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McVey DS, Hanzlicek G, Ruder MG, Loy D, Drolet BS. Evidence of Active Orbivirus Transmission in 2016 in Kansas and Nebraska. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:390-395. [PMID: 38386998 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Retrospective serological and case diagnostic data of endemic bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) provide evidence of viral transmission among livestock and wildlife from 2016 in Kansas and Nebraska. Serological testing of mature cattle in nine distinct regional zones of Kansas revealed 76% to 100% had detectable antibodies to BTV and/or EHDV. Specimens tested in the Kansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (55 submissions) were 51% test positive for antibodies to BTV and/or EHDV. Specimens tested in the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center (283 submissions) were 25% test positive for antibodies to BTV and/or EHDV. Low disease incidence in white-tailed deer and other susceptible wild ungulates was observed during 2016. However, there were no confirmed reports of disease in livestock in either state. The reasons for emergence of significant clinical disease in livestock and wildlife populations remain undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Greg Hanzlicek
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dustin Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA ARS CGAHR, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Afshar D, Moghadam SO, Heidarzadeh S, Fardsanei F, Arshadi M, Ranjbar R. Current and Emerging Technologies for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are numerous under development or developed assays with various sensitivities and specificities for diagnosis of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved several detection protocols based on real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and the reliability of tests to detect the N, S, or RdRp/Hel genes of the SARS-Cov-2 virus has also investigated. Among these targets, COVID-19-RdRp/Hel targets represented the highest sensitivity. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) has also been developed to rapidly and efficiently amplify RNA under isothermal conditions. Other isothermal amplification approaches such as nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and rolling circle amplification (RCA) have also been reported for detecting coronaviruses but like LAMP assay. Different serological tests, including neutralization tests, immunofluorescent (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), and western blotting assays, are available. Point-of-care tests (POCT) are emerging to detect the virus genome, IgG, or IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The advent of more sensitive, cheaper, and easier-to-perform diagnostic tests seems to be a fundamental prerequisite to improve the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Herein, we reviewed several commercially available diagnostic methods used in many clinical laboratories to detect COVID-19.
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Chacko N, Biswas SK, Mohanty NN, Chand K, Pandey AB, Mondal B, Shivachandra SB. Comparative immuno-reactivity of recombinant non-structural protein 2 fragments (N- and C- terminus) to detect bluetongue viral antibodies in small ruminant serum samples. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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CHACKO N, BISWAS SK, MOHANTY NN, CHAND K, MONDAL B, PANDEY AB, SHIVACHANDRA SB. Immuno-reactivity of recombinant non-structural protein 3 N-terminus (rNS3Nt) in indirect-ELISA for detection of bluetongue viral antibodies in serum samples. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i11.75822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue, an arthropod borne non-contagious disease of ruminants especially sheep, is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Detection of BTV antibodies in susceptible hosts is considered to be of significance in disease diagnosis and differentiation. In the present study, a partial NS3 gene encoding for non-structural protein-3 N-terminus (1MT117 aa) of BTV-23, produced as purified recombinant NS3Nt fusion protein (~32 kDa) using prokaryotic expression system (Escherichia coli), was evaluated as a candidate antigen in an indirect-ELISA (rNS3Nt-ELISA) to measure the serologic response to NS3 protein in small ruminants. The rNS3Nt fusion protein obtained in sufficient quantity and quality has good reactivity in detecting NS3 specific antibodies in field serum samples by indirect-ELISA. As NS3 protein is highly conserved, rNS3Nt-ELISA has potential for NS3 specific detection of antibodies in BTV affected animals irrespective of different viral serotypes. In comparison to structural protein (VP7) based c-ELISA kit and i-ELISA kit, the diagnostic sensitivity (85.1%, 86.2%) and specificity (92.5%, 93.2%) of rNS3Nt-ELISA were found to be relatively lower, respectively. Nevertheless, the study indicated the potential utility of rNS3Nt-ELISA as an alternate assay in routine sero-diagnosis of BTV infection and possible sero-surveillance of ruminants under DIVA strategy.
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Mohanty NN, Chacko N, Biswas SK, Chand K, Pandey AB, Mondal B, Hemadri D, Shivachandra SB. Production of recombinant non-structural protein-3 hydrophobic domain deletion (NS3ΔHD) protein of bluetongue virus from prokaryotic expression system as an efficient diagnostic reagent. Biologicals 2016; 44:352-9. [PMID: 27448505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological diagnostics for bluetongue (BT), which is an infectious, non-contagious and arthropod-borne virus disease of ruminants, are primarily dependent on availability of high quality native or recombinant antigen(s) based on either structural/non-structural proteins in sufficient quantity. Non-structural proteins (NS1-NS4) of BT virus are presumed candidate antigens in development of DIVA diagnostics. In the present study, NS3 fusion gene encoding for NS3 protein containing the N- and C-termini with a deletion of two hydrophobic domains (118A to S141 aa and 162S to A182 aa) and intervening variable central domain (142D to K161 aa) of bluetongue virus 23 was constructed, cloned and over-expressed using prokaryotic expression system. The recombinant NS3ΔHD fusion protein (∼38 kDa) including hexa-histidine tag on its both termini was found to be non-cytotoxic to recombinant Escherichia coli cells and purified by affinity chromatography. The purified rNS3ΔHD fusion protein was found to efficiently detect BTV-NS3 specific antibodies in indirect-ELISA format with diagnostic sensitivity (DSn = 94.4%) and specificity (DSp = 93.9%). The study indicated the potential utility of rNS3ΔHD fusion protein as candidate diagnostic reagent in developing an indirect-ELISA for sero-surveillance of animals for BTV antibodies under DIVA strategy, wherever monovalent/polyvalent killed BT vaccine formulations devoid of NS proteins are being practiced for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Nalini Mohanty
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Nirmal Chacko
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Karam Chand
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Awadh Bihari Pandey
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Bimalendu Mondal
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK), India.
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Wilson WC, Daniels P, Ostlund EN, Johnson DE, Oberst RD, Hairgrove TB, Mediger J, McIntosh MT. Diagnostic Tools for Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses Applicable to North American Veterinary Diagnosticians. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:364-73. [PMID: 26086557 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic tests for bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) viruses compiled from international participants of the Orbivirus Gap Analysis Workshop, Diagnostic Group. The emphasis of this review is on diagnostic tools available to North American veterinary diagnosticians. Standard diagnostic tests are readily available for BT/EHD viruses, and there are described tests that are published in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Manual. There is however considerable variation in the diagnostic approach to these viruses. Serological assays are well established, and many laboratories are experienced in running these assays. Numerous nucleic acid amplification assays are also available for BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus (EHDV). Although there is considerable experience with BTV reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), there are no standards or comparisons of the protocols used by various state and federal veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Methods for genotyping BTV and EHDV isolates are available and are valuable tools for monitoring and analyzing circulating viruses. These methods include RT-PCR panels or arrays, RT-PCR and sequencing of specific genome segments, or the use of next-generation sequencing. In addition to enabling virus characterization, use of advanced molecular detection methods, including DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing, significantly enhance the ability to detect unique virus strains that may arise through genetic drift, recombination, or viral genome segment reassortment, as well as incursions of new virus strains from other geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wilson
- 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , USDA, ARS, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Peter Daniels
- 2 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Australia
| | - Eileen N Ostlund
- 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa
| | - Donna E Johnson
- 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa
| | - Richard D Oberst
- 4 Kansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Jessica Mediger
- 6 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University , Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- 7 Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA, APHIS, VS, STAS, NVSL, Plum Island Disease Center , Greenport, New York
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7
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A high-throughput, precipitating colorimetric sandwich ELISA microarray for Shiga toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1855-72. [PMID: 24921195 PMCID: PMC4073133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (Stx1 and Stx2) from Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) bacteria were simultaneously detected with a newly developed, high-throughput antibody microarray platform. The proteinaceous toxins were immobilized and sandwiched between biorecognition elements (monoclonal antibodies) and pooled horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Following the reaction of HRP with the precipitating chromogenic substrate (metal enhanced 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride or DAB), the formation of a colored product was quantitatively measured with an inexpensive flatbed page scanner. The colorimetric ELISA microarray was demonstrated to detect Stx1 and Stx2 at levels as low as ~4.5 ng/mL within ~2 h of total assay time with a narrow linear dynamic range of ~1-2 orders of magnitude and saturation levels well above background. Stx1 and/or Stx2 produced by various strains of STEC were also detected following the treatment of cultured cells with mitomycin C (a toxin-inducing antibiotic) and/or B-PER (a cell-disrupting, protein extraction reagent). Semi-quantitative detection of Shiga toxins was demonstrated to be sporadic among various STEC strains following incubation with mitomycin C; however, further reaction with B-PER generally resulted in the detection of or increased detection of Stx1, relative to Stx2, produced by STECs inoculated into either axenic broth culture or culture broth containing ground beef.
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Batten C, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Bin-Tarif A, Kgosana L, Swain A, Corteyn M, Darpel K, Mellor P, Elliott H, Oura C. Bluetongue virus: European Community inter-laboratory comparison tests to evaluate ELISA and RT-PCR detection methods. Vet Microbiol 2008; 129:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Haines DM, Ellis JA. Special tests for the diagnosis of infectious causes of reproductive failure in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1994; 10:561-85. [PMID: 7728637 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of many infectious disease agents, including those of importance in ruminant reproductive failure, increasingly will be achieved through means other than the laborious and time-consuming traditional isolation and culture procedures. New diagnostic methodologies are designed both to enhance the rapidity with which results are obtained and to increase specificity and sensitivity of identification of the causative agent. Immunoenzyme histochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues offers, especially in cases of abortions in which necropsy material routinely is examined histologically, an efficient and timely means of identifying many important pathogens. Antemortem serologic diagnostics will continue to be dominated by ELISA technologies. In the past decade, the specificity of serodiagnosis has been enhanced greatly by the use of monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA systems and further improvements in such methods will result from the use of defined antigens derived by recombinant DNA techniques. Although DNA hybridization technology has been applied successfully to detect many important veterinary pathogens and has been shown to have merit for improved diagnosis of some fastidious agents, those methods, because of their technical complexity, in general, have not been shown to be applicable for routine diagnostic uses. In contrast, methods using the PCR for specific gene amplification offer exceptional promise. Although the PCR presently is too technically exacting for routine use, its broad applicability and exquisite sensitivity and specificity suggest that it will play an ever-increasing role in future veterinary diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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Sendow I, Soleha E, Erasmus BJ, Daniels PW. Isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 21 from Culicoides spp. in Indonesia. Vet Microbiol 1993; 36:349-53. [PMID: 8273278 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90100-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of a bluetongue (BLU) virus from Culicoides spp. in Indonesia is reported. BLU serotype 21 was isolated from a mixed pool of C. fulvus and C. orientalis of the Avaritia subgenus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sendow
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia
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Sendow I, Soleha E, Daniels PW, Sebayang D, Achdiyati J, Karma K, Erasmus BJ. Isolation of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 21 and 23 from healthy sentinel cattle in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Aust Vet J 1993; 70:229-30. [PMID: 8216088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Sendow
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia
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van Dam GJ, Kornelis D, Van Zeyl RJ, Rotmans JP, Deelder AM. Schistosoma mansoni: analysis of monoclonal antibodies reactive with gut-associated antigens. Parasitol Res 1993; 79:55-62. [PMID: 7682328 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed in our laboratory against gut-associated antigens of Schistosoma mansoni is described. It was found that mAbs that recognized epitopes of antigens in the gut and on the eggshell were mainly of the IgM isotype; these epitopes are likely to be carbohydrate in composition. Of a number of mAbs that were reactive with antigens important to the human humoral immune response, 75% appeared to be reactive with the circulating cathodic antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J van Dam
- Laboratory for Parasitology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Afshar A, Eaton BT, Wright PF, Pearson JE, Anderson J, Jeggo M, Trotter HC. Competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis of bluetongue: evaluation of group-specific monoclonal antibodies and expressed VP7 antigen. J Vet Diagn Invest 1992; 4:231-7. [PMID: 1325189 DOI: 10.1177/104063879200400301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of 2 competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (C-ELISA) was compared with the reference C-ELISA I for the detection of antibodies to bluetongue virus (BTV). One of the assays (C-ELISA II) used a group-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) to BTV, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (8A3B-6) and tissue culture (TC)-derived BTV antigen (Ag), and the other assay (C-ELISA III) used BTV core protein VP7 (expressed in yeast) and the reference MAb (Pirbright Laboratory, 3-17-A3). Test sera were obtained by sequential blood samples from 22 calves, each inoculated with a different serotype (T) of BTV (South African [SA] T-1-T-16 and T-18-T-20 and USA T-11, T-13, and T-17). Sera were also obtained from 4 calves and 4 sheep inoculated with USA BTV T-10 and from several groups of calves exposed to single or multiple doses of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) T-1-T-4 grown in TC (BHK-21) or suckling mouse brain (SMB). A total of 618 bovine and ovine field sera collected from BT-free and BT-endemic areas were also tested. The C-ELISA III was more sensitive than the C-ELISA II in the detection of anti-BTV antibody in sera from cattle and sheep early after infection with BTV. Seroconversion was demonstrated by the 3 C-ELISAs in all animals inoculated with BTV by 20 days postinfection (DPI), except in calves that received SA T-3 or USA T-13, which became positive at 40 DPI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afshar
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Nepean, Ontario
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Afshar A, Dulac GC, Riva J. Comparison of blocking dot ELISA and competitive ELISA, using a monoclonal antibody for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle. Vet Microbiol 1992; 31:33-9. [PMID: 1319625 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90139-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A blocking (B) dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a group specific antigen of bluetongue virus (BTV) is described for the detection of BTV antibodies to BTV in cattle sera. Dots of BTV antigens were adsorbed to nitrocellulose (NC) strips and/or NC mounted in the windows of dipsticks. After blocking the remaining sites of the NC paper with milk powder solution and immersion in the test sample, the NC strips and dipsticks were exposed to mAb. Bound mAb was detected with peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse IgG (H and L). In the absence of anti-BTV antibody in the test sample, BTV antigen sites were reactive with mAb as indicated by a brown colored dot in the presence of the enzyme substrate, hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine. In the presence of sufficient anti-BTV antibodies no color reaction was observed. The performance of these assays in detecting anti-BTV antibody in field blood eluate samples, prepared from whole blood dried on filter paper, from 395 bluetongue-free cattle in Canada and 635 sentinel cattle in Florida, USA, was evaluated and compared with the standard competitive (C) ELISA. The specificity of the dipstick B-dot ELISA was identical to that of the C-ELISA in testing of BT-free Canadian cattle but not in the testing of samples from the sentinel cattle in Florida, resulting in values of 100% diagnostic and 88.9% relative specificity, respectively. Based on the C-ELISA, the specificity of the NC strip B-dot ELISA was low and in the same order as that of the dipstick assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afshar
- Agriculture Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Nepean, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Chander S, Prasad G, Jain NC. Dot immunobinding assay for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep experimentally inoculated with bluetongue virus type 1. Vet Microbiol 1991; 28:289-94. [PMID: 1654670 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(91)90083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dot immunobinding assay (DIA) was evaluated for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies in sheep experimentally inoculated with BTV 1. Serum samples collected on 14, 21, 28, 43 and 60 day post infection (dpi) were positive for precipitating antibodies by the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) while antibodies could be detected as early as 7 dpi by DIA and ELISA. Virus neutralizing antibodies were detected first at 14 dpi. The sensitivity of the four tests was compared on the same serum samples collected at different intervals. The results indicated that DIA was more sensitive than AGPT and the serum neutralization test and as sensitive as ELISA. Thus due to sensitivity simplicity and economy, DIA could replace AGPT for diagnosis and serological survey for BTV infection in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chander
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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16
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Afshar A, Dubuc C, Dulac GC, Thomas FC, Nielsen K, Henning D. Dot immunoperoxidase assay using monoclonal antibody for detection of bluetongue virus antigens. J Virol Methods 1991; 31:105-12. [PMID: 1849912 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90148-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, simple dot immunoperoxidase assay (DIPA) is described for visual detection and identification of bluetongue virus (BTV) antigens in samples of infected cell culture fluid. The assay was performed using nitrocellulose (NC) paper and 'dipsticks'. Dots of samples were adsorbed to the NC surface and the remaining non-specific binding sites were blocked with skim milk solution. BTV was detected with either of two murine monoclonal antibodies (4H4, 5G12) to the major group specific antigens of BTV, and the complex was reacted with a peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (heavy- and light-chain specific). Positive reactions were easily visualized as brown spots after enzyme degradation of substrate containing H2O2 and diaminobenzidine (DAB). The DIPA was specific in detecting BTV in samples of cell culture fluid from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells infected with U.S.A. isolates of the five BTV serotypes (2, 10, 11, 13 and 17) known to exist in the U.S.A., and South African isolates of 17 BTV serotypes (1-12, 14-16, 18 and 20), but not with two North American isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV) representing serotypes 1 and 2. Attempts to detect BTV directly in infected sheep blood cells and chick embryo tissue suspensions by DIPA were unsuccessful. Of 55 cell culture fluid samples examined from BHK-21 or Vero cell monolayers inoculated with 55 clinical specimens, propagated initially in embryonating chicken egg (ECE) 11 proved positive and 44 were negative by DIPA. The results were in complete agreement with the conventional ECE and tissue culture isolation systems. The DIPA appears to have potential application, especially as a 'dipstick' kit, for rapid and inexpensive laboratory diagnosis of bluetongue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afshar
- Agriculture Canada, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Nepean, Ontario
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17
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Gupta Y, Chand P, Singh A, Jain NC. Dot immunobinding assay in comparison with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep. Vet Microbiol 1990; 22:365-71. [PMID: 2163561 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90023-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 384 sheep serum samples collected from two organised sheep farms was tested by dot immunobinding assay (DIA) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) for the presence of bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies. The results of both these assays were compared to find a sensitive, specific, rapid, easily performed and economical test for the diagnosis of bluetongue disease. DIA detected BTV antibodies in 210 samples (54.94%) and I-ELISA detected 157 positive samples (40.88%). Competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) was performed to check the discrepancies in I-ELISA and DIA. On the basis of these tests the overall agreement, relative specificity and sensitivity between ELISA and DIA were 75%, 87.6% and 100%, respectively. DIA was found to be a rapid, sensitive, easily performed and economical test as compared to ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Haryana Agricultural University, India
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Gorman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3965
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Stott
- Dept. Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
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