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Ginoudis A, Canard B, Kehl A, Giger U, Koutinas C, Christoforaki S, Smyroglou E, Polizopoulou Z, Mylonakis ME. Discordance between ABC blood phenotype and genotype in a domestic short-haired cat. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:358-362. [PMID: 37921544 PMCID: PMC10800211 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An adult domestic short-haired feline leukemia virus-infected cat was referred for kidney failure and worsening anemia requiring transfusions. ABC blood typing was performed with an immunochromatographic strip assay at different occasions. Gel column systems were used for the major and minor crossmatching tests, and anti-A and anti-B titers were determined. No discrete A or B bands appeared on the immunochromatographic strips at any time point for the recipient cat. The recipient's plasma agglutinated RBCs from tested type A and B cats. The recipient's RBCs appeared compatible with plasma from 1 type A and 2 B donors, and incompatible with plasma from another type A cat. Genotyping of recipient blood revealed a single homozygous c.179G>T CMAH variant predicting a blood type B. These studies suggest an unusual weak type B or missing all ABC antigens. The latter resembles the exceedingly rare Bombay phenotype in the human ABO blood group system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Ginoudis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | | | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KGBad KissingenGermany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of MedicineTechnical University of Munich (TUM)MunichGermany
| | - Urs Giger
- Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christos Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Stella Christoforaki
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Erasmia Smyroglou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Zoe Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
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Kretsch CM, Alonso FH, Buktenica M, Heller MC. Agglutination and hemolytic crossmatching to determine transfusion reaction differences between large and small breed goats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1594-1602. [PMID: 37226646 PMCID: PMC10365034 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood transfusions are performed frequently in goats, but crossmatches are rarely performed. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Determine differences in the frequency of agglutination and hemolytic crossmatch reactions between large and small breed goats. ANIMALS Healthy adult goats, 10 large and 10 small breed. METHODS Two hundred eighty major and minor agglutination and hemolytic crossmatches: 90 large breed donor to large breed recipient (L-L), 90 small breed donor to small breed recipient (S-S), 100 large breed donor to small breed recipient (L-S). A linear mixed model with treatment group (L-L, S-S, L-S) as a fixed effect and individual crossmatch as a random effect was used to identify variations in reaction frequency among groups and individuals. RESULTS Frequency of major agglutination reactions for L-L, S-S, and L-S were 3/90 (3.3%), 7/90 (7.8%), and 10/100 (10.0%), respectively. Frequency of major hemolytic reactions for L-L, S-S, and L-S were 27/84 (32.1%), 7/72 (9.7%), and 31/71 (43.7%). Individual pairings and groupings had no effect on agglutination reactions. Individual pairings had no effect on the frequency of hemolytic reactions. For major hemolytic crossmatches, pairwise comparisons identified higher frequencies of reactions when comparing L-L to S-S (P = .007) and L-S to S-S (P < .001). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Goats experience increased frequencies of hemolytic reactions compared to agglutination. Significant increases in hemolysis were seen between large breed donors and small breed recipients, compared to small breed pairings. Additional studies are required to determine correlations between crossmatches and transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cileah M. Kretsch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, 1 Garrod DriveDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Flavio H. Alonso
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, 1 Garrod DriveDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Maggie Buktenica
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, 1 Garrod DriveDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Meera C. Heller
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, 1 Garrod DriveDavisCalifornia95616USA
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Elkin M, Amichay-Menashe N, Segev G, Kelmer E, Adlersberg D, Aroch I, Klainbart S. Retrospective study of canine blood xenotransfusion compared with type-matched feline blood allotransfusion to cats: indications, effectiveness, limitations and adverse effects. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231183930. [PMID: 37466270 PMCID: PMC10812059 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231183930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Xenotransfusion is the transfusion of blood from one species to another. With varying availability of allogenic feline blood (AFB) and in emergency conditions, circumstances occur when canine blood is transfused to cats. This study aimed to characterise the indications, effectiveness, limitations, and acute and late transfusion-related adverse effects of canine blood xenotransfusion compared with matched AFB to anaemic cats, and their survival and longer-term outcome. METHODS This retrospective study (2013-2020) examined cats receiving canine blood xenotransfusions or AFB. RESULTS The study included 311 cats (xenotransfusion [X-group], n = 105; allotransfusion [A-group], n = 206). Xenotransfusion was more frequent among cats sustaining haemorrhage than in those with haemolysis (P <0.01) or hypoproliferative anaemia (P <0.001). Financial constraints were the most common reason to elect xenotransfusion (49%). The post-transfusion mean packed cell volume was higher (P <0.001) in the X-group (22%) compared with the A-group (18%), and also higher (P <0.001) at 48-96 h post-transfusion (23% vs 18%, respectively). Transfusion-related adverse effects (TRAEs) were more frequent (P = 0.001) in the X-group (37.1%) compared with the A-group (19.4%), as were delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions (85% vs 42.5%, respectively; P <0.001). Acute transfusion reactions (ATRs) were more frequent (P <0.001) in the A-group (60%) compared with the X-group (20%). TRAEs were unassociated with survival to discharge. The survival to discharge rate of the X-group (55%) was lower (P = 0.007) than in the A-group (73%), while post-discharge survival rates to 30 days of cats surviving to discharge were 90% and 88%, respectively (P = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Canine blood xenotransfusions to cats might save lives in emergency conditions when AFB is unavailable or blood typing is infeasible. The survival to discharge rate of the X-group was lower than that of the A-group. The longer-term survival rate of cats administered xenotransfusions and surviving to discharge from the hospital was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elkin
- Department of Small Animals Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Amichay-Menashe
- Department of Small Animals Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Small Animals Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Adlersberg
- Department of Small Animals Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sigal Klainbart
- Department of Small Animals Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Spada E, Bruno F, Castelli G, Vitale F, Reale S, Biondi V, Migliazzo A, Perego R, Baggiani L, Proverbio D. Do Blood Phenotypes of Feline AB Blood Group System Affect the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Serostatus in Cats? Viruses 2022; 14:v14122691. [PMID: 36560695 PMCID: PMC9783645 DOI: 10.3390/v14122691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to coronavirus infections, including infection by human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In human ABO system blood groups, alloantibodies can play a direct role in resistance to infectious diseases. Individuals with the AB blood type were over-represented in the SARS-CoV-2 infection group. Blood type AB individuals lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, and therefore lack the protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection given by these antibodies. Starting from this knowledge, this pilot preliminary study evaluated a possible association between feline blood phenotypes A, B, and AB and serostatus for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cats. We also investigated selected risk or protective factors associated with seropositivity for this coronavirus. A feline population of 215 cats was analysed for AB group system blood phenotypes and antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N-protein) SARS-CoV-2 antigen using a double antigen ELISA. SARS-CoV-2 seropositive samples were confirmed using a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). Origin (stray colony/shelter/owned cat), breed (DSH/non DSH), gender (male/female), reproductive status (neutered/intact), age class (kitten/young adult/mature adult/senior), retroviruses status (seropositive/seronegative), and blood phenotype (A, B, and AB) were evaluated as protective or risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Seropositivity for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 N-protein was recorded in eight cats, but only four of these tested positive with sVNT. Of these four SARS-CoV-2 seropositive cats, three were blood phenotype A and one was phenotype AB. Young adult age (1-6 years), FeLV seropositivity and blood type AB were significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity according to a univariate analysis, but only blood type AB (p = 0.0344, OR = 15.4, 95%CI: 1.22-194.39) and FeLV seropositivity (p = 0.0444, OR = 13.2, 95%CI: 1.06-163.63) were significant associated risk factors according to a logistic regression. Blood phenotype AB might be associated with seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This could be due, as in people, to the protective effect of naturally occurring alloantibodies to blood type antigens which are lacking in type AB cats. The results of this pilot study should be considered very preliminary, and we suggest the need for further research to assess this potential relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Laboratorio di Ricerca di Medicina Emotrasfusionale Veterinaria (REVLab), Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Federica Bruno
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) Della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Germano Castelli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) Della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) Della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Reale
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Leishmaniosi (C.Re.Na.L), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale (IZS) Della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Biondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Migliazzo
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Area Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, UOC Sanità Animale, Igiene Degli Allevamenti e Produzioni Zootecniche, Asl Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Laboratorio di Ricerca di Medicina Emotrasfusionale Veterinaria (REVLab), Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Laboratorio di Ricerca di Medicina Emotrasfusionale Veterinaria (REVLab), Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Laboratorio di Ricerca di Medicina Emotrasfusionale Veterinaria (REVLab), Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Spada E, Carrera Nulla A, Perego R, Baggiani L, Proverbio D. Evaluation of Association between Blood Phenotypes A, B and AB and Feline Coronavirus Infection in Cats. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080917. [PMID: 36015038 PMCID: PMC9416549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to feline coronavirus (FCoV), a highly contagious virus with fecal–oral transmission. In people, susceptibility to coronavirus infection, such as SARS-CoV infection, has been associated with the ABO blood group, with individuals with blood group O having significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV infection. This study evaluated a possible association between feline blood group phenotypes A, B and AB and serostatus for antibodies against FCoV. We also investigated risk or protective factors associated with seropositivity for FCoV in the investigated population. Feline populations were surveyed for AB group system blood types and for presence of antibodies against FCoV. Blood phenotype, origin, breed, gender, reproductive status and age of cats were evaluated as protective or risk factors for coronavirus infection. No blood type was associated with FCoV seropositivity, for which being a colony stray cat (p = 0.0002, OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.14–0.54) or a domestic shorthair cat (p = 0.0075, OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.09–0.69) were protective factors. Based on results of this study, feline blood phenotypes A, B or AB do not seem to predispose cats to seropositivity for FCoV. Future studies on other feline blood types and other infections could clarify whether feline blood types could play a role in predisposing to, or protecting against, feline infections.
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Cannavino A, LeVine D, Blais MC. Characterization of post-transfusion anti-FEA 1 alloantibodies in transfusion-naive FEA 1-negative cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e124-e130. [PMID: 35510900 PMCID: PMC9160940 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221094502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize anti-feline erythrocyte antigen (FEA) 1 alloantibodies following sensitization of FEA 1-negative cats, including their rate of appearance, agglutination titer over time and immunoglobulin class. A secondary aim was to obtain polyclonal anti-FEA 1 alloantibodies to increase the availability of FEA 1 blood typing. We also describe a case study documenting an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction in a transfusion-naive FEA 1-negative feline patient that received FEA 1-positive blood. Methods In this prospective clinical study, 35 cats with blood group type A underwent extensive blood typing for FEA 1–5. Two cats were identified as FEA 1-negative; these cats were transfused uneventfully with 50 ml of FEA 1-positive, but otherwise compatible, packed red blood cells. Post-transfusion blood samples were collected routinely as long as anti-FEA 1 alloantibodies were detected. Appearance of anti-FEA 1 alloantibodies was detected using a gel column crossmatch method. Results Anti-FEA 1 alloantibodies were detected as early as 5 days post-transfusion and remained detectable for over 400 days in one cat. Agglutination titers in both cats were relatively weak (1:1 to 1:8). The main immunoglobulin class was IgM. Conclusions and relevance Transfusion of FEA 1-negative, transfusion-naive cats with FEA 1-positive blood results in production of post-transfusion anti-FEA 1 alloantibodies as early as 5 days post-transfusion. Our results confirm the potential immunogenicity of FEA 1 and support crossmatching prior to a blood transfusion, even in transfusion-naive cats. Further studies are needed to better document the clinical importance of these post-transfusion antibodies, as well as to facilitate routine blood typing for the FEA 1 antigen in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Cannavino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Dana LeVine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Silvestre-Ferreira A, Pastor J. Wild Felids Blood Group System. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3533. [PMID: 34944308 PMCID: PMC8698159 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild felids and domestic cats share the AB blood group. However, there have been few studies regarding the characterization and prevalence of the different blood types in wild animals. The erythrocyte membrane glycolipids of the wild cats correspond to the major disialoganglioside patterns observed in domestic cats. Like in domestic cats, type A blood seems to be the most common, although wild felid species seem to exhibit one single blood type. Of the species studied, the wild domestic cats, and the Panthera and ocelot lineages, all had type A blood; the Puma lineage showed almost exclusively type B blood. The prevalence of wild felids blood types show that there seems to be variation between species, but not within species, and no evidence of geographical variation has yet been found, showing apparently no genetic variability. The presence of alloantibodies has also been demonstrated, so the risk of life-threatening transfusion reactions due to mismatched transfusions and neonatal isoerythrolysis is a possibility. Like in other species, the recognition of wild felids blood groups is clinically relevant, as it can also be important in establishing phylogenetic relationships within the Felidae family. We will review the current knowledge on this topic and give insights into the wild felids blood groups potential for zoo transfusion medicine and phylogenetic studies in order to help support reintroduction projects and to preserve genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silvestre-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department de Medicinia i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universititat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
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Sangkaew T, Pengpis S, Ritthikulprasert S. The frequency of feline AB blood types and the risk of incompatibility reactions in Bangkok, Thailand, and vicinities. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:198-202. [PMID: 34031915 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mismatched blood transfusions and neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) are life-threatening conditions in cats. The distribution of feline blood types, which varies geographically, can estimate the risks of mismatched transfusion reactions and NI due to random mating. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine the frequency of feline AB blood types in Bangkok, Thailand, and surrounding vicinities and calculate the risks of transfusion reactions and NI in domestic shorthair (DSH) cats. METHODS A standard tube method was performed to analyze the A/B antigen on erythrocytes. Reverse typing was performed to confirm blood types B and AB. RESULTS Domestic shorthair (n = 229) and purebred (n = 91) cats were prospectively recruited from 39 districts in Bangkok and 11 districts in four nearby provinces. Overall, 97.5% and 2.5% of the cats were type A and type B, respectively. No cats were type AB. All DSH cats were type A. Type B blood was found in 17.1% of Persian and 4% of Scottish Fold cats. Due to the blood type frequencies in DSH cats, the potential risk of major transfusion reactions, minor transfusion reactions, or NI was 0%. CONCLUSIONS This is a large study of feline blood types in Bangkok and vicinities. Type A blood was predominant in DSH cats and associated with a minimal risk for mismatched transfusion reactions and NI. Blood types A and B were found in Persian and Scottish Fold cats. Blood typing is mandatory for blood transfusion procedures and breeding purposes in cat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerawee Sangkaew
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Pengpis
- Chula Feline Center, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukullaya Ritthikulprasert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chula Feline Center, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Taylor S, Spada E, Callan MB, Korman R, Leister E, Steagall P, Lobetti R, Seth M, Tasker S. 2021 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Collection and Administration of Blood and Blood Products in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:410-432. [PMID: 33896248 PMCID: PMC10741281 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211007071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Blood and blood products are increasingly available for practitioners to use in the management of haematological conditions, and can be lifesaving and therapeutically useful for patients with anaemia and/or coagulopathies. It is important for feline healthcare that donors are selected appropriately, and transfusions of blood or blood products are given to recipients that will benefit from them. Complications can occur, but can be largely avoided with careful donor management and recipient selection, understanding of blood type compatibility, and transfusion monitoring. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline blood transfusion, while potentially a lifesaving procedure, can also be detrimental to donor and recipient without precautions. Cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies to red cell antigens and severe reactions can occur with type-mismatched transfusions. Blood transfusions can also transmit infectious agents to the recipient, so donor testing is essential. Finally, donors must be in good health, and sedated as appropriate, with blood collected in a safe and sterile fashion to optimise the benefit to recipients. Transfusion reactions are possible and can be mild to severe in nature. Autologous blood transfusions and xenotransfusions may be considered in certain situations. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a panel of authors convened by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM), based on available literature. They are aimed at general practitioners to provide a practical guide to blood typing, cross-matching, and blood collection and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory
(REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan,
Italy
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
USA
| | - Rachel Korman
- Cat Specialist Services, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Ellie Leister
- Pet Intensive Care Unit, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Paulo Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of
Bristol, Langford, UK; and Linnaeus Group, Shirley, UK
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Poh D, Claus M, Smart L, Sharp CR. Transfusion practice in Australia: an internet-based survey. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:108-113. [PMID: 33442882 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe small animal transfusion practices in Australia, including access to blood products and frequency of pre-transfusion compatibility testing and medication administration. METHODS An online survey was disseminated to target Australian veterinarians treating dogs and cats. Information collected included demographics, sources of blood products, blood storage, recipient compatibility testing and administration of medications pre-transfusion. Associations between the use of compatibility tests and premedications were assessed using the χ2 test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 199 Australian veterinarians were included; however, there was some attrition of respondents over the course of the survey. The majority of respondents were in general practice (n = 133/199). Access to fresh whole blood was commonly reported for dogs (n = 179/199) and cats (n = 131/198), whereas blood components were less commonly available (canine red blood cells [RBC], n = 52/199 and plasma, n = 157/199; feline RBC, n = 9/198 and plasma, n = 21/198). Most blood was sourced from the pets of owners affiliated with the veterinary clinic (n = 179/196). The respondents who did not blood type or crossmatch dogs were significantly more likely to use premedication than those who did these tests (both comparisons: P < 0.001). Likewise, the respondents who did not blood-type cats were significantly more likely to use premedication (P = 0.003); however, there was no association between crossmatching and using premedication in cats (P = 0.183). CONCLUSION This is the first survey to describe transfusion practices across a variety of practice types throughout Australia. Future work is needed to determine how representative these results are of current transfusion practices across Australia, and if so, what can be done to optimise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Poh
- Comparative Health Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Claus
- Comparative Health Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L Smart
- Comparative Health Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C R Sharp
- Comparative Health Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Binvel M, Arsenault J, Depré B, Blais MC. Identification of 5 novel feline erythrocyte antigens based on the presence of naturally occurring alloantibodies. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:234-244. [PMID: 33336860 PMCID: PMC7848337 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the discovery of the Mik antigen, several studies have described blood incompatibilities unrelated to the AB system in cats. Objective To estimate the prevalence of cats with non‐AB incompatibilities associated with naturally occurring alloantibodies (NOAb), and to begin mapping the corresponding feline erythrocyte antigens (FEA). Animals Two hundred and fifty‐eight type A cats. Methods Prospectively, cats were evaluated for the presence of NOAb by crossmatching in groups of 4‐6 cats. When NOAb were detected in a cat, its plasma was used as reagent to assess for the presence of the corresponding FEA in all cats included thereafter, and agreement observed between results of this extensive blood typing was evaluated. Results The chance of detecting incompatibilities by randomly crossmatching 2 cats was 3.9%, which resulted in at least 7% of type A cats having NOAb. Blood typing and agreement analyses performed with 7 newly detected NOAb allowed the identification of 5 presumably distinct FEA. Feline erythrocyte antigens 1 and 5 were most frequent with prevalence of 84% and 96%, respectively. Only FEA 1‐negative status was associated with a higher risk of presenting NOAb; with 16.7% of 42 FEA 1‐negative cats having NOAb compared to 5.1% of 216 FEA 1‐positive cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study represents a first step of FEA identification outside the AB system. Because of its prevalence and association with NOAb, FEA 1 might correspond to the Mik antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Binvel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Boris Depré
- Emergency and Critical Care, Adomvet, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Spada E, Perego R, Baggiani L, Salatino E, Priolo V, Mangano C, Pennisi MG, Proverbio D. Prevalence of Blood Types and Alloantibodies of the AB Blood Group System in Non-Pedigree Cats from Northern (Lombardy) and Southern (Sicily) Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071129. [PMID: 32635140 PMCID: PMC7401586 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The most important blood group system in cats is the AB, in which cats are classified as type-A, B or AB. Cats have antibodies against the blood type they do not possess, called alloantibodies. The aims of this study were to update blood type prevalence in cats from Northern Italy and study for the first time the blood type in cats from an insular region of Southern Italy, Sicily; to detect alloantibodies in these feline populations; to compare results with previous studies performed in Italy and between regions in Northern and Southern Italy. Cats from Southern Italy had the highest prevalence of type-B and type-AB, and the lowest prevalence of type-A blood in Italy. In particular, type-AB prevalence was higher than all previous reports in non-pedigree cats in Europe and the Italian prevalence of anti-type-B alloantibodies in type-A cats was the lowest reported worldwide. These results highlight the usefulness of regional studies to report different prevalences in feline blood types. Compatibility tests such as blood typing and cross matching must be considered fundamental in cats of any origin to ensure safe and efficient blood transfusion and to prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis. Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of A, B and AB blood types and alloantibodies in non-pedigree cats from two regions, one in Northern and one in Southern Italy (Lombardy and Sicily, respectively). A total of 448 samples (52.0% from Northern and 48.0% from Southern Italy) were blood typed. The prevalence of A, B and AB blood types in northern and southern cats were 91.0%, 5.2%, 3.8%, and 77.2%, 12.1% and 10.7%, respectively. The prevalence of type-A blood in southern cats was significantly lower (p = 0.0001) than in northern cats, while type-B and AB blood were significantly higher (p = 0.0085 and p = 0.0051, respectively) in Southern compared to Northern Italian cats. Alloantibodies against type-A blood were found in 94.1% of type-B cats, 11.2% of type-A cats had alloantibodies against type-B blood, while no type-AB cats had alloantibodies with no significant difference between the two Italian populations. Type-AB prevalence in non-pedigree cats in Southern Italy was the highest reported in Europe. Italian type-A cats had the lowest worldwide prevalence of alloantibodies against type-B blood. These results highlight the usefulness of regional studies to report different prevalences in feline blood types and reinforce the importance of blood typing cats before transfusions and mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Salatino
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Vito Priolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Cyndi Mangano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
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13
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Martinez-Sogues L, Blois SL, Manzanilla EG, Abrams-Ogg AO, Cosentino P. Exploration of risk factors for non-survival and for transfusion-associated complications in cats receiving red cell transfusions: 450 cases (2009 to 2017). J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:177-184. [PMID: 32115722 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe red blood cell transfusion practices and short-term outcomes in anaemic cats. To determine clinical variables associated with non-survival and transfusion-related complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study, blood bank records from the Ontario Veterinary College Health Science Centre (OVC-HSC) were reviewed to identify cats that received packed red blood cells or whole blood from 2009 to 2017. We extracted cause of anaemia, history of previous transfusion, pre- and post-transfusion packed cell volume, pre-transfusion compatibility testing, volume and dose of blood product, age of red blood cell unit, transfusion-associated complications and patient survival. RESULTS A total of 450 transfusion events were recorded in 267 cats. Blood loss was the most common indication for blood transfusion (44.9%), followed by ineffective erythropoiesis (37.5%) and red blood cell destruction (22.5%). Transfusion-associated complications occurred in 10.2% events and there was a 20.2% mortality after transfusion. Mean increase in packed cell volume 24-hours after transfusion was greater in cats undergoing major cross-match testing before transfusion (7.2%) versus those that did not (4.0%). Non-survival was associated with higher packed cell volume before transfusion, low patient body temperature before transfusion, anaemia due to blood loss and number of transfusions administered. Older age of transfused blood units was associated with non-survival and transfusion-related complications. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study was observational and so our analyses were exploratory, but suggest that major cross-match before transfusion tended to have greater transfusion efficacy and transfusion of older blood products might have detrimental effects on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Martinez-Sogues
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Clínic Veterinari (HCV), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S L Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - E G Manzanilla
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Mooreaprk, Cork, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A O Abrams-Ogg
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - P Cosentino
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Arnold JE, Camus MS, Freeman KP, Giori L, Hooijberg EH, Jeffery U, Korchia J, Meindel MJ, Moore AR, Sisson SC, Vap LM, Cook JR. ASVCP Guidelines: Principles of Quality Assurance and Standards for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (version 3.0): Developed by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology's (ASVCP) Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards (QALS) Committee. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 48:542-618. [PMID: 31889337 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda S Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Luca Giori
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jérémie Korchia
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sandra C Sisson
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Linda M Vap
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Spada E, Perego R, Baggiani L, Proverbio D. Comparison of Conventional Tube and Gel-Based Agglutination Tests for AB System Blood Typing in Cat. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:312. [PMID: 32656250 PMCID: PMC7324631 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel technology is widely used for blood typing in human medicine. It has a number of advantages over routine tube testing, including standardization, stability, smaller sample volume, ease of performance and analysis, and speed. The aim of this study was to evaluate feline blood typing using the gel column technique. TUBE agglutination typing was performed in 143 feline blood samples from blood donors and recipients, healthy and sick patients, and whole-blood units anticoagulated with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or citrate phosphate dextrose adenine. Plasma from type B cats was used as anti-A reagent, Triticum vulgaris lectin as anti-B reagent, and the control was saline solution. Agglutination in backtyping of types B and AB samples with type A red blood cells (RBCs) was used to confirm whether the samples were type B (presence of alloantibodies) or type AB (absence of alloantibodies). Blood typing in a neutral gel column technique (GEL) using the same anti-A and anti-B reagents was performed on duplicate samples. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, overall accuracy, and Cohen κ coefficient (κ) for GEL were calculated, with TUBE considered the gold standard technique. Of 143 samples typed with TUBE, 98 (68.5%) were type A, 25 (17.5%,) type B, and 20 (14.0%) type AB. Backtyping confirmed the categorization of all types B and AB samples. Of these samples, gel testing produced 115 (80.4%) concordant results; a mixed-field agglutination pattern (layers of RBCs at both the top and at the bottom of the gel in either the A or B gel column) was seen in 27 samples, and one type B sample was misidentified as type AB. If the mixed-field pattern was interpreted as a negative result, 141/143 (98.6%) samples showed concordant results with an overall accuracy of the GEL of 100.0% for type A, 98.9% for type B, and 99.1% for type AB. Strength of agreement was very good (κ = 0.97). When the same anti-A and anti-B reagents are used, GEL is a sensitive and specific method for blood typing feline samples. Until additional studies have been performed, mixed-field patterns obtained in GEL testing should be classified as negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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McDermott FM, Maloney S, McMillan C, Snead E. The Prevalence of Blood Groups in Domestic Cats in the Saskatoon and Calgary Areas of Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:160. [PMID: 32373632 PMCID: PMC7186432 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood types of domestic cats in two cities in Western Canada (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and Calgary, Alberta), as well as to determine the risk of mismatched transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis. Several cat studies around the world have shown variability in the prevalence of blood types in domestic and pedigree cats. Canadian data based on feline blood types is based out of Montreal. In this study the cohort of cats revealed a higher than anticipated prevalence; of 5% type B and 0.6% AB blood types. In our study, blood typing was performed in 400 domestic cats; 200 in Saskatoon and 200 in Calgary. Blood typing was performed using the gel tube method and the risk of transfusion mismatch (MT) was estimated by adding the risk of a major transfusion reaction and the risk of a minor transfusion reaction. The risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) was estimated according to the equation (p2)(q2) + 2pq(q2), with q being the b allele frequency and p = 1 – q. There was an identical frequency for feline blood types in both Saskatoon and Calgary cats, with 96% type A, 4% type B, and 0% AB. Based on these percentages, the risks of MT and NI in domestic cats were 7.6 and 4 % respectively. The frequency of type B cats in the population was similar to that in the previous Canadian study. These results demonstrate regional differences in prevalence of type B blood in domestic shorthairs across the world and serve to reinforce recommendations to blood type prior to transfusion or mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal M McDermott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stephanie Maloney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chantal McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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17
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Koenig A, Maglaras CH, Giger U. Acute hemolytic reaction due to A-B mismatched transfusion in a cat with transient AB blood type. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:325-330. [PMID: 32141165 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document a case of transient AB blood type indicated by immunochromatography in a type B cat following administration of an incompatible type A transfusion. CASE SUMMARY A 7-month-old neutered male domestic longhair cat was evaluted for anemia, pigmenturia, and intravascular hemolysis 1 day after receiving a feline whole blood transfusion. Neither blood donor nor patient had been blood-typed or crossmatched. The cat presented in shock with a severe non-regenerative anemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and a positive saline slide agglutination test. Immunochromatographic blood typing tests initially indicated the cat had type AB blood, but crossmatch tests with blood from type A and type B donors suggested that the cat was type B. The cat was transfused with type B packed red blood cells without apparent complications and clinically improved. The cat's blood type reverted to type B once all the previously transfused type A cells were cleared from circulation. Furthermore, the original donor was subsequently identified as a Siamese cat and confirmed to have type A blood. While the cause of the original anemia remained unknown, the cat completely recovered and regained a normal hematocrit. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first documented report of transient AB blood type diagnosed using immunochromatography after a transfusion mismatch and shows the utility of crossmatching or back-typing to identify the cat's correct blood type during the hemolytic transfusion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Koenig
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Christina H Maglaras
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Goy-Thollot I, Nectoux A, Guidetti M, Chaprier B, Bourgeois S, Boisvineau C, Barthélemy A, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Giger U. Detection of naturally occurring alloantibody by an in-clinic antiglobulin-enhanced and standard crossmatch gel column test in non-transfused domestic shorthair cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:588-595. [PMID: 30557453 PMCID: PMC6430866 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood typing for the A and B antigens is essential and crossmatching testing is generally recommended before transfusing blood to cats. Objective To evaluate 2 crossmatch (XM) tests. Animals Forty‐nine healthy domestic shorthair cats that had not received a blood transfusion. Methods Prospective study. Blood samples were typed for AB using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A gel column (GC) and a feline antiglobulin‐enhanced gel column (AGC) XM tests were used for crossmatching. Results The population included 34 type A, 13 B, and 2 AB cats, with concordant results (r = 1, P < .005) by flow cytometry and immunochromatographic strip kit. The plasma from type A cats had either no or weak anti‐B alloantibodies. The plasma of 12 of 13 type B cats contained strong anti‐A alloantibodies. For crossmatching, plasma to RBC pairings were prepared using the GC (n = 446) and AGC (n = 630) tests. Both methods showed compatibilities in 329 and incompatibilities in 102 pairings including all A‐B mismatches. Additionally 15 pairings showed agglutination by the AGC but not GC method. Fourteen incompatibilities outside the expected A‐B mismatches were only revealed by AGC. Conclusions and Clinical Importance AB typing using immunochromatographic strip is as accurate as laboratory flow cytometry. The 2 XM methods had good agreement with additional incompatibilities being recognized by the AGC XM beyond A‐B incompatibilities. In clinic, feline AB typing and sensitive XM test kits are available and recommended before each transfusion, although the clinical implications of incompatible XM test results and clinical benefits of such crossmatching have not been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Nectoux
- SIAMU (ICU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anthony Barthélemy
- SIAMU (ICU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kehl A, Heimberger K, Langbein-Detsch I, Boehmer S, Raj K, Mueller E, Giger U. Molecular characterization of blood type A, B, and C (AB) in domestic cats and a CMAH genotyping scheme. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204287. [PMID: 30235335 PMCID: PMC6147723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In domestic cats, the AB blood group system consists of the three types A, B, and C (usually called AB), which vary in frequency among breeds and geographic regions. Mismatches cause acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolysis of the newborn due to the presence of naturally occurring anti-A alloantibodies. Cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) converts N-acetylneuraminic acid (type B) to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (type A), and type C erythrocytes express both antigens. We examined the feline CMAH coding regions and genotyped cats to characterize type A, B, and C animals. Of 421 phenotypically typed cats, 60% were A, 35% B and 5% C. Among the 70 cats for which the CMAH coding region was sequenced, 13 new variants were identified in addition to 16 of the previously reported 18 variants. The CMAH variant c.268T>A is seen in type B cats of most breeds, and the variant c.179G>T results in type B in Turkish breeds. The variants c.1322delT and c.933delA cause frameshifts with early stop codons and thereby type B in some Ragdolls and domestic shorthair cats, respectively. Protein modeling with PROVEAN affirmed their deleterious effects. No type A and C cats had more than one allele with one of the above variants. Variant analysis of three SNVs (c.142G>A, c.268T>A and Δ-53) and blood typing of an additional 351 typed cats showed complete phenotype-genotype concordance. In conclusion, the three CMAH variants c.179G>T, c.268T>A and c.1322delT are the main reasons for the defective NeuGc synthesis causing blood type B in domestic purebred and non-pedigreed cats. Together with the variant c.364C>T for type C in Ragdolls they offer a molecular screening scheme for clinical diagnostics to assure blood type compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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20
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Thengchaisri N, Sinthusingha C, Arthitwong S, Sattasathuchana P. Comparative serological investigation between cat and tiger blood for transfusion. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1081-1085. [PMID: 28450662 PMCID: PMC5487787 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that non-domesticated felids inherited the same AB-erythrocyte antigens
as domestic cats. To study the possible compatibility of tiger blood with that of other
endangered felidae, blood samples from captive tigers and domestic cats were subjected to
an in vitro study. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify
whether the captive tigers had blood type AB and (2) determine the compatibility between
the blood of captive tigers and that of domestic cats with a similar blood type. The
anti-coagulated blood with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid of 30 tigers was examined to
determine blood type, and a crossmatching test was performed between tiger and cat blood.
All 30 tigers had blood type A. Tube agglutination tests using tiger plasma with cat
erythrocytes resulted in 100% agglutination (n=30) with type B cat erythrocytes and 76.7%
agglutination (n=23) with type A cat erythrocytes. The 80% of major and 60% of minor
compatibilities between blood from 10 tigers and 10 domestic cats with blood type A were
found to pass compatibility tests. Interestingly, 3/10 of the tigers’ red blood cell
samples were fully compatible with all cat plasmas, and 1/10 of the tiger plasma samples
were fully compatible with the type A red cells of domestic cats. Although the result of
present findings revealed type-A blood group in the surveyed tigers, the reaction of tiger
plasma with Type-A red cell from cats suggested a possibility of other blood type in
tigers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chayakrit Sinthusingha
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Surapong Arthitwong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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Gurkan M, Arikan S, Ozaytekin E, Dodurka T. Titres of alloantibodies against A and B blood types in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey: Assessing the transfusion reaction risk. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 7:301-5. [PMID: 15914059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The severity of a transfusion reaction depends on alloantibody titres within the recipients' blood. Determination of an agglutination titre of naturally occurring alloantibody may help to assess the risk of transfusion reactions following an unmatched transfusion in a cat population. In this group of 312 cats 227 had blood type A, 78 had blood type B, and seven had type AB blood. All type B cats tested showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti-A antibody with plasma titres ranging from 2 to 256. Among the 227 type A domestic cats tested for plasma anti-B alloantibody titres, 70% had gross agglutination with titres ranging from 2 to 16, while 17.6% had microscopic agglutination. The remaining 12.4% of the type A cats were negative for both gross and microscopic agglutination. Based on agglutinating titres, the relative risk of a transfusion reaction when type A or AB blood was given to a type B cat was 6.4% with acute severe reaction, acute mild reactions in 85.9% and premature red cell destruction in 7.7%. On the other hand, transfusion of type AB blood or type B blood to type A cats carries a potential risk of acute mild transfusion reaction in 4.4% and premature red cell destruction in 83.3%. Transfusion of type A or B blood to type AB cats results in no apparent clinical transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gurkan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey.
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Pinto ABT, Medeiros MÂDS, Jardim MPDB, Albernaz AP. FREQUÊNCIAS DOS TIPOS SANGUÍNEOS E TÍTULOS DOS ALOANTICORPOS EM FELINOS DOMÉSTICOS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v17i213453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A área da hemoterapia necessita de testes de compatibilidade sanguínea confiáveis, como a tipagem sanguínea, para se evitarem possíveis reações transfusionais, mas em felinos é também importante para se evitar a isoeritrólise neonatal. Transfusões sanguíneas realizadas entre felinos doadores e receptores que não possuem compatibilidade sanguínea podem refletir em reação transfusional aguda, particularmente severa quando o sangue tipo A é transfundido em um gato tipo B, pois geralmente este último possui altos níveis de aloanticorpos de ocorrência natural. Portanto, o conhecimento da frequência dos tipos sanguíneos da população de gatos de uma região pode auxiliar na determinação dos riscos de reações transfusionais e de ocorrência de isoeritrólise neonatal. Tais riscos podem ser prevenidos com a tipagem sanguínea em casos de transfusão. Foram coletadas 100 amostras sanguíneas de felinos para a realização da tipagem sanguínea com plasmas reagentes anti-A e anti-B conhecidas e titulações de aloanticorpos anti-A e anti-B dos plasmas armazenados. A distribuição das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos foi 96% de felinos com tipo sanguíneo A e 4% de felinos com tipo sanguíneo B, não sendo encontrado na amostra populacional de felino tipo AB. Há um grande risco de reação adversa através da transfusão sanguínea randomizada entre felinos não tipados previamente.
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Euler CC, Raj K, Mizukami K, Murray L, Chen CY, Mackin A, Giger U. Xenotransfusion of anemic cats with blood compatibility issues: pre- and posttransfusion laboratory diagnostic and crossmatching studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:244-53. [PMID: 27243621 PMCID: PMC4907801 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding compatible feline blood donors can be challenging. Canine blood has been occasionally used when compatible feline blood was not available in emergency situations. OBJECTIVES The study goals were to describe the effects of xenotransfusion in 2 anemic cats receiving canine blood because of discordant blood types and acute transfusion reaction, respectively, and to report in vitro heterotyping and crossmatching results between canine and feline blood samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples from patients and other cats and dogs were typed, crossmatched, and assessed for alloantibodies using gel, card, and immunochromatographic strip techniques. RESULTS Cat 1 was found to have type AB blood. Cat 2, which experienced an acute transfusion reaction, had type A blood. Neither had detectable alloantibodies against feline RBC. Both cats transiently improved after transfusion with canine blood; however, acute intravascular hemolysis occurred and the PCV rapidly declined. Blood typing post xenotransfusion with DEA 1 strips revealed a positive control band that was absent in feline blood, thus allowing for the identification of transfused canine RBC. Longitudinal assessment revealed that canine RBC could no longer be detected 4 days after xenotransfusion. Major crossmatching (feline plasma with canine RBC) resulted in both positive and negative reactions, depending on the cat. Minor crossmatching results showed mostly incompatibility. CONCLUSION While both cats survived xenotransfusion, the positive control band on the DEA 1 strip revealed that transfused canine RBC were short-lived and intravascular hemolysis occurred. Crossmatch results between cats and dogs showed varied incompatibilities and may not predict transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C. Euler
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keijiro Mizukami
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Chi-Ya Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Andrew Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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A Novel Variant in CMAH Is Associated with Blood Type AB in Ragdoll Cats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154973. [PMID: 27171395 PMCID: PMC4865243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase is associated with the production of sialic acids on cat red blood cells. The cat has one major blood group with three serotypes; the most common blood type A being dominant to type B. A third rare blood type is known as AB and has an unclear mode of inheritance. Cat blood type antigens are defined, with N-glycolylneuraminic acid being associated with type A and N-acetylneuraminic acid with type B. Blood type AB is serologically characterized by agglutination using typing reagents directed against both A and B epitopes. While a genetic characterization of blood type B has been achieved, the rare type AB serotype remains genetically uncharacterized. A genome-wide association study in Ragdoll cats (22 cases and 15 controls) detected a significant association between blood type AB and SNPs on cat chromosome B2, with the most highly associated SNP being at position 4,487,432 near the candidate gene cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase. A novel variant, c.364C>T, was identified that is highly associated with blood type AB in Ragdoll cats and, to a lesser degree, with type AB in random bred cats. The newly identified variant is probably linked with blood type AB in Ragdoll cats, and is associated with the expression of both antigens (N-glycolylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid) on the red blood cell membrane. Other variants, not identified by this work, are likely to be associated with blood type AB in other breeds of cat.
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Tomlinson JE, Taberner E, Boston RC, Owens SD, Nolen-Walston RD. Survival Time of Cross-Match Incompatible Red Blood Cells in Adult Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1683-8. [PMID: 26478135 PMCID: PMC4895677 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a markedly reduced half‐life of transfused RBCs when donor and recipient cats or humans are cross‐match incompatible. Only 10–20% of horses have naturally occurring alloantibodies. Therefore, cross‐match testing before blood transfusion is not always performed. Hypothesis Cross‐match incompatibility predicts shortened RBC survival time as compared to that of compatible or autologous blood. Animals Twenty healthy adult horses. Methods Prospective trial. Blood type, anti‐RBC antibody screen (before and 1 month after transfusion) and major and minor cross‐match determined 10 donor‐recipient pairs. Two pairs were cross‐match compatible, the remainder incompatible. Donor blood (4 L) was collected into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine‐1, labeled with NHS‐biotin, and transfused into recipients. Samples were collected at 1 hour and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after transfusion, and biotinylated RBCs were detected by flow cytometry. Horses were monitored for transfusion reaction during transfusion and daily for 5 days. Results Cross‐match incompatibility was significantly associated with decreased RBC survival time (P < .001). The half‐life of transfused incompatible (cross‐match >1+) allogenic equine RBCs was 4.7 (95% CI, 3.2–6.2) days versus 33.5 (24–43) days for compatible pairings. Cross‐match incompatibility was associated with acute febrile transfusion reaction (P = .0083). At day 30, only 1 horse had developed novel anti‐RBC antibodies. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cross‐match incompatibility was predictive of febrile transfusion reaction and shortened transfused RBC survival, but did not result in production of anti‐RBC antibodies at 30 days. Cross‐match testing before transfusion is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Tomlinson
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - E Taberner
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - R C Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - S D Owens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - R D Nolen-Walston
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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Spada E, Proverbio D, Baggiani L, Bagnagatti De Giorgi G, Perego R, Ferro E. Evaluation of an immunochromatographic test for feline AB system blood typing. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 26:137-41. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); University of Milan; 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); University of Milan; 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); University of Milan; 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi
- Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); University of Milan; 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); University of Milan; 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferro
- Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); University of Milan; 20133 Milan Italy
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Weltman JG, Fletcher DJ, Rogers C. Influence of cross-match on posttransfusion packed cell volume in feline packed red blood cell transfusion. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:429-36. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Weltman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Daniel J. Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca NY 14853
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29
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Signalment and blood types in cats being evaluated as blood donors at two italian university blood banks. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:704836. [PMID: 24757577 PMCID: PMC3976825 DOI: 10.1155/2014/704836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from potential feline blood donors presented at two university blood banks in Italy were recorded. Blood typing was performed using an immunochromatographic method. Over the three years of the study 357 cats representing 15 breeds, 45.3% female and 54.7% male, with a mean age of 3.8 years were evaluated. Of these 90.5% were blood type A, 5.6% type B, and 3.9% type AB. The majority of the cats (54.6%) were European DSH (92.3% were type A, 5.1% type B, and 2.6% type AB), and 21% were Maine Coon (MCO) cats (100% blood type A). The estimated frequencies of transfusion reactions following an unmatched transfusion between DSH (donors and recipients), MCO (donor and recipients), DSH donors and MCO recipients, and MCO donors and DSH recipients were 4.8%, 0%, 0%, and 5.1% for major reactions and 7.2%, 0%, 7.7%, and 0% for minor transfusions reactions, respectively. In a population of blood donors that includes DSH and MCO the risk of transfusion reaction is between 5% and 8% if typing is not performed on donor and recipient blood. Blood typing should therefore be performed before transfusion to remove the risk of transfusion reactions due to blood type incompatibilities.
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Axnér E. A questionnaire on survival of kittens depending on the blood groups of the parents. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:781-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13518937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cats more than 2 months of age have alloantibodies against the blood type antigen that they do not possess. Maternal antibodies, including alloantibodies against blood groups, are transferred to the kittens’ systemic circulation when they suckle colostrum during the first 12–16 h after birth. If kittens with blood group A or AB nurse from a mother with blood group B they may develop neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI). Breeders can prevent kittens at risk of NI from nursing during the first 16–24 h; after this period it is safe to let them nurse. Kittens depend, however, on the passive transfer of antibodies from the colostrum for early protection against infections. Although it is known that kittens deprived of colostrum will also be deprived of passive systemic immunity, it is not known if this will affect their health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate kitten mortality in litters with B-mothers and A-fathers compared to litters with A-mothers. In addition, the aim was to evaluate the effects of colostrum deprivation on the health of the mothers, and the breeders’ opinions and experiences of these combinations of breedings. A web-based questionnaire was constructed and distributed to breeders. The results indicate that there is no difference in mortality between planned litters that have mothers with blood group A and litters with mothers that have blood group B and fathers that have blood group A. When managing blood group incompatibility in cat all factors affecting the health of the cats, including genetic variation, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Axnér
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Proverbio D, Spada E, Perego R, Della Pepa A, Bagnagatti De Giorgi G, Baggiani L. Assessment of blood types of Ragdoll cats for transfusion purposes. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:157-62. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Pepa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
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Zheng L, Zhong Y, Shi Z, Giger U. Frequencies of blood types A, B, and AB in non-pedigree domestic cats in Beijing. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:513-517. [PMID: 22092346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequencies of blood types A, B, and AB in domestic cats vary geographically and among breeds and have not been reported in China. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to survey the frequency of blood types in domestic cats in the Beijing area. METHODS A total of 262 cats from the city of Beijing were blood-typed using a standard tube agglutination assay. All cats were nonpedigree domestic shorthaired and longhaired cats; purebred cats were excluded. Serum obtained from type-B cats and a lectin (Triticum vulgaris) solution served as anti-A and anti-B reagents, respectively. The presence of alloantibodies was also determined in some cats. RESULTS The frequency of blood types was 88.2% type A, 11.4% type B, and 0.4% type AB. The tube assay resulted in 3+ to 4+ agglutination reactions with either the anti-A or anti-B reagents. The 1 type AB sample showed 3+ agglutination with both anti-A and anti-B reagents; the plasma of that sample did not react with either type-A or type-B RBCs. Tested type-B cats had strong anti-A antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of blood type B in the Beijing area was relatively high and similar to that reported for other Asian countries and Australia. Blood-typing is recommended to match donors and recipients before transfusion therapy and planned matings to avoid hemolytic transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis reactions, respectively, due to blood-type incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yougang Zhong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhensheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ferreira RRF, Gopegui RR, Matos AJF. Frequency of dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1 expression in dogs from Portugal. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:198-201. [PMID: 21554361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1.1 is the antigen considered most responsible for severe hemolysis owing to incompatible blood transfusions in previously sensitized dogs. Few reports describe the frequency of DEA 1.1 expression in European dogs, and there are no reports in dogs from Portugal. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to identify the frequency of DEA 1.1 expression in Portuguese dogs, to examine the relationship between phenotypic traits and expression of this blood group, and to assess the risk of transfusing blood that is not typed or cross-matched. METHODS Expression of DEA 1.1 was determined in 274 dogs using a migration gel test. Weight, sex, breed, and hair length and color were recorded for each dog. Results were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis, probabilistic analysis, and χ(2)-tests. RESULTS Of 274 dogs, 56.9% were DEA 1.1-positive and 43.1% were DEA 1.1-negative. All Boxers, German Shepherds, and Dobermans were DEA 1.1-negative, whereas all Saint Bernards, 88.9% of Golden Retrievers, 88.2% of Rottweilers, and 61.4% of mixed breed dogs were DEA 1.1-positive. A significant relationship between DEA 1.1 expression and phenotypic traits was not found. The probability of sensitization of recipient dogs following first-time transfusion with blood that was not typed or cross-matched was 24.5%; the probability of an acute hemolytic reaction following a second transfusion with blood from any other donor in the absence of pretransfusion compatibility testing was 6%. CONCLUSION The frequency of DEA 1.1 expression in dogs in Portugal is high, and there is a potential risk of sensitization following transfusion with blood that is not typed or cross-matched. Breed-related frequencies may help predict DEA 1.1-positivity, but the best practice is to type and cross-match blood before transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui R F Ferreira
- Veterinary Blood Bank, Porto Veterinary Hospital, Porto, Portugal
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Seth M, Jackson KV, Giger U. Comparison of five blood-typing methods for the feline AB blood group system. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:203-9. [PMID: 21281194 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective-To compare the ease of use and accuracy of 5 feline AB blood-typing methods: card agglutination (CARD), immunochromatographic cartridge (CHROM), gel-based (GEL), and conventional slide (SLIDE) and tube (TUBE) agglutination assays. Sample Population-490 anticoagulated blood samples from sick and healthy cats submitted to the Transfusion or Clinical Laboratory at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Procedures-Sample selection was purposely biased toward those from anemic, type B, or type AB cats or those with autoagglutination. All blood samples were tested by use of GEL, SLIDE, and TUBE methods. Fifty-eight samples were also tested by use of CARD and CHROM methods. The presence of alloantibodies in all cats expressing the B antigen as detected by use of any method was also assessed. Results-Compared with the historical gold-standard TUBE method, good to excellent agreement was achieved with the other typing tests: CARD, 53 of 58 (91% agreement); CHROM, 55 of 58 (95%); GEL, 487 of 490 (99%); and SLIDE, 482 of 487 (99%; 3 samples were excluded because of autoagglutination). Four of the samples with discordant test results originated from cats with FeLV-related anemia. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Current laboratory and in-clinic methods provide simple and accurate typing for the feline AB blood group system with few discrepancies. Retyping after in-clinic typing with the GEL or TUBE laboratory methods is recommended to confirm any type B or AB cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Seth
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Marques C, Ferreira M, Gomes JF, Leitão N, Costa M, Serra P, Duarte Correia JH, Pomba CF. Frequency of blood type A, B, and AB in 515 domestic shorthair cats from the Lisbon area. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:185-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Proverbio D, Spada E, Baggiani L, Perego R, Milici A, Ferro E. Comparison of gel column agglutination with monoclonal antibodies and card agglutination methods for assessing the feline AB group system and a frequency study of feline blood types in northern Italy. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:32-9. [PMID: 21299585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new commercial gel column agglutination system is reported to have high sensitivity in detecting cats with blood type AB. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare gel column agglutination and card agglutination methods for feline blood-typing and to determine the frequency distribution of feline blood types in northern Italy. METHODS Blood-typing was performed on 120 cats using both a commercial gel column containing monoclonal antibodies (ID Gel-Test Micro Typing System) and a card agglutination method (RapidVet-H Feline). Results were confirmed with back-typing. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the 2 methods. A second group of 140 Domestic Shorthair (DSH) cats was blood-typed using the gel column technique to determine the frequency distribution of feline blood types in northern Italy. RESULTS The card agglutination method demonstrated poor sensitivity in identification of type-AB cats (61%) and was only 95% specific when identifying type-B cats. The gel column agglutination technique demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity for typing all 3 blood types (A, B, and AB). The frequency distribution study of 140 cats demonstrated that 127 (90.7%) cats were type A, 10 (7.1%) were type B, and 3 (2.1%) were type AB. CONCLUSION When blood-typing cats of breeds with a relatively high frequency of blood types B and AB, methods that use monoclonal antibodies for detection of blood types B and AB are recommended. Alternatively, blood type can be confirmed by more sensitive supplemental testing, such as back-typing. The high frequency of blood type A in DSH cats in northern Italy was comparable to previously reported frequencies in Italy and world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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High-performance liquid chromatography ganglioside pattern of the AB feline blood group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Pastor J. Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis and the importance of feline blood types. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:753726. [PMID: 20631821 PMCID: PMC2899707 DOI: 10.4061/2010/753726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although feline neonatal isoerythrolysis is rare, associated mortality rate is high. It results from mating of type B blood queens with type A or AB blood toms. A comprehensive review on feline blood types and feline neonatal isoerythrolysis physiopathology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Hospital, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Blais MC, Rozanski EA, Hale AS, Shaw SP, Cotter SM. Lack of Evidence of Pregnancy-Induced Alloantibodies in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:462-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Forcada Y, Guitian J, Gibson G. Frequencies of feline blood types at a referral hospital in the south east of England. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:570-3. [PMID: 17608664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of blood types in the feline patients and blood donors of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK), that were typed between 2000 and 2004. METHODS A retrospective study was performed using files of patients and blood donors of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals seen between January 2000 and November 2004. Commercial blood typing cards were used to determine the blood type. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-six cats were included in the study; 51 (32.7 per cent) were pedigree and 105 (67.3 per cent) non-pedigree. Of the 51 pedigree cats, the prevalence of blood types was as follows: type A, 42 (82.4 per cent); type B, seven (13.7 per cent) and type AB, two (3.9 per cent). Of the 105 non-pedigree cats, the prevalence of blood types was as follows: type A, 71 (67.6 per cent); type B 32 (30.5 per cent) and type AB two (1.9 per cent). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence of type B blood in non-pedigree cats is higher than previously suggested and shows high variability within the UK; because of this, blood typing all feline patients, not only the ones of a breed typically known to have higher prevalence of type B blood before transfusion, is absolutely necessary to avoid a fatal transfusion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Forcada
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH6 7TE, UK
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Arikan S, Gurkan M, Ozaytekin E, Dodurka T, Giger U. Frequencies of blood type A, B and AB in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 47:10-3. [PMID: 16417604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the distribution of blood types and to estimate the proportion of matings at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis in non-pedigree domestic cats. METHODS The present survey determined the frequency of blood types in 301 cats from four distinct regions of Turkey. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated blood samples were typed by simple tube and slide agglutination assays. Serum obtained from type B cats and an anti-B solution, prepared with Triticum vulgaris, were used to determine type A and type B blood, respectively. RESULTS Of the 301 cats typed, 220 had type A blood, 74 had type B and seven had type AB. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the locations of the cats, with fewer type B cats in the eastern than in the western parts of Turkey. Risk for the development of neonatal isoerythrolysis due to A-B mismatch was estimated to be 18.6 per cent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The overall type B frequency in Turkish domestic cats is high. Thus, untyped transfusions in these cats carry a high risk of life-threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis. It is therefore strongly recommended that blood typing be performed before breeding or transfusing in order to minimise blood type incompatibility risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arikan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Weinstein NM, Blais MC, Harris K, Oakley DA, Aronson LR, Giger U. A Newly Recognized Blood Group in Domestic Shorthair Cats: TheMikRed Cell Antigen. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Weinstein NM, Blais MC, Harris K, Oakley DA, Aronson LR, Giger U. A newly recognized blood group in domestic shorthair cats: the Mik red cell antigen. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:287-92. [PMID: 17427390 PMCID: PMC3132507 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[287:anrbgi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring alloantibodies produced against A and B red cell antigens in cats can cause acute hemolytic transfusion reactions. Blood incompatibilities, unrelated to the AB blood group system, have also been suspected after blood transfusions through routine crossmatch testing or as a result of hemolytic transfusion reactions. HYPOTHESIS Incompatible crossmatch results among AB compatible cats signify the presence of a naturally occurring alloantibody against a newly identified blood antigen in a group of previously never transfused blood donor cats. The associated alloantibody is clinically important based upon a hemolytic transfusion reaction after inadvertent transfusion of red cells expressing this red cell antigen in a feline renal transplant recipient that lacks this red cell antigen. METHODS Blood donor and nonblood donor cats were evaluated for the presence of auto- and alloantibodies using direct antiglobulin and crossmatch tests, respectively, and were blood typed for AB blood group status. Both standard tube and novel gel column techniques were used. RESULTS Plasma from 3 of 65 cats and 1 feline renal transplant recipient caused incompatible crossmatch test results with AB compatible erythrocytes indicating these cats formed an alloantibody against a red cell antigen they lack, termed Mik. The 3 donors and the renal transplant recipient were crossmatch-compatible with one another. Tube and gel column crossmatch test results were similar. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The absence of this novel Mik red cell antigen can be associated with naturally occurring anti-Mik alloantibodies and can elicit an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction after an AB-matched blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Weinstein
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
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Stieger K, Palos H, Giger U. Comparison of various blood-typing methods for the feline AB blood group system. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1393-9. [PMID: 16173483 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare feline blood-typing results determined by use of the card (CARD), gel (GEL), tube (TUBE), University of Pennsylvania (Penn) tube, and Penn slide tests. SAMPLE POPULATION Blood samples from 38 healthy cats. PROCEDURES Blood samples, anticoagulated with EDTA, were screened by use of each blood-typing method according to manufacturers' protocols. RESULTS On the basis of the standard Penn tube and slide test results, 20, 11, and 7 cats were classified as type A positive, type B positive, and type AB positive, respectively. The same results were obtained with the anti-B and anti-B reagents of the TUBE test. Use of anti-A antibodies of original polyclonal and current monoclonal CARD tests resulted in mostly 2+ to 3+ (scale, 0 to 4+) agglutination reactions with blood samples from type A-positive cats; agglutination reactions with blood samples from type AB-positive cats were weak (1+). The anti-B lectin of the CARD test induced a 2+ to 4+ reaction with blood from all type B- and type AB-positive cats. Use of the GEL test allowed recognition of type A and type B blood samples; following addition of anti-A serum to control columns, type B blood was differentiated from type AB blood. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of the in-practice CARD test allows identification of type A- and type B-positive cats, but weak reactions of type AB blood with the anti-A monoclonal antibody raise concerns. The modified GEL and TUBE tests appear to be reliable clinical laboratory methods for feline blood typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Stieger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Malik R, Griffin DL, White JD, Rozmanec M, Tisdall PLC, Foster SF, Bell K, Nicholas FW. The prevalence of feline A/B blood types in the Sydney region. Aust Vet J 2005; 83:38-44. [PMID: 15971816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the distribution of A/B blood types in pedigree and crossbred cats in the Sydney region, and to estimate the associated risk of administering incompatible blood in an unmatched random transfusion. DESIGN A prospective/retrospective study of blood specimens collected from both sick and healthy cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was collected from 355 cats from the Sydney region over a 12-year period from 1992 to 2003. Specimens were obtained from 187 domestic crossbred cats (short and long-haired) and 168 pedigree cats. The blood type of each cat was determined by one of three different laboratories using standard methods that varied over the duration of the survey. RESULTS The distributions of blood types obtained by the three laboratories were not significantly different. The prevalence of type-A, type-B and type-AB blood types in crossbred cats was 62%, 36% and 1.6%, respectively. This is the highest percentage of type-B cats so far reported for an outbred population of domestic cats, and is significantly higher than the 26% reported previously for cats in the Brisbane region. The calculated frequency for the type-B allele assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this feline population is 0.60; the corresponding frequency of the type-A allele is thus approximately 0.40. The calculated proportion of random transfusions from this population giving rise to an incompatible blood transfusion is 46%, with half of these being life-threatening events. The calculated proportion of random matings from this population at risk for developing neonatal isoerythrolysis is 23%. The distribution of A and B blood types for pedigree cats was in general agreement with data reported previously for cats in North America and Europe, suggesting that the distribution of blood types in these purebred populations is relatively consistent throughout the world. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of type B cats in the owned domestic and pedigree cat population is so high that blood typing or cross matching prior to transfusion should be mandatory, except in Siamese/Oriental cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, Conference Centre, Building B22, The University of Sydney, New South Wales
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Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Pastor J, Almeida O, Montoya A. Frequencies of feline blood types in northern Portugal. Vet Clin Pathol 2004; 33:240-3. [PMID: 15570562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2004.tb00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The frequencies of feline blood types in northern Portugal were studied by surveying 185 pedigreed and nonpedigreed cats. Blood typing was performed by the traditional tube method. As a single group, the majority of cats were type A (90.3%), 3.8% were type B, and 5.9% were type AB. Among pedigreed cats, 19 were Siamese and 7 were Persian; all but 1 were type A. Among nonpedigreed cats, 89.3% were type A, 4.4% were type B, and 6.3% were type AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Silvestre-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Abstract
Dogs, cats, birds, and ferrets are popular companion animals. Because these pets are considered by many to be family members, they are provided high-quality veterinary medical care, including blood transfusions. This article reviews the current status of blood groups in dogs, cats, birds, and ferrets and discusses the impact of blood groups on veterinary transfusion medicine. One blood group with 3 types has been described in the cat, whereas multiple blood groups have been described in the dog. Only rudimentary knowledge exists regarding pet bird blood groups, and, to date, the ferret appears to be unique because no blood groups have been described. Antibodies against blood group antigens also play a role in animal blood transfusions. Cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies; however, dogs do not appear to have clinically significant naturally occurring alloantibodies. Understanding the issues related to blood groups and blood group antibodies in companion animals will also benefit those using these species as research models for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Hohenhaus
- Department of Medicine, Jaqua Transfusion Medicine Service, The Bobst Hospital, The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Arikan S, Akkan HA. Titres of naturally occurring alloantibodies against feline blood group antigens in Turkish Van cats. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45:289-92. [PMID: 15206473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-eight Turkish Van cats were examined for alloantibody titres, of which 42.3 per cent had type A blood and 57.7 per cent had type B blood. No type AB cats were found. All type B cats (n = 45) showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti-A antibody, with titres ranging from 2 to 256. Sixty-seven per cent of type B cats had anti-A antibody in their plasma, with titres ranging from 8 to 32. However, 13 per cent of type B cats had plasma alloantibody titres of less than 8 and 20 per cent had titres that were higher than 32. A total of 33 type A cats were also tested for anti-B alloantibody titres in their plasma. Among the type A plasma, gross agglutination at titres of 2 and greater than 2 were determined in 24 per cent and 36 per cent of samples, respectively. Microscopic agglutination was seen in an additional 18 per cent of plasma samples. There was no significant association between gender and plasma alloantibody titres of cats (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arikan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Castellanos I, Couto CG, Gray TL. Clinical Use of Blood Products in Cats: A Retrospective Study (1997-2000). J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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