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Villarini NA, Robins N, Ou Y. Fabrication and Optimization of a Molecularly Imprinted Carbon Fiber Microelectrode for Selective Detection of Met-enkephalin Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29728-29736. [PMID: 38804619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) is an endogenous opioid peptide that is involved in various physiological processes including memory. A technological gap in the understanding of Met-Enk's role in memory is the lack of rapid measurement tools to selectively quantify Met-Enk concentrations in situ. Here, we integrate molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) to selectively detect Met-Enk by using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). We report two MIP conditions that yield 2-fold and 5-fold higher selectivity toward Met-Enk than the tyrosine-containing hexapeptide fragment angiotensin II (3-8). We demonstrate that MIP technology can be combined with FSCV at CFMs to create rapid and selective sensors for Met-Enk. This technology is a promising platform for creating selective sensors for other peptides and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Villarini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Nathan Robins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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Porras-García E, Mas-Nieto M, Delgado-García JM, Domínguez-Del-Toro E. Noradrenergic projections regulate the acquisition of classically conditioned eyelid responses in wild-type and are impaired in kreisler mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11458. [PMID: 37454229 PMCID: PMC10349844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, heterozygous mutant kreisler mice undergo ectopic expression of the Hoxa3 gene in the rostral hindbrain, affecting the opioid and noradrenergic systems. In this model, we have investigated behavioral and cognitive processes in their adulthood. We confirmed that pontine and locus coeruleus neuronal projections are impaired, by using startle and pain tests and by analyzing immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase. Our results showed that, even if kreisler mice are able to generate eyelid reflex responses, there are differences with wild-types in the first component of the response (R1), modulated by the noradrenergic system. The acquisition of conditioned motor responses is impaired in kreisler mice when using the trace but not the delay paradigm, suggesting a functional impairment in the hippocampus, subsequently confirmed by reduced quantification of alpha2a receptor mRNA expression in this area but not in the cerebellum. Moreover, we demonstrate the involvement of adrenergic projection in eyelid classical conditioning, as clonidine prevents the appearance of eyelid conditioned responses in wild-type mice. In addition, hippocampal motor learning ability was restored in kreisler mice by administration of adrenergic antagonist drugs, and a synergistic effect was observed following simultaneous administration of idazoxan and naloxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porras-García
- Division of Neurosciences, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Magdalena Mas-Nieto
- Division of Neurosciences, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José María Delgado-García
- Division of Neurosciences, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Sarasso P, Francesetti G, Roubal J, Gecele M, Ronga I, Neppi-Modona M, Sacco K. Beauty and Uncertainty as Transformative Factors: A Free Energy Principle Account of Aesthetic Diagnosis and Intervention in Gestalt Psychotherapy. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:906188. [PMID: 35911596 PMCID: PMC9325967 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.906188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing from field theory, Gestalt therapy conceives psychological suffering and psychotherapy as two intentional field phenomena, where unprocessed and chaotic experiences seek the opportunity to emerge and be assimilated through the contact between the patient and the therapist (i.e., the intentionality of contacting). This therapeutic approach is based on the therapist’s aesthetic experience of his/her embodied presence in the flow of the healing process because (1) the perception of beauty can provide the therapist with feedback on the assimilation of unprocessed experiences; (2) the therapist’s attentional focus on intrinsic aesthetic diagnostic criteria can facilitate the modification of rigid psychopathological fields by supporting the openness to novel experiences. The aim of the present manuscript is to review recent evidence from psychophysiology, neuroaesthetic research, and neurocomputational models of cognition, such as the free energy principle (FEP), which support the notion of the therapeutic potential of aesthetic sensibility in Gestalt psychotherapy. Drawing from neuroimaging data, psychophysiology and recent neurocognitive accounts of aesthetic perception, we propose a novel interpretation of the sense of beauty as a self-generated reward motivating us to assimilate an ever-greater spectrum of sensory and affective states in our predictive representation of ourselves and the world and supporting the intentionality of contact. Expecting beauty, in the psychotherapeutic encounter, can help therapists tolerate uncertainty avoiding impulsive behaviours and to stay tuned to the process of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Sarasso
- BraIn Plasticity and Behaviour Changes Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Sarasso,
| | - Gianni Francesetti
- International Institute for Gestalt Therapy and Psychopathology, Turin Center for Gestalt Therapy, Turin, Italy
| | - Jan Roubal
- Psychotherapy Training Gestalt Studia, Training in Psychotherapy Integration, Center for Psychotherapy Research in Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michela Gecele
- International Institute for Gestalt Therapy and Psychopathology, Turin Center for Gestalt Therapy, Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Ronga
- BraIn Plasticity and Behaviour Changes Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Neppi-Modona
- BraIn Plasticity and Behaviour Changes Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Sacco
- BraIn Plasticity and Behaviour Changes Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Netto CA. Role of brain Β-endorphin in memory modulation revisited. Neuroscience 2022; 497:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Anunciação L, Portugal AC, Landeira-Fernandez J, Bajcar EA, Bąbel P. The Lighter Side of Pain: Do Positive Affective States Predict Memory of Pain Induced by Running a Marathon? J Pain Res 2022; 15:105-113. [PMID: 35046720 PMCID: PMC8760976 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s319847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Memory and in turn, memory of pain is a reconstructive process. This study considers the relationship between time, memory, affective states, and pain induced by running a marathon by investigating the influence of these factors on a participant’s memory of pain experienced after a marathon. The following two hypotheses were formulated: 1) participants’ recalled-pain of marathon experience is underestimated; and 2) the underestimation of recalled pain would be greater for participants experiencing higher positive affect. Methods A longitudinal design was employed to check pain intensities of marathon participants a) at the finish line and b) 6 months following its completion. The sample size was based on a power analysis, and 108 marathonists rated their pain intensities and positive and negative affects at the finish line. From this sample, 58 participants recalled their pain experience of running the marathon 6 months later. Linear models, including computer-based data-mining algorithms, were used. Results The experienced pain was higher than their recalled pain (t(55) = 3.412, p < 0.01, d = 0.45), supporting the first hypothesis. The memory of pain faded similarly in all participants, which did not directly support the second hypothesis. Further exploratory analysis suggested that negative and positive affective states were related to participants’ pain memory; positive affective states appeared to be inversely related to the recall (β = −0.289, p = 0.039). Discussion This study shows that time has a significant effect on memory recall and that emotions may also influence the memory of pain. This is the first study that preliminarily showcased the effect of positive affective states on the memory of pain induced by physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Anunciação
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: Luis Anunciação Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Marques de São Vicente, 225/L201, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil Email
| | | | - J Landeira-Fernandez
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Elżbieta A Bajcar
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bąbel
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Kappa opioid receptor modulation of endometriosis pain in mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108677. [PMID: 34153313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor is a constituent of the endogenous opioid analgesia system widely expressed in somatosensory nervous pathways and also in endometrial tissues. This work investigates the possible involvement of kappa opioid receptor on the nociceptive, behavioral and histopathological manifestations of endometriosis in a murine model. Female mice receiving endometrial implants develop a persistent mechanical hypersensitivity in the pelvic area that is stronger during the estrus phase of the estrous cycle. The kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H produces a dose-dependent relief of this mechanical hypersensitivity, regardless of the cycle phase. Repeated exposure to a low dose of U50,488H (1 mg/kg/day s.c. for one month) provides sustained relief of mechanical hypersensitivity, without tolerance development or sedative side effects. Interestingly, this treatment also inhibits a decreased rearing behavior associated with spontaneous pain or discomfort in endometriosis mice. This KOR-mediated pain relief does not prevent the anxiety-like behavior or the cognitive impairment exhibited by endometriosis mice, and the growth of endometriotic cysts is also unaltered. These data provide evidence of strong pain-relieving properties of kappa opioid receptor stimulation in female mice with endometriosis pain. The persistence of affective and cognitive manifestations suggests that these comorbidities are independent of pelvic pain and simultaneous treatment of these comorbidities may be necessary for successful management of endometriosis.
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Loh R, Collins S, Galvez R. Neocortical prodynorphin expression is transiently increased with learning: Implications for time- and learning-dependent neocortical kappa opioid receptor activation. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:145-150. [PMID: 28802836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There are several lines of evidence that indicate a prominent role for the opioid system in the acquisition and consolidation of learned associations. Specifically, kappa opioid receptor (KOR) modulation has been demonstrated to alter various behavioral tasks including whisker trace eyeblink conditioning (WTEB). WTEB is an associative conditioning paradigm in which a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; Whisker stimulation) is paired following a short stimulus free trace interval with a salient unconditioned stimulus that elicits a blink response (US; Eye shock). Work from our laboratory has shown that WTEB conditioning is dependent upon and induces plasticity in primary somatosensory cortex (S1), a likely site for memory storage. Our subsequent studies have shown that WTEB acquisition or consolidation are impaired when the initial or later phase of KOR activation in S1 is respectively blocked. Interestingly, this mechanism by which KOR is activated in S1 during learning remains unexplored. Dynorphin (DYN), KOR's endogenous ligand, is synthesized from the precursor prodynorphin (PD) that is synthesized from preprodynorphin (PPD). In S1, most PPD is found in inhibitory GABAergic somatostatin interneurons (SOM), suggesting that these SOM interneurons are upstream regulators of learning induced KOR activation. Using immunofluorescence to investigate the expression of PD and SOM, the current study found that PD/SOM expression was transiently increased in S1 during learning. Interestingly, these findings have direct implications towards a time- and learning-dependent role for KOR activation in neocortical mechanisms mediating learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Loh
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Sean Collins
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Roberto Galvez
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Yang S, Feng T, Li D, Wen D, Yang C, Ma C, Cong B. CCK-8 Inhibits Acute Morphine-induced Spatial Reference Memory Impairment in Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Leri F, Nahas E, Henderson K, Limebeer CL, Parker LA, White NM. Effects of post-training heroin and d-amphetamine on consolidation of win-stay learning and fear conditioning. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:292-301. [PMID: 23325371 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112472566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse are due, in part, to their ability to enhance memory consolidation. To test this hypothesis, heroin (0.03-3 mg/kg, SC) and d-amphetamine (0.5-2 mg/kg, SC) were administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats immediately or 4 h after training on win-stay and fear conditioning tasks. On the win-stay, immediate post-training administration of lower doses of heroin and d-amphetamine enhanced acquisition, and probe tests further revealed that these drugs enhanced different aspects of learning. Higher doses had no effect or impaired performance, particularly when administered repeatedly. On fear conditioning, the memory-enhancing effects of immediate post-training administration of lower heroin and d-amphetamine doses were revealed only when a single tone-shock pairing procedure was employed. Therefore, under appropriate experimental conditions, mildly stimulatory doses of heroin and d-amphetamine enhanced the acquisition of tasks thought to involve different types of learning. These results support the hypothesis that one of the ways in which drugs of abuse such as opiates and psychomotor stimulants reinforce behavior is by enhancing memory consolidation processes.
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Wang X, Zhao K, Wang D, Adams W, Fu Y, Sun H, Liu X, Yu H, Ma Y. Effects of exposure to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field during the early adolescent period on spatial memory in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:275-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang Y, Meng X, Li A, Xin J, Berman BM, Lao L, Tan M, Ren K, Zhang RX. Electroacupuncture alleviates affective pain in an inflammatory pain rat model. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:170-81. [PMID: 22323370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pain has both sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective dimensions. Previous studies demonstrate that electroacupuncture (EA) alleviates the sensory dimension but do not address the affective. An inflammatory pain rat model, produced by a complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hind paw, was combined with a conditioned place avoidance (CPA) test to determine whether EA inhibits spontaneous pain-induced affective response and, if so, to study the possibility that rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) opioids underlie this effect. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-275 g, Harlan) were used. The rats showed place aversion (i.e. affective pain) by spending less time in a pain-paired compartment after conditioning than during a preconditioning test. Systemic non-analgesic morphine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the affective reaction, suggesting that the affective dimension is underpinned by mechanisms different from those of the sensory dimension of pain. Morphine at 0.5 and at 1 mg/kg did not induce reward. Rats given EA treatment before pain-paired conditioning at GB 30 showed no aversion to the pain-paired compartment, indicating that EA inhibited the affective dimension. EA treatment did not produce reward or aversive effect. Intra-rACC administration of D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr amide (CTOP), a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, but not norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist, blocked EA inhibition of the affective dimension. These data demonstrate that EA activates opioid receptors in the rACC to inhibit pain-induced affective responses and that EA may be an effective therapy for both the sensory-discriminative and the affective dimensions of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 520 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Babaei R, Javadi-Paydar M, Sharifian M, Mahdavian S, Almasi-Nasrabadi M, Norouzi A, Dehpour AR. Involvement of nitric oxide in pioglitazone memory improvement in morphine-induced memory impaired mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:313-21. [PMID: 22944106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, which is clinically used in treating diabetic patients, has been recently reported to have crucial roles in improving cognition and memory performance. Since the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone are not entirely understood, the current study was designed to investigate the possible interaction of pioglitazone with morphine in memory-impaired mice and the probable role of nitric oxide (NO) in this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the experiments were performed in passive avoidance and Y-maze paradigms. To induce memory impairment, mice were administered morphine (1, 3 and 10mg/kg, s.c.) immediately before the training trial. Pioglitazone (20, 40 and 80mg/kg, p.o.) was gavaged 2h prior to the training trial. Further, an NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (10mg/kg, i.p.), or an inducible NO synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine (100mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before the training trial to determine the possible involvement of NO in the restorative effect of pioglitazone. RESULTS 1) Morphine dose dependently impaired the acquisition of spatial memory and passive avoidance task. 2) Treatment with pioglitazone significantly improved the memory performance in morphine-treated mice in both tests. 3) In the passive avoidance task, L-NAME, but not aminoguanidine, altered the effect of pioglitazone on morphine-induced memory impairment. 4) In Y-maze discrimination, the memory improving effect of pioglitazone was reversed by both NO synthase inhibitors, L-NAME and aminoguanidine. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate that the pioglitazone improving effect on the morphine-induced impairment of memory acquisition is at least in part through the NO pathway. It is suggested that in short term spatial recognition memory, both inducible and constitutive NO synthases are involved, but in the long term fear memory, only the constitutive NO synthases indicated a prominent role in the anti-amnestic effect of pioglitazone on morphine-induced memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Babaei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Grella SL, Levy A, Campbell A, Djazayeri S, Allen CP, Goddard B, Leri F. Oxycodone dose-dependently imparts conditioned reinforcing properties to discrete sensory stimuli in rats. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:364-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saadipour K, Sarkaki A, Alaei H, Badavi M, Rahim F. Forced exercise improves passive avoidance memory in morphine-exposed rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12:1206-1211. [PMID: 19943456 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.1206.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term forced exercise protocol on passive avoidance retention in morphine-exposed rats. Effects of morphine on acquisition and retrieval of retention have been proven in the avoidance paradigms. Twenty four male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were used in this study. Animals were randomly divided into four groups including: (1) non-morphine-exposed without exercise (nA.nE) (2) non-morphine-exposed with exercise (nA.E) (3) morphine-exposed without exercise (A.nE) and (4) morphine-exposed with exercise (A.E). Rats ran as forced exercise on the motorized treadmill 1 h daily for ten days. Morphine-exposed animals received intraperitoneal morphine during first 5 days of the exercise period and their dependence to morphine was confirmed by naloxane admistration (10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and withdrawal test. After 10 days of forced exercise, step down latency was tested and Inflexion Ratio (IR) was evaluated in each rat. Baseline step down latencies before any morphine exposing or exercise have shown no significant alteration in all groups. Inflexion Ratio (IR) ofnA.E group has increased significantly (p<0.001) at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after receiving shock (learning) compared to nA.nE and A.E groups. Our data showed that short-term forced exercise on treadmill improved retention in both morphine-exposed and non morphine-exposed rats at least up to 7 days and more than 14 days, respectively. Alteration in retention between exercised groups may attribute the release of adrenal stress hormones such as epinephrine and corticosterone because of the emotional arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saadipour
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahwaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
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Farhadinasab A, Shahidi S, Najafi A, Komaki A. Role of naloxone as an exogenous opioid receptor antagonist in spatial learning and memory of female rats during the estrous cycle. Brain Res 2009; 1257:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ma MX, Chen YM, He J, Zeng T, Wang JH. Effects of morphine and its withdrawal on Y-maze spatial recognition memory in mice. Neuroscience 2007; 147:1059-65. [PMID: 17601672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Effects of morphine on acquisition and retrieval of memory have been proven in the avoidance paradigms. In present study, we used a two-trial recognition Y-maze to test the effects of acute morphine and morphine withdrawal on spatial recognition memory. The Y-maze is based on the innate tendency of rodents to explore novel environments and therefore avoid punishment and reward. RESULTS 1) Pre-training morphine 10 mg/kg impaired the recognition spatial memory of acquisition after a 1 h inter-trial interval (ITI), whereas morphine 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg showed impairment after 2 h ITI. 2) Pre-retention morphine 5, 10 mg/kg disrupted the retrieval of memory after 1 h ITI. 3) Morphine 5 and 10 mg/kg caused hyper-locomotor activity depending on the state. 4) Mice withdrawn from morphine 40 mg/kg but not 10 mg/kg for 3 days showed amnesia in Y-maze. Our data suggested that acute morphine impaired the acquisition and retrieval of spatial recognition memory and increased the locomotor activity in the Y-maze depending on the dose and state. Moreover, withdrawal from chronic morphine also impaired acquisition in the Y-maze depending on the dose and state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M X Ma
- Department of Psychology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
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Fanciulli G, Azara E, Wood TD, Delitala G, Marchetti M. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry assay for quantification of Gluten Exorphin B5 in cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:485-90. [PMID: 17336169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, precise and accurate method for the quantification of the alimentary opioid peptide Gluten Exorphin B5 (GE-B5, Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-Leu) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was developed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Aliquots (10 microL) of sheep CSF were injected into a LC-MS instrument equipped with a reversed-phase C12 column at a flow rate of 250 microL/min. The mobile phase consisted of Eluent A water with 0.01% acetic acid as an ion-pairing reagent, and Eluent B acetonitrile. The LC-MS system was programmed to divert column flow to waste for 3.5 min after injection, after which time flow was directed into the mass spectrometer that operated in positive ion mode. DADLE (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu) was used as Internal Standard. No significant interfering peaks were detected at the retention times of GE-B5 in CSF blanks. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.39-78.00 ng/mL. The lower limit of detection and the lower limit of quantitation values for GE-B5 in CSF were established at 0.30 and 0.78 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision values were <12% relative standard deviation. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy were 99.46-100.86% and 98.95-100.02%, respectively. Recovery of GE-B5 in CSF samples was greater than 80%. Stability studies indicate that GE-B5 in CSF undergoes significant degradation (>55% after 600 min), which is reduced by the addition of protease inhibitors. This is the first reported method for the quantification of GE-B5 in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanciulli
- Dipartimento-Struttura Clinica Medica-Patologia Speciale Medica, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Patti CL, Kameda SR, Carvalho RC, Takatsu-Coleman AL, Lopez GB, Niigaki ST, Abílio VC, Frussa-Filho R, Silva RH. Effects of morphine on the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task: role of state-dependent learning. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 184:1-12. [PMID: 16341847 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The amnesic effects of morphine may be related to its action on nociception, anxiety, or locomotion. This effect is also suggested to be related to state dependency. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to verify the effects of morphine on mice tested in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (DAT) that uses light and noise as aversive stimuli and allows the concomitant evaluation of learning, memory, anxiety, and locomotion and also to verify the possible role of state-dependent learning in the effects of morphine. METHODS AND RESULTS The DAT was conducted in a modified elevated plus-maze. In the training, the aversive stimuli were applied when mice entered in one of the enclosed arms, whereas in the test, no stimuli were applied. The main results showed that (1) pretraining morphine (5-20 mg/kg i.p.) induced retrieval deficits (evaluated by the time spent in the aversive arm in the test) but not acquisition deficits (evaluated by the decrease in aversive arm exploration along the training); (2) pretest morphine (5-10 but not 20 mg/kg) counteracted this deficit; (3) morphine induced hypolocomotion (decreased number of entries in the arms), irrespective of memory alterations; and (4) morphine did not alter anxiety-like behavior (evaluated by the time spent in the open arms) during the training. CONCLUSIONS Morphine given before training induces retrieval deficits in mice tested in the DAT, and these deficits could be related to morphine-induced state-dependent learning. Neither the memory deficit induced by pretraining morphine nor the reversal of this deficit by pretest morphine seems to be related to anxiety levels or locomotor alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Patti
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862-Ed. Leal Prado, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The present report examines efforts to elucidate the role of opioid mechanisms in the reinforcement of smoking. A number of approaches have been used to evaluate nicotine-opioid interactions. Opiate agonists such as heroin or methadone have been found to increase cigarette smoking reliably in humans, and morphine has been shown to increase the potency and efficacy of nicotine in rats. There is also an extensive literature documenting the nicotine-stimulated release of endogenous opioids in various brain regions involved in the mediation of opiate reinforcement. Blockade studies using opioid antagonists have not been as conclusive. Although animal models have demonstrated commonalities between nicotine withdrawal and the opiate abstinence syndrome, including reversibility by morphine, and although the impact of nicotine on certain response systems such as respiratory reflexes has clearly been shown to involve opioid mediation, attempts to demonstrate opioid modulation for the key indicators of smoking reinforcement--cigarette consumption and nicotine self-administration--have been fraught with difficulty. Resolution of the apparent contradictions will require taking into account: (a) the biphasic properties of nicotine-opioid effects at higher doses and anti-opioid effects at lower doses; (b) the contributions of the opioid receptor populations--mu, kappa, sigma--stimulated at various dose levels; (c) the possibility that endogenous-opioid activity is entrained primarily during the acquisition or re-acquisition of nicotine self-administration; (d) the possibility that the endogenous opioid response does contribute to nicotine reinforcement but only as a delimited component of the neuroregulatory cascade of nicotine; and (e) the possibility that opioids contribute primarily to nicotine reinforcement under special conditions such as stress. Taking these considerations into account should allow studies on endogenous opioid effects to begin to do justice to the complexity of both smoking behavior and the actions of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- O F Pomerleau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48108, USA.
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20
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Castellano C, Cabib S, Puglisi-Allegra S. Psychopharmacology of memory modulation: evidence for multiple interaction among neurotransmitters and hormones. Behav Brain Res 1996; 77:1-21. [PMID: 8762156 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(96)00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental results are reviewed which indicate that memory storage can be altered by a number of post-training treatments that affect different hormones and neurotransmitters. Moreover, evidence was reported which suggests that the action of treatments effective on memory processes involves interactions among different systems, consistently with the complexity of brain systems. In the last decade, inbred strains have been exploited to investigate the role of neurotransmitter and hormone systems in learning and memory, leading to behavioural and neurochemical correlations based on strain differences that provide unique information on the biological systems underlying behaviour. Research carried out on the inbred strains of mice C57BL/6 (C57) and DBA/2 (DBA), demonstrates that the genetic makeup plays an important role in modulating response to drug administration. Thus, recent results have shown that in C57 mice, similarly to what occurs in outbred strains of mice or in rats, GABAergic agonists impair memory and antagonists improve it, whilst the opposite is evident in the DBA strain. By contrast, post-training administration of selective D1 or D2 agonists impairs and post-training administration of selective antagonists improves retention in DBA mice, whilst these agents have opposite effects in the C57 strain. Dose- and strain-dependent effects are evident also following post-training corticosterone as well as opioid agonists and antagonists administration. On the other side, these two strains react similarly to oxotremorine (improvement) and to atropine (impairment) administration, DBA mice being more responsive to the effects of both drugs than C57 mice. Data on the interactions between agents acting upon different neurotransmitter and/or hormonal systems in these strains indicate strain-dependent synergistic or antagonistic interactions among some of these systems, pointing to inbred strains of mice as an important methodological tool in the study of neural and hormonal factors involved in emotion and in its effects on cognition. In particular, these studies have been carried out on inbred strains of mice from which recombinant inbred (RI) strains are available that have recently been proposed as a choice experimental method in psychopharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castellano
- Istituto di Psicobiologia e Psicofarmacologia, CNR, Rome, Italy
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21
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Walker CD, Trottier G, Rochford J, Lavallée D. Dissociation between behavioral and hormonal responses to the forced swim stress in lactating rats. J Neuroendocrinol 1995; 7:615-22. [PMID: 8704735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Retention of immobility in the Porsolt forced swim test is believed to be dependent upon glucocorticoid secretion in male rats. Because lactating females exhibit increased basal glucocorticoid secretion and blunted stress responses, we tested the hypothesis that lactation-induced changes in adrenal glucocorticoid and in circulating estrogen and progesterone levels would improve retention and/or acquisition of immobility. Immobility was recorded during 3 intervals of 5 min on day 1 (acquisition) and one 5 min interval 24 h later (retention). Blood samples were collected before the swim test and at various times after the onset of stress for plasma ACTH and corticosterone (B) determinations. Male rats (young=200 g, old=325 g) were compared to virgin females (V) and to lactating females in early (day 8-10, EL) and late (day 17-19, LL) lactation. Adrenalectomy (ADX) and ovariectomy (OVX) were performed 5 and 10 days prior to testing, respectively. All animals acquired immobility at the end of the 15 min swim on day 1, but only the young male group exhibited a significant retention of immobility on day 2. Total immobility was higher in males than females (V) although basal and stress-induced ACTH and B secretion were comparable on both testing days. Lactational status did not affect immobility in either the acquisition or retention phases. However, stress-induced ACTH secretion was greatly diminished in intact and ADX lactating females (EL and LL) compared to virgins (LL < EL < virgin), demonstrating a clear dissociation between behavioral and neuroendocrine responses. Following ADX, immobility in the retention phase was either decreased in males or increased in lactating females. Finally, OVX decreased immobility in both lactating (EL) and virgin females without significantly altering the magnitude of the ACTH and B responses to stress. In summary, our results demonstrated both sex-related and lactation-related differences in the behavioral and endocrine responses to he forced swim test of Porsolt. Although retention of the immobile response is thought to involve glucocorticoids and/or opioids secreted during the first testing session, we did not find evidence for a direct relationship between basal or stress-induced total corticosterone secretion, the magnitude of ACTH response to stress and behavioral scores in the retention period. However, experimental variables such as body weight, sex and water depth could significantly modify the outcome of behavioral testing and question the validity of glucocorticoid-mediated retention processes. Since the effect of ADX was reversed in lactating females compared to male rats, we hypothesize that glucocorticoid sensitivity of cognitive processes controlling behavioral reactivity is different from that controlling hypothalamic-adrenocortical function. Our results also demonstrated a clear dissociation between behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to the swim test, in particular during lactation. In early and late lactation, blunted responsiveness to stress was not caused by enhanced glucocorticoid feedback but might result from modifications in the inhibitory and/or stimulatory inputs to hypothalamic neurons controlling adrenocortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
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22
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Castellano C, Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL. Interaction of beta-endorphin and GABAergic drugs in the regulation of memory storage. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1993; 60:123-8. [PMID: 8117237 DOI: 10.1016/0163-1047(93)90215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
These experiments examined the interaction of beta-endorphin and GABAergic drugs, administered post-training, in influencing retention of an inhibitory avoidance response. Male CD1 mice were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task, given immediate post-training ip injections and tested 24 h later for retention. beta-Endorphin (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 micrograms/kg) and muscimol (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent impairment of retention; picrotoxin (0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg) and bicuculline (0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent enhancement of retention. A low subeffective dose of muscimol (0.5 mg/kg) potentiated the retention-impairing effect of beta-endorphin (1.0 microgram/kg). In addition, concurrent administration of low, subeffective doses of bicuculline (0.1 mg/kg) or picrotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) attenuated the retention-impairing effects of beta-endorphin (1.0 microgram/kg). The findings are consistent with previous evidence indicating that beta-endorphin influences memory through an interaction with GABAergic mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Avoidance Learning/physiology
- Bicuculline/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electroshock
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/physiology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Muscimol/pharmacology
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Picrotoxin/pharmacology
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Reaction Time/physiology
- Receptors, GABA/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/physiology
- Retention, Psychology/drug effects
- Retention, Psychology/physiology
- beta-Endorphin/pharmacology
- beta-Endorphin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castellano
- Istituto de Psicobiologia e Psicofarmacologia del CNR, Rome, Italy
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23
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D'yakonova TL, Arakelov GG. The monosynaptic connection: modulating influence of opioid peptides on the plasticity of presynaptic neurons and identified synapses. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 22:386-92. [PMID: 1331851 DOI: 10.1007/bf01186630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the effect of opioid peptides (leucine-enkephalin and methionine-enkephalin) on the plastic properties of the system of monosynaptically connected LPa7-LPa3 and RPa3, and LPa8-LPa3 and RPa3, neurons in the brain of the edible snail was carried out. It was demonstrated that all three elements in the system under investigation (the presynaptic neuron, the postsynaptic neuron, and the synapse) display the same type of plasticity, i.e., habituation to rhythmic stimulation. The enkephalins exert a modulating effect on the plastic properties of the presynaptic neuron and synapse: they slow down the habituation of the presynaptic neuron in response to intracellular stimulation and the development of habituation at a level of the synapse as well. However, the changes in the character of the postsynaptic response in the presence of enkephalins are not the direct consequence of their influence on the plastic properties of the presynaptic neuron. In addition, the enkephalins decrease the efficiency of synaptic transmission in this system: they decrease the duration of the EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L D'yakonova
- Institute of the Biology of Development, Russian Academy of Sciences
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24
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25
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Pavone F, Populin R, Castellano C, Kreil G, Melchiorri P. Deltorphin, a naturally occurring peptide with high selectivity for delta opioid receptors, improves memory consolidation in two inbred strains of mice. Peptides 1990; 11:591-4. [PMID: 2166280 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(90)90063-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Deltorphin, a heptapeptide that selectively binds to delta receptors, was intracerebroventricularly administered to mice belonging to the strains C57BL/6 and DBA/2 immediately after training in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task. The retention performance of both strains was improved by the peptide administration, with DBA mice being more sensitive to this effect. The results show different effects of delta and mu receptor agonists on memory consolidation and of strain differences in number and/or distribution of delta opioid receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pavone
- Institute of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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26
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McDaniel KL, Mundy WR, Tilson HA. Microinjection of dynorphin into the hippocampus impairs spatial learning in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 35:429-35. [PMID: 1969641 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90180-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hippocampal dynorphin administration on learning and memory was examined in spatial and nonspatial tasks. Bilateral infusion of dynorphin A(1-8) (DYN; 10 or 20 micrograms in one microliters) into the dorsal hippocampus resulted in a dose-related impairment of spatial working memory in a radial maze win-stay task. Subsequent experiments found that acquisition of a reference memory task in the water maze was impaired by DYN injections (20 micrograms/microliters) in the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the ventral hippocampus, and that this impairment could be blocked by naloxone. In a nonspatial task, posttraining DYN injections in the dorsal hippocampus had no effect on retention of step-through passive avoidance. These results suggest that dynorphin specifically interferes with spatial learning and memory, and that this effect is mediated by opioid receptors in the dorsal hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L McDaniel
- Curriculum in Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
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27
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Izquierdo I. Not just a matter of taste. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1989; 10:129-30. [PMID: 2749890 DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(89)90158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Abstract
The impact of nicotine on the central nervous system is, in an important sense, neuroregulatory, with cascading effects on physiological and biochemical function as well as on behavioral activity. Accordingly, the neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine effects of nicotine constitute a critical part of its biological action, which includes reinforcing as well as pathophysiological consequences. This review focuses on nicotine's effects on cholinergic and non-cholinergic nicotine receptors and on the responses of catecholamines, monoamines, hypophyseal hormones, and cortisol. The contribution of critical variables, such as timing and duration of neuroregulator release and the patterns that make up the total response, is still largely unknown, particularly with regard to the effects of environmental context, history of nicotine use, and mode of administration. The evidence suggests that by altering the bioavailability of the above-listed neuroregulators, nicotine serves as a pharmacological "coping response", providing immediate though temporary improvement in affect or performance in response to environmental demands. Much of what is known to date is based on studies involving the administration of agonists and antagonists under different environmental conditions. Newer technological approaches such as autoradiography and positron emission tomography show potential for determining the neuroregulatory patterns involved and specifying nicotine's locus of action relevant to its behavioral and physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O F Pomerleau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48105
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29
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Abstract
Recent advances in clinical neuropharmacology are likely to improve the treatment and rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Treatment may be directed to alleviate specific symptoms, to improve function in certain areas, or even to enhance the cortical recovery process. The author reviews pertinent issues in clinical neuropharmacology for the following drug classes: stimulants, other dopamine agonists, antidepressants, lithium, cholinergics, neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nootropes, opiates and neuropeptides. Since the relevant research literature in TBI is so sparse, information and recommendations are extrapolated from some other patient groups, especially developmentally handicapped children and adults, and patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Gualtieri
- Biological Sciences Research Center, University of North Carolina
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30
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Collier TJ, Quirk GJ, Routtenberg A. Separable roles of hippocampal granule cells in forgetting and pyramidal cells in remembering spatial information. Brain Res 1987; 409:316-28. [PMID: 3580879 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the roles individual hippocampal cell groups play in processing of spatial information for memory, we administered low-intensity electrical stimulation to the granule cells, CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells of the dorsal hippocampus at selected times before and after acquisition of the solution to a radial maze win-stay task. Stimulation of any of the 3 cells populations yielded a variable duration anterograde disruption of memory performance, while stimulation of dentate gyrus granule cells alone produced a declarative memory-specific retrograde amnesia. The amnestic effect of granule cell stimulation was not associated with after discharges in the hippocampus and was prevented by systemic administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone. Our results support the view that this electrical stimulus does not disrupt, but rather, activates the normal function of the granule cell system, resulting in erasure of information held in declarative memory. In contrast, similar activation of the pyramidal cell system does not yield retrograde amnesia, suggesting a normal role for these cells in promoting memory for spatial information.
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31
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Kameyama T, Nabeshima T, Kozawa T. The antagonistic effects of naloxone on cycloheximide and anisomycin-induced amnesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986; 25:567-72. [PMID: 3774821 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The amnesia induced by cycloheximide (CXM) injected SC and by CXM or anisomycin injected ICV immediately after the training test was antagonized in combination with an opiate antagonist, naloxone (NLX). This antagonism occurred on both the passive avoidance- and escape-learning responses in a dose-dependent manner in mice. NLX alone (0.3-10.0 mg/kg) did not alter the performances of these tasks. Furthermore, the decrease in retention performance on shuttle avoidance in rats induced by CXM was also antagonized by NLX. Treatment with CXM and/or NLX did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity. The interaction of these drugs on the performance of the passive avoidance- and escape-learning and the shuttle avoidance tasks may be related to neurochemical memory processes. These results suggest that an opioid system may participate in the amnesic actions induced by protein synthesis inhibitors in these models.
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32
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Tazi A, Dantzer R, Mormede P, Le Moal M. Effects of post-trial injection of beta-endorphin on shock-induced fighting are dependent on baseline of fighting. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1985; 43:322-6. [PMID: 3842253 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(85)91684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of repeated post-trial administration of 10 micrograms/kg beta-endorphin on the development of mutual fighting in pairs of rats submitted to various intensities of electric shock were investigated. beta-Endorphin blocked the development of fighting responses when a low footshock intensity was used, but facilitated it when a high shock intensity was delivered. A detailed analysis of the relationship between shock intensity, baseline of fighting, and effects of beta-endorphin showed that the effects of beta-endorphin were dependent on the behavioral baseline rather than on shock intensity per se.
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33
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Jefferys D, Boublik J, Funder JW. A kappa-selective opioidergic pathway is involved in the reversal of a behavioural effect of adrenalectomy. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 107:331-5. [PMID: 2984011 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that adrenalectomized rats are immobile for only approximately 30% of a 5 min retest period, 24 h after an initial 15 min swimming exposure, compared with approximately 70% immobility for intact animals. The administration of ketocyclazocine, dynorphin-(1-17) or [Met5]enkephalin[Arg6,Phe7] immediately after initial exposure reversed the effect of adrenalectomy, whereas equimolar doses of morphine sulphate, [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin and dynorphin-(1-8) were inactive. MR2266, a kappa-selective partial agonist/predominant antagonist, did not reverse immobility but antagonized the reversing effect of ketocyclazocine. In conjunction with our previous studies, we interpret these data to show that one of the opioidergic pathways for the incorporation of information post-stress is kappa-selective. This kappa selectivity in turn suggests a possible physiological role for prodynorphin-derived peptides in memory.
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34
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Ettenberg A. Intracerebroventricular application of a vasopressin antagonist peptide prevents the behavioral actions of vasopressin. Behav Brain Res 1984; 14:201-11. [PMID: 6549259 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(84)90189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the memory-improving properties of peripherally-applied vasopressin (AVP) were related to its aversive (i.e. arousing) actions. The memory effects of AVP were observed in a one-trial food-finding task where non-deprived rats were briefly exposed to a large open field that contained an alcove in which a high-incentive familiar food reward (sweetened milk) was freely available. AVP injections immediately upon removal from the open-field produced faster latencies to refind the alcove (compared to vehicle controls) when tested 48 h later. The aversive actions of AVP were demonstrated in two behavioral assays: (1) a conditioned taste aversion test in which rats learned to avoid a preferred saccharin solution after it had been paired with injections of AVP; and (2) a conditioned place test in which rats learned to avoid a distinctive environment associated with AVP administration. Both the memory and aversive responses to AVP were prevented, in a dose-dependent manner, by immediate pretreatment with intracerebroventricular infusions of the pressor antagonist analog 1-deaminopenicillamine-2-(O-methyl)-tyrosine AVP. The large antagonist doses required to block AVP's behavioral effects suggest that the critical site of action may be far removed from the lateral ventricles. The possibility that AVP-induced improvements in memory result from peripheral arousing actions is discussed.
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35
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Collier TJ, Routtenberg A. Selective impairment of declarative memory following stimulation of dentate gyrus granule cells: a naloxone-sensitive effect. Brain Res 1984; 310:384-7. [PMID: 6488030 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Albino rats received 10 s of sub-seizure electrical stimulation applied to the dentate gyrus granule cells immediately after acquisition of information on trial 1 of a 2-trial radial maze spatial memory task. Granule cell stimulation selectively reduced the probability of accessing information held in declarative memory ('knowing that' a particular maze location contains food) while leaving procedural memory intact ('knowing how' to search for food in the maze). This specific memory impairment was prevented by pretreatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone. Naloxone also improved memory performance when given to non-stimulated subjects.
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36
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Jefferys D, Copolov D, Funder JW. Naloxone inhibits both glucocorticoid and [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide reversal of behavioural effect of adrenalectomy. Eur J Pharmacol 1984; 103:205-10. [PMID: 6489441 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intact rats treated immediately after a 15-min swimming exposure with i.m. 1 or 10 mg/kg naloxone (but not with 10 mg/kg of MRZ2593, a quaternary analogue) showed significant reduction in immobility (55, 30%) compared with controls (70%) during a 5-min retest 24 h later. This effect of naloxone was seen when administered 1 h prior to retest. Adrenalectomized rats, as previously shown, are only approximately 30% immobile on retest; administration of [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide (50 micrograms i.m.) or dexamethasome (6 micrograms i.m.) elevated immobility to 66 and 69% respectively. Administration of naloxone (0.1-10 mg/kg) progressively antagonized the effect of both [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide and dexamethasone, to 36 and 41% immobility on retest at 10 mg/kg. We conclude that the incorporation of information post-stress normally involves at least two opioidergic pathways, and that the integrity of one of these pathways is an absolute requirement for such incorporation to occur, based on the naloxone studies. In contrast, either glucocorticoids or enkephalin analogues are sufficient to restore behaviour post-adrenalectomy, suggesting that corticosteroid-dependent neural mechanisms may substitute for this second opioidergic pathway.
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37
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Backon J. How information processing mode could affect prostaglandin E1 metabolism and lung inactivation: relevance of hemispheric specialization, neurotransmitter asymmetry and brain reactivity. Med Hypotheses 1984; 14:199-206. [PMID: 6146917 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(84)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to asymmetry of brain neurotransmitters and differential hemispheric information processing modes, it is suggested that the excessive use of one information processing mode could engender a state of brain reactivity whose neurochemical correlates would be either a rise in melatonin or beta-endorphin in systemic circulation. Since melatonin and beta-endorphin have opposite effects on lung-mediated regulation of prostaglandins, it is further suggested that the pulmonary inactivation of prostaglandin E1 would either be increased or inhibited. Low levels of PGE1 would engender high levels of PGE2 whose effects would explain the findings in schizophrenics of: 'reducing' pattern of visual evoked response, cerebral atrophy, and viral and autoimmune phenomena. The primacy of the disordered cognitive style in leading up to the immunological, biochemical and neuropathological processes is stressed. Implications of this model for understanding depression, anxiety and phobic disorders, autism, attention deficit disorder, obesity, alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, sexual deviations, and certain psychosomatic and psychophysiological disorders are suggested.
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Pivovarov AS, Izmestyev VI. Different role of opiate mu-, delta-, kappa- and sigma-receptors in modification of habituation of orthodromic evoked potential in the turtle's visual cortex. Brain Res 1984; 300:257-73. [PMID: 6329433 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability of specific agonists of opiate mu-, delta-, kappa- and sigma-receptors: morphine, D-Ala2, D- Ley5 -enkephalin (DADL), bremazocine, SKF 10,047 used separately and jointly as well as of Met-enkephalin and naloxone, to modify habituation of orthodromic evoked potential (EP) in the turtle's visual cortex was studied. Though the agonists mentioned above inhibited orthodromic EP in a similar manner they had a different ability to modify habituation: morphine, bremazocine and SKF 10,047 were highly effective in contrast to the low efficacy of DADL. Joint activation of different opiate receptors proved the existence of their interaction which led to changes in the modulating effect of receptors on the habituation dynamics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Evoked Potentials, Visual
- Habituation, Psychophysiologic/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa
- Receptors, Opioid, mu
- Receptors, sigma
- Turtles/physiology
- Visual Cortex/physiology
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Classen W, Mondadori C. Facilitation or inhibition of memory by morphine: a question of experimental parameters. EXPERIENTIA 1984; 40:506-9. [PMID: 6723920 DOI: 10.1007/bf01952410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of morphine on memory are highly controversial. According to some investigators post-trial injections of morphine facilitate memory. Others, however, have reported impairment of memory after morphine injections. To investigate the extent to which this may be due to different experimental parameters, foot-shock intensity and dosage of morphine were systematically varied in a passive-avoidance task. It was found that post-trial administration of medium and relatively high doses of morphine facilitate retention performance following moderate levels of foot-shock. Under other conditions of dose and shock intensity, the drug was not effective or even impaired retention.
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Rodgers RJ, Richards C, Precious JI. Naloxone administration following brief exposure to novelty reduces activity and rearing in mice upon 24-h retest: a conditioned aversion? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984; 82:322-6. [PMID: 6427822 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that naloxone treatment, prior to initial exposure to a novel arena, results in significant behavioural change when animals are retested 24 h later. In an attempt to clarify the nature of this delayed action of the opiate antagonist, three further studies have been performed. In the first experiment, male mice were injected with naloxone hydrochloride (0-10 mg/kg, IP) immediately after their initial experience of the test arena. When retested 24 h later, all groups that had previously received naloxone exhibited greatly reduced activity and rearing, with no evidence of a dose-response relationship. In the second experiment, naloxone (0-10 mg/kg) failed to induce a conditioned place aversion when administered according to the above regimen. In the final experiment, no evidence for a naloxone-induced taste aversion to saccharin was observed. It is concluded that the behavioural changes observed in the open-field study may reflect either (a) subtle aversive properties of naloxone which are insensitive to traditional one-trial paradigms or (b) opioid modulation of memory for non-painful experiences.
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Turnbull BA, Hill DL, Miller LH, McElroy J, Feldman RS. Effect of high doses of naloxone on shuttle avoidance acquisition in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983; 19:423-6. [PMID: 6634892 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Administration of high doses of naloxone intraperitoneally (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) resulted in a dose-related impairment of avoidance response acquisition in a shuttle avoidance paradigm in rats. Naloxone in this dose range produced a significant decrease in the number of intertrial responses but did not result in a significant dose-response. Escape latencies were not affected by naloxone administration at any dose tested. The effect of naloxone on activity and nociception are implicated as possible causes of the observed behavior. The results are discussed as behavioral evidence supporting theories postulating multiple opiate receptors.
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Abstract
Most neuropeptides are known to occur both in the central nervous system and in blood. This, as well as the occurrence of central nervous peptide effects after peripheral administration, show the importance of studying the relationships between the peptides in the two compartments. For many peptides, such as the enkephalins, TRH, somatostatin and MIF-1, poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier was shown. In other cases, including beta-endorphin and angiotensin, peptides are rapidly degraded during or just after their entry into brain or cerebrospinal fluid. Some peptides, such as insulin, delta-sleep-inducing peptide, and the lipotropin-derived peptides, enter the cerebrospinal fluid to a slight or moderate extent in the intact form. Many peptide hormones, such as insulin, calcitonin and angiotensin, act directly on receptors in the circumventricular organs, where the blood-brain barrier is absent. Oxytocin, vasopressin, MSH, and an MSH-analog alter the properties of the blood-brain barrier, which may result in altered nutritient supply to the brain. In conclusion, the diffusion of most peptides across the brain vascular endothelium seems to be severely restricted. There are, however, several alternative routes for peripheral peptides to act on the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier is a major obstacle for the development of pharmaceutically useful peptides, as in the case of synthetic enkephalin-analogs.
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Schwegler H, Lipp HP. Hereditary covariations of neuronal circuitry and behavior: correlations between the proportions of hippocampal synaptic fields in the regio inferior and two-way avoidance in mice and rats. Behav Brain Res 1983; 7:1-38. [PMID: 6824524 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(83)90002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Izquierdo I, Dias RD. Effect of ACTH, epinephrine, beta-endorphin, naloxone, and of the combination of naloxone or beta-endorphin with ACTH or epinephrine on memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1983; 8:81-7. [PMID: 6308701 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(83)90043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect on retention of the post-training intraperitoneal administration of ACTH1-24 (0.2 or 2.0 micrograms/kg), epinephrine HCl (5.0 or 50.0 micrograms/kg), human beta-endorphin (0.1 or 1.0 microgram/kg), naloxone (0.4 mg/kg), and of the combination of naloxone or beta-endorphin with ACTH or epinephrine was studied in two different but closely related step-down inhibitory avoidance tasks in rats: task 1 (5 cm high 25 X 25 cm platform; 0.5 mA continuous footshock) and task 2 (7 X 25 cm platform, 0.3 mA discontinuous footshock). In task 1, saline control animals showed good retention in a test session carried out 24 hr later; beta-endorphin, ACTH and epinephrine caused amnesia; beta-endorphin potentiated the amnesic effect of ACTH and epinephrine; and naloxone caused memory facilitation and reversed the amnesic effect of ACTH and epinephrine. In task 2, control animals showed poor retention; beta-endorphin caused amnesia at the dose of 0.1 but not 1.0 microgram/kg; the other three drugs caused memory facilitation; naloxone potentiated the facilitatory effect of ACTH and epinephrine; and beta-endorphin reversed it and transformed it into a deep amnesia. These findings suggest that an opioid-mediated amnesic mechanism modulates the effect of ACTH and epinephrine on memory consolidation, either by dampening that effect when training parameters tend to make it facilitatory, or by enhancing it when training conditions tend to make it amnesic. On the basis of these and previous data it seems likely that the amnesic effect of ACTH and epinephrine could be mediated by endogenous beta-endorphin release.
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Castellano C. Dose-dependent modulation of memory by the enkephalin analog FK 33-824 in C57BL/6 mice. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1982; 36:189-96. [PMID: 7183313 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(82)90178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lucion AB, Rosito G, Sapper D, Palmini AL, Izquierdo I. Intracerebroventricular administration of nanogram amounts of beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin causes retrograde amnesia in rats. Behav Brain Res 1982; 4:111-5. [PMID: 6275867 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(82)90169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of 5.0 or 25.0 ng of beta-endorphin or Met-enkephalin causes retrograde amnesia for a shuttle avoidance task ion rats. In both cases, the higher dose was more effective than the lower one. The present results confirm previous similar findings obtained using systemic administrations of these compounds, and suggest that the amnestic effect of beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin is mediated centrally.
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Dias RD, Perry ML, Carrasco MA, Izquierdo I. Effect of electroconvulsive shock on beta-endorphin immunoreactivity of rat brain, pituitary gland, and plasma. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1981; 32:265-8. [PMID: 6269525 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(81)90627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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