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Rudge ES, Chan AHY, Leeper FJ. Prodrugs of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates: disguising phosphorus oxyanions. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:375-391. [PMID: 35647550 PMCID: PMC9020613 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphates have important functions in living systems and thus pyrophosphate-containing molecules and their more stable bisphosphonate analogues have the potential to be used as drugs for treating many diseases including cancer and viral infections. Both pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates are polyanionic at physiological pH and, whilst this is essential for their biological activity, it also limits their use as therapeutic agents. In particular, the high negative charge density of these compounds prohibits cell entry other than by endocytosis, prevents transcellular oral absorption and causes sequestration to bone. Therefore, prodrug strategies have been developed to temporarily disguise the charges of these compounds. This review examines the various systems that have been used to mask the phosphorus-containing moieties of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates and also illustrates the utility of such prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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2
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Han J, Funk C, Eyberg J, Bailer S, Richert C. An AZT Analog with Strongly Pairing Ethynylpyridone Nucleobase and Its Antiviral Activity against HSV1. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000937. [PMID: 33270983 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Challenges resulting from novel viruses or new strains of known viruses call for new antiviral agents. Nucleoside analogs that act as inhibitors of viral polymerases are an attractive class of antivirals. For nucleosides containing thymine, base pairing is weak, making it desirable to identify nucleobase analogs that pair more strongly with adenine, in order to compete successfully with the natural substrate. We have recently described a new class of strongly binding thymidine analogs that contain an ethynylmethylpyridone as base and a C-nucleosidic linkage to the deoxyribose. Here we report the synthesis of the 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxyribose derivative of this compound, dubbed AZW, both as free nucleoside and as ProTide phosphoramidate. As a proof of principle, we studied the activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). Whereas the ProTide phosphoramidate suffered from low solubility, the free nucleoside showed a stronger inhibitory effect than that of AZT in a plaque reduction assay. This suggests that strongly pairing C-nucleoside analogs of pyrimidines have the potential to become active pharmaceutical ingredients with antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Han
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Eyberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Shen GH, Hong JH. Chemical Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs Linked with Cyclic Systems between the Phosphonate and the Base Moieties. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5918-5948. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogs linked with cyclic systems
are described in the present review. The purpose of the review is to report the methodology of
ANP analogs and to give an idea on the synthesis of a therapeutic structural feature of such analogs.
The cyclopropane systems were mainly prepared by diazomethane cyclopropanation catalyzed by
Pd(OAc)2, intramolecular alkylation, Kulinkovich cyclopropanation, and use of difluorocyclopropane,
and so forth. The preparation of methylenecyclopropane system was made by diazoacetate
cyclopropanation catalyzed by Rhodium followed by addition-elimination reactions. For the preparation
of a variety of tethered 1,2,3-triazole systems, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azidealkylphosphonates
and propargylated nucleobases was mainly applied. The formation of various
phosphonate moieties was achieved via phosphonylation of alkoxide, cross-coupling between
BrZnCF2P (O)(OEt)2 with iodoalkens catalyzed by CuBr, Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction with phosphite,
and Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huan Shen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Treatment for Senile Diseases, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Joon Hee Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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Human Deoxycytidine Kinase Is a Valuable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Nucleotide Analogues. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9120997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates are building blocks for nucleic acids which are used for a number of purposes, including food additives. Their analogues, additionally, are used in pharmaceutical applications. Fludarabine-5´-monophosphate, for example, is effective in treating hematological malignancies. To date, ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates are mainly produced by chemical synthesis, but the inherent drawbacks of this approach have led to the development of enzymatic synthesis routes. In this study, we evaluated the potential of human deoxycytidine kinase (HsdCK) as suitable biocatalyst for the synthesis of natural and modified ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates from their corresponding nucleosides. Human dCK was heterologously expressed in E. coli and immobilized onto Nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) superflow. A screening of the substrate spectrum of soluble and immobilized biocatalyst revealed that HsdCK accepts a wide range of natural and modified nucleosides, except for thymidine and uridine derivatives. Upon optimization of the reaction conditions, HsdCK was used for the synthesis of fludarabine-5´-monophosphate using increasing substrate concentrations. While the soluble biocatalyst revealed highest product formation with the lowest substrate concentration of 0.3 mM, the product yield increased with increasing substrate concentrations in the presence of the immobilized HsdCK. Hence, the application of immobilized HsdCK is advantageous upon using high substrate concentration which is relevant in industrial applications.
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Muhamadejev R, Petrova M, Smits R, Plotniece A, Pajuste K, Duburs G, Liepinsh E. Study of interactions of mononucleotides with 1,4-dihydropyridine vesicles using NMR and ITC techniques. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00160j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possible binding site of mononucleotides is the phosphate group with important hydrophobic interactions between the mononucleotides and the alkyl chains of DHP derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Muhamadejev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - M. Petrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - R. Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - A. Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - K. Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - G. Duburs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - E. Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
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Gudiño ED, Santillán JY, Iglesias LE, Iribarren AM. An enzymatic alternative for the synthesis of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 111:1-6. [PMID: 29421031 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure was carried out for the synthesis of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, involving the use of two enzymes. The first step applied phospholipase D from Streptomyces netropsis and phosphatidylcholine as phosphatidyl donor, to give 5'-(3-sn-phosphatidyl) nucleosides (C, U, A, I). These were selectively hydrolysed in the second step by the action of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus to produce the respective 5'-nucleotides. Application of this methodology on a preparative scale conducted to 5'-adenosine monophosphate in 63% overall yield from adenosine. The regioselectivity of these enzymes avoids protection steps, the overall synthesis is performed under mild reaction conditions and product isolation is easily achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban D Gudiño
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352-(1876) Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Y Santillán
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352-(1876) Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352-(1876) Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352-(1876) Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Périgaud C, Girardet JL, Lefebvre I, Xie MY, Aubertin AM, Kirn A, Gosselin G, Imbach JL, Sommadossi JP. Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Mononucleoside Phosphotriester Derivatives Bearing Biolabile Phosphate Protecting Groups in Normal Human Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of three mononucleoside phosphotriester derivatives of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) which incorporate biolabile phosphate protecting groups, namely S-acetyl-2-thioethyl (MeSATE), S-(2-hydroxyethylsulfidyl)-2-thioethyl (DTE), and pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) were studied and compared to their nucleoside parent in human myeloid colony-forming cells. Moreover, the relative antiviral potency of these three pronucleotides were determined in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The results indicate that the SATE and DTE pro-moieties, as well as their degradation products, do not induce additional toxicity. The bis(MeSATE) phosphotriester derivative of AZT emerged as the most selective inhibitor with an in-vitro therapeutic index of the same order of magnitude as observed for AZT. This study has been extended to the corresponding bis(MeSATE) and bis(DTE) phosphotriester derivatives of 2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (ddU).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Périgaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J.-L. Girardet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - I. Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - M.-Y. Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for AIDS Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - A.-M. Aubertin
- Institut de Virologie de la Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Unité INSERM 74, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - A. Kirn
- Institut de Virologie de la Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Unité INSERM 74, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - G. Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J.-L. Imbach
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J.-P. Sommadossi
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for AIDS Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-C-methyl branched guanosine pronucleotides: the discovery of IDX184, a potent liver-targeted HCV polymerase inhibitor. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1675-700. [PMID: 26424162 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribonucleoside analogs possessing a β-methyl substituent at the 2'-position of the d-ribose moiety have been previously discovered to be potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, their triphosphates acting as alternative substrate inhibitors of the HCV RdRp NS5B. Results/methodology: In this article, the authors detail the synthesis, anti-HCV evaluation in cell-based replicon assays and structure-activity relationships of several phosphoramidate diester derivatives of 2'-C-methylguanosine (2'-MeG). CONCLUSION The most promising compound, namely the O-[S-(hydroxyl)pivaloyl-2-thioethyl]{abbreviated as O-[(HO)tBuSATE)]} N-benzylamine phosphoramidate diester derivative (IDX184), was selected for further in vivo studies, and was the first clinical pronucleotide evaluated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C up to Phase II trials.
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9
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Liu JA, Guo XP, Liang S, An F, Shen HY, Xu YJ. Regioselective synthesis of 5′-amino acid esters of some nucleosides via orthogonal protecting protocol. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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11
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Fang JL, Han T, Wu Q, Beland FA, Chang CW, Guo L, Fuscoe JC. Differential gene expression in human hepatocyte cell lines exposed to the antiretroviral agent zidovudine. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:609-23. [PMID: 24292225 PMCID: PMC5901687 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT) is the most widely used nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of AIDS patients and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Previously, we demonstrated that AZT had significantly greater growth inhibitory effects upon the human liver carcinoma cell line HepG2 as compared to the immortalized human liver cell line THLE2. We have now used gene expression profiling to determine the molecular pathways associated with toxicity in both cell lines. HepG2 cells were incubated with 0, 2, 20, or 100 μM AZT for 2 weeks; THLE2 cells were treated with 0, 50, 500, or 2,500 μM AZT, concentrations that were equi-toxic to those used in the HepG2 cells. After the treatment, total RNA was isolated and subjected to microarray analysis. Global analysis of gene expression, with a false discovery rate ≤0.01 and a fold change ≥1.5, indicated that 6- to 70-fold more genes were differentially expressed in a significant concentration-dependent manner in HepG2 cells when compared to THLE2 cells. Comparative analysis indicated that 7 % of these genes were common to both cell lines. Among the common differentially expressed genes, 70 % changed in the same direction, most of which were associated with cell death and survival, cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation, and DNA replication, recombination, and repair. As determined by the uptake of [methyl-(3)H]AZT, the intracellular levels of total AZT were approximately twofold higher in THLE2 cells than in HepG2 cells. The expression of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) genes that regulate the metabolic activation and deactivation of AZT, respectively, was increased in HepG2 cells but decreased in THLE2 cells after treatment with AZT. This differential response in AZT metabolism was confirmed by real-time PCR, western blotting, and/or enzymatic assays. These data indicate that molecular pathways involved with cell death and survival, cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation, and DNA replication, recombination, and repair are involved in the toxicities associated with AZT in both human cell lines, and that the difference in expression of TK1 and UGT2B7 in response to AZT treatment in HepG2 cells and THLE2 cells might explain why HepG2 cells are more sensitive than THLE2 cells to the toxicity of AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Fang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA,
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12
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Tsybulskaya I, Kulak T, Baranovsky A, Golubeva M, Kuzmitsky B, Kalinichenko E. Synthesis and in vitro cytostatic activity of 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerophosphates of clofarabine. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5414-9. [PMID: 23820572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The conjugates of anticancer nucleoside clofarabine [2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)adenine] with 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerophosphates have been prepared by the phosphoramidite method using a combination of 1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl protecting group for the sugar moiety of the nucleoside and 2-cyanoethyl protection for the phosphate fragment. Some of the synthesized conjugates exhibited cytostatic activity against HL-60, A-549, MCF-7, and HeLa tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Tsybulskaya
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, BY-220141 Minsk, Belarus.
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Oleynikova IA, Kulak TI, Bolibrukh DA, Kalinichenko EN. Synthesis of PhospholipidRibavirinConjugates. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Agostoni V, Anand R, Monti S, Hall S, Maurin G, Horcajada P, Serre C, Bouchemal K, Gref R. Impact of phosphorylation on the encapsulation of nucleoside analogues within porous iron(iii) metal–organic framework MIL-100(Fe) nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4231-4242. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sofia MJ. Nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV infection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:39-73. [PMID: 23885998 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme in HCV viral replication and has been a prominent target in the search for therapies to treat individuals infected with HCV. The development of both nucleoside and nucleotide HCV inhibitors has been pursued because of their potential for showing pangenotypic activity and because of their high barrier to resistance. Even though nucleoside inhibitors were shown to be effective in a clinical setting, their potency limited their effectiveness. The exploitation of prodrug strategies to deliver nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has resulted in the development of a number of very potent inhibitors of HCV replication. In addition, several of these nucleotide prodrugs have demonstrated liver-targeting characteristics when administered orally. Human clinical studies have shown that a number of nucleotide prodrugs are potent inhibitors of viral replication leading to significant reductions in viral load when given orally. Combinations of these nucleotide prodrugs with either pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin or another direct acting antiviral alone has lead to cure rates as high as 100% after only 12 weeks of therapy. The combination of a nucleotide prodrug and another direct-acting antiviral agent holds the promise of delivering an interferon-free therapy for HCV patients thus eliminating the undesirable side effects associated with taking interferon.
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Meneghesso S, Vanderlinden E, Stevaert A, McGuigan C, Balzarini J, Naesens L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs targeted against influenza virus. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
HCV infection is a significant worldwide health problem and is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current standard of care, interferon and ribavirin, is only effective against a proportion of the patient population infected with HCV. To address the shortcomings of existing therapy, the development of direct acting antiviral agents is under investigation. The HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme for viral replication and is therefore a logical target against which to develop novel anti-HCV agents. Nucleosides have been shown to be effective as antiviral agents for other viral diseases and therefore, have been investigated as inhibitors of HCV replication. The development of prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been pursued to address limitations associated with poor nucleoside phosphorylation. This is required to produce the nucleoside 5'-triphosphate which is the anabolite that is the actual inhibitor of the polymerase enzyme. Prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates have been developed that enable their delivery into cells and in vivo into the liver. The implementation of these prodrug strategies has ultimately led to the identification of several prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates that are potent inhibitors of HCV replication in vitro. They have progressed into the clinic and the early data demonstrate greatly reduced viral load levels in HCV-infected patients. This review will survey the state of nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV.
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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Shen F, Li X, Zhang X, Qin Z, Yin Q, Chen H, Zhang J. Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1H
-indazoles via a Ligand-Free Copper- Catalyzed Intramolecular Amination Reaction. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Morales EHR, Román CA, Thomann JO, Meier C. Linear Synthesis of Chiral cycloSal-Pronucleotides. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Caron J, Lepeltier E, Reddy LH, Lepêtre-Mouelhi S, Wack S, Bourgaux C, Couvreur P, Desmaële D. Squalenoyl Gemcitabine Monophosphate: Synthesis, Characterisation of Nanoassemblies and Biological Evaluation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li H, Hong JH. Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of new acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogues and their bis(SATE) derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:581-90. [PMID: 20661812 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2010.495958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a very simple route for synthesizing novel lipophilic phosphonate bis(t-bu-SATE) prodrugs of acyclic cyclopentenylated nucleosides such as adenine 17 and cytosine 18. The key intermediate 6 was constructed via a ring-closing metathesis of compound 5, which could be readily prepared from diethylmalonate 4. The chemical stability of the bis(SATE) derivatives was tested at neutral (pH = 7.2) and slightly acid (milli-Q water, pH = 5.5) pH. The synthesized compounds were evaluated as potential antiviral agents against HIV-1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- BK-21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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Troev KD, Mitova VA, Ivanov IG. On the design of polymeric 5′-O-ester prodrugs of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT). Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Li H, Yoo JC, Baik YC, Lee WJ, Hong JH. Synthesis of SATE Prodrug of 6'-Fluoro-6'-methyl-5'-noradenosine Nucleoside Phosphonic Acid as a New Class of Anti-HIV Agent. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.9.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Ruda GF, Wong PE, Alibu VP, Norval S, Read KD, Barrett MP, Gilbert IH. Aryl phosphoramidates of 5-phospho erythronohydroxamic acid, a new class of potent trypanocidal compounds. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6071-8. [PMID: 20666371 PMCID: PMC2923871 DOI: 10.1021/jm1004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RNAi and enzymatic studies have shown the importance of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH) in Trypanosoma brucei for the parasite survival and make it an attractive drug target for the development of new treatments against human African trypanosomiasis. 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-4-erythrono hydroxamate is a potent inhibitor of parasite Trypanosoma brucei 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH), the third enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. However, this compound does not have trypanocidal activity due to its poor membrane permeability. Consequently, we have previously reported a prodrug approach to improve the antiparasitic activity of this inhibitor by converting the phosphate group into a less charged phosphate prodrug. The activity of prodrugs appeared to be dependent on their stability in phosphate buffer. Here we have successfully further extended the development of the aryl phosphoramidate prodrugs of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-erythrono hydroxamate by synthesizing a small library of phosphoramidates and evaluating their biological activity and stability in a variety of assays. Some of the compounds showed high trypanocidal activity and good correlation of activity with their stability in fresh mouse blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Filippo Ruda
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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26
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Lin CX, Fu H, Tu GZ, Zhao YF. Novel and Convenient Approach to Synthesis of AZT/d4T H-phosphonates. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20040220302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Li H, Kim SW, Hong JH. Antiviral Activity Enhancement through the SATE Prodrug of a 2'-Modified 5'-Norcarbocyclic Adenine Analogue. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.8.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Caron J, Reddy LH, Lepêtre-Mouelhi S, Wack S, Clayette P, Rogez-Kreuz C, Yousfi R, Couvreur P, Desmaële D. Squalenoyl nucleoside monophosphate nanoassemblies: new prodrug strategy for the delivery of nucleotide analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2761-4. [PMID: 20363623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
4-(N)-1,1',2-trisnor-squalenoyldideoxycytidine monophosphate (SQddC-MP) and 4-(N)-1,1',2-trisnor-squalenoylgemcitabine monophosphate (SQdFdC-MP) were synthesized using phosphoramidite chemistry. These amphiphilic molecules self-assembled to about hundred nanometers size nanoassemblies in aqueous medium. Nanoassemblies of SQddC-MP displayed significant anti-HIV activity whereas SQdFdC-MP nanoassemblies displayed promising anticancer activity on leukemia cells. These results suggested that squalene conjugate of negatively charged nucleotide analogues efficiently penetrated within cells. Thus, we propose a new prodrug strategy for improved delivery of nucleoside analogues to ameliorate their biological efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Caron
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR CNRS 8076, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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29
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Mehellou Y, Balzarini J, McGuigan C. Aryloxy phosphoramidate triesters: a technology for delivering monophosphorylated nucleosides and sugars into cells. ChemMedChem 2010; 4:1779-91. [PMID: 19760699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug technologies aimed at delivering nucleoside monophosphates into cells (protides) have proved to be effective in improving the therapeutic potential of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides. In these cases, the nucleoside monophosphates are delivered into the cell, where they may then be further converted (phosphorylated) to their active species. Herein, we describe one of these technologies developed in our laboratories, known as the phosphoramidate protide method. In this approach, the charges of the phosphate group are fully masked to provide efficient passive cell-membrane penetration. Upon entering the cell, the masking groups are enzymatically cleaved to release the phosphorylated biomolecule. The application of this technology to various therapeutic nucleosides has resulted in improved antiviral and anticancer activities, and in some cases it has transformed inactive nucleosides to active ones. Additionally, the phosphoramidate technology has also been applied to numerous antiviral nucleoside phosphonates, and has resulted in at least three phosphoramidate-based nucleotides progressing to clinical investigations. Furthermore, the phosphoramidate technology has been recently applied to sugars (mainly glucosamine) in order to improve their therapeutic potential. The development of the phosphoramidate technology, mechanism of action and the application of the technology to various monophosphorylated nucleosides and sugars will be reviewed.
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30
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Fang JL, Beland FA. Long-term exposure to zidovudine delays cell cycle progression, induces apoptosis, and decreases telomerase activity in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:120-30. [PMID: 19541796 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT), which is currently used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, has been shown to have anticancer properties. In the present study, we examined the mechanisms contributing to increased sensitivity of cancer cells to the growth-inhibitory effects of AZT. This was accomplished by incubating a hepatoma cell line (HepG2) and a normal liver cell line (THLE2) with AZT in continuous culture for up to 4 weeks and evaluating the number of viable and necrotic cells, the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle alterations, and telomerase activity. In HepG2 cells, AZT (2-100 microM) caused significant dose-dependent decreases in the number of viable cells at exposures > 24 h. During a 1-week recover period, there was only a slight increase in the number of viable cells treated with AZT. The decrease in viable cells was associated with an induction of apoptosis, a decrease in telomerase activity, and S and G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle. During the recovery period, the extent of apoptosis and telomerase activity returned to control levels, whereas the disruption of cell cycle progression persisted. Western blot analysis indicated that AZT caused a decrease in checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and kinase 2 (Chk2) and an increase in phosphorylated Chk1 (Ser345) and Chk2 (Thr68). Similar effects, to lesser extent, were observed in THLE2 cells given much higher concentrations of AZT (50-2500 microM). These data show that HepG2 cells are much more sensitive than THLE2 cells to AZT. They also indicate that a combination of a delay of cell cycle progression, an induction of apoptosis, and a decrease in telomerase activity is contributing to the decrease in the number of viable cells from AZT treatment, and that checkpoint enzymes Chk1 and Chk2 may play an important role in the delay of cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Fang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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31
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Alizadeh A, Zohreh N, Zhu LG. One-pot and stereoselective synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one with a phosphanylidene or phosphono-succinate substituent. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Jessen HJ, Schulz T, Balzarini J, Meier C. Bioreversible protection of nucleoside diphosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 47:8719-22. [PMID: 18833560 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jacob Jessen
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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33
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Jessen H, Schulz T, Balzarini J, Meier C. Bioreversible Maskierung von Nucleosiddiphosphaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Fang JL, McGarrity LJ, Beland FA. Interference of cell cycle progression by zidovudine and lamivudine in NIH 3T3 cells. Mutagenesis 2008; 24:133-41. [PMID: 18936108 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT) and lamivudine [(-)2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine; 3TC] are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors used to treat and prevent human immunodeficiency virus-1 infections. In short-term incubations (<48 h), AZT, but not 3TC, has been shown to interfere with cell cycle progression. In the present study, we examined if these alterations persist during long-term incubations in which cells were exposed to AZT (0-1000 microM) or 3TC (0-500 microM) in continuous culture for up to 5 weeks. In addition, we investigated the reversibility of these effects upon removal of the drugs. Both drugs caused concentration- and time-dependent decreases in the number of viable cells, with the effect being more pronounced with AZT. There was only a slight increase in the number of viable cells treated with AZT for 5 weeks and then allowed a 1-week recovery period; cell viability in cells treated with 3TC returned to control levels during the recovery period. The decrease in viable cells was not due to apoptotic or necrotic cell death, but rather was associated with S and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Western blot analysis indicated that AZT treatment caused a decrease in checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) at all time points. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 was decreased at later time points, while cyclin A was increased at early times. These data indicate that AZT and, to a lesser extent, 3TC interfere with cell growth by slowing cell cycle progression and that checkpoint proteins Chk1 and Chk2 may play an important role in this delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Fang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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35
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Ruda GF, Alibu VP, Mitsos C, Bidet O, Kaiser M, Brun R, Barrett MP, Gilbert IH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphate prodrugs of 4-phospho-D-erythronohydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1169-80. [PMID: 17615587 PMCID: PMC2248282 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, the third enzyme of the phosphate pentose pathway, from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative organism of human African trypanosomiasis. These inhibitors were charged phosphate derivatives with restricted capacity to enter cells. Herein, we report the synthesis of five different classes of prodrugs: phosphoramidate; bis-S-acyl thioethyl esters (bis-SATE); bis-pivaloxymethyl (bis-POM); CycloSaligenyl; and phenyl, S-acyl thioethyl mixed phosphate esters (mix-SATE). Prodrugs were studied for stability and activity against the intact parasites. Most prodrugs caused inhibition of the growth of the parasites. The activity of the prodrugs against the parasites appeared to be related to their stability in aqueous buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Filippo Ruda
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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36
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Foote KM, Mortlock AA, Heron NM, Jung FH, Hill GB, Pasquet G, Brady MC, Green S, Heaton SP, Kearney S, Keen NJ, Odedra R, Wedge SR, Wilkinson RW. Synthesis and SAR of 1-acetanilide-4-aminopyrazole-substituted quinazolines: Selective inhibitors of Aurora B kinase with potent anti-tumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1904-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Li P, Sergueeva ZA, Dobrikov M, Shaw BR. Nucleoside and Oligonucleoside Boranophosphates: Chemistry and Properties. Chem Rev 2007; 107:4746-96. [DOI: 10.1021/cr050009p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Zinaida A. Sergueeva
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Mikhail Dobrikov
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Barbara Ramsay Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
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38
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Wu W, Sigmond J, Peters GJ, Borch RF. Synthesis and biological activity of a gemcitabine phosphoramidate prodrug. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3743-6. [PMID: 17602464 PMCID: PMC2518329 DOI: 10.1021/jm070269u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) phosphoramidate prodrug designed for the intracellular delivery of gemcitabine 5'-monophosphate was synthesized. The prodrug was about an order of magnitude less active than gemcitabine against wild-type cells, and the nucleoside transport inhibitor dipyridamole reduced prodrug activity. The prodrug was more active than gemcitabine against two deoxycytidine kinase-deficient cell lines. The results suggest that the prodrug is a potent growth inhibitor that can bypass dCK deficiency at higher drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jennifer Sigmond
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057,1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057,1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard F. Borch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 765-494-1403. Fax: 765-494-1414, E-mail:
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39
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McGuigan C, Hassan-Abdallah A, Srinivasan S, Wang Y, Siddiqui A, Daluge SM, Gudmundsson KS, Zhou H, McLean EW, Peckham JP, Burnette TC, Marr H, Hazen R, Condreay LD, Johnson L, Balzarini J. Application of phosphoramidate ProTide technology significantly improves antiviral potency of carbocyclic adenosine derivatives. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7215-26. [PMID: 17125274 DOI: 10.1021/jm060776w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide (ProTide) technology to the antiviral agent carbocyclic L-d4A (L-Cd4A). The phenyl methyl alaninyl parent ProTide of L-Cd4A was prepared by Grignard-mediated phosphorochloridate reaction and resulted in a compound with significantly improved anti-HIV (2600-fold) and HBV activity. We describe modifications of the aryl, ester, and amino acid regions of the ProTide and how these changes affect antiviral activity and metabolic stability. Separate and distinct SARs were noted for HIV and HBV. Additionally, ProTides were prepared from the D-nucleoside D-Cd4A and the dideoxy analogues L-CddA and D-CddA. These compounds showed more modest potency improvements over the parent drug. In conclusion, the ProTide approach is highly successful when applied to L-Cd4A with potency improvements in vitro as high as 9000-fold against HIV. With a view to preclinical candidate selection we carried out metabolic stability studies using cynomolgus monkey liver and intestinal S9 fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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40
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Kim A, Hong JH, Oh CH. Synthesis and anti-HCMV activity of novel cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 25:1399-406. [PMID: 17067961 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600918920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic route for novel acyclic phosphonate nucleosides is described. The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety 8 was constructed employing the Simmons-Smith reaction as key step starting from simple acyclic 2-butene-1,4-diol. The condensation of the mesylate 11 with natural nucleosidic bases (A,C,T,U) under nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) and hydrolysis afforded the target nucleosides 16, 17, 18, and 19. In addition, the antiviral evaluations against various viruses were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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41
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Hyun Oh C, Hong JH. Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Novel Cyclopropyl Nucleosides, Phosphonate Nucleosides and Phosphonic Acid Nucleosides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:507-12. [PMID: 16795106 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200600031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenyl-branched cyclopropyl nucleosides, phosphonates, and phosphonic acid analogues were designed and synthesized as potential antiviral agents. Coupling of the mesylate 10 with natural bases (U, T, C, A) and desilylation/hydrolysis afforded a series of novel cyclopropyl nucleosides 15-18. Phosphonate and phosphonic acid nucleosides 22-29 were also readily synthesized from the mesylate 21. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activity against various viruses such as HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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42
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Bottka S, Tomasz J, Cruse WB, Zhang S, Kennard O. Trans-Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic N,N-Dimethylphosphoramidate Ether Solvate, a Cyclic Nucleotide with an Equatorial Dimethylamino Group on Phosphorus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Meiera C, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Cyclo-Saligenyl-3′-Azido-2′,3′-Dideoxy- Thymidinemonophosphate (cycloSal-AZTMP) - A New Pro-Nucleotide Approach1 ?-. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708002953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Meiera
- a a) Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Marie-Curie-Str.11, D-60439, Frankfurt am Main , Germany Fax:
| | - Eric De Clercq
- b b) Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , B-3000, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- b b) Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , B-3000, Leuven , Belgium
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44
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Xiao Q, Ju Y, Zhao Y. A Convenient Route to Symmetric Phosphate, Phosphorothioate, and Phosphoroselenoate of AZT and D4T. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120026358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- a The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry , Ministry of Education , Department of Chemistry , School of Life Sciences and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yong Ju
- a The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry , Ministry of Education , Department of Chemistry , School of Life Sciences and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- a The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry , Ministry of Education , Department of Chemistry , School of Life Sciences and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
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45
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Ji SH, Ju Y, Xiao Q, Zhao YF. Characteristic Fragmentation Behavior of Steroidal Phosphor- amidate Conjugates in Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Kim JW, Ko OH, Hong JH. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel methyl branched cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:745-9. [PMID: 16114485 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic route for the synthesis of novel methyl branched cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides is described. The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety 8 was constructed by employing Simmons-Smith reaction as a key step. The condensation of mesylate 11 with natural nucleosidic bases (A,C,T,U) under standard nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) and after subsequent hydrolysis resulted in the formation of target nucleosides, 16, 17, 18, and 19. In addition, the antiviral evaluations of the synthesized nucleotides against various viruses were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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47
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Tuchnaya OA, Elizarova SN, Sharikova SA, Shastina NS, Stepanov AE, Yurkevich AM, Shvets VI. Synthesis of anti-HIV nucleoside conjugates with lipophilic diol compounds. Pharm Chem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-006-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Kim A, Hong JH. Simple synthesis and anti-HIV activity of novel cyclopentene phosphonate nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:1-8. [PMID: 16440980 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500377698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A very simple synthetic route for novel cyclopentene phosphonate nucleosides is described. The characteristic cyclopentene moiety 6 was constructed via a ring-closing metathesis of divinyl 5, which could be readily prepared from diethylmalonate. The condensation of the mesylate 11 with nucleobases (A, C, T, U) under nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) afforded the target nucleosides 12, 13, 14, and 15. In addition, the antiviral evaluations against various viruses were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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49
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Vinogradov SV, Kohli E, Zeman AD. Cross-linked polymeric nanogel formulations of 5'-triphosphates of nucleoside analogues: role of the cellular membrane in drug release. Mol Pharm 2006; 2:449-61. [PMID: 16323952 PMCID: PMC1351166 DOI: 10.1021/mp0500364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cytotoxic nucleoside analogues in vivo depends primarily on their cell-specific phosphorylation. Anticancer chemotherapy using nucleoside analogues may be significantly enhanced by intracellular administration of active phosphorylated drugs. However, the cellular transport of anionic compounds is very ineffective and restricted by many drug efflux transporters. Recently developed cationic nanogel carriers can encapsulate large amounts of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates that form polyionic complexes with protonated amino groups on the polyethylenimine backbone of the nanogels. In this paper, the 5'-triphosphate of an antiviral nucleoside analogue, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), was efficiently synthesized and its complexes with nanogels were obtained and evaluated as potential cytotoxic drug formulations for treatment of human breast carcinoma cells. A selective phosphorylating reagent, tris-imidazolylphosphate, was used to convert AZT into the nucleoside analogue 5'-triphosphate using a one-pot procedure. The corresponding 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate (AZTTP) was isolated with high yield (75%). Nanogels encapsulated up to 30% of AZTTP by weight by mixing solutions of the carrier and the drug. The AZTTP/nanogel formulation showed enhanced cytotoxicity in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, demonstrating IC50 values 130-200 times lower than those values for AZT alone. The exact mechanism of drug release from nanogels remains unclear. One mechanism could involve interaction with negatively charged counterions. A high affinity of nanogels to isolated cellular membranes has been observed, especially for nanogels made of amphiphilic block copolymer, Pluronic P85. Cellular trafficking of nanogel particles, contrasted by polyethylenimine-coordinated copper(II) ions, was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed membranotropic properties of nanogels. A substantial release of encapsulated drug was observed following interactions of drug-loaded nanogels with cellular membranes. A drug release mechanism triggered by interaction of the drug-loaded nanogels with phospholipid bilayer is proposed. The results illustrate therapeutic potential of the phosphorylated nucleoside analogues formulated in nanosized cross-linked polymeric carriers for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Vinogradov
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5830, USA.
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Kim A, Hong JH. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel exomethylene acyclic nucleosides and phosphonic acid nucleosides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 338:528-33. [PMID: 16281311 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a very simple synthesis route of novel acyclic nucleosides and phosphonic acid nucleosides. The condensation of the mesylates 6 and 17 with the natural nucleosidic bases (A, C, U, T) under nucleophilic substitution (K(2)CO(3), 18-Crown-6, DMF) and deprotection afforded the target nucleosides (11, 12, 13, 14) and phosphonic acid nucleosides (22, 23, 24, 25). In addition, these compounds were evaluated for their antiviral properties against various viruses. Uracil derivative 24 shows significant anti-HCMV activity (EC(50) = 10.24 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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