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Li Q, Wang X, Wang ZH, Lin Z, Yang J, Chen J, Wang R, Ye W, Li Y, Wu Y, Xuan A. Changes in dendritic complexity and spine morphology following BCG immunization in APP/PS1 mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2121568. [PMID: 36113067 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2121568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette - Guerin (BCG) is an immune regulator that can enhance hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats; however, it is unclear whether it can improve synaptic function in a mouse model with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that BCG plays a protective role in AD mice and investigated its effect on dendritic morphology. The results obtained show that BCG immunization significantly increases dendritic complexity, as indicated by the increased number of dendritic intersections and branch points, as well as the increase in the fractal dimension. Furthermore, the number of primary neurites and dendritic length also increased following BCG immunization, which increased the number of spines and promoted maturation. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels increased, while TNF-α levels decreased following BCG immunization; expression levels of p-JAK2, P-STAT3, SYN, and PSD-95 also increased. Therefore, this study demonstrates that BCG immunization in APP/PS1 mice mitigated hippocampal dendritic spine pathology, especially after the third round of immunization. This effect could possibly be attributed to; changes in dendritic arborization and spine morphology or increases in SYN and PSD-95 expression levels. It could also be related to mechanisms of BCG-induced increases in IFN-γ or IL-4/JAK2/STAT3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhenzong Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jieyi Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jichun Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Ye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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2
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BCG for the prevention and treatment of allergic asthma. Vaccine 2021; 39:7341-7352. [PMID: 34417052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases, in particular atopic asthma, have been on the rise in most industrialized countries for several decades now. Allergic asthma is characterized by airway narrowing, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, excessive airway mucus production, eosinophil influx in the lungs and an imbalance of the Th1/Th2 responses, including elevated IgE levels. Most available interventions provide only short-term relief from disease symptoms and do not alter the underlying immune imbalance. A number of studies, mostly in mouse models, have shown that Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment is capable of preventing or reducing an established allergen-driven inflammatory response, by redirecting pathogenic Th2 towards protective Th1 and/or regulatory T cell responses. Dendritic cells stimulated by BCG appear to be a crucial first step in the immunomodulatory effects of BCG. While the protective and therapeutic effects of BCG against allergy and asthma are well documented in animal models, they are less clear in humans, both in observational studies and in randomized controlled trials. The purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date overview of the available evidence on the anti-allergy, in particular anti-asthma effects of BCG in mice, rats and humans.
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Li Q, Xuan A, Qi F, Yang J, Zou J, Yao Z. Synergistic effects of combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines on spatial cognition and hippocampal plasticity in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:268-278. [PMID: 31051226 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous study has demonstrated the neurobeneficial role of BCG and influenza vaccines. Based on this, our study concentrated on the synergistic effects on development of central nervous system by combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines in rats. Our results displayed that pups combinedly vaccinated with BCG and influenza vaccines showed a significant enhance in spatial cognition, induction of LTP, hippocampal neurogenesis and morphology of dendritic spines compared with pups vaccinated with BCG solely. Furthermore, combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines showed higher expression of BDNF, IGF-1, IL-4, IFN-γ and lower IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 than BCG. Taken together, combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines presented synergistic effects on spatial cognition and hippocampal plasticity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Juntao Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhibin Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Dias MFRG, Bernardes Filho F, Quaresma MV, Nascimento LVD, Nery JADC, Azulay DR. Update on cutaneous tuberculosis. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 89:925-38. [PMID: 25387498 PMCID: PMC4230662 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to draw special attention from health care professionals and
society in general. Cutaneous tuberculosis is an infection caused by M. tuberculosis
complex, M. bovis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Depending on individual immunity,
environmental factors and the type of inoculum, it may present varied clinical and
evolutionary aspects. Patients with HIV and those using immunobiological drugs are
more prone to infection, which is a great concern in centers where the disease is
considered endemic. This paper aims to review the current situation of cutaneous
tuberculosis in light of this new scenario, highlighting the emergence of new and
more specific methods of diagnosis, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms that
regulate the parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA-SCMRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fred Bernardes Filho
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA-SCMRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Victória Quaresma
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA-SCMRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - David Rubem Azulay
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA-SCMRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Laćan G, Dang H, Middleton B, Horwitz MA, Tian J, Melega WP, Kaufman DL. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine-mediated neuroprotection is associated with regulatory T-cell induction in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1292-302. [PMID: 23907992 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) prior to MPTP exposure limited the loss of striatal dopamine (DA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) and prevented the activation of nigral microglia. Here, we conducted BCG dose studies and investigated the mechanisms underlying BCG vaccination's neuroprotective effects in this model. We found that a dose of 1 × 10(6) cfu BCG led to higher levels of striatal DA and DAT ligand binding (28% and 42%, respectively) in BCG-vaccinated vs. unvaccinated MPTP-treated mice, but without a significant increase in substantia nigra tyrosine hydroxylase-staining neurons. Previous studies showed that BCG can induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) and that Tregs are neuroprotective in models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, MPTP is lymphotoxic, so it was unclear whether Tregs were maintained after MPTP treatment and whether a relationship existed between Tregs and the preservation of striatal DA system integrity. We found that, 21 days post-MPTP treatment, Treg levels in mice that had received BCG prior to MPTP were threefold greater than those in MPTP-only-treated mice and elevated above those in saline-only-treated mice, suggesting that the persistent BCG infection continually promoted Treg responses. Notably, the magnitude of the Treg response correlated positively with both striatal DA levels and DAT ligand binding. Therefore, BCG vaccine-mediated neuroprotection is associated with Treg levels in this mouse model. Our results suggest that BCG-induced Tregs could provide a new adjunctive therapeutic approach to ameliorating pathology associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Laćan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Yong J, Lacan G, Dang H, Hsieh T, Middleton B, Wasserfall C, Tian J, Melega WP, Kaufman DL. BCG vaccine-induced neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16610. [PMID: 21304945 PMCID: PMC3031604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using vaccination with CNS antigens to induce autoreactive T cell responses that home to damaged areas in the CNS and ameliorate neurodegenerative disease. Neuroprotective vaccine studies have focused on administering oligodendrocyte antigens or Copaxone® in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Theoretical considerations, however, suggest that vaccination with a neuronal antigen may induce more robust neuroprotective immune responses. We assessed the neuroprotective potential of vaccines containing tyrosine hydroxylase (a neuronal protein involved in dopamine synthesis) or Copaxone® in CFA in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Surprisingly, we observed that the main beneficial factor in these vaccines was the CFA. Since the major immunogenic component in CFA is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which closely related to the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) that is used in human vaccines, we tested BCG vaccination in the MPTP mouse model. We observed that BCG vaccination partially preserved markers of striatal dopamine system integrity and prevented an increase in activated microglia in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice. These results support a new neuroprotective vaccine paradigm in which general (nonself-reactive) immune stimulation in the periphery can limit potentially deleterious microglial responses to a neuronal insult and exert a neurorestorative effect in the CNS. Accordingly, BCG vaccination may provide a new strategy to augment current treatments for a wide range of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Goran Lacan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hoa Dang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Terry Hsieh
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Blake Middleton
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William P. Melega
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Teixeira HC, Abramo C, Munk ME. Diagnóstico imunológico da tuberculose: problemas e estratégias para o sucesso. J Bras Pneumol 2007; 33:323-34. [PMID: 17906795 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132007000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A tuberculose continua sendo um grave problema social e de saúde, afetando milhões de pessoas anualmente. A vacina Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), usada no controle profilático, é incapaz de conter a progressão da doença, que usualmente se manifesta através da queda da imunidade celular do indivíduo. O diagnóstico da tuberculose em seus estágios iniciais, aliado à poliquimioterapia, pode contribuir para o controle da disseminação da infecção. Os atuais métodos de diagnóstico apresentam problemas, como: baixa sensibilidade da baciloscopia; longo tempo de realização das culturas microbiológicas; e baixa especificidade do teste cutâneo com o derivado protéico purificado do M. tuberculosis. Novos métodos de diagnóstico que utilizam antígenos específicos (por exemplo, os conhecidos em inglês como o early secreted antigenic target 6-kDa e o culture filtrate protein 10-kDa), estão sendo testados. Os genes que codificam esses antígenos estão localizados na região de diferença 1 do M. tuberculosis, M. africanum e M. bovis, mas estão ausentes no M. bovis (BCG) e na maioria das micobactérias do meio ambiente. Métodos de diagnóstico baseados na produção de interferon-gama por linfócitos T, em resposta a esses antígenos, como o QuantiFERON-TB® e o T SPOT.TB®, estão sendo testados, e superam o teste cutâneo com o derivado protéico purificado nas seguintes características: maior sensibilidade; menor reatividade cruzada devido à vacinação com o BCG ou infecção por micobactérias do meio ambiente; e tempo de execução. A introdução de métodos de diagnóstico mais específicos e sensíveis, assim como um maior entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares e celulares que regulam a interação parasito-hospedeiro, pode contribuir para um eficiente combate à tuberculose.
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Page KR, Jedlicka AE, Fakheri B, Noland GS, Kesavan AK, Scott AL, Kumar N, Manabe YC. Mycobacterium-induced potentiation of type 1 immune responses and protection against malaria are host specific. Infect Immun 2006; 73:8369-80. [PMID: 16299335 PMCID: PMC1307063 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.8369-8380.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and tuberculosis are endemic in many regions of the world, and coinfection with the two pathogens is common. In this study, we examined the effects of long- and short-term infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the course of a lethal form of murine malaria in resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible (BALB/c) mice. C57BL/6 mice coinfected with M. tuberculosis CDC1551 and Plasmodium yoelii 17XL had a lower peak parasitemia and increased survival compared to mice infected with P. yoelii 17XL alone. Splenic microarray analysis demonstrated potentiation of type 1 immune responses in coinfected C57BL/6 mice, which was especially prominent 5 days after infection with P. yoelii 17XL. Splenocytes from coinfected C57BL/6 mice produced higher levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha than splenocytes from mice infected with either pathogen alone. Interestingly, mycobacterium-induced protection against lethal P. yoelii is mouse strain specific. BALB/c mice were significantly more susceptible than C57BL/6 mice to infection with P. yoelii 17XL and were not protected against lethal malaria by coinfection with M. tuberculosis. In addition, M. tuberculosis did not augment IFN-gamma responses in BALB/c mice subsequently infected with P. yoelii 17XL. These data indicate that M. tuberculosis-induced potentiation of type 1 immune responses is associated with protection against lethal murine malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Page
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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9
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Abramo C, Meijgaarden KE, Garcia D, Franken KLMC, Klein MR, Kolk AJ, Oliveira SC, Ottenhoff THM, Teixeira HC. Monokine induced by interferon gamma and IFN-gamma response to a fusion protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in Brazilian tuberculosis patients. Microbes Infect 2005; 8:45-51. [PMID: 16269263 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 have been proposed as specific markers of M. tuberculosis infection. Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG/CXCL9) has been shown to be expressed by IFN-gamma stimulated mononuclear cells and to attract activated T-cells through the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Since MIG is induced early in the response to IFN-gamma, measuring MIG may provide an interesting marker to assess downstream IFN-gamma induced responses, in contrast to assays that mainly focus on quantifying production of IFN-gamma per se. We, therefore, investigated MIG and IFN-gamma responses to a fusion protein of ESAT-6 and CFP-10, and compared responses to the conserved mycobacterial antigen 85B (Ag85B) and purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. tuberculosis, in 29 BCG vaccine controls and 24 TB patients. IFN-gamma secreting cells were determined by ELISPOT, and MIG production was measured by ELISA and flow cytometry. Production of MIG in response to ESAT-6/CFP-10, Ag85B and PPD correlated overall with increased numbers of IFN-gamma secreting cells (r=0.55, P<0.0001). A significant increase was noted among patients compared to controls in the secretion of IFN-gamma and MIG following stimulation with ESAT-6/CFP-10 or PPD (P<0.05). Moreover, MIG intracellular expression was higher in TB patients compared to BCG vaccines (P<0.05) in response to ESAT-6/CFP-10 or PPD. We conclude that MIG production correlates significantly with enhanced T-cell IFN-gamma production induced by M. tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6/CFP-10. These results point to MIG as a potential novel biomarker that may be helpful in assessing downstream responses induced by IFN-gamma in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Abramo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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10
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Abel LC, Rizzo LV, Ianni B, Albuquerque F, Bacal F, Carrara D, Bocchi EA, Teixeira HC, Mady C, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Chronic Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy patients display an increased IFN-gamma response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Autoimmun 2001; 17:99-107. [PMID: 11488642 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One-third of all Trypanosoma cruzi -infected patients eventually develop chronic Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy (CCC), a particularly lethal inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy, where parasites are scarce and heart-infiltrating mononuclear cells seem to be the effectors of tissue damage. Since T. cruzi is a major inducer of interleukin-12 production, the role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of CCC was investigated. We assayed cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CCC and asymptomatic T. cruzi -infected (ASY) individuals, as well as by T cell lines from endomyocardial biopsies from CCC patients. PBMC from CCC and ASY patients produced higher IFN-gamma levels than normal (N) individuals in response to B13 protein and phytohaemagglutinin PHA; IFN-gamma high responders (> or =1 ng/ml) were 2-3 fold more frequent among CCC patients than ASY individuals. Conversely, IL-4 production in response to the same stimuli was suppressed among T. cruzi -infected patients. The frequency of PHA-induced IFN gammaproducing cells on PBMC was significantly higher among CCC than ASY and N individuals. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were produced by ten out of ten PHAstimulated T cell lines from CCC patients; IL-2 and IL-10 were produced by four out of ten and one out of ten lines, respectively; IL-4, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-12 were undetectable. Our results suggest that CCC and ASY patients may respond differentially to the IFN-gamma-inducing stimulus provided by T. cruzi infection. Given the T(1)-type cytokine profile of heart-infiltrating T cell lines from CCC patients, the ability to mount a vigorous IFN-gamma response may play a role on the differential susceptibility to CCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Abel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferreira AP, Aarestrup FM, Bonecini-Almeida MG, Souza EE, Gomes EA, Corrêa JO, Teixeira HC. Effect of the injection of an extract of Ascaris suum on macrophage activation during the early phase of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in C57Bl/6 mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32:1429-36. [PMID: 10559845 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999001100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Injection of an Ascaris suum extract (Asc) affects both the humoral and cellular immune responses to unrelated antigens when it is co-administered with these antigens. In the present study we evaluated the effect of Asc on macrophage activation in the early phase of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Pasteur strain TMCC 1173) infection in C57Bl/6 mice. C57Bl/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 0.1 mg BCG (BCG group) or BCG plus 1 mg Asc (BCG + Asc group). The peritoneal exudates were obtained at 2, 7 and 14 days after infection. The numbers of IFN-gamma-secreting cells were assessed by the ELISPOT assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by the Griess method and by the evaluation of NADPH diaphorase activity in the peritoneal exudates. The administration of Asc extract increased NADPH diaphorase activity (2 days: control = 0, BCG = 7%, BCG + Asc = 13%, and Asc = 4%; 7 days: control = 4, BCG = 13%, BCG + Asc = 21%, and Asc = 4.5%) and TNF-alpha levels (mean +/- SD; 2 days: control = 0, BCG = 169 +/- 13, BCG + Asc = 202 +/- 37, and Asc = 0; 7 days: control = 0, BCG = 545 +/- 15.5, BCG + Asc = 2206 +/- 160.6, and Asc = 126 +/- 26; 14 days: control = 10 +/- 1.45, BCG = 9 +/- 1.15, BCG + Asc = 126 +/- 18, and Asc = 880 +/- 47.67 pg/ml) in the early phase of BCG infection. Low levels of NO production were detected at 2 and 7 days after BCG infection, increasing at 14 days (mean +/- SD; 2 days: control = 0, BCG = 3.7 +/- 1.59, BCG + Asc = 0.82 +/- 0.005, Asc = 0.48 +/- 0.33; 7 days: control = 0, BCG = 2.78 +/- 1.54, BCG + Asc = 3.07 +/- 1.05, Asc = 0; 14 days: control = 0, BCG = 9.05 +/- 0.53, BCG + Asc = 9.61 +/- 0.81, Asc = 10.5 +/- 0.2 (2 x 10(6)) cells/ml). Furthermore, we also observed that Asc co-injection induced a decrease of BCG-colony-forming units (CFU) in the spleens of BCG-infected mice during the first week of infection (mean +/- SD; 2 days: BCG = 1.13 +/- 0.07 and BCG + Asc = 0.798 +/- 0.305; 7 days: BCG = 1.375 +/- 0. 194 and BCG + Asc = 0.548 +/- 0.0226; 14 days: BCG = 0.473 +/- 0.184 and BCG + Asc = 0.675 +/- 0.065 (x 10(2)) CFU). The present data suggest that Asc induces the enhancement of the immune response in the early phase of BCG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.
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12
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Hackam DJ, Rotstein OD, Zhang W, Gruenheid S, Gros P, Grinstein S. Host resistance to intracellular infection: mutation of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) impairs phagosomal acidification. J Exp Med 1998; 188:351-64. [PMID: 9670047 PMCID: PMC2212455 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.2.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the survival of intracellular parasites such as mycobacteria in host macrophages remain poorly understood. In mice, mutations at the Nramp1 gene (for natural resistance-associated macrophage protein), cause susceptibility to mycobacterial infections. Nramp1 encodes an integral membrane protein that is recruited to the phagosome membrane in infected macrophages. In this study, we used microfluorescence ratio imaging of macrophages from wild-type and Nramp1 mutant mice to analyze the effect of loss of Nramp1 function on the properties of phagosomes containing inert particles or live mycobacteria. The pH of phagosomes containing live Mycobacterium bovis was significantly more acidic in Nramp1- expressing macrophages than in mutant cells (pH 5.5 +/- 0.06 versus pH 6.6 +/- 0.05, respectively; P <0.005). The enhanced acidification could not be accounted for by differences in proton consumption during dismutation of superoxide, phagosomal buffering power, counterion conductance, or in the rate of proton "leak", as these were found to be comparable in wild-type and Nramp1-deficient macrophages. Rather, after ingestion of live mycobacteria, Nramp1-expressing cells exhibited increased concanamycin-sensitive H+ pumping across the phagosomal membrane. This was associated with an enhanced ability of phagosomes to fuse with vacuolar-type ATPase-containing late endosomes and/or lysosomes. This effect was restricted to live M. bovis and was not seen in phagosomes containing dead M. bovis or latex beads. These data support the notion that Nramp1 affects intracellular mycobacterial replication by modulating phagosomal pH, suggesting that Nramp1 plays a central role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hackam
- Division of Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
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Hackam DJ, Rotstein OD, Zhang WJ, Demaurex N, Woodside M, Tsai O, Grinstein S. Regulation of phagosomal acidification. Differential targeting of Na+/H+ exchangers, Na+/K+-ATPases, and vacuolar-type H+-atpases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:29810-20. [PMID: 9368053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.47.29810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar-type (V) ATPases are thought to be the main determinant of phagosomal acidification. In phagosomes containing mycobacteria, which ostensibly impair the delivery of V-ATPases to the phagosomal membrane, the pH would be expected to be near neutral. This prediction was tested by microfluorescence ratio imaging using macrophages from mice susceptible to mycobacterial infection. Although less acidic than their counterparts containing dead bacteria, phagosomes containing live Mycobacteria bovis were nearly 1 pH unit more acidic than the cytosol, suggesting the existence of alternate H+ transport mechanisms. We therefore investigated whether Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) contributes to phagosomal acidification. Immunoblotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and pharmacological studies indicated that NHE1 is the predominant isoform of the exchanger in macrophages. Fractionation revealed that NHE1 is incorporated into the phagosomal membrane, and measurements of pH indicated that it is functional in this location. Nevertheless, acidification of the lumen of phagosomes containing either latex beads or live M. bovis was insensitive to (3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl)-guanidine methanesulfonate, a potent inhibitor of NHE1. This may have been due to the absence of an appropriate lumen to cytosol Na+ gradient, because the phagosomal membrane was found to be devoid of Na+/K+ pumps. Unexpectedly, the acidification of M. bovis phagosomes was fully reversed by specific inhibitors of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, suggesting that ATPases are present only transiently or in reduced quantities in the phagosomal membrane. Alternatively, acid equivalents accumulated in endosomes by V-ATPases may be delivered to the mycobacterial phagosome by carrier vesicles devoid of ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hackam
- Division of Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
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Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine that is crucially involved in a wide range of infectious diseases. In several experimental models of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infection, endogenous IL-12 is required for early control of infection and for generation and perhaps maintenance of acquired protective immunity, directed by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and mediated by phagocytes. Although the relative roles of IL-12 and gamma interferon in Th1-cell priming may be to a significant extent pathogen dependent, common to most infections is that IL-12 regulates the magnitude of the gamma interferon response at the initiation of infection, thus potentiating natural resistance, favoring Th1-cell development; and inhibiting Th2 responses. Treatment of animals with IL-12, either alone or as a vaccine adjuvant, has been shown to prevent disease by many of the same infectious agents, by stimulating innate resistance or promoting specific reactivity. Although IL-12 may enhance protective memory responses in vaccination or in combination with antimicrobial chemotherapy, it is yet unclear whether exogenous IL-12 can alter established responses in humans. Continued investigation into the possible application of IL-12 therapy to human infections is warranted by the role of the cytokine in inflammation, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy.
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Munk ME, Mayer P, Anding P, Feldmann K, Kaufmann SH. Increased numbers of interleukin-12-producing cells in human tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1078-80. [PMID: 8641765 PMCID: PMC173886 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.3.1078-1080.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numbers of interleukin-12 (IL-12) producing cells were quantitated in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and tuberculosis patients by the ELISPOT assay. We observed that (i) stimulation with mycobacteria increases numbers of IL-12 producers from healthy donors and (ii) tuberculosis patients have larger numbers of IL-12 producers than healthy donors. Our data emphasize the importance of Il-12 in immunity to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Munk
- Department of Immunology, University of Ulm, Germany
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