) has revealed significant differences in the hinge region spanning codons 216-230. The Thr224 and Thr226 of IgG1(a) were replaced with Arg224 and Pro226, while both Thr218 and Pro224 of IgG1(b) were substituted with Arg with deletion of Ser225 in HB9907 antibody. Additional amino acid substitutions were noted in the CH1 (positions 190, 192), CH2 (position 281) and CH3 (position 402) exons. Thus, the polymorphic sites occurred in all constant domains, but were clustered in the hinge region of IgG1. Examination of a three-dimensional model of the HB9907 heavy chain revealed that all sequence variations were on the surface of the IgG and are possible targets for recognition by antisera and effector molecules such as cellular adhesion molecules. The presence in the CH1 domain of a repeating motif of Pro-Ala-Ser-Ser indicated a potential structure-enhancing function and a role in cellular adhesion and migration. Replacement of Thr with Arg residues within the hinge was predicted to have a dual effect of reducing the number of O-linked glycosylation sites and increasing the susceptibility to degradation by protease-secreting bacteria of the hinge region. As unclassified IgG1 cDNA sequence (clone 8.75) is structurally distinct from other variants, it is also classified as IgG1(d). Collectively, these observations support the identification of a new allotypic variant of bovine IgG1, designated as IgG1(c) that is distinct in both sequence and structure from the known sequence variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Saini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Chanlun A, Emanuelson U, Aiumlamai S, Björkman C. Variations of Neospora caninum antibody levels in milk during lactation in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:349-55. [PMID: 16842923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study was performed to investigate the variations of Neospora caninum antibody levels in individual milk during lactation as well as the association between antibody levels in serum and milk. Serum and milk samples of 15 milking cows were collected between February 2003 and September 2004 in three smallholder dairy farms in Khon Kaen province in northeast Thailand. All samples were analyzed for presence of antibodies by an N. caninum iscom ELISA test kit and the results were given as percent positivity (PP). The effects of time between calving and sampling, lactation number, and season on milk and serum PP were studied using Generalized Estimation Equations methods. All cows were antibody positive in either milk or serum at the first two consecutive samplings. Although serum and milk PP varied considerably, milk PP was consistently positive throughout the study. Cows of all lactation groups had a higher adjusted mean of milk PP at calving compared to later months after calving although the only significant difference was in first lactation. Serum and milk PP were always lower in first lactation than in second and later lactations. An adjusted mean of milk PP for cows classified as having serum PP> or =55 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of cows classified as having lower serum PP. Our results indicate that individual milk can be an alternative material to demonstrate presence of N. caninum antibodies in lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Chanlun
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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44
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Butler JE. Collection, Handling, and Analysis of Specimens for Studies of Mucosal Immunity in Large Animals. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Farrell HM, Jimenez-Flores R, Bleck GT, Brown EM, Butler JE, Creamer LK, Hicks CL, Hollar CM, Ng-Kwai-Hang KF, Swaisgood HE. Nomenclature of the Proteins of Cows’ Milk—Sixth Revision. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:1641-74. [PMID: 15453478 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 736] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report of the American Dairy Science Association Committee on the Nomenclature, Classification, and Methodology of Milk Proteins reviews changes in the nomenclature of milk proteins necessitated by recent advances of our knowledge of milk proteins. Identification of major caseins and whey proteins continues to be based upon their primary structures. Nomenclature of the immunoglobulins consistent with new international standards has been developed, and all bovine immunoglobulins have been characterized at the molecular level. Other significant findings related to nomenclature and protein methodology are elucidation of several new genetic variants of the major milk proteins, establishment by sequencing techniques and sequence alignment of the bovine caseins and whey proteins as the reference point for the nomenclature of all homologous milk proteins, completion of crystallographic studies for major whey proteins, and advances in the study of lactoferrin, allowing it to be added to the list of fully characterized milk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Farrell
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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46
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Sanchez J, Markham F, Dohoo I, Sheppard J, Keefe G, Leslie K. Milk antibodies against Ostertagia ostertagi: relationships with milk IgG and production parameters in lactating dairy cattle. Vet Parasitol 2004; 120:319-30. [PMID: 15063942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between milk optical density ratios (ODRs) from an indirect Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA, total milk IgG levels and milk production and then establish a correction factor to adjust ODR. Five hundred and sixty composite milk samples collected from 358 cows on four dairy herds in June and August 2002 were used in this analysis. The average ODR was 0.34. A positive correlation was found between ODR and IgG values in milk, days in milk, age and log transformed somatic cell counts (SCC). However, ODR was negatively correlated with milk production. The IgG levels and ODR values were constant from 30 to 200 days in milk. However, ODRs increased from 200 days until the end of the lactation. After controlling for age, season, herd and SCC, an increase in milk production of 13 kg/day was associated with a reduction in ODR values of 0.052. The results of the present study suggest that ODR values are not greatly influenced by production factors. ODR follow the same pattern as the IgG variation across lactation and could be adjusted in order to compare ODR values obtained from high producing cows with those obtained from low producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
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Ontsouka CE, Bruckmaier RM, Blum JW. Fractionized milk composition during removal of colostrum and mature milk. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:2005-11. [PMID: 12836936 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to study compositional differences in colostrum and mature milk and during the course of milk removal. Fractionized milk samples during the course of machine milking were analyzed in single (right rear) quarters in the cisternal fraction, after 25, 50, 75, and 100% of spontaneously removed milk, in residual milk, and in composite samples from all quarters on d 2 (colostrum) and in wk 4 (mature milk) of lactation. Somatic cell counts; concentrations of dry matter, total protein, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin, prolactin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Na, and Cl; gamma-glutamyltransferase activity; and electrical conductivity were higher, whereas lactose concentration was lower on d 2 than in wk 4. Concentrations of fat, potassium chloride, and osmolarity did not differ between lactational periods. During the course of milking, concentrations of dry matter, fat, lactose, and potassium, and osmolarity increased, whereas somatic cell counts, protein, insulin like-growth factor-I, insulin, prolactin, and sodium concentrations, electrical conductivity and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity decreased on d 2, and protein, sodium, and electrical conductivity decreased in wk 4. In conclusion, various milk constituents differed considerably between lactational periods (colostrum and mature milk). Milk isotonicity was only in part associated with lactose concentration. Electrical conductivity was associated with Na, K, and fat concentrations and was highest in the cisternal fraction. Changes in milk constituents during milking need to be considered if milk samples are taken for analytical purposes and to evaluate the health status of the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Ontsouka
- Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, University of Berne, Bremgartenstr. 109a, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Burton JL, Erskine RJ. Immunity and mastitis. Some new ideas for an old disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2003; 19:1-45, v. [PMID: 12682934 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest challenge for host immune defense against mastitis-causing bacteria in dairy cows is to quickly recruit large enough numbers of opsonizing molecules and mature neutrophils into milk such that intramammary pathogens are cleared before they multiply significantly and the inflammatory response gets out of control. Currently, this challenge is best facilitated when established mastitis control procedures are practiced on the farm, including proper hygiene, milking procedures, and regular administration of approved mastitis vaccines. However, mastitis is still a significant problem. New animal functional genomics research is beginning to allow scientists to solve the puzzle of mastitis susceptibility. Results of this type of research offer the hope of giant leaps toward a clear identification of molecular genetic variation and potential gene targets for therapies and immune manipulations that could significantly reduce the risk of clinical mastitis in traditionally susceptible cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L Burton
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 1205E Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Näslund K, Tråvén M, Larsson B, Silván A, Linde N. Capture ELISA systems for the detection of bovine coronavirus-specific IgA and IgM antibodies in milk and serum. Vet Microbiol 2000; 72:183-206. [PMID: 10727830 PMCID: PMC7117479 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Isotype-capture ELISAs for BCV-specific IgA and IgM were developed and tested on milk and serum samples from Swedish cattle. The capture ELISAs showed higher sensitivity than indirect ELISAs for detection of BCV-specific IgA and IgM. In the capture ELISAs the agreement between detection in milk and serum samples was 94% for IgA and 86% for IgM. The correlation between log(10) titres in milk and serum was r=0.82 (P<0.001) for IgA and 0.84 (P<0.001) for IgM. Milk seemed a better target than serum for diagnosing specific IgA at low levels. There was no variation in the isotype-specific BCV antibody titres between healthy quarters of the same udder, but subclinical mastitis was associated with higher levels of IgA antibodies and weak false IgM positive reactions in undiluted milk. Bovine IgA and IgM antibodies in milk and serum showed high stability towards freezing and thawing and storage at room temperature. The antibody responses to BCV were followed in milk and serum from six dairy cows and in serum from four calves for a period of 1 year after an outbreak of winter dysentery (WD). In this outbreak some animals became reinfected with BCV. The IgA and IgM capture ELISAs differentiated between primarily BCV infected and reinfected animals. In the primarily infected cattle, IgM antibodies were first detected in milk and serum four to nine days after the first WD symptoms observed, and were subsequently detected for at least 2-3 weeks. IgM was also detected in the reinfected cows, but mostly at lower levels and for a shorter period of time than in the primarily infected animals. In milk, however, the IgM response of the reinfected cows was detected for a longer period of time than in serum. Six months after the outbreak, IgA was still detected in both serum and milk of all six cows and also in serum of one calf. The reinfected cows showed higher and more long-lasting peak levels of IgA in milk and serum than the primarily infected cows, indicating boosting of the IgA response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Näslund
- Department of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7019, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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