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Banaeeyeh S, Afkhami-Goli A, Moosavi Z, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-mitophagy effects of trans sodium crocetinate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in BALB/C57 mice. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:783-801. [PMID: 38739183 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the degeneration of myelin and inflammation in the central nervous system. Trans sodium crocetinate (TSC), a novel synthetic carotenoid compound, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of TSC against the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established model for MS. Female BALB/C57 mice were divided into different groups, including control, EAE, vehicle, TSC-treated (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, administered via gavage) + EAE, methyl prednisone acetate + EAE, and TSC-treated (100 mg/kg, administered via gavage for 28 days) groups. EAE was induced using MOG35-55, complete Freund's adjuvant, and pertussis toxin. In the mice spinal cord tissues, the oxidative markers (GSH and MDA) were measured using spectrophotometry and histological evaluation was performed. Mitophagic pathway proteins (PINK1and PARKIN) and inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) were evaluated by western blot. Following 21 days post-induction, EAE mice exhibited weight loss, and the paralysis scores increased on day 13 but recovered after TSC (100 mg/kg) administration on day 16. Furthermore, TSC (50 and 100 mg/kg) reversed the altered levels of MDA and GSH in the spinal cord tissue of EAE mice. TSC (100 mg/kg) also decreased microgliosis, demyelination, and the levels of inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α. Notably, TSC (100 mg/kg) modulated the mitophagy pathway by reducing PINK1 and Parkin protein levels. These findings demonstrate that TSC protects spinal cord tissue against EAE-induced MS through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-mitophagy mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Banaeeyeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Afkhami-Goli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Moosavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Oertel FC, Hastermann M, Paul F. Delimiting MOGAD as a disease entity using translational imaging. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216477. [PMID: 38333186 PMCID: PMC10851159 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The first formal consensus diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) were recently proposed. Yet, the distinction of MOGAD-defining characteristics from characteristics of its important differential diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is still obstructed. In preclinical research, MOG antibody-based animal models were used for decades to derive knowledge about MS. In clinical research, people with MOGAD have been combined into cohorts with other diagnoses. Thus, it remains unclear to which extent the generated knowledge is specifically applicable to MOGAD. Translational research can contribute to identifying MOGAD characteristic features by establishing imaging methods and outcome parameters on proven pathophysiological grounds. This article reviews suitable animal models for translational MOGAD research and the current state and prospect of translational imaging in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Castoldi V, Marenna S, Huang SC, d'Isa R, Chaabane L, Comi G, Leocani L. Dose-dependent effect of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein on visual function and optic nerve damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:855-868. [PMID: 35043454 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Female Dark Agouti rats were immunized with increasing doses of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis. Typical EAE motor impairments were assessed daily and noninvasive visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded at baseline and 5 weeks after immunization, with final histopathology of optic nerves (ONs). Immunized rats exhibited a relapsing-remitting clinical course. Both VEP and histological abnormalities were detected in a MOG dose-dependent gradient. Increasing MOG dosage augmented visual function impairment in EAE, which could be monitored with VEP recording to assess demyelination and axonal loss along ONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Castoldi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marenna
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Su-Chun Huang
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele d'Isa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,INSPE - Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Mayrhofer F, Dariychuk Z, Zhen A, Daugherty DJ, Bannerman P, Hanson AM, Pleasure D, Soulika A, Deng W, Chechneva OV. Reduction in CD11c + microglia correlates with clinical progression in chronic experimental autoimmune demyelination. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 161:105556. [PMID: 34752925 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease with high variability of clinical symptoms. In most cases MS appears as a relapsing-remitting disease course that at a later stage transitions into irreversible progressive decline of neurologic function. The mechanisms underlying MS progression remain poorly understood. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS. Here we demonstrate that mice that develop mild EAE after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 are prone to undergo clinical progression around 30 days after EAE induction. EAE progression was associated with reduction in CD11c+ microglia and dispersed coalescent parenchymal infiltration. We found sex-dependent differences mediated by p38α signaling, a key regulator of inflammation. Selective reduction of CD11c+ microglia in female mice with CD11c-promoter driven p38α knockout correlated with increased rate of EAE progression. In protected animals, we found CD11c+ microglia forming contacts with astrocyte processes at the glia limitans and immune cells retained within perivascular spaces. Together, our study identified pathological hallmarks of chronic EAE progression and suggests that CD11c+ microglia may regulate immune cell parenchymal infiltration in autoimmune demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mayrhofer
- IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Zhanna Dariychuk
- IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Anthony Zhen
- IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Daugherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America; IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Peter Bannerman
- IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Angela M Hanson
- IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - David Pleasure
- IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Athena Soulika
- IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America; IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America
| | - Olga V Chechneva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America; IPRM, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America.
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Al Shamsi M, Shahin A, Kamyan D, Alnaqbi A, Shaban S, Souid AK. Conserved spinal cord bioenergetics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL6 mice, measured using phosphorescence oxygen analyzer. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08111. [PMID: 34693048 PMCID: PMC8511844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported that spinal cord respiration (cellular mitochondrial oxygen consumption) and ATP content are conserved in the studied model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), foreseeing a recovery of the diseased rats. This exemplary lesion of multiple sclerosis is used here to measure spinal cord bioenergetics in C57BL6 mice. Our hypothesis is that, despite the well-known focal axonal mitochondrial pathology, bioenergetics of the CNS is reasonably preserved in this disease. Methods EAE was induced with an immunodominant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein epitope in complete Freund's adjuvant, appended by injections of pertussis toxin. A low- and high-dose of the encephalitogen, administered into base of tail or hind-flank, were investigated. Control mice received only the incomplete adjuvant into tail. Oxygen measurements were based on quenching the phosphorescence of Pd(II) meso-tetra (sulfophenyl) tetrabenzoporphyrin by molecular oxygen. Cellular ATP was measured using the luciferin/luciferase system. Results The kinetics of spinal cord oxygen consumption was zero-order (linear with time) and inhibited by cyanide, confirming oxygen was reduced by cytochrome oxidase. The rate of respiration (in μM O2.min−1.mg−1; measured on Days 13–28) in control mice was (mean ± SD) 0.086 ± 0.024 (n = 8) and in immunized mice was 0.079 ± 0.020 (n = 15, P = 0.265, Mann-Whitney test). Consistently, cellular ATP (in μmol mg−1 dry pellet weight; measured on Days 13–28) in control mice was 0.068 ± 0.079 (n = 11) and in immunized mice was 0.063 ± 0.061 (n = 24, P = 0.887, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusions In vitro measurements of spinal cord bioenergetics show conservation of the mitochondrial function in mice with EAE. These results suggest the previously documented reduced mitochondrial electrochemical potential in this disease is alterable, and likely reflects the adverse events of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al Shamsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Allen Shahin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Doua Kamyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alanood Alnaqbi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sami Shaban
- Department of Medical Education, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, UAE University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
Animal models with high translational validity are essential tools in understanding disease pathogenesis and in the development of therapeutic strategies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive neurological deficits and socioeconomic burden. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most extensively utilized animal model of MS, with well-characterized rodent and non-human primate variants. The EAE model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin-derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. To date, the EAE model has been an essential tool in the development of at least seven U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of MS, including glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and natalizumab. However, the translational validity of the EAE model is frequently compromised due to poor study design, inconsistent clinical scoring endpoints, and inappropriate statistical calculations. No single animal model accurately reflects the complexity of human MS pathogenesis. Beyond EAE, multiple additional animal models are described, including Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and cuprizone-induced demyelination, which facilitate the study of pathogen-induced CNS autoimmunity and remyelination, respectively. This overview summarizes several of the most frequently used animal models of MS and highlights key factors that significantly influence the experimental outcome and affect translational validity. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smith
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, Delaware
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Doelman W, Marqvorsen MHS, Chiodo F, Bruijns SCM, van der Marel GA, van Kooyk Y, van Kasteren SI, Araman C. Synthesis of Asparagine Derivatives Harboring a Lewis X Type DC-SIGN Ligand and Evaluation of their Impact on Immunomodulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Chemistry 2020; 27:2742-2752. [PMID: 33090600 PMCID: PMC7898482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a key component of myelin and an autoantigen in the disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Post‐translational N‐glycosylation of Asn31 of MOG seems to play a key role in modulating the immune response towards myelin. This is mediated by the interaction of Lewis‐type glycan structures in the N‐glycan of MOG with the DC‐SIGN receptor on dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we report the synthesis of an unnatural Lewis X (LeX)‐containing Fmoc‐SPPS‐compatible asparagine building block (SPPS=solid‐phase peptide synthesis), as well as asparagine building blocks containing two LeX‐derived oligosaccharides: LacNAc and Fucα1‐3GlcNAc. These building blocks were used for the glycosylation of the immunodominant portion of MOG (MOG31‐55) and analyzed with respect to their ability to bind to DC‐SIGN in different biological setups, as well as their ability to inhibit the citrullination‐induced aggregation of MOG31‐55. Finally, a cytokine secretion assay was carried out on human monocyte‐derived DCs, which showed the ability of the neoglycopeptide decorated with a single LeX to alter the balance of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, inducing a tolerogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Insulin-Like Growth Factors Are Key Regulators of T Helper 17 Regulatory T Cell Balance in Autoimmunity. Immunity 2020; 52:650-667.e10. [PMID: 32294406 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate balance of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells maintains immune tolerance and host defense. Disruption of Th17-Treg cell balance is implicated in a number of immune-mediated diseases, many of which display dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Here, we show that, among effector T cell subsets, Th17 and Treg cells selectively expressed multiple components of the IGF system. Signaling through IGF receptor (IGF1R) activated the protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT-mTOR) pathway, increased aerobic glycolysis, favored Th17 cell differentiation over that of Treg cells, and promoted a heightened pro-inflammatory gene expression signature. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), but not ILC1s or ILC2s, were similarly responsive to IGF signaling. Mice with deficiency of IGF1R targeted to T cells failed to fully develop disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, the IGF system represents a previously unappreciated pathway by which type 3 immunity is modulated and immune-mediated pathogenesis controlled.
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Lasrado N, Jia T, Massilamany C, Franco R, Illes Z, Reddy J. Mechanisms of sex hormones in autoimmunity: focus on EAE. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:50. [PMID: 32894183 PMCID: PMC7475723 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-related differences in the occurrence of autoimmune diseases is well documented, with females showing a greater propensity to develop these diseases than their male counterparts. Sex hormones, namely dihydrotestosterone and estrogens, have been shown to ameliorate the severity of inflammatory diseases. Immunologically, the beneficial effects of sex hormones have been ascribed to the suppression of effector lymphocyte responses accompanied by immune deviation from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine production. In this review, we present our view of the mechanisms of sex hormones that contribute to their ability to suppress autoimmune responses with an emphasis on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ting Jia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Franco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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Arevalo-Villalobos JI, Govea-Alonso DO, Bañuelos-Hernández B, González-Ortega O, Zarazúa S, Rosales-Mendoza S. Inducible expression of antigens in plants: a study focused on peptides related to multiple sclerosis immunotherapy. J Biotechnol 2020; 318:51-56. [PMID: 32387449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects 2.3 million patients worldwide with no effective treatments available thus far. Depletion of autoreactive T-cells is considered the basis for immunotherapeutic approaches. For this purpose the peptides BV5S2, BV6S5, and BV13S1 have been identified as candidates for the development of a MS vaccine. Herein, the plant-based simultaneous production of these peptides is described as an effort to generate a new model of MS immunotherapy. A polyprotein comprising the sequence of the target peptides was designed having the picornaviral 2A sequence in between to mediate the release of the individual peptides upon translation. A codon optimized gene was cloned in vectors mediating constitutive (CaMV35S promoter) or inducible (AlcA promoter) expression. No transgenic tobacco plants were recovered from the constitutive vector suggesting toxicity of the target peptides. In contrast, several transformed lines were obtained with the inducible vector. The individual BV5S2, BV6S5, and BV13S1 peptides were detected in transformed lines upon ethanol-mediated induction and a quantitative analysis based on a OVA conjugate carrying the three peptides revealed accumulation levels up to 0.5 μg g-1 FW leaves. The plant-made peptides were able to induce humoral responses in orally immunized mice. This platform will be useful in the development of alternative immunotherapies against MS having low cost and safety as main attributes. Moreover the platform represents an attractive alternative for the expression of antigens having detrimental effects in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime I Arevalo-Villalobos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Avenida Universidad 602, Lomas del Campestre, 37150, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - Sergio Zarazúa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico.
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Sun X, Qiu W, Wang J, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhong X, Liu C, Cui C, Hong H, Yang H, Li XJ, Lu Z, Hu X, Kermode AG, Peng L. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders are associated with HLA subtypes in a Chinese paediatric-onset cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:733-739. [PMID: 32430437 PMCID: PMC7361006 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders (MOGADs) are a rare new neurological autoimmune disease with unclear pathogenesis. Since a linkage of the disease to the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) has not been shown, we here investigated whether MOGAD is associated with the HLA locus. METHODS HLA genotypes of 95 patients with MOGADs, assessed between 2016 and 2018 from three academic centres, were compared with 481 healthy Chinese Han individuals. Patients with MOGADs included 51 paediatric-onset and 44 adult-onset cases. All patients were seropositive for IgG targeting the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). RESULTS Paediatric-onset MOGAD was associated with the DQB1*05:02-DRB1*16:02 alleles (OR=2.43; OR=3.28) or haplotype (OR=2.84) of HLA class II genes. The prevalence of these genotypes in patients with paediatric-onset MOGAD was significantly higher than healthy controls (padj=0.0154; padj=0.0221; padj=0.0331). By contrast, adult-onset MOGAD was not associated with any HLA genotype. Clinically, patients with the DQB1*05:02-DRB1*16:02 haplotype exhibited significantly higher expanded disability status scale scores at onset (p=0.004) and were more likely to undergo a disease relapse (p=0.030). HLA-peptide binding prediction algorithms and computational docking analysis provided supporting evidence for the close relationship between the MOG peptide subunit and DQB1*05:02 allele. In vitro results indicated that site-specific mutations of the predicted target sequence reduced the antigen-antibody binding, especially in the paediatric-onset group with DQB1*05:02 allele. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a possible association between specific HLA class II alleles and paediatric-onset MOGAD, providing evidence for the conjecture that different aetiology and pathogenesis likely underlie paediatric-onset and adult-onset cases of MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shisi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Cui
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Hong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,The Institute of Immunology of Zhong Shan Medical School, Sun Yan-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Li
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Neurology, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Murdoch University, Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Nicoletti F, Mazzon E, Fagone P, Mangano K, Mammana S, Cavalli E, Basile MS, Bramanti P, Scalabrino G, Lange A, Curtin F. Prevention of clinical and histological signs of MOG-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by prolonged treatment with recombinant human EGF. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:224-232. [PMID: 31100693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) represents the prototype of the group I EGF family. The pleiotropic effects of the EGF have attracted attention to the possibility that it could be implicated in autoimmune diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We show here that treatment with EGF, as a late prophylactic regime, improved the clinical and histological features of EAE, a preclinical model of MS. In silico analysis further corroborated these findings by demonstrating that EGF receptors are less expressed in CNS from patients with MS as compared to controls. Taken together these data provide clear-cut in vivo proof of concept for a beneficial role of exogenously administered EGF in MS, that may, therefore, represent a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Santa Mammana
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi 'Bonino-Pulejo', Messina, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sofia Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropathology, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alois Lange
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Francois Curtin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Juryńczyk M, Jacob A, Fujihara K, Palace J. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease: practical considerations. Pract Neurol 2018; 19:187-195. [PMID: 30530724 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2017-001787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The field of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases has recently broadened to include a new condition associated with pathogenic serum antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). This is distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). MOG antibody-associated disease phenotypes are varied and range from classical neuromyelitis optica to acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis and cortical encephalitis. The diagnosis depends on using a reliable, specific and sensitive assay of the antibody. Clinical and imaging features of MOG-associated syndromes overlap with AQP4 antibody NMOSD but can be usually distinguished from MS: in particular, the silent lesions typical of MS that progressively increase lesion volume are rare in MOG antibody disease. The disease can relapse but medium-term immunosuppression appears to be protective. Permanent disability, particularly severe ambulatory and visual disability, is less frequent than in AQP4 antibody NMOSD and usually results from the onset attack. However, sphincter and sexual dysfunction after a transverse myelitis is common. Here we review the practical aspects of diagnosing and managing a patient with MOG antibody-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Juryńczyk
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anu Jacob
- Department of Neurology, Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe University Hospital, Oxford, UK
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14
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Dos Passos GR, Oliveira LM, da Costa BK, Apostolos-Pereira SL, Callegaro D, Fujihara K, Sato DK. MOG-IgG-Associated Optic Neuritis, Encephalitis, and Myelitis: Lessons Learned From Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurol 2018; 9:217. [PMID: 29670575 PMCID: PMC5893792 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) have been found in some cases diagnosed as seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). MOG-IgG allowed the identification of a subgroup with a clinical course distinct from that of NMOSD patients who are seropositive for aquaporin-4-IgG antibodies. MOG-IgG is associated with a wider clinical phenotype, not limited to NMOSD, with the majority of cases presenting with optic neuritis (ON), encephalitis with brain demyelinating lesions, and/or myelitis. Therefore, we propose the term MOG-IgG-associated Optic Neuritis, Encephalitis, and Myelitis (MONEM). Depending on the clinical characteristics, these patients may currently be diagnosed with NMOSD, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, pediatric multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, or ON. With specific cell-based assays, MOG-IgG is emerging as a potential biomarker of inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. We review the growing body of evidence on MONEM, focusing on its clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordani Rodrigues Dos Passos
- School of Medicine, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luana Michelli Oliveira
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klein da Costa
- School of Medicine, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samira Luisa Apostolos-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Callegaro
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- School of Medicine, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1021-1042. [PMID: 29446144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects more than two million people worldwide. Several animal models resemble MS pathology; the most employed are experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and toxin- and/or virus-induced demyelination. In this review we will summarize our knowledge on the utility of different animal models in MS research. Although animal models cannot replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of the MS pathology, they have proved to be useful for the development of several drugs approved for treatment of MS patients. This review focuses on EAE because it represents both clinical and pathological features of MS. During the past decades, EAE has been effective in illuminating various pathological processes that occur during MS, including inflammation, CNS penetration, demyelination, axonopathy, and neuron loss mediated by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Seil FJ. Myelin Antigens and Antimyelin Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:E2. [PMID: 31544855 PMCID: PMC6698820 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an historical perspective on studies of serum derived antimyelin antibodies. Antimyelin antibodies can be defined by their action on myelinating organotypic nervous system tissue cultures and include demyelinating antibodies, which have destructive effects on myelin when applied to already myelinated cultures, and myelination inhibiting antibodies, which prevent myelin formation when applied to cultures prior to myelination. Myelin antigens were evaluated in animal studies for their ability to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory demyelinating disease, and correlated with the induction of antimyelin antibodies. As tissue culture demyelinating activity was also found in sera from some patients with multiple sclerosis, a human inflammatory demyelinating disease, studies were undertaken to characterize the nature of the demyelinating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick J Seil
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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17
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Kesidou E, Touloumi O, Lagoudaki R, Nousiopoulou E, Theotokis P, Poulatsidou KN, Boziki M, Kofidou E, Delivanoglou N, Minti F, Hadjigeorgiou G, Grigoriadis N, Simeonidou C. Humoral response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis targets neural precursor cells in the central nervous system of naive rodents. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:227. [PMID: 29162133 PMCID: PMC5697419 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neural precursor cells (NPCs) located in the subventricular zone (SVZ), a well-defined NPC niche, play a crucial role in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Moreover, NPCs are involved in the endogenous reparative process both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the possibility that NPCs may be vulnerable to immune-related components may not be ruled out. Therefore, we investigated the potential affinity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced humoral response(s) to NPCs. Methods MOG35–55-EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice; blood-sampling was performed on days 17–21 (acute phase) along with a naive group and corresponding antisera (AS) were collected (EAE-AS, NAIVE-AS). The presence of anti-CNS autoantibodies was examined with western blotting. Furthermore, using the collected antisera and anti-MOG antibody (as positive control), immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence were implemented on normal neonatal, postnatal, and adult mouse brain sections. Targeted NPCs were identified with confocal microscopy. In vitro immunoreactivity assessment on NPCs challenged with autoantibodies was evaluated for apoptotic/autophagic activity. Results Western blotting verified the existence of autoantibodies in EAE mice and demonstrated bands corresponding to yet unidentified NPC surface epitopes. A dominant selective binding of EAE-AS in the subventricular zone in all age groups compared to NAIVE-AS (p < 0.001) was observed. Additionally, anti-BrdU+/EAE-AS+ colocalization was significantly higher than anti-BrdU+/anti-MOG+, a finding suggesting that the EAE humoral response colocalized with NPCs(BrdU+), cells that do not express MOG. Well-established NPC markers (Nestin, m-Musashi-1, Sox2, DCX, GFAP, NG2) were used to identify the distinct cell types which exhibited selective binding with EAE-AS. The findings verified that EAE-AS exerts cross-reactivity with NPCs which varies throughout the neonatal to adult stage, with a preference to cells of early developmental stages. Finally, increased expressions of Caspase 3 and Beclin 1 on NPCs were detected. Conclusion We provide evidence for the first time that MOG35–55 EAE induces production of antibodies with affinity to SVZ of naive mice in three different age groups. These autoantibodies target lineage-specific NPCs as brain develops and have the potential to trigger apoptotic pathways. Thus, our findings provide indication that cross-talk between immunity and NPCs may lead to functional alteration of NPCs regarding their viability and potentially oligodendrogenesis and effective remyelination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0995-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Touloumi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nousiopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriaki-Nepheli Poulatsidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kofidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nickoleta Delivanoglou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani Minti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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18
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Pitarokoili K, Ambrosius B, Gold R. Lewis Rat Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 81:9.61.1-9.61.20. [PMID: 29058769 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this unit, we describe in detail the most common methods used to break immunological tolerance for central myelin antigens and induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats as an animal model of multiple sclerosis. The resulting disease course ranges from an acute monophasic disease to a chronic relapsing or chronic progressive course, which strongly resembles the human disease. These models enable the study of cellular and humoral autoimmunity against major antigenic epitopes of the myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, or proteolipid protein. We provide an overview of common immunization protocols for induction of active and passive EAE, assessment and analysis of clinical score, preparation and purification of myelin basic protein, and derivation of neuroantigen-specific rat T cell lines. Finally, we describe the major clinical characteristics of these models. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pitarokoili
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bjoern Ambrosius
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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19
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Morandi E, Jagessar SA, 't Hart BA, Gran B. EBV Infection Empowers Human B Cells for Autoimmunity: Role of Autophagy and Relevance to Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:435-448. [PMID: 28592428 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of B cell depletion therapy in multiple sclerosis indicates their central pathogenic role in disease pathogenesis. The B lymphotropic EBV is a major risk factor in multiple sclerosis, via as yet unclear mechanisms. We reported in a nonhuman primate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model that an EBV-related lymphocryptovirus enables B cells to protect a proteolysis-sensitive immunodominant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) epitope (residues 40-48) against destructive processing. This facilitates its cross-presentation to autoaggressive cytotoxic MHC-E-restricted CD8+CD56+ T cells. The present study extends these observations to intact human B cells and identifies a key role of autophagy. EBV infection upregulated APC-related markers on B cells and activated the cross-presentation machinery. Although human MOG protein was degraded less in EBV-infected than in uninfected B cells, induction of cathepsin G activity by EBV led to total degradation of the immunodominant peptides MOG35-55 and MOG1-20 Inhibition of cathepsin G or citrullination of the arginine residue within an LC3-interacting region motif of immunodominant MOG peptides abrogated their degradation. Internalized MOG colocalized with autophagosomes, which can protect from destructive processing. In conclusion, EBV infection switches MOG processing in B cells from destructive to productive and facilitates cross-presentation of disease-relevant epitopes to CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morandi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk 2288, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk 2288, the Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands; and
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; .,Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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20
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Peschl P, Bradl M, Höftberger R, Berger T, Reindl M. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: Deciphering a Target in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:529. [PMID: 28533781 PMCID: PMC5420591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, is a myelin protein solely expressed at the outermost surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte membranes. This makes MOG a potential target of cellular and humoral immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Due to its late postnatal developmental expression, MOG is an important marker for oligodendrocyte maturation. Discovered about 30 years ago, it is one of the best-studied autoantigens for experimental autoimmune models for multiple sclerosis (MS). Human studies, however, have yielded controversial results on the role of MOG, especially MOG antibodies (Abs), as a biomarker in MS. But with improved detection methods using different expression systems to detect Abs in patients' samples, this is meanwhile no longer the case. Using cell-based assays with recombinant full-length, conformationally intact MOG, several recent studies have revealed that MOG Abs can be found in a subset of predominantly pediatric patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), monophasic or recurrent isolated optic neuritis (ON), or transverse myelitis, in atypical MS and in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-encephalitis with overlapping demyelinating syndromes. Whereas MOG Abs are only transiently observed in monophasic diseases such as ADEM and their decline is associated with a favorable outcome, they are persistent in multiphasic ADEM, NMOSD, recurrent ON, or myelitis. Due to distinct clinical features within these diseases it is controversially disputed to classify MOG Ab-positive cases as a new disease entity. Neuropathologically, the presence of MOG Abs is characterized by MS-typical demyelination and oligodendrocyte pathology associated with Abs and complement. However, it remains unclear whether MOG Abs are a mere inflammatory bystander effect or truly pathogenetic. This article provides deeper insight into recent developments, the clinical relevance of MOG Abs and their role in the immunpathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Lomakin YA, Stepanov AV, Balabashin DS, Ponomarenko NA, Smirnov IV, Belogurov AA. Design of Chemical Conjugate for Targeted Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis Based of Constant Fragment of Human Antibody Heavy Chain and Peptoid Analog of Autoantigen MOG 35-55. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:777-780. [PMID: 28429225 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of B cells producing autoantibodies to neuroantigens is considered as beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a significant autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. It was shown that MOG-like peptoid AMogP3 can bind autoantibodies produced by pathological lymphocytes. We propose a structure of an innovative drug for targeted elimination of the pool of autoreactive B cells responsible for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis; this compound is a complex of peptoid AMogP3 with Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin. The obtained Fc-PEG-AMogP3 conjugate effectively interact with autoreactive antibodies, which attests to their high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Lomakin
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Stepanov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Balabashin
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Ponomarenko
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Smirnov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Belogurov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Douglas Fields
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institutes of Health, NICHD, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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Anti-MOG antibody: The history, clinical phenotype, and pathogenicity of a serum biomarker for demyelination. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:307-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Autoantibody-boosted T-cell reactivation in the target organ triggers manifestation of autoimmune CNS disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3323-8. [PMID: 26957602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519608113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by T cells that are reactive for brain antigens. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model for MS, myelin-reactive T cells initiate the autoimmune process when entering the nervous tissue and become reactivated upon local encounter of their cognate CNS antigen. Thereby, the strength of the T-cellular reactivation process within the CNS tissue is crucial for the manifestation and the severity of the clinical disease. Recently, B cells were found to participate in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity, with several diverse underlying mechanisms being under discussion. We here report that B cells play an important role in promoting the initiation process of CNS autoimmunity. Myelin-specific antibodies produced by autoreactive B cells after activation in the periphery diffused into the CNS together with the first invading pathogenic T cells. The antibodies accumulated in resident antigen-presenting phagocytes and significantly enhanced the activation of the incoming effector T cells. The ensuing strong blood-brain barrier disruption and immune cell recruitment resulted in rapid manifestation of clinical disease. Therefore, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific autoantibodies can initiate disease bouts by cooperating with the autoreactive T cells in helping them to recognize their autoantigen and become efficiently reactivated within the immune-deprived nervous tissue.
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25
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Schläger C, Körner H, Krueger M, Vidoli S, Haberl M, Mielke D, Brylla E, Issekutz T, Cabañas C, Nelson PJ, Ziemssen T, Rohde V, Bechmann I, Lodygin D, Odoardi F, Flügel A. Effector T-cell trafficking between the leptomeninges and the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 2016; 530:349-53. [PMID: 26863192 DOI: 10.1038/nature16939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, brain-reactive T cells invade the central nervous system (CNS) and induce a self-destructive inflammatory process. T-cell infiltrates are not only found within the parenchyma and the meninges, but also in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that bathes the entire CNS tissue. How the T cells reach the CSF, their functionality, and whether they traffic between the CSF and other CNS compartments remains hypothetical. Here we show that effector T cells enter the CSF from the leptomeninges during Lewis rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. While moving through the three-dimensional leptomeningeal network of collagen fibres in a random Brownian walk, T cells were flushed from the surface by the flow of the CSF. The detached cells displayed significantly lower activation levels compared to T cells from the leptomeninges and CNS parenchyma. However, they did not represent a specialized non-pathogenic cellular sub-fraction, as their gene expression profile strongly resembled that of tissue-derived T cells and they fully retained their encephalitogenic potential. T-cell detachment from the leptomeninges was counteracted by integrins VLA-4 and LFA-1 binding to their respective ligands produced by resident macrophages. Chemokine signalling via CCR5/CXCR3 and antigenic stimulation of T cells in contact with the leptomeningeal macrophages enforced their adhesiveness. T cells floating in the CSF were able to reattach to the leptomeninges through steps reminiscent of vascular adhesion in CNS blood vessels, and invade the parenchyma. The molecular/cellular conditions for T-cell reattachment were the same as the requirements for detachment from the leptomeningeal milieu. Our data indicate that the leptomeninges represent a checkpoint at which activated T cells are licensed to enter the CNS parenchyma and non-activated T cells are preferentially released into the CSF, from where they can reach areas of antigen availability and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schläger
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrike Körner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefano Vidoli
- Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Haberl
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Mielke
- Department Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Brylla
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Issekutz
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Rohde
- Department Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dmitri Lodygin
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Mondanell G, Downer EJ, Hossain MJ, Gran B. Delineating the Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Neuro-inflammation Model EAE. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:383-411. [PMID: 26803641 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most relevant and commonly used animal model to study autoimmune demyelinating diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In EAE, the activation of CD4+ T-cells is considered to be the main trigger leading to inflammation and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most important and first class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune system and play critical roles in initiating inflammatory responses and promoting adaptive immune responses due to their ability to recognize a wide range of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and being expressed in a wide range of cell types both in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Upon TLR stimulation by appropriate ligand, innate immune cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and can serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to prime naïve T cells to recognize antigens. Thus, TLRs play an important role in linking the innate to the adaptive immune response. To date, large numbers of studies have been done to investigate the role of adaptive immunity in both EAE and MS but delineating the role of innate immunity in EAE received very little focus and appreciation taking into account that it might contribute to both the initiation and progression of the disease. Moreover, EAE is not only a model to study inflammatory demyelination in the CNS; it is in general a model to study cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions. Roles of different TLRs were studied in relation to EAE and MS. More recently, some studies demonstrated the immune adjuvant properties of certain TLR ligands including TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in EAE. This chapter outlines different methods employed in our labs to investigate the role of TLRs in EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric J Downer
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Md Jakir Hossain
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, C Floor South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, C Floor South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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27
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Pacini G, Ieronymaki M, Nuti F, Sabatino G, Larregola M, Aharoni R, Papini AM, Rovero P. Epitope mapping of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis: microwave-assisted synthesis of the peptide antigens and ELISA screening. J Pept Sci 2015; 22:52-8. [PMID: 26663200 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of pathologic auto-antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis is a highly controversial matter. As the use of animal models may enable to unravel the molecular mechanisms of the human disorder, numerous studies on multiple sclerosis are carried out using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In particular, the most extensively used EAE model is obtained by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with the immunodominant peptide MOG(35-55). In this scenario, we analyzed the anti-MOG antibody response in this model using the recombinant refolded extracellular domain of the protein, MOG(1-117). To assess the presence of a B-cell intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism, we tested also five synthetic peptides mapping the 1-117 sequence of MOG, including MOG(35-55). For this purpose, we cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and on-column refolded MOG(1-117), and we applied an optimized microwave-assisted solid-phase synthetic strategy to obtain the designed peptide sequences. Subsequently, we set up a solid-phase immunoenzymatic assay testing both naïve and EAE mice sera and using MOG protein and peptides as antigenic probes. The results obtained disclose an intense IgG antibody response against both the recombinant protein and the immunizing peptide, while no response was observed against the other synthetic fragments, thus excluding the presence of an intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism. Furthermore, as the properly refolded recombinant probe is able to bind antibodies with greater efficiency compared with MOG(35-55), we hypothesize the presence of both linear and conformational epitopes on MOG(35-55) sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pacini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Matthaia Ieronymaki
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Francesca Nuti
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sabatino
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Maud Larregola
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Paolo Rovero
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
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28
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Lee Y, Mitsdoerffer M, Xiao S, Gu G, Sobel RA, Kuchroo VK. IL-21R signaling is critical for induction of spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4011-20. [PMID: 26413871 DOI: 10.1172/jci75933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) have well-described pathogenic roles in tissue inflammation and autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, the involvement of IL-21 in these processes has remained controversial. While IL-21 is an essential autocrine amplification factor for differentiation of Th17 cells, the loss of IL-21 or IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) does not protect mice from actively induced EAE. Here, we utilized a transgenic EAE mouse model, in which T and B cells overexpress receptors for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) (referred to as 2D2xTH mice), and demonstrated that IL-21 is critical for the development of a variant form of spontaneous EAE in these animals. Il21r deletion in 2D2xTH mice reduced the incidence and severity of spontaneous EAE, which was associated with a defect in Th17 cell generation. Moreover, IL-21R deficiency limited IL-23R expression on Th17 cells and inhibited expression of key molecules involved in the generation of pathogenic Th17 cells. Conversely, loss of IL-23R in 2D2xTH mice resulted in complete resistance to the development of spontaneous EAE. Our data identify a previously unappreciated role for IL-21 in EAE and reveal that IL-21-mediated signaling supports generation and stabilization of pathogenic Th17 cells and development of spontaneous autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/physiology
- Interleukins/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphopoiesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Th17 Cells/immunology
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29
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Blocking stroke-induced immunodeficiency increases CNS antigen-specific autoreactivity but does not worsen functional outcome after experimental stroke. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7777-94. [PMID: 25995466 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1532-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke-induced immunodepression (SIDS) is an essential cause of poststroke infections. Pharmacological inhibition of SIDS appears promising in preventing life-threatening infections in stroke patients. However, SIDS might represent an adaptive mechanism preventing autoreactive immune responses after stroke. To address this, we used myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) T-cell receptor transgenic (2D2) mice where >80% of peripheral CD4(+) T cells express a functional receptor for MOG. We investigated in a murine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion the effect of blocking SIDS by inhibiting body's main stress axes, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) with propranolol and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) with mifepristone. Blockade of both stress axes robustly reduced infarct volumes, decreased infection rate, and increased long-term survival of 2D2 and C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Despite these protective effects, blockade of SIDS increased CNS antigen-specific Type1 T helper cell (Th1) responses in the brains of 2D2 mice 14 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion. One month after experimental stroke, 2D2 mice developed signs of polyradiculitis, which were diminished by SIDS blockade. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells, isolated from 2D2 mice, into lymphocyte-deficient Rag-1KO mice did not reveal differences between SIDS blockade and vehicle treatment in functional long-term outcome after stroke. In conclusion, inhibiting SIDS by pharmacological blockade of body's stress axes increases autoreactive CNS antigen-specific T-cell responses in the brain but does not worsen functional long-term outcome after experimental stroke, even in a mouse model where CNS antigen-specific autoreactive T-cell responses are boosted.
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30
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The Anti-Aging Protein Klotho Enhances Remyelination Following Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:185-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Tselios T, Aggelidakis M, Tapeinou A, Tseveleki V, Kanistras I, Gatos D, Matsoukas J. Rational design and synthesis of altered peptide ligands based on human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 epitope: inhibition of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Molecules 2014; 19:17968-84. [PMID: 25375337 PMCID: PMC6270842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the etiology of MS remains unclear, there is evidence T-cell recognition of immunodominant epitopes of myelin proteins, such as the 35–55 epitope of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), plays a pathogenic role in the induction of chronic EAE. Cyclization of peptides is of great interest since the limited stability of linear peptides restricts their potential use as therapeutic agents. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a number of linear and cyclic peptides by mutating crucial T cell receptor (TCR) contact residues of the human MOG35–55 epitope. In particular, we have designed and synthesized cyclic altered peptide ligands (APLs) by mutating Arg41 with Ala or Arg41 and Arg46 with Ala. The peptides were synthesized in solid phase on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (CLTR-Cl) using the Fmoc/t-Bu methodology. The purity of final products was verified by RP-HPLC and their identification was achieved by ESI-MS. It was found that the substitutions of Arg at positions 41 and 46 with Ala results in peptide analogues that reduce the severity of MOG-induced EAE clinical symptoms in C57BL/6 mice when co-administered with mouse MOG35–55 peptide at the time of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | | | - Anthi Tapeinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Vivian Tseveleki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Kanistras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Gatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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32
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The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 suppresses Th17 responses to protein autoantigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:167-76. [PMID: 25348934 PMCID: PMC4340511 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-directed leukocyte migration is a critical component of all innate and adaptive immune responses. The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 is expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells and scavenges pro-inflammatory CC chemokines to indirectly subdue leukocyte migration. This contributes to the resolution of acute inflammatory responses in vivo. ACKR2 is also universally expressed by innate-like B cells, suppressing their responsiveness to the non-ACKR2 ligand CXCL13, and controlling their distribution in vivo. The role of ACKR2 in autoimmunity remains relatively unexplored, although Ackr2 deficiency reportedly lessens the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by immunization with encephalogenic peptide (MOG35–55). This was attributed to poor T-cell priming stemming from the defective departure of dendritic cells from the site of immunization. However, we report here that Ackr2-deficient mice, on two separate genetic backgrounds, are not less susceptible to autoimmunity induced by immunization, and in some cases develop enhanced clinical symptoms. Moreover, ACKR2 deficiency does not suppress T-cell priming in response to encephalogenic peptide (MOG35–55), and responses to protein antigen (collagen or MOG1–125) are characterized by elevated interleukin-17 production. Interestingly, after immunization with protein, but not peptide, antigen, Ackr2 deficiency was also associated with an increase in lymph node B cells expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that enhances T helper type 17 (Th17) cell development and survival. Thus, Ackr2 deficiency does not suppress autoreactive T-cell priming and autoimmune pathology, but can enhance T-cell polarization toward Th17 cells and increase the abundance of GM-CSF+ B cells in lymph nodes draining the site of immunization.
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33
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The extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein elicits atypical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rat and Macaque species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110048. [PMID: 25303101 PMCID: PMC4193844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are advantageous in that the heterogeneity of clinical signs appears more reflective of those in multiple sclerosis (MS). Conversely, models of classical EAE feature stereotypic progression of an ascending flaccid paralysis that is not a characteristic of MS. The study of atypical EAE however has been limited due to the relative lack of suitable models that feature reliable disease incidence and severity, excepting mice deficient in gamma-interferon signaling pathways. In this study, atypical EAE was induced in Lewis rats, and a related approach was effective for induction of an unusual neurologic syndrome in a cynomolgus macaque. Lewis rats were immunized with the rat immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-related extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (IgV-MOG) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) followed by one or more injections of rat IgV-MOG in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA). The resulting disease was marked by torticollis, unilateral rigid paralysis, forelimb weakness, and high titers of anti-MOG antibody against conformational epitopes of MOG, as well as other signs of atypical EAE. A similar strategy elicited a distinct atypical form of EAE in a cynomolgus macaque. By day 36 in the monkey, titers of IgG against conformational epitopes of extracellular MOG were evident, and on day 201, the macaque had an abrupt onset of an unusual form of EAE that included a pronounced arousal-dependent, transient myotonia. The disease persisted for 6–7 weeks and was marked by a gradual, consistent improvement and an eventual full recovery without recurrence. These data indicate that one or more boosters of IgV-MOG in IFA represent a key variable for induction of atypical or unusual forms of EAE in rat and Macaca species. These studies also reveal a close correlation between humoral immunity against conformational epitopes of MOG, extended confluent demyelinating plaques in spinal cord and brainstem, and atypical disease induction.
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34
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Kramann N, Neid K, Menken L, Schlumbohm C, Stadelmann C, Fuchs E, Brück W, Wegner C. Increased Meningeal T and Plasma Cell Infiltration is Associated with Early Subpial Cortical Demyelination in Common Marmosets with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:276-86. [PMID: 25041171 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Subpial cortical demyelination (SCD) accounts for the greatest proportion of demyelinated cortex in multiple sclerosis (MS). SCD is already found in biopsy cases with early MS and in marmosets with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but the pathogenesis of SCD is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate whether and, if so, which meningeal inflammatory cells were associated with early SCD in marmosets with EAE. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze brain samples from eight control animals and eight marmosets immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Meningeal T, B and plasma cells were quantified adjacent to SCD, normal-appearing EAE cortex (NAC) and control marmoset cortex. SCD areas appeared mostly hypocellular with low-grade microglial activation. In marmosets with EAE, meninges adjacent to SCD showed significantly increased T cells paralleled by elevated plasma cells, but unaltered B cell numbers compared with NAC. The elevation of meningeal T and plasma cells was a specific finding topographically associated with SCD, as the meninges overlying NAC displayed similarly low T, B and plasma cell numbers as control cortex. These findings suggest that local meningeal T and plasma cell infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of SCD in marmosets with EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kramann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Bradl M, Lassmann H. Experimental models of neuromyelitis optica. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:74-82. [PMID: 24345221 PMCID: PMC4065348 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the most important inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), for example, multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), were extremely hard to differentiate, often with severe consequences for affected patients. This changed with the discovery of NMO‐immunoglobulin G (IgG), a specific autoantibody which was detected in the vast majority of NMO patients, and with the demonstration that this autoantibody targets aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel found on astrocytes in the CNS. These findings paved the way for the generation of experimental models of NMO. This chapter will discuss the contribution of experimental models to NMO research and what key questions remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bradl
- Department Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Greco A, De Virgilio A, Gallo A, Fusconi M, Ruoppolo G, Turchetta R, Pagliuca G, de Vincentiis M. Idiopathic bilateral vestibulopathy: an autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1042-7. [PMID: 25173622 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral vestibulopathy (BV) is the loss of function of both peripheral labyrinths or of the eighth nerves. Its etiology remains obscure in approximately 20% to 50% of cases (so-called idiopathic bilateral vestibulopathy, IBV). Alternatively, the cause could be viral or vascular; to date, causative gene mutations have not been identified. Other potential disease mechanisms include autoimmune disorders. Antibodies have been detected against inner ear tissue (primarily against vestibular membranous labyrinth). The data suggest that the bulk of anti-labyrinthine autoantibodies may be an epiphenomenon, but a small subgroup of organ-specific autoantibodies may synergize with a cellular response to develop vestibular lesions. The two key symptoms of BV are the following: 1. unsteadiness of gait, particularly in the dark or on uneven ground, and 2. oscillopsia associated with head movements. Episodes of vertigo are reported by patients with IBV, particularly early in the development of vestibular loss. Associated hearing loss seldom occurs in the idiopathic type of this condition. Post-mortem examinations revealed a remarkably selective loss of vestibular hair cells in the vestibular end organs but normal hair cells in the cochlea. The diagnosis is made with a simple bedside test for defective vestibular function. The diagnosis can be confirmed by bithermal caloric testing and pendular body rotation. The therapy is based on steroid treatment, and the early initiation of immunosuppression appears to be essential for therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Greco
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Armando De Virgilio
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gallo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Otorhinolaryngology Section "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy.
| | - Massimo Fusconi
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ruoppolo
- Department Organs of Sense, Audiology Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Turchetta
- Department Organs of Sense, Audiology Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulio Pagliuca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Otorhinolaryngology Section "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina (LT), Italy.
| | - Marco de Vincentiis
- Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100 Rome, Italy.
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Shetty A, Gupta SG, Varrin-Doyer M, Weber MS, Prod'homme T, Molnarfi N, Ji N, Nelson PA, Patarroyo JC, Schulze-Topphoff U, Fogal SE, Forsthuber T, Sobel RA, Bernard CCA, Slavin AJ, Zamvil SS. Immunodominant T-cell epitopes of MOG reside in its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in EAE. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2014; 1:e22. [PMID: 25340074 PMCID: PMC4202928 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Studies evaluating T-cell recognition of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have focused mostly on its 117 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain, especially peptide (p) 35-55. We characterized T-cell responses to the entire 218 aa MOG sequence, including its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Methods: T-cell recognition in mice was examined using overlapping peptides and intact full-length mouse MOG. EAE was evaluated by peptide immunization and by adoptive transfer of MOG epitope-specific T cells. Frequency of epitope-specific T cells was examined by ELISPOT. Results: Three T-cell determinants of MOG were discovered in its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, p119–132, p181–195, and p186–200. Transmembrane MOG p119-132 induced clinical EAE, CNS inflammation, and demyelination as potently as p35-55 in C57BL/6 mice and other H-2b strains. p119-128 contained its minimal encephalitogenic epitope. p119-132 did not cause disease in EAE-susceptible non-H-2b strains, including Biozzi, NOD, and PL/J. MOG p119-132–specific T cells produced Th1 and Th17 cytokines and transferred EAE to wild-type recipient mice. After immunization with full-length MOG, a significantly higher frequency of MOG-reactive T cells responded to p119-132 than to p35-55, demonstrating that p119-132 is an immunodominant encephalitogenic epitope. MOG p181-195 did not cause EAE, and MOG p181-195–specific T cells could not transfer EAE into wild-type or highly susceptible T- and B-cell–deficient mice. Conclusions: Transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of MOG contain immunodominant T-cell epitopes in EAE. A CNS autoantigen can also contain nonpathogenic stimulatory T-cell epitopes. Recognition that a myelin antigen contains multiple encephalitogenic and nonencephalitogenic determinants may have implications for therapeutic development in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shetty
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Sheena G Gupta
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Michel Varrin-Doyer
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Prod'homme
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Nicolas Molnarfi
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Niannian Ji
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Patricia A Nelson
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Juan C Patarroyo
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Ulf Schulze-Topphoff
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephen E Fogal
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Forsthuber
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Raymond A Sobel
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Claude C A Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Anthony J Slavin
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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Oligodendroglia in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions decrease with disease progression, but regenerate after repeated experimental demyelination. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:231-46. [PMID: 24563023 PMCID: PMC4102825 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex shows a high endogenous propensity for remyelination. Yet, widespread subpial cortical demyelination (SCD) is a common feature in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and can already be found in early MS. In the present study, we compared oligodendroglial loss in SCD in early and chronic MS. Furthermore, we addressed in an experimental model whether repeated episodes of inflammatory SCD could alter oligodendroglial repopulation and subsequently lead to persistently demyelinated cortical lesions. NogoA(+) mature oligodendrocytes and Olig2(+) oligodendrocyte precursor cells were examined in SCD in patients with early and chronic MS, normal-appearing MS cortex, and control cortex as well as in the rat model of repeated targeted cortical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). NogoA(+) and Olig2(+) cells were significantly reduced in SCD in patients with chronic, but not early MS. Repeated induction of SCD in rats resulted only in a transient loss of NogoA(+), but not Olig2(+) cells during the demyelination phase. This phase was followed by complete oligodendroglial repopulation and remyelination, even after four episodes of demyelination. Our data indicate efficient oligodendroglial repopulation in subpial cortical lesions in rats after repeated SCD that was similar to early, but not chronic MS cases. Accordingly, four cycles of experimental de- and remyelination were not sufficient to induce sustained remyelination failure as found in chronic cortical MS lesions. This suggests that alternative mechanisms contribute to oligodendrocyte depletion in chronic cortical demyelination in MS.
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Khan N, Smith MT. Multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain: pharmacological management and pathophysiological insights from rodent EAE models. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:1-22. [PMID: 24234347 PMCID: PMC3933737 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), pain is a frequent and disabling symptom. The prevalence is in the range 29-86 % depending upon the assessment protocols utilised and the definition of pain applied. Neuropathic pain that develops secondary to demyelination, neuroinflammation and axonal damage in the central nervous system is the most distressing and difficult type of pain to treat. Although dysaesthetic extremity pain, L'hermitte's sign and trigeminal neuralgia are the most common neuropathic pain conditions reported by patients with MS, research directed at gaining insight into the complex mechanisms underpinning the pathobiology of MS-associated neuropathic pain is in its relative infancy. By contrast, there is a wealth of knowledge on the neurobiology of neuropathic pain induced by peripheral nerve injury. To date, the majority of research in the MS field has used rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as these models have many clinical and neuropathological features in common with those observed in patients with MS. However, it is only relatively recently that EAE-rodents have been utilised to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the development and maintenance of MS-associated central neuropathic pain. Importantly, EAE-rodent models exhibit pro-nociceptive behaviours predominantly in the lower extremities (tail and hindlimbs) as seen clinically in patients with MS-neuropathic pain. Herein, we review research to date on the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning MS-associated neuropathic pain as well as the pharmacological management of this condition. We also identify knowledge gaps to guide future research in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Khan
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Steele Building, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Maree T. Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Steele Building, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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Cross-reactivity between human cytomegalovirus peptide 981-1003 and myelin oligodendroglia glycoprotein peptide 35-55 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:1118-23. [PMID: 24388990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been documented to have various clinical and pathological presentations. However the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Viral infections may play a certain role in the etiopathogenesis of MS. This study was designed to explore whether different phospholipid peptides and viral mimic peptides induce antigen specific lesion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. In the present study, Lewis rats immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) 82-99 or MBP68-86 exhibited clinical signs of EAE and inflammatory infiltrates throughout CNS. Immunization with myelin oligodendroglia glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 also induced inflammatory infiltrates in spinal cords. Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) 981-1003 failed to induce clinical signs of EAE and inflammatory infiltrates, immunological examination revealed that CMV981-1003 cross-reacted with serum from rats immunized with MOG35-55, and vice versa. Further, MOG35-55 triggered CMV981-1003 specific lymphocytes recruitment in spleen. Together these, this study provides certain evidences for various pathological manifestations of EAE and the linkage of viral mimic peptides with phospholipid peptides. Molecular mimicry may be an explanation the pathogenesis of MS.
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The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS: utility for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:173-89. [PMID: 24507518 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While no single model can exactly recapitulate all aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS), animal models are essential in understanding the induction and pathogenesis of the disease and to develop therapeutic strategies that limit disease progression and eventually lead to effective treatments for the human disease. Several different models of MS exist, but by far the best understood and most commonly used is the rodent model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin-derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. Mouse models are most frequently used because of the inbred genotype of laboratory mice, their rapid breeding capacity, the ease of genetic manipulation, and availability of transgenic and knockout mice to facilitate mechanistic studies. Although not all therapeutic strategies for MS have been developed in EAE, all of the current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunomodulatory drugs are effective to some degree in treating EAE, a strong indicator that EAE is an extremely useful model to study potential treatments for MS. Several therapies, such as glatiramer acetate (GA: Copaxone), and natalizumab (Tysabri), were tested first in the mouse model of EAE and then went on to clinical trials. Here we discuss the usefulness of the EAE model in understanding basic disease pathophysiology and developing treatments for MS as well as the potential drawbacks of this model.
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Prins M, Eriksson C, Wierinckx A, Bol JGJM, Binnekade R, Tilders FJH, Van Dam AM. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist appear in grey matter additionally to white matter lesions during experimental multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83835. [PMID: 24376764 PMCID: PMC3871572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been mainly attributed to white matter (WM) pathology. However, recent evidence indicated the presence of grey matter (GM) lesions. One of the principal mediators of inflammatory processes is interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which is known to play a role in MS pathogenesis. It is unknown whether IL-1β is solely present in WM or also in GM lesions. Using an experimental MS model, we questioned whether IL-1β and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) are present in GM in addition to affected WM regions. METHODS The expression of IL-1β and IL-1ra in chronic-relapsing EAE (cr-EAE) rats was examined using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Rats were sacrificed at the peak of the first disease phase, the trough of the remission phase, and at the peak of the relapse. Histopathological characteristics of CNS lesions were studied using immunohistochemistry for PLP, CD68 and CD3 and Oil-Red O histochemistry. RESULTS IL-1β and IL-ra expression appears to a similar extent in affected GM and WM regions in the brain and spinal cord of cr-EAE rats, particularly in perivascular and periventricular locations. IL-1β and IL-1ra expression was dedicated to macrophages and/or activated microglial cells, at sites of starting demyelination. The time-dependent expression of IL-1β and IL-1ra revealed that within the spinal cord IL-1β and IL-1ra mRNA remained present throughout the disease, whereas in the brain their expression disappeared during the relapse. CONCLUSIONS The appearance of IL-1β expressing cells in GM within the CNS during cr-EAE may explain the occurrence of several clinical deficits present in EAE and MS which cannot be attributed solely to the presence of IL-1β in WM. Endogenously produced IL-1ra seems not capable to counteract IL-1β-induced effects. We put forward that IL-1β may behold promise as a target to address GM, in addition to WM, related pathology in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Prins
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotta Eriksson
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Wierinckx
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UNIV UMR1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Binnekade
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred J. H. Tilders
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gergely P, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Guerini D, Brinkmann V, Traebert M, Bruns C, Pan S, Gray NS, Hinterding K, Cooke NG, Groenewegen A, Vitaliti A, Sing T, Luttringer O, Yang J, Gardin A, Wang N, Crumb WJ, Saltzman M, Rosenberg M, Wallström E. The selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator BAF312 redirects lymphocyte distribution and has species-specific effects on heart rate. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1035-47. [PMID: 22646698 PMCID: PMC3485666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE BAF312 is a next-generation sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, selective for S1P1 and S1P5 receptors. S1P1 receptors are essential for lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes and a drug target in immune-mediated diseases. Here, we have characterized the immunomodulatory potential of BAF312 and the S1P receptor-mediated effects on heart rate using preclinical and human data. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH BAF312 was tested in a rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Electrophysiological recordings of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels were carried out in human atrial myocytes. A Phase I multiple-dose trial studied the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of BAF312 in 48 healthy subjects. KEY RESULTS BAF312 effectively suppressed EAE in rats by internalizing S1P1 receptors, rendering them insensitive to the egress signal from lymph nodes. In healthy volunteers, BAF312 caused preferential decreases in CD4+ T cells, Tnaïve, Tcentral memory and B cells within 4–6 h. Cell counts returned to normal ranges within a week after stopping treatment, in line with the elimination half-life of BAF312. Despite sparing S1P3 receptors (associated with bradycardia in mice), BAF312 induced rapid, transient (day 1 only) bradycardia in humans. BAF312-mediated activation of GIRK channels in human atrial myocytes can fully explain the bradycardia. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study illustrates species-specific differences in S1P receptor specificity for first-dose cardiac effects. Based on its profound but rapidly reversible inhibition of lymphocyte trafficking, BAF312 may have potential as a treatment for immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gergely
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
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Koning JJ, Kooij G, de Vries HE, Nolte MA, Mebius RE. Mesenchymal stem cells are mobilized from the bone marrow during inflammation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:49. [PMID: 23459632 PMCID: PMC3586765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show great therapeutic potential for the treatment of various immune mediated diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Systemic administration of MSCs during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS, was shown to reduce the infiltration of T cells, B cells, and macrophages into the CNS. Whether endogenous MSCs are mobilized and potentially modulate the severity of disease is not known. Here we show that during the acute phase of EAE, MSCs numbers in the bone marrow were severely reduced, which restored to control levels during the progressive phase of the disease. The number of bone marrow MSCs inversely correlated with the number of both CD4 and CD8 T cells present in the bone marrow indicating a link between activated T cells and MSC mobilization. Analysis of CD70-transgenic mice, which have a constitutively activated immune system and elevated number of activated T cells in the bone marrow, showed severely reduced number of bone marrow MSCs. Transfer of T cells that were activated through their CD27 receptor reduced the number of bone marrow MSCs dependent on IFN-y. These data provide a mechanism by which MSCs can be mobilized from the bone marrow in order to contribute to tissue repair at a distant location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Mayer MC, Meinl E. Glycoproteins as targets of autoantibodies in CNS inflammation: MOG and more. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2013; 5:147-59. [PMID: 22590479 DOI: 10.1177/1756285611433772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells and antibodies constitute an important element in different inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Autoantibodies can serve as a biomarker to identify disease subgroups and may in addition contribute to the pathogenic process. One candidate autoantigen for multiple sclerosis (MS) is myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOG is localized at the outermost surface of myelin in the CNS and has been the focus of extensive research for more than 30 years. Its role as an important autoantigen for T cells and as a target of demyelinating autoantibodies has been established in several variants of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The literature regarding antibodies to MOG in MS patients is confusing and contradictory. Recent studies, however, have described high levels of antibodies to conformationally correct MOG in pediatric acquired demyelination, both acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and MS. In adult MS, such antibodies are rarely found and then only at low levels. In this review, we summarize key findings from animal models and patient studies, discuss challenges in detecting anti-MOG antibodies in patients and present recent approaches to identifying new autoantigens in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cathrin Mayer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neuroimmunology, Martinsried, Germany and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Mannara F, Valente T, Saura J, Graus F, Saiz A, Moreno B. Passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 with MOG: evidence of involvement of B cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52361. [PMID: 23300649 PMCID: PMC3530560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most relevant animal model to study demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. EAE can be induced by active (active EAE) or passive (at-EAE) transfer of activated T cells in several species and strains of rodents. However, histological features of at-EAE model in C57BL/6 are poorly described. The aim of this study was to characterize the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative responses of at-EAE in C57BL/6 mice by histological techniques and compare them with that observed in the active EAE model. To develop the at-EAE, splenocytes from active EAE female mice were harvested and cultured in presence of MOG(35-55) and IL-12, and then injected intraperitoneally in recipient female C57BL6/J mice. In both models, the development of EAE was similar except for starting before the onset of symptoms and presenting a higher EAE cumulative score in the at-EAE model. Spinal cord histological examination revealed an increased glial activation as well as more extensive demyelinating areas in the at-EAE than in the active EAE model. Although inflammatory infiltrates composed by macrophages and T lymphocytes were found in the spinal cord and brain of both models, B lymphocytes were significantly increased in the at-EAE model. The co-localization of these B cells with IgG and their predominant distribution in areas of demyelination would suggest that IgG-secreting B cells are involved in the neurodegenerative processes associated with at-EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mannara
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Lee DH, Linker RA. The role of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in autoimmune demyelination: a target for multiple sclerosis therapy? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:451-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.677438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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de Graaf KL, Albert M, Weissert R. Autoantigen conformation influences both B- and T-cell responses and encephalitogenicity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17206-17213. [PMID: 22493449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that only antibodies recognizing conformation-dependent epitopes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have a demyelinating potential in the animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Nevertheless, for the induction of EAE, most studies to date have used MOG peptides or bacterially expressed MOG, neither of which contain the tertiary structure of the native antigen. Non-refolded recombinant human MOG does not induce EAE in DA rats. Therefore, we refolded this protein in order to assess the influence of MOG conformation on its pathogenicity in DA rats. DA rats immunized with refolded human MOG developed severe acute EAE. As expected, rats immunized with the refolded protein had a higher amount of conformational MOG antibodies present in serum. But in addition, a striking effect of MOG refolding on the generation of T-cell responses was found. Indeed, T-cell responses against the encephalitogenic MOG 91-108 epitope were greatly enhanced after refolding. Therefore, we conclude that refolding of MOG increases its pathogenicity both by generating conformation-dependent MOG antibodies and by enhancing its processing or/and presentation on MHC molecules. These data are important in regard to investigations of the pathogenic potential of many (auto)antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien L de Graaf
- Experimental Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Monika Albert
- Experimental Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Experimental Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The long-sought entry receptors for rubella, sindbis and respiratory syncytial viruses (RV, SV and RSV), together with the missing measles virus (MV) receptor for infection of epithelial cells, were identified in 2011. These have been major developments in the field of virus entry. In addition, 2011 was rich in new information about the interactions of MV, RSV and phleboviruses with DC-SIGN during infection of dendritic cells, a crucial step allowing the virus to breach the epithelial barrier and gain access to the lymph nodes. This faciliates dissemination to susceptible tissues where it can develop a vigorous and sustained replication, to eventually target specific organs from which it can propagate into the environment and efficiently infect new hosts, closing the merry-go-round of the virus cycle.
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Lalive PH, Molnarfi N, Benkhoucha M, Weber MS, Santiago-Raber ML. Antibody response in MOG35–55 induced EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 240-241:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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