1
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Pan X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Yao S, Guan C, Wang L, Chen L. Inhibitory activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against herpes simplex virus type 1. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1619-1636. [PMID: 35648293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common pathogen that infects 50-90% of the world's population and causes a variety of diseases, some of which can be life-threatening. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In this study, we investigated the activity of AgNPs against HSV-1 and found that AgNPs effectively inhibited plaque formation and HSV-1 progeny production, reduced the genomic load, and interfered with HSV-1 mRNA expression and protein synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy showed that AgNPs interacted with HSV-1 and altered the shape of the viral particles. Furthermore, AgNPs affected the entry of HSV-1 into cells as well as their release and cell-to-cell spread. AgNPs were also found to downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon HSV-1 infection. Combined treatment with AgNPs and acyclovir (ACV) confirmed that AgNPs significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of ACV against HSV-1. Our findings may contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of the antiviral effect of AgNPs against HSV-1 and help to provide a theoretical basis for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chaxiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Linqian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, No. 283, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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2
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Respond to UL29-Targeted siRNA Swarm Treatment Independent of Their Acyclovir Sensitivity. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121434. [PMID: 33322225 PMCID: PMC7764767 DOI: 10.3390/v12121434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyclovir is the drug of choice for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. Acyclovir-resistant HSV strains may emerge, especially during long-term drug use, and subsequently cause difficult-to-treat exacerbations. Previously, we set up a novel treatment approach, based on enzymatically synthesized pools of siRNAs, or siRNA swarms. These swarms can cover kilobases-long target sequences, reducing the likelihood of resistance to treatment. Swarms targeting the UL29 essential gene of HSV-1 have demonstrated high efficacy against HSV-1 in vitro and in vivo. Here, we assessed the antiviral potential of a UL29 siRNA swarm against circulating strains of HSV-1, in comparison with acyclovir. All circulating strains were sensitive to both antivirals, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the range of 350–1911 nM for acyclovir and 0.5–3 nM for the UL29 siRNA swarm. Additionally, we showed that an acyclovir-resistant HSV-1, devoid of thymidine kinase, is highly sensitive to UL29 siRNA treatment (IC50 1.0 nM; Imax 97%). Moreover, the detected minor variations in the RNAi target of the HSV strains had no effect on the potency or efficacy of UL29 siRNA swarm treatment. Our findings support the development of siRNA swarms for the treatment of HSV-1 infections, in order to circumvent any potential acyclovir resistance.
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3
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Zígolo MA, Salinas M, Alché L, Baldessari A, Liñares GG. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of new derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid with antiviral activity. Molecular docking study. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:210-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Hou J, Zhang Z, Huang Q, Yan J, Zhang X, Yu X, Tan G, Zheng C, Xu F, He S. Antiviral activity of PHA767491 against human herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:217. [PMID: 28320320 PMCID: PMC5358049 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases, including oral-labial, genital lesions and life-threatening encephalitis. The antiviral nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir are currently used in anti-HSV therapies; however, clinical overuse of these drugs has led to the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-HSV agents. METHODS To identify novel anti-HSV-1 compounds, we screened the LOPAC small scale library of 1280 bioactive compounds to identify inhibitors of HSV-1-induced necroptosis. Further experiments including western blot analysis, Q-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to explore the antiviral mechanism of the compounds. RESULTS Here, we identified PHA767491 as a new inhibitor of HSV. PHA767491 potently blocked the proliferation of HSV in cells, as well as HSV induced cell death. Further, we found that PHA767491 strongly inhibited HSV infection post viral entry. Moreover, PHA767491 reduced the expression of viral genes required for DNA synthesis including UL30/42 DNA polymerase and UL5/8/52 helicase-primase complex. The essential immediate early (IE) genes such as ICP4 and ICP27 are critical for the expression of the early and late genes. Of note, PHA767491 inhibited the expression of all IE genes of both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Importantly, PHA767491 reduced viral titers in the tissues from the mice infected with HSV-1. Consistently, immunohistochemistry analysis showed that PHA767491 dramatically attenuated expression of viral protein gB in the livers. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, PHA767491 has potent anti-HSV activity by inhibiting viral replication both in vitro and in mouse model. Thus, PHA767491 could be a promising agent for the development of new anti-HSV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Hou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of emergency medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1 Shizhi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guihua Tan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of emergency medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 1 Shizhi Rd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Sudan He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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5
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Cagno V, Sgorbini B, Sanna C, Cagliero C, Ballero M, Civra A, Donalisio M, Bicchi C, Lembo D, Rubiolo P. In vitro anti-herpes simplex virus-2 activity of Salvia desoleana Atzei & V. Picci essential oil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172322. [PMID: 28207861 PMCID: PMC5312961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia desoleana Atzei & V. Picci is an indigenous species in Sardinia island used in folk medicine to treat menstrual, digestive and central nervous system diseases. Nowadays, it is widely cultivated for the pleasant smell of its essential oil (EO), whose antimicrobial and antifungal activities have already been screened. This study evaluated the in vitro anti-Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) activity of S. desoleana EO, fractions and main components: linalyl acetate, alpha terpinyl acetate, and germacrene D. Phytochemical composition of S. desoleana EO was studied by GC-FID/MS analysis and the active fraction(s) and/or compounds in S. desoleana EO were identified with a bioassay-guided fractionation procedure through in vitro assays on cell viability and HSV-2 and RSV inhibition. S. desoleana EO inhibits both acyclovir sensitive and acyclovir resistant HSV-2 strains with EC50 values of 23.72 μg/ml for the former and 28.57 μg/ml for the latter. Moreover, a significant suppression of HSV-2 replication was observed with an EC50 value of 33.01 μg/ml (95% CI: 26.26 to 41.49) when the EO was added post-infection. Among the fractions resulting from flash column chromatography on silica gel, the one containing 54% of germacrene D showed a similar spectrum of activity of S. desoleana EO with a stronger suppression in post-infection stage. These results indicated that S. desoleana EO can be of interest to develop new and alternative anti-HSV-2 products active also against acyclovir-resistant HSV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cagno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Ballero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail: (PR); (DL)
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail: (PR); (DL)
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6
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Cinatl J, Gröschel B, Zehner R, Cinatl J, Périgaud C, Gosselin G, Imbach JL, Doerr HW. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Resistance to AZT in MOLT4/8 Cells is Associated with a Lack of AZT Phosphorylation and is Bypassed by AZT-Monophosphate SATE Prodrugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphoid MOLT4/8 cells were grown continuously for more than 2 years in a medium containing 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (zidovudine; AZT) at a concentration of 250 μM. These cells, designated MOLT-4/8rAZT250, were used to test the cytotoxic and antiviral activity of AZT. Intracellular accumulation of AZT, expression of the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR-1) gene, thymidine kinase (TK) gene and activity of the TK enzyme in cellular extracts were measured. The results showed that both the cytotoxic and antiviral activity of AZT were significantly lower in MOLT4/8rAZT250 than in MOLT4/8 cells; concentrations required to inhibit 50% production of the p24 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigen of two laboratory strains were at least 100-fold higher in resistant cells. The MDR-1 gene was not expressed in the resistant cells. TK mRNA expression was significantly lower in the resistant than in the sensitive cells. TK enzymatic activity for deoxythymidine phosphorylation was impaired in MOLT4/8rAZT250 cells compared to the sensitive cells. AZT was phosphorylated only in the sensitive cells whereas no phosphorylation of AZT was found in the resistant cells. We tested whether several AZT-monophosphate triesters, which bypass cellular TK, could overcome resistance to the cytotoxic and antiviral activity of AZT. The bis( t-butylSATE) phosphotriester derivative of AZT showed comparable cytotoxic and antiviral activity in sensitive and resistant cells. The results demonstrated that MOLT4/8rAZT250 cells exert resistance to the anti-HIV activity of the drug mainly owing to the lack of AZT phosphorylation and that resistance may be bypassed by using AZT-monophosphate SATE prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, JW Goethe-Universität, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Gröschel
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, JW Goethe-Universität, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Zehner
- Zentrum der Rechfsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum, JW Goethe-Universität, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, JW Goethe-Universität, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde, Abteilung Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum, JW Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Périgaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Courrier 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Courrier 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J-L Imbach
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Courrier 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - HW Doerr
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, JW Goethe-Universität, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Li B, Ni Y, Zhu LJ, Wu FB, Yan F, Zhang X, Yao XS. Flavonoids from Matteuccia struthiopteris and Their Anti-influenza Virus (H1N1) Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:987-95. [PMID: 25927664 DOI: 10.1021/np500879t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Ni
- College
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhu
- College
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Bo Wu
- Department
of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Yan
- College
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- College
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Civitelli L, Panella S, Marcocci ME, De Petris A, Garzoli S, Pepi F, Vavala E, Ragno R, Nencioni L, Palamara AT, Angiolella L. In vitro inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication by Mentha suaveolens essential oil and its main component piperitenone oxide. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:857-65. [PMID: 24629600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Several essential oils exert in vitro activity against bacteria and viruses and, among these latter, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is known to develop resistance to commonly used antiviral agents. Thus, the effects of the essential oil derived from Mentha suaveolens (EOMS) and its active principle piperitenone oxide (PEO) were tested in in vitro experimental model of infection with HSV-1. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined at 5.1μg/ml and 1.4μg/ml for EOMS and PEO, respectively. Australian tea tree oil (TTO) was used as control, revealing an IC50 of 13.2μg/ml. Moreover, a synergistic action against HSV-1 was observed when each oil was added in combination with acyclovir. In order to find out the mechanism of action, EOMS, PEO and TTO were added to the cells at different times during the virus life-cycle. Results obtained by yield reduction assay indicated that the antiviral activity of both compounds was principally due to an effect after viral adsorption. Indeed, no reduction of virus yield was observed when cells were treated during viral adsorption or pre-treated before viral infection. In particular, PEO exerted a strong inhibitory effect by interfering with a late step of HSV-1 life-cycle. HSV-1 infection is known to induce a pro-oxidative state with depletion of the main intracellular antioxidant glutathione and this redox change in the cell is important for viral replication. Interestingly, the treatment with PEO corrected this deficit, thus suggesting that the compound could interfere with some redox-sensitive cellular pathways exploited for viral replication. Overall our data suggest that both EOMS and PEO could be considered good candidates for novel anti-HSV-1 strategies, and need further exploration to better characterize the targets underlying their inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Civitelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Panella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto De Petris
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vavala
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Angiolella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Rhee H, Lee CH, Lee J, Seo H, Yoon S, Choi K. The Synthesis and Evaluation of New Carbocyclic Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogs. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Bao B, Meng Z, Li N, Meng Z, Zhang L, Cao Y, Yao W, Shan M, Ding A. Design, synthesis and antiviral activity studies of schizonepetin derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17193-203. [PMID: 23965980 PMCID: PMC3759959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140817193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of schizonepetin derivatives have been designed and synthesized in order to obtain potent antivirus agents. The antiviral activity against HSV-1 and influenza virus H3N2 as well as the cytotoxicity of these derivatives was evaluated by using cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay in vitro. Compounds M2, M4, M5 and M34 showed higher inhibitory activity against HSV-1 virus with the TC50 values being in micromole. Compounds M28, M33, and M35 showed higher inhibitory activity against influenza virus H3N2 with their TC50 values being 96.4, 71.0 and 75.4 μM, respectively. Preliminary biological activity evaluation indicated that the anti-H3N2 and anti-HSV-1 activities improved obviously through the introduction of halogen into the structure of schizonepetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihua Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Zheng Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Nianguang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Zhengjie Meng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China; E-Mail:
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.Z.); (A.D.); Tel.: +86-25-8581-1523 (A.D.); Fax: +86-25-8581-1524 (A.D.)
| | - Yudan Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Mingqiu Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Anwei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology of TCM Formulae Research, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; E-Mails: (B.B.); (Z.M.); (N.L.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (M.S.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.Z.); (A.D.); Tel.: +86-25-8581-1523 (A.D.); Fax: +86-25-8581-1524 (A.D.)
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11
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Cho JH, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of cyclopentanyl carbocyclic 5-fluorocytosine ((-)-5-fluorocarbodine) using a facially selective hydrogenation approach. J Org Chem 2013; 78:723-7. [PMID: 23231055 DOI: 10.1021/jo302038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic route to biologically relevant (-)-5-fluorocarbodine 6 was developed. Direct coupling of N(6)-protected 5-fluorouracil 15 with cyclopentenyl intermediate 13, followed by formation of a macrocycle between the base and the carbocyclic sugar moiety, via ring-closing metathesis, allowed for a facial selective hydrogenation of the sugar double bond to give, exclusively, the desired 4'-β stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
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12
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Antiviral chemoprophylaxis for ocular viral infections in hematopoietic stem cell and bone marrow transplant patients. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2011; 51:53-66. [PMID: 21897140 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0b013e31822d65e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qian Liu
- a School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, 730000 , PR China
| | - Zhen-Ling Liu
- b State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou Universitry , Lanzhou, 730000 , PR China
| | - Xuan Tian
- b State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou Universitry , Lanzhou, 730000 , PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- c Analytic Center of Environment Engineering , Environmental and Municipal Engineering School, Lanzhou Jiaotong Universitry , Lanzhou, 730000 , PR China
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14
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Fatahzadeh M, Schwartz RA. Human herpes simplex virus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:737-63; quiz 764-6. [PMID: 17939933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eight of the more than 80 known herpesviruses are human pathogens. Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a contagious infection with a large reservoir in the general population. It has a potential for significant complications in the immunocompromised host. In addition, psychological distress caused by the negative stigma associated with genital herpes and visible facial lesions in those experiencing frequent outbreaks renders it a challenging clinical dilemma. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic features of HSV infections, providing the clinician with an up-to-date understanding of the available management strategies for mucocutaneous HSV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Fatahzadeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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15
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Andrei G, Fiten P, Froeyen M, Clercq ED, Opdenakker G, Snoeck R. DNA Polymerase Mutations in Drug-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Mutants Determine In Vivo Neurovirulence and Drug-Enzyme Interactions. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase genes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) might confer resistance to antiviral drugs, particularly in immunocompromised patients who suffer from chronic and/or disseminated lesions. The patterns of cross-resistance and neurovirulence in mice of several DNA polymerase mutants selected under pressure of foscarnet (PFA) and different acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), including ( S)-3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl (HPMP) derivatives of adenine (HPMPA) and cytosine (HPMPC, cidofovir) and 2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl (PME) derivatives of adenine (PMEA) and 2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP), were investigated. The mutants were derived from the HSV-1 strain KOS following either single or multiple steps of selection with PFA (V714M, A719V, S724N and T821M), PMEA (S724N, L802F and R959H), PMEDAP (Q618H, S724N, S724N+D1070N), HPMPC (V573M, R700M and K960R) or HPMPA (W998L, L1007M and I1028T). These amino acid substitutions were located in different subdomains of the HSV-1 DNA polymerase, either in conserved or non-conserved regions. The sensitivity of the mutants to a new class of ANPs, the 6-(2-[phosphonomethoxy]alkoxy)pyrimidines HPMPO-DAPy and PMEO-DAPy, was investigated. Cross-resistance between the HPMP derivatives and HPMPO-DAPy, on the one hand, and between the PME derivatives and PMEO-DAPy, on the other hand, was observed. Different degrees of cross-resistance between PME derivatives, PMEO-DAPy, PFA and acyclovir were noticed. The mutants ranged from exhibiting near wild-type neurovirulence (V714M, A719V, S724N and L1007M) to significant attenuation (Q618H, S724N+D1070N, L802F, R700M, K960R, W998L and I1028T) or higher levels of attenuation (V573M). It appears that drug-resistant mutants arising under the pressure of HPMP derivatives have the lowest levels of neurovirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K U Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Fiten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K U Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matheus Froeyen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K U Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K U Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K U Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K U Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Abstract
The increase in the number and classes of antiviral agents that has occurred since the 1980s is remarkable. The rapid expansion in therapeutic options for previously untreatable illnesses challenges clinicians to gain familiarity and experience with these new drugs, especially with regard to their use in children. This article describes the clinical utilities, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects of these new drugs to empower practitioners to use them appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Kimberlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 are ubiquitous organisms that cause infections in human populations throughout the world. The clinical manifestations of HSV infections are varied, ranging from asymptomatic disease to life-threatening illness in neonates and immunocompromised hosts. This article will review the common presentations for HSV disease and the current recommendations for the treatment of these infections. A detailed summary of the antiviral drugs used to treat HSV infections is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Brady
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Mail Location 6014, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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18
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Villarreal EC. Current and potential therapies for the treatment of herpes-virus infections. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2003; 60:263-307. [PMID: 12790345 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8012-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are found worldwide and are among the most frequent causes of viral infections in immunocompetent as well as in immunocompromised patients. During the past decade and a half a better understanding of the replication and disease-causing state of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been achieved due in part to the development of potent antiviral compounds that target these viruses. While some of these antiviral therapies are considered safe and efficacious (acyclovir, penciclovir), some have toxicities associated with them (ganciclovir and foscarnet). In addition, the increased and prolonged use of these compounds in the clinical setting, especially for the treatment of immunocompromised patients, has led to the emergence of viral resistance against most of these drugs. While resistance is not a serious issue for immunocompetent individuals, it is a real concern for immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS and the ones that have undergone organ transplantation. All the currently approved treatments target the viral DNA polymerase. It is clear that new drugs that are more efficacious than the present ones, are not toxic, and target a different viral function would be of great use especially for immunocompromised patients. Here, an overview is provided of the diseases caused by the herpesviruses as well as the replication strategy of the better studied members of this family for which treatments are available. We also discuss the various drugs that have been approved for the treatment of some herpesviruses in terms of structure, mechanism of action, and development of resistance. Finally, we present a discussion of viral targets other than the DNA polymerase, for which new antiviral compounds are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcira C Villarreal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Centre for Women's Health, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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19
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An GI, Rhee H. A facile synthesis of cis-4-amino-2-cyclopentene-1-methanol, a key intermediate for the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 21:65-72. [PMID: 11991149 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120006531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A number of carbocyclic nucleosides can be synthesized from (+/-)-cis-4-amino-2-cyclopentene-1-methanol (3). Carbocyclic amino alcohol 3 is a key intermediate that makes possible the efficient synthesis of the carbocyclic nucleosides. In this study we wish to report an efficient synthesis of carbocyclic amino alcohol 3 from inexpensive and readily available starting material. The synthetic route employed cyclopentadiene (4) as a starting material and proceeded in 38% overall yield through 6 steps involving a hetero Diels-Alder reaction and an aza-Claisen rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-il An
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Kyunggi-do, Korea
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20
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Okuda T, Kurokawa M, Matsuo K, Honda M, Niimura M, Shiraki K. Suppression of generation and replication of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus by a sensitive virus. J Med Virol 2003; 72:112-20. [PMID: 14635018 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of acyclovir-sensitive herpes simplex virus (HSV) was analyzed in the process of its replacement by a resistant virus in vitro and in vivo in the aspect of acyclovir therapy. The mode of replacement of acyclovir-sensitive HSV with acyclovir-resistant HSV was examined by the passages of acyclovir-sensitive wild type HSV in Vero cells under acyclovir-treatment. The development of resistance was monitored more adequately by counting the number of acyclovir-resistant viruses in 10,000 plaque forming units than by the conventional susceptibility assay. The resistance increased with the proportion of thymidine kinase-deficient (TK(-)) viruses, when the susceptibilities of acyclovir-treated HSV population to 5'-iodo-2'deoxyuridine and phosphonoacetic acid were examined. The increased resistance was due to the increased proportion of acyclovir-resistant virus but not intermediately resistant virus. Infection with mixtures of TK(-) and acyclovir-sensitive strains rendered TK(-) sensitive to acyclovir, and virus yields were reduced to the levels of acyclovir-sensitive virus in Vero cells. Their yield reduction depended on the proportion of acyclovir-sensitive viruses and induction of TK activity. This reduction in virus yields of the mixture of TK(-) and acyclovir-sensitive strains was confirmed by acyclovir treatment in the skin of mice with cutaneous infection. Acyclovir treatment combined with superinfection of acyclovir-sensitive virus delayed the development of herpetic skin lesions due to acyclovir-resistant virus and reduced virus yields in the infected skin. Acyclovir-sensitive virus plays an important role in suppressing the generation and replication of acyclovir-resistant virus during acyclovir therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okuda
- Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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21
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Chong Y, Borroto-Esoda K, Furman PA, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. Molecular mechanism of DApd/DXG against zidovudine- and lamivudine- drug resistant mutants: a molecular modelling approach. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:115-28. [PMID: 12238529 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand molecular mechanism of antiviral drug resistance of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) as well as potent antiviral activity of 2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (DAPD) [prodrug of (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine (DXG)] against drug-resistant RTs, molecular modelling studies of three structurally distinct nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI)-triphosphates (TP) [zidovudine (AZT)-TP, lamivudine (3TC)-TP and DXG-TP] complexed with the wild-type (WT) and mutated RT were conducted. The computational analyses indicated that the antiviral activity and the calculated relative binding energy of the RT inhibitor triphosphates can be correlated, and the minimized structures gave information on the molecular mechanism of drug resistance conferred by mutations. The interactions between the NRTI-TP and adjacent amino acid residues (Lys65, Lys70, Arg72, Tyr115 and/or Gln151) played important roles in stabilizing the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Particularly, Arg72 was found to stabilize the dioxolane and oxathiolane sugar moiety through hydrogen bonding, which was responsible for favourable binding affinity of DXG-TP to AZT- as well as 3TC-resistant mutants. The conformational changes in these amino acid residues caused by mutation always affected the changes in the tertiary structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes through either closing or opening the gap between the fingers and palm domains. The enzyme-inhibitor complexes with good binding affinity showed tight binding modes by closing the gap between the two domains, whereas weak inhibitors gave open and loose complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhoon Chong
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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22
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Villarreal EC. Current and potential therapies for the treatment of herpesvirus infections. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2001; Spec No:185-228. [PMID: 11548208 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7784-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are found worldwide and are among the most frequent causes of viral infections in immunocompetent as well as in immunocompromised patients. During the past decade and a half a better understanding of the replication and disease causing state of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been achieved due in part to the development of potent antiviral compounds that target these viruses. While some of these antiviral therapies are considered safe and efficacious (acyclovir, penciclovir), some have toxicities associated with them (ganciclovir and foscarnet). In addition, the increased and prolonged use of these compounds in the clinical setting, especially for the treatment of immunocompromised patients, has led to the emergence of viral resistance against most of these drugs. While resistance is not a serious issue for immunocompetent individuals, it is a real concern for immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS and the ones that have undergone organ transplantation. All the currently approved treatments target the viral DNA polymerase. It is clear that new drugs that are more efficacious than the present ones, are not toxic, and target a different viral function would be of great use especially for immunocompromised patients. Here, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by the herpesviruses as well as the replication strategy of the better studiedmembers of this family for which treatments are available. We also discuss the various drugs that have been approved for the treatment of some herpesviruses in terms of structure, mechanism of action, and development of resistance. Finally, we present a discussion of viral targets other than the DNA polymerase, for which new antiviral compounds are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Villarreal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Infectious Diseases Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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23
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Mucsi I, Molnár J, Motohashi N. Combination of benzo[a]phenothiazines with acyclovir against herpes simplex virus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18:67-72. [PMID: 11463529 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The combined antiviral effects of some benzo[a]phenothiazines and 9-[2-hydroxy(ethoxy)methyl]guanine (acycloguanosine, acyclovir, ACV) on the multiplication of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were studied using Vero cells. The antiviral effect of ACV on a wild strain of HSV-2 was enhanced in the presence of 5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine and 6-methyl-5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine in a yield reduction test. A mathematical formula was used to interpret the drug interaction and a synergistic effect was found with a combination of ACV and benzo[a]phenothiazines. The effect of simultaneous application of two benzo[a]phenothiazines on the multiplication of HSV-2 strain during serial passages was also investigated. The combinations of 5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine or 6-methyl-5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine with ACV at a low concentration using serial passages of a plaque-purified ACV sensitive HSV-2 strain, reduced the infective virus population. A similar effect was also found on the activity of other benzo[a]phenothiazine derivatives. When the two most effective derivatives of 5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine or 6-methyl-5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine were simultaneously used with ACV against a wild type HSV-2 strain during consecutive passages, the infective virus titres were decreased, but their effect was only moderate. These results suggest that a combination of some benzo[a]phenothiazines with ACV might enhance their antiviral activity probably by reduction of the mutagenic rate in the virus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mucsi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, 10, H-6720, Dóm tér, Hungary
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24
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25
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Honda M, Okuda T, Hasegawa T, Kurokawa M, Shiraki K, Matsuo K, Komatsuzaki M, Niimura M. Effect of long-term, low-dose acyclovir suppressive therapy on susceptibility to acyclovir and frequency of acyclovir resistance of herpes simplex virus type 2. Antivir Chem Chemother 2001; 12:233-9. [PMID: 11771732 DOI: 10.1177/095632020101200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the susceptibility to acyclovir and frequency of acyclovir-resistant viruses in herpes simplex virus type (HSV) 2 clones isolated directly from genital lesions of 11 patients who had taken suppressive therapy (200 mg/day) for 1-9 years and 15 patients naive to acyclovir. Suppressive therapy significantly reduced the incidence of recurrence and the severity of the skin lesions. HSV samples from genital lesions were directly inoculated into Vero cells, and viral clones were isolated in the absence and presence of 10 microg/ml acyclovir. Five-hundred-and-ninety-two clones, isolated in the absence of acyclovir, were subjected to the acyclovir susceptibility test, and 155 clones isolated in the presence of acyclovir were analysed for the mechanisms of resistance to acyclovir. There were no significant differences in the susceptibility to acyclovir, the frequency of acyclovir-resistant virus and the ratio of thymidine kinase-deficient viruses in acyclovir-resistant viruses between the two groups. The frequency of acyclovir-resistant clones was about three per 10000 plaque forming units (PFU), and genital lesions contained up to 3x10(6) PFU of replicating virus in the specimens from the patients with genital herpes with or without acyclovir-suppressive therapy. Thus, the low dose of acyclovir suppressive therapy did not affect the susceptibility to acyclovir or increase the frequency of acyclovir-resistant viruses in the genital lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Honda
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Villarreal EC. Current and potential therapies for the treatment of herpesvirus infections. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2001; 56:77-120. [PMID: 11417115 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8319-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are found worldwide and are among the most frequent causes of viral infections in immunocompetent as well as in immunocompromised patients. During the past decade and a half a better understanding of the replication and disease causing state of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been achieved due in part to the development of potent antiviral compounds that target these viruses. While some of these antiviral therapies are considered safe and efficacious (acyclovir, penciclovir), some have toxicities associated with them (ganciclovir and foscarnet). In addition, the increased and prolonged use of these compounds in the clinical setting, especially for the treatment of immunocompromised patients, has led to the emergence of viral resistance against most of these drugs. While resistance is not a serious issue for immunocompetent individuals, it is a real concern for immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS and the ones that have undergone organ transplantation. All the currently approved treatments target the viral DNA polymerase. It is clear that new drugs that are more efficacious than the present ones, are not toxic, and target a different viral function would be of great use especially for immunocompromised patients. Here, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by the herpesviruses as well as the replication strategy of the better studied members of this family for which treatments are available. We also discuss the various drugs that have been approved for the treatment of some herpesviruses in terms of structure, mechanism of action, and development of resistance. Finally, we present a discussion of viral targets other than the DNA polymerase, for which new antiviral compounds are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Villarreal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Infectious Diseases Research, Drop Code 0438, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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27
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Bodaghi B, Mougin C, Michelson S, Agut H, Dighiero P, Offret H, Frau E. Acyclovir-resistant bilateral keratitis associated with mutations in the HSV-1 thymidine kinase gene. Exp Eye Res 2000; 71:353-9. [PMID: 10995556 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the contribution of molecular methods for the diagnosis of an acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 bilateral keratitis in an AIDS patient and to report a new point mutation in the nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene involved. METHODS A 31 year old HIV-positive female presented with severe, active, bilateral and sight-threatening keratitis of 6 months duration, which was treated unsuccessfully with acyclovir. After corneal biopsy, samples were analysed by standard virological procedures, in situ hybridization, and PCR. The tk gene was cloned and subsequently sequenced. RESULTS Conventional virological methods remained inconclusive. However, in situ hybridization and PCR rapidly confirmed the diagnosis of HSV-1 keratitis. The tk gene sequence revealed the presence of five variations previously described in two reference strains, but also a new point mutation at nucleotide position 431 which leads to an amino-acid change at position 144 that supported the hypothesis of a putatively altered functional form of the enzyme. Intravenous foscarnet treatment in an induction regimen was effective and cicatrization occurred within 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS PCR and in situ hybridization are effective and powerful techniques when other virological procedures are non-contributive, particularly in immunocompromised patients previously treated with antiviral drugs. The new point mutation identified in the tk gene may be associated with resistance to acyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bodaghi
- Unité d'Immunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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28
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An GI, Rhee H. A facile synthesis of cis-9-[4-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-cyclopent-2-enyl]guanine and its derivative. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1111-22. [PMID: 10999251 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008035034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides, cis-9-[4-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-cyclopent-2-enyl]guanine (3) and cis-2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino-9-[4-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)- cyclopent-2- enyl]purine (4), was achieved from cyclopentadiene (5) in five and six steps, respectively. This route involves a hetero Diels-Alder reaction and a Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I An
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Kyunggi-do, Korea
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29
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Rhee H, Yoon D, Jung ME. Efficient synthesis of carbocyclic nucleoside, (+/-)-homocarbovir via pi-allylpalladium complex formation from the allyl-N,N-ditosylimide substrate. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:619-28. [PMID: 10843497 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008035012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a carbovir analogue, (+/-)-homocarbovir (3) was achieved from norbornadiene (4) in seven steps and 27% overall yield. This route involves a Meinwald-type rearrangement, an acid-hydrolysis of N-tosyl bicyclic enamine 5, and a Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea.
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30
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Rhee H, Kim W, Kim H. An Efficient Synthesis of (±)-cis-2-Amino-6-hydroxy-9-[4'-hydroxyethyl-2'-cyclopenten-1'-yl]purine. HETEROCYCLES 2000. [DOI: 10.3987/com-99-8740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Hasegawa T, Kawana T, Okuda T, Horii M, Tsukada T, Shiraki K. Susceptibility to acyclovir of herpes simplex virus isolates obtained between 1977 and 1996 in Japan. J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200101)63:1<57::aid-jmv1008>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Sarafianos SG, Das K, Ding J, Boyer PL, Hughes SH, Arnold E. Touching the heart of HIV-1 drug resistance: the fingers close down on the dNTP at the polymerase active site. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1999; 6:R137-46. [PMID: 10322129 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(99)80071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of the recently solved structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)-DNA-dNTP ternary complex with the previously solved structure of RT-DNA binary complex suggests mechanisms by which the HIV-1 RT becomes resistant to nucleoside-analog inhibitors, drugs currently used in the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sarafianos
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), Rutgers University Chemistry Department, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5638, USA
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Bedard J, May S, Lis M, Tryphonas L, Drach J, Huffman J, Sidwell R, Chan L, Bowlin T, Rando R. Comparative study of the anti-human cytomegalovirus activities and toxicities of a tetrahydrofuran phosphonate analogue of guanosine and cidofovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:557-67. [PMID: 10049267 PMCID: PMC89160 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.3.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1998] [Accepted: 11/19/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cidofovir is the first nucleoside monophosphate analogue currently being used for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) retinitis in individuals with AIDS. Unfortunately, the period of therapy with the use of this compound may be limited due to the possible emergence of serious irreversible nephrotoxic effects. New drugs with improved toxicity profiles are needed. The goal of this study was to investigate the anticytomegaloviral properties and drug-induced toxicity of a novel phosphonate analogue, namely, (-)-2-(R)-dihydroxyphosphinoyl-5-(S)-(guanin-9'-yl-methyl) tetrahydrofuran (compound 1), in comparison with those of cidofovir. The inhibitory activities of both compounds on HCMV propagation in vitro were similar against the AD 169 and Towne strains, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.17 microgram/ml for cidofovir and < 0.05 to 0.09 microgram/ml for compound 1. A clinical HCMV isolate that was resistant to ganciclovir and that had a known mutation within the UL54 DNA polymerase gene and a cidofovir-resistant laboratory strain derived from strain AD 169 remained sensitive to compound 1, whereas their susceptibilities to ganciclovir and cidofovir were reduced by 33- and 10-fold, respectively. Both compound 1 and cidofovir exhibited equal potencies in an experimentally induced murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice, with a prevention or prolongation of mean day to death at dosages of 1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight/day. In cytotoxicity experiments, compound 1 was found to be generally more toxic than cidofovir in cell lines Hs68, HFF, and 3T3-L1 (which are permissive for HCMV or MCMV replication) but less toxic than cidofovir in MRC-5 cells (which are permissive for HCMV replication). Drug-induced toxic side effects were noticed for both compounds in rats and guinea pigs in a 5-day repeated-dose study. In guinea pigs, a greater weight loss was noticed with cidofovir than with compound 1 at dosages of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/day. An opposite effect was detected in rats, which were treated with the compounds at relatively high dosages (up to 100 mg/kg/day). Compound 1 and cidofovir were nephrotoxic in both rats and guinea pigs, with the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubules in the renal cortex being the primary target site. The incidence and the severity of the lesions were found to be dose dependent. The lesions observed were characterized by cytoplasm degeneration and nuclear modifications such as karyomegaly, the presence of pseudoinclusions, apoptosis, and degenerative changes. In the guinea pig model, a greater incidence and severity of lesions were observed for cidofovir than for compound 1 (P < 0.001) with a drug regimen of 10 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bedard
- Department of Virology, BioChem Pharma Inc., Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of individuals infected with this pathogen. The protease is an enzyme that is essential for viral replication because it cleaves both structural and functional proteins from precursor viral polyprotein strands. Inhibition of this process suppresses viral replication, which produces immature noninfectious virions. When combined with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, these agents are very potent in suppressing viral replication. Pharmacologic properties, toxic profile, drug interactions, and resistance patterns differ among protease inhibitors, and all must be considered when selecting the drugs for therapeutic use in humans. The best combination, sequence of use, durability of response, and magnitude of immune reconstitution and function are issues that have yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Rana
- Antiinfective Pharmacology Research Unit, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence 02908, USA
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Spector FC, Liang L, Giordano H, Sivaraja M, Peterson MG. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by a 2-amino thiazole via interactions with the helicase component of the UL5-UL8-UL52 complex. J Virol 1998; 72:6979-87. [PMID: 9696789 PMCID: PMC109917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.6979-6987.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the use of a high-throughput biochemical DNA helicase assay as a screen, T157602, a 2-amino thiazole compound, was identified as a specific inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA replication. T157602 inhibited reversibly the helicase activity of the HSV UL5-UL8-UL52 (UL5/8/52) helicase-primase complex with an IC50 (concentration of compound that yields 50% inhibition) of 5 microM. T157602 inhibited specifically the UL5/8/52 helicase and not several other helicases. The primase activity of the UL5/8/52 complex was also inhibited by T157602 (IC50 = 20 microM). T157602 inhibited HSV growth in a one-step viral growth assay (IC90 = 3 microM), and plaque formation was completely prevented at concentrations of 25 to 50 microM T157602. Vero, human foreskin fibroblast (HFF), and Jurkat cells could be propagated in the presence of T157602 at concentrations exceeding 100 microM with no obvious cytotoxic effects, indicating that the window between antiviral activity and cellular toxicity is at least 33-fold. Seven independently derived T157602-resistant mutant viruses (four HSV type 2 and three HSV type 1) carried single base pair mutations in the UL5 that resulted in single amino acid changes in the UL5 protein. Marker rescue experiments demonstrated that the UL5 gene from T157602-resistant viruses conferred resistance to T157602-sensitive wild-type viruses. Recombinant UL5/8/52 helicase-primase complex purified from baculoviruses expressing mutant UL5 protein showed complete resistance to T157602 in the in vitro helicase assay. T157602 and its analogs represent a novel class of specific and reversible anti-HSV agents eliciting their inhibitory effects on HSV replication by interacting with the UL5 helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Spector
- Tularik Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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36
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Crimmins MT. New developments in the enantioselective synthesis of cyclopentyl carbocyclic nucleosides. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Duan J, Liuzzi M, Paris W, Lambert M, Lawetz C, Moss N, Jaramillo J, Gauthier J, Déziel R, Cordingley MG. Antiviral activity of a selective ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1629-35. [PMID: 9660995 PMCID: PMC105657 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.7.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the activity of BILD 1633 SE against acyclovir (ACV)-resistant herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice. BILD 1633 SE is a novel peptidomimetic inhibitor of HSV ribonucleotide reductase (RR). In vitro, it is more potent than ACV against several strains of wild-type as well as ACV-resistant HSV mutants. Its in vivo activity was tested against cutaneous viral infections in athymic nude mice infected with the ACV-resistant isolates HSV type 1 (HSV-1) dlsptk and PAAr5, which contain mutations in the viral thymidine kinase gene and the polymerase gene, respectively. Following cutaneous infection of athymic nude mice, both HSV-1 dlsptk and PAAr5 induced significant, reproducible, and persistent cutaneous lesions that lasted for more than 2 weeks. A 10-day treatment regimen with ACV given topically four times a day as a 5% cream or orally at up to 5 mg/ml in drinking water was partially effective against HSV-1 PAAr5 infection with a reduction of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 34 to 48%. The effects of ACV against HSV-1 dlsptk infection were not significant when it was administered topically and were only marginal when it was given in drinking water. Treatment under identical conditions with 5% topical BILD 1633 SE significantly reduced the cutaneous lesions caused by both HSV-1 dlsptk and PAAr5 infections. The effect of BILD 1633 SE against HSV-1 PAAr5 infections was more prominent and was inoculum and dose dependent, with AUC reductions of 96 and 67% against infections with 10(6) and 10(7) PFU per inoculation site, respectively. BILD 1633 SE also significantly decreased the lesions caused by HSV-1 dlsptk infection (28 to 51% AUC reduction). Combination therapy with topical BILD 1633 SE (5%) and ACV in drinking water (5 mg/ml) produced an antiviral effect against HSV-1 dlsptk and PAAr5 infections that was more than the sum of the effects of both drugs. This is the first report that a selective HSV RR subunit association inhibitor can be effective against ACV-resistant HSV infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duan
- Bio-Méga Research Division, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Fujiwara T, Sato A, el-Farrash M, Miki S, Abe K, Isaka Y, Kodama M, Wu Y, Chen LB, Harada H, Sugimoto H, Hatanaka M, Hinuma Y. S-1153 inhibits replication of known drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1340-5. [PMID: 9624472 PMCID: PMC105600 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.6.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-1153 is a new imidazole compound that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) replication by acting as a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). This compound inhibits replication of HIV-1 strains that are resistant to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. S-1153 has a 50% effective concentration in the range of 0.3 to 7 ng/ml for strains with single amino acid substitutions that cause NNRTI resistance, including the Y181C mutant, and also has potent activity against clinical isolates. The emergence of S-1153-resistant variants is slower than that for nevirapine, and S-1153-resistant variants contained at least two amino acid substitutions, including F227L or L234I. S-1153-resistant variants are still sensitive to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine. In a mouse and MT-4 (human T-cell line) in vivo HIV replication model, S-1153 and AZT administered orally showed a marked synergy for the inhibition of HIV-1 replication. S-1153 shows a significant accumulation in lymph nodes, where most HIV-1 infection is thought to occur. S-1153 may be an appropriate candidate for two-to three-drug combination therapy for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujiwara
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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Isaka Y, Sato A, Kawauchi S, Suyama A, Miki S, Hayami M, Fujiwara T. Construction of the chimeric reverse transcriptase of simian immunodeficiency virus sensitive to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Microbiol Immunol 1998; 42:195-202. [PMID: 9570285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1998.tb02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of structurally diverse compounds have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the DNA polymerase activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). The compounds can be grouped into two broad classes; nucleoside analogs and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors. The nonnucleoside RT inhibitors are quite specific for HIV-1 RT but not human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) RT. We have investigated the property of SIV/HIV-1 chimeric viruses in which portions of SIV(MAC) RT were exchanged with the corresponding domain of HIV-1 RT; amino acids 176-190, 176-383 and 176-495 of HIV-1 RT. The chimeric virus, which was substituted amino acids 176-190 of RT, had detectable RT activity, and this chimeric RT was sensitive to three nonnucleoside RT inhibitors [nevirapine, HEPT derivative (E-EBU-dM) and TIBO derivative (R82913)]. To further study this chimeric virus, we purified the chimeric RT enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli and determined its kinetic properties; the Km, and Vmax values, and the Ki value of HEPT derivative calculated for the DNA polymerase activity. This study reveals that amino acids 176-190 of SIV(MAC) RT were important for the enzymatic activity and the SIV/HIV-1 chimeric RT, which had amino acids 176-190 of HIV-1, was sensitive to the nonnucleoside RT inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Isaka
- Discovery Research Laboratories 1, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Settsu, Osaka, Japan
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40
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Fox DS, Schleiss MR. Sequence and transcriptional analysis of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus UL97 homolog. Virus Genes 1998; 15:255-64. [PMID: 9482591 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007988705909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) displays a similar pathogenesis to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and the guinea pig has been used as a model system for testing anti-CMV therapies. However, not all agents active against HCMV share antiviral activity against GPCMV. For example, GPCMV appears resistant to the nucleoside analog, ganciclovir. The molecular basis for this discrepancy in antiviral susceptibility is unknown because to date there has been little analysis of the GPCMV genome. For HCMV, the antiviral effect of ganciclovir depends upon phosphorylation of the drug to its active form. This effect is mediated by the viral UL97 gene product. In order to begin to explore the molecular basis of the resistance of GPCMV to ganciclovir, experiments were undertaken to test whether the GPCMV genome encoded a homolog of the HCMV UL97 gene. Based on the prediction of co-linearity of UL97 homologs within the respective viral genomes, the EcoR I S and F fragments of the GPCMV genome were cloned and partially sequenced. A 1815 base pair open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding a 604 amino acid (aa) protein was identified spanning portions of the EcoR I S and adjacent EcoR I F genome fragments. Computer-assisted matrix analyses revealed identity between this ORF and the HCMV UL97 gene. ORFs upstream of the GPCMV UL97 gene were identified which shared homology with the HCMV UL95 and 96 genes. Northern blot analyses identified a UL97-specific mRNA of 3.9 kb which was expressed at "early" times post-infection. RNA transcripts of 6.0 and 4.6 kb were identified which corresponded to the UL95 and UL96 homolog coding sequences, respectively. Comparison of the GPCMV UL97 sequence to that of other herpesvirus homologs as well as that of ganciclovir-resistant clinical isolates of HCMV identified nonconservative aa substitutions in two domains involved in catalysis and substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Fox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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41
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Boyer SJ, Leahy JW. Carbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs. 1. Concise Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclopentanes and Formal Total Synthesis of Aristeromycin. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo970153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Perach M, Rubinek T, Hughes SH, Hizi A. Analysis of HIV-2 RT mutants provides evidence that resistance of HIV-1 RT and HIV-2 RT to nucleoside analogs involves a repositioning of the template-primer. J Mol Biol 1997; 268:648-54. [PMID: 9171288 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that confer resistance to nucleoside analogs do not cluster around the deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) binding site. Instead, these mutations appear to lie along the groove in the enzyme where the template-primer binds. Based on such structural data and on complementary biochemical analyses, it has been suggested that resistance to nucleoside analogs involves repositioning of the template-primer. We have prepared mutations in HIV-2 RT that are the homologs of mutations that confer resistance to nucleoside analogs in HIV-1 RT. Analysis of the behavior of HIV-2 RT mutants (Leu74Val, Glu89Gly, Ser215Tyr, Leu74Val/Ser215Tyr and Glu89Gly/Ser215Tyr) in vitro confirms the results obtained with HIV-1 RT: resistance is a function of the length of the template overhang. These analyses also suggest that the homolog in HIV-2 RT of one of the mutations that confers resistance to AZT in HIV-1 RT (Thr215Tyr) confers resistance by repositioning of the template-primer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perach
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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43
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Katagiri N, Takebayashi M, Kokufuda H, Kaneko C, Kanehira K, Torihara M. Efficient Synthesis of Carbovir and Its Congener via π-Allylpalladium Complex Formation by Ring Strain-Assisted C−N Bond Cleavage. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo962416u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Katagiri
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and NIC Research and Development Department, Kuraray Co., Ltd., Kurashiki-cho, Nakajo-machi, Kitakanbaragun, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takebayashi
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and NIC Research and Development Department, Kuraray Co., Ltd., Kurashiki-cho, Nakajo-machi, Kitakanbaragun, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kokufuda
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and NIC Research and Development Department, Kuraray Co., Ltd., Kurashiki-cho, Nakajo-machi, Kitakanbaragun, Niigata, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaneko
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and NIC Research and Development Department, Kuraray Co., Ltd., Kurashiki-cho, Nakajo-machi, Kitakanbaragun, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kanehira
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and NIC Research and Development Department, Kuraray Co., Ltd., Kurashiki-cho, Nakajo-machi, Kitakanbaragun, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Torihara
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and NIC Research and Development Department, Kuraray Co., Ltd., Kurashiki-cho, Nakajo-machi, Kitakanbaragun, Niigata, Japan
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44
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Croteau G, Doyon L, Thibeault D, McKercher G, Pilote L, Lamarre D. Impaired fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with high-level resistance to protease inhibitors. J Virol 1997; 71:1089-96. [PMID: 8995629 PMCID: PMC191160 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1089-1096.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One hope to maintain the benefits of antiviral therapy against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), despite the development of resistance, is the possibility that resistant variants will show decreased viral fitness. To study this possibility, HIV-1 variants showing high-level resistance (up to 1,500-fold) to the substrate analog protease inhibitors BILA 1906 BS and BILA 2185 BS have been characterized. Active-site mutations V32I and I84V/A were consistently observed in the protease of highly resistant viruses, along with up to six other mutations. In vitro studies with recombinant mutant proteases demonstrated that these mutations resulted in up to 10(4)-fold increases in the Ki values toward BILA 1906 BS and BILA 2185 BS and a concomitant 2,200-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency of the enzymes toward a synthetic substrate. When introduced into viral molecular clones, the protease mutations impaired polyprotein processing, consistent with a decrease in enzyme activity in virions. Despite these observations, however, most mutations had little effect on viral replication except when the active-site mutations V32I and I84V/A were coexpressed in the protease. The latter combinations not only conferred a significant growth reduction of viral clones on peripheral blood mononuclear cells but also caused the complete disappearance of mutated clones when cocultured with wild-type virus on T-cell lines. Furthermore, the double nucleotide mutation I84A rapidly reverted to I84V upon drug removal, confirming its impact on viral fitness. Therefore, high-level resistance to protease inhibitors can be associated with impaired viral fitness, suggesting that antiviral therapies with such inhibitors may maintain some clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Croteau
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio-Méga/Boehringer Ingelheim Research Inc., Laval, Québec, Canada
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45
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Martínez LE, Nugent WA, Jacobsen EN. Highly Efficient and Enantioselective Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs Using Selective Early Transition Metal Catalysis. J Org Chem 1996; 61:7963-7966. [PMID: 11667763 DOI: 10.1021/jo961241l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Martínez
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and DuPont Central Research & Development, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
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