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Gonçalves KR, Mazzeti AL, Nascimento AFDS, Castro-Lacerda In Memory JM, Nogueira-Paiva NC, Mathias FAS, Reis AB, Caldas S, Bahia MT. The entrance route: Oral, mucous, cutaneous, or systemic has a marked influence on the outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi experimental infection. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106581. [PMID: 35779591 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the oral infection of Trypanosoma cruzi has gathered increased attention due to frequent outbreaks that can lead to more severe clinical signs than those usually found in the areas of vector transmission. This study addresses the main routes of infection using metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) and blood trypomastigotes (BT). Herein, BALB/c mice were infected with the Colombian (TcI) strain via intraperitoneal (IP), oral, intragastric (IG), ocular (OC) and cutaneous (CT) routes with 106 culture-derived MT or BT. Parasitemia was intermittent and low in animals inoculated with MT, in contrast, high parasitemia levels were found in BT-mice. A tropism for the muscles was observed in oral or IG infection with BT. Differently, the parasite was widely distributed in the tissues of mice infected with MT. However, the intensity of the inflammation infiltrating the tissues was higher in oral or IG infection with BT. Animals inoculated with BT via the IG route had similar serum levels of IFN-γ and smaller IL-10 compared to those infected with MT via the IG route. TNF-α levels were higher in the serum from BT-animals, which could explain the higher intensity of heart inflammation in these animals. Our results suggest that the infective form and the route of infection differentially modulated the outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi mice infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ribeiro Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Ana Lia Mazzeti
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Laboratório de Parasitologia Aplicada, Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais - Unidade Passos, Av. Juca Stockler, 1130 Passos, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alvaro Fernando da Silva Nascimento
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Mara Castro-Lacerda In Memory
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Nívia Carolina Nogueira-Paiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Laboratório de Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Caldas
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Serviço de Biotecnologia e Saúde, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80 - Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário, Morro do Cruzeiro - Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Reprogramming of Trypanosoma cruzi metabolism triggered by parasite interaction with the host cell extracellular matrix. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007103. [PMID: 30726203 PMCID: PMC6380580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, affects 8 million people predominantly living in socioeconomic underdeveloped areas. T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Ty), the classical infective stage, interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), an obligatory step before invasion of almost all mammalian cells in different tissues. Here we have characterized the proteome and phosphoproteome of T. cruzi trypomastigotes upon interaction with ECM (MTy) and the data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010970. Proteins involved with metabolic processes (such as the glycolytic pathway), kinases, flagellum and microtubule related proteins, transport-associated proteins and RNA/DNA binding elements are highly represented in the pool of proteins modified by phosphorylation. Further, important metabolic switches triggered by this interaction with ECM were indicated by decreases in the phosphorylation of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglycerate kinase in MTy. Concomitantly, a decrease in the pyruvate and lactate and an increase of glucose and succinate contents were detected by GC-MS. These observations led us to focus on the changes in the glycolytic pathway upon binding of the parasite to the ECM. Inhibition of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in MTy were observed and this correlated with the phosphorylation levels of the respective enzymes. Putative kinases involved in protein phosphorylation altered upon parasite incubation with ECM were suggested by in silico analysis. Taken together, our results show that in addition to cytoskeletal changes and protease activation, a reprogramming of the trypomastigote metabolism is triggered by the interaction of the parasite with the ECM prior to cell invasion and differentiation into amastigotes, the multiplicative intracellular stage of T. cruzi in the vertebrate host.
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M Ferrão P, M Nisimura L, C Moreira O, G Land M, Pereira MC, de Mendonça-Lima L, C Araujo-Jorge T, C Waghabi M, R Garzoni L. Inhibition of TGF-β pathway reverts extracellular matrix remodeling in T. cruzi-infected cardiac spheroids. Exp Cell Res 2017; 362:260-267. [PMID: 29208458 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CC) is the main manifestation of Chagas Disease (CD). CC is a progressive dysfunctional illness, in which transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays a central role in fibrogenesis and hypertrophy. In the present study, we tested in a three-dimensional (3D) model of cardiac cells culture (named cardiac spheroids), capable of mimicking the aspects of fibrosis and hypertrophy observed in CC, the role of TGF-β pathway inhibition in restoring extracellular matrix (ECM) balance disrupted by T. cruzi infection. Treatment of T. cruzi-infected cardiac spheroids with SB 431542, a selective inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor, resulted in a reduction in the size of spheroids, which was accompanied by a decrease in parasite load and in fibronectin expression. The inhibition of TGF-β pathway also promoted an increase in the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and a decrease in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 expression, which may be one of the mechanisms regulating extracellular matrix remodeling. Therefore, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which inhibition of TGF-β signaling reverts fibrosis and hypertrophy generated by T. cruzi during CC and also highlights the use of cardiac spheroids as a valuable tool for the study of fibrogenesis and anti-fibrotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Ferrão
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Líndice M Nisimura
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G Land
- College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mirian C Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila de Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tania C Araujo-Jorge
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Waghabi
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Garzoni
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Borges BC, Uehara IA, Dias LOS, Brígido PC, da Silva CV, Silva MJB. Mechanisms of Infectivity and Evasion Derived from Microvesicles Cargo Produced by Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:161. [PMID: 27921011 PMCID: PMC5118865 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell invasion by the intracellular protozoans requires interaction of proteins from both the host and the parasite. Many parasites establish chronic infections, showing they have the potential to escape the immune system; for example, Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite that causes Chagas disease. Parasite internalization into host cell requires secreted and surface molecules, such as microvesicles. The release of microvesicles and other vesicles, such as exosomes, by different eukaryotic organisms was first observed in the late twentieth century. The characterization and function of these vesicles have recently been the focus of several investigations. In this review, we discuss the release of microvesicles by T. cruzi. The molecular content of these vesicles is composed of several molecules that take place during parasite-host cell interaction and contribute to the parasite-driven mechanism of evasion from the host immune system. These new findings appear to have a profound impact on the comprehension of T. cruzi biology and highlight novel potential strategies for developing more efficient therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil; Laboratório de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Isadora A Uehara
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Laysa O S Dias
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paula C Brígido
- Laboratório de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Claudio V da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo J B Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
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Teixeira AAR, de Vasconcelos VDCS, Colli W, Alves MJM, Giordano RJ. Trypanosoma cruzi Binds to Cytokeratin through Conserved Peptide Motifs Found in the Laminin-G-Like Domain of the gp85/Trans-sialidase Proteins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004099. [PMID: 26398185 PMCID: PMC4580646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a disease that affects millions of people most of them living in South and Central Americas. There are few treatment options for individuals with Chagas' disease making it important to understand the molecular details of parasite infection, so novel therapeutic alternatives may be developed for these patients. Here, we investigate the interaction between host cell intermediate filament proteins and the T. cruzi gp85 glycoprotein superfamily with hundreds of members that have long been implicated in parasite cell invasion. Methodology/Principal Findings An in silico analysis was utilized to identify peptide motifs shared by the gp85 T. cruzi proteins and, using phage display, these selected peptide motifs were screened for their ability to bind to cells. One peptide, named TS9, showed significant cell binding capacity and was selected for further studies. Affinity chromatography, phage display and invasion assays revealed that peptide TS9 binds to cytokeratins and vimentin, and prevents T. cruzi cell infection. Interestingly, peptide TS9 and a previously identified binding site for intermediate filament proteins are disposed in an antiparallel β-sheet fold, present in a conserved laminin-G-like domain shared by all members of the family. Moreover, peptide TS9 overlaps with an immunodominant T cell epitope. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, the present study reinforces previous results from our group implicating the gp85 superfamily of glycoproteins and the intermediate filament proteins cytokeratin and vimentin in the parasite infection process. It also suggests an important role in parasite biology for the conserved laminin-G-like domain, present in all members of this large family of cell surface proteins. Chagas' disease affects millions of people worldwide and is caused by a microorganism called Trypanosoma cruzi. Treatment options for patients with Chagas' disease is still limited to a small number of drugs, all of them very toxic with important side effects that can be debilitating for the health of patients. Understanding the molecular details of how T. cruzi infects humans is an important step toward the development of new drugs for this disease. As part of its life cycle, T. cruzi has to invade cells in order to replicate and produce new parasites. This is a complex event, which involves different proteins produced by both the parasite and the human host cells. Among them, there is a large family of highly polymorphic T. cruzi proteins important to guide the parasite to the target cells. Here we show that notwithstanding their differences, all members of this family share a small region comprised of nine amino acids that is important for cell recognition and infection by the parasite. Exploring these findings may provide researchers with new insights on how to prevent T. cruzi cell invasion and lead to novel therapeutic alternative for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Colli
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Manso Alves
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Morais CGV, Castro Lima AK, Terra R, dos Santos RF, Da-Silva SAG, Dutra PML. The Dialogue of the Host-Parasite Relationship: Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:324915. [PMID: 26090399 PMCID: PMC4450238 DOI: 10.1155/2015/324915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoa Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi and the causative agents of Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively, belong to the Trypanosomatidae family. Together, these two neglected tropical diseases affect approximately 25 million people worldwide. Whether the host can control the infection or develops disease depends on the complex interaction between parasite and host. Parasite surface and secreted molecules are involved in triggering specific signaling pathways essential for parasite entry and intracellular survival. The recognition of the parasite antigens by host immune cells generates a specific immune response. Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi have a multifaceted repertoire of strategies to evade or subvert the immune system by interfering with a range of signal transduction pathways in host cells, which causes the inhibition of the protective response and contributes to their persistence in the host. The current therapeutic strategies in leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are very limited. Efficacy is variable, toxicity is high, and the emergence of resistance is increasingly common. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of the host-parasite interaction of Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi infection and their mechanisms of subverting the immune response and how this knowledge can be used as a tool for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gustavo Vieira de Morais
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 3° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Castro Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Terra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Freire dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 3° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Amaral Gonçalves Da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Lourenço Dutra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Villa-Verde DMS, Riederer I, Meis JD, Savino W. Fibronectin modulates thymocyte-thymic epithelial cell interactions following Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:825-31. [PMID: 24271041 PMCID: PMC3970635 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing thymocytes interact with thymic epithelial cells (TECs) through cell-cell
interactions, TEC-derived secretory moieties and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mediated
interactions. These physiological interactions are crucial for normal thymocyte
differentiation, but can be disrupted in pathological situations. Indeed, there is severe
thymic atrophy in animals acutely infected with Trypanosoma cruzi due to
CD4+CD8+ thymocyte depletion secondary to caspase-mediated apoptosis, together with
changes in ECM deposition and thymocyte migration. We studied an in vitro model of TEC
infection by T. cruzi and found that infected TEC cultures show a reduced
number of cells, which was likely associated with decreased proliferative capacity, but
not with increased cell death, as demonstrated by bromodeoxyuridine and annexin-V
labelling. The infected TEC cultures exhibited increased expression of fibronectin (FN),
laminin (LM) and type IV collagen. Importantly, treatment with FN increased the relative
number of infected cells, whereas treatment with anti-FN or anti-LM antibodies resulted in
lower infection rates. Consistent with these data, we observed increased thymocyte
adhesion to infected TEC cultures. Overall, these results suggest that ECM molecules,
particularly FN, facilitate infection of the thymic epithelium and that the consequent
enhancement of ECM expression might be associated with changes in TEC-thymocyte
interactions.
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Khusal KG, Tonelli RR, Mattos EC, Soares CO, Di Genova BM, Juliano MA, Urias U, Colli W, Alves MJM. Prokineticin receptor identified by phage display is an entry receptor for Trypanosoma cruzi into mammalian cells. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:155-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fibronectin-degrading activity of Trypanosoma cruzi cysteine proteinase plays a role in host cell invasion. Infect Immun 2014; 82:5166-74. [PMID: 25267835 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02022-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, binds to diverse extracellular matrix proteins. Such an ability prevails in the parasite forms that circulate in the bloodstream and contributes to host cell invasion. Whether this also applies to the insect-stage metacyclic trypomastigotes, the developmental forms that initiate infection in the mammalian host, is not clear. Using T. cruzi CL strain metacyclic forms, we investigated whether fibronectin bound to the parasites and affected target cell invasion. Fibronectin present in cell culture medium bound to metacyclic forms and was digested by cruzipain, the major T. cruzi cysteine proteinase. G strain, with negligible cruzipain activity, displayed a minimal fibronectin-degrading effect. Binding to fibronectin was mediated by gp82, the metacyclic stage-specific surface molecule implicated in parasite internalization. When exogenous fibronectin was present at concentrations higher than cruzipain can properly digest, or fibronectin expression was stimulated by treatment of epithelial HeLa cells with transforming growth factor beta, the parasite invasion was reduced. Treatment of HeLa cells with purified recombinant cruzipain increased parasite internalization, whereas the treatment of parasites with cysteine proteinase inhibitor had the opposite effect. Metacyclic trypomastigote entry into HeLa cells was not affected by anti-β1 integrin antibody but was inhibited by anti-fibronectin antibody. Overall, our results have indicated that the cysteine proteinase of T. cruzi metacyclic forms, through its fibronectin-degrading activity, is implicated in host cell invasion.
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Trypanosoma cruzi infection and host lipid metabolism. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:902038. [PMID: 25276058 PMCID: PMC4168237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. Approximately 8 million people are thought to be affected worldwide. Several players in host lipid metabolism have been implicated in T. cruzi-host interactions in recent research, including macrophages, adipocytes, low density lipoprotein (LDL), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and high density lipoprotein (HDL). All of these factors are required to maintain host lipid homeostasis and are intricately connected via several metabolic pathways. We reviewed the interaction of T. cruzi with each of the relevant host components, in order to further understand the roles of host lipid metabolism in T. cruzi infection. This review sheds light on the potential impact of T. cruzi infection on the status of host lipid homeostasis.
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11
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Mattos EC, Tonelli RR, Colli W, Alves MJM. The Gp85 surface glycoproteins from Trypanosoma cruzi. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:151-180. [PMID: 24264245 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi strains show distinctive characteristics as genetic polymorphism and infectivity. Large repertoires of molecules, such as the Gp85 glycoproteins, members of the Gp85/Trans-sialidase superfamily, as well as multiple signaling pathways, are associated with invasion of mammalian cells by the parasite. Due to the large number of expressed members, encoded by more than 700 genes, the research focused on this superfamily conserved sequences is discussed. Binding sites to laminin have been identified at the N-terminus of the Gp85 molecules. Interestingly, the T. cruzi protein phosphorylation profile is changed upon parasite binding to laminin (or fibronectin), particularly the cytoskeletal proteins such as those from the paraflagellar rod and the tubulins, which are both markedly dephosphorylated. Detailed analysis of the signaling cascades triggered upon T. cruzi binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins revealed the involvement of the MAPK/ERK pathway in this event. At the C-terminus, the conserved FLY sequence is a cytokeratin-binding domain and is involved in augmented host cell invasion in vitro and high levels of parasitemia in vivo. FLY, which is associated to tissue tropism and preferentially binds to the heart vasculature may somehow be correlated with the severe cardiac form, an important clinical manifestation of chronic Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliciane C Mattos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Oliveira MPDC, Ramos TCP, Pinheiro AMVN, Bertini S, Takahashi HK, Straus AH, Haapalainen EF. Tridimensional ultrastructure and glycolipid pattern studies of Trypanosoma dionisii. Acta Trop 2013; 128:548-56. [PMID: 23933185 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii is a non-pathogenic bat trypanosome closely related to Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chaga's disease. Both kinetoplastids present similar morphological stages and are able to infect mammalian cells in culture. In the present study we examined 3D ultrastructure aspects of the two species by serial sectioning epimastigote and trypomastigote forms, and identified common carbohydrate epitopes expressed in T. dionisii, T. cruzi and Leishmania major. A major difference in 3D morphology was that T. dionisii epimastigote forms present larger multivesicular structures, restricted to the parasite posterior region. These structures could be related to T. cruzi reservosomes and are also rich in cruzipain, the major cysteine-proteinase of T. cruzi. We analyzed the reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies: MEST-1 directed to galactofuranose residues of glycolipids purified from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and BST-1 directed to glycolipids purified from T. cruzi epimastigotes. Both antibodies were reactive with T. dionisii epimastigotes by indirect immunofluorescense, but we noted differences in the location and intensity of the epitopes, when compared to T. cruzi. In summary, despite similar features in cellular structure and life cycle of T. dionisii and T. cruzi, we observed a unique morphological characteristic in T. dionisii that deserves to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pires de Castro Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil.
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Dias FDA, dos Santos ALS, Lery LMS, Alves e Silva TL, Oliveira MM, Bisch PM, Saraiva EM, Souto-Padrón TC, Lopes AH. Evidence that a laminin-like insect protein mediates early events in the interaction of a Phytoparasite with its vector's salivary gland. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48170. [PMID: 23118944 PMCID: PMC3485148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytomonas species are plant parasites of the family Trypanosomatidae, which are transmitted by phytophagous insects. Some Phytomonas species cause major agricultural damages. The hemipteran Oncopeltus fasciatus is natural and experimental host for several species of trypanosomatids, including Phytomonas spp. The invasion of the insect vectors' salivary glands is one of the most important events for the life cycle of Phytomonas species. In the present study, we show the binding of Phytomonas serpens at the external face of O. fasciatus salivary glands by means of scanning electron microscopy and the in vitro interaction of living parasites with total proteins from the salivary glands in ligand blotting assays. This binding occurs primarily through an interaction with a 130 kDa salivary gland protein. The mass spectrometry of the trypsin-digest of this protein matched 23% of human laminin-5 β3 chain precursor sequence by 16 digested peptides. A protein sequence search through the transcriptome of O. fasciatus embryo showed a partial sequence with 51% similarity to human laminin β3 subunit. Anti-human laminin-5 β3 chain polyclonal antibodies recognized the 130 kDa protein by immunoblotting. The association of parasites with the salivary glands was strongly inhibited by human laminin-5, by the purified 130 kDa insect protein, and by polyclonal antibodies raised against the human laminin-5 β3 chain. This is the first report demonstrating that a laminin-like molecule from the salivary gland of O. fasciatus acts as a receptor for Phytomonas binding. The results presented in this investigation are important findings that will support further studies that aim at developing new approaches to prevent the transmission of Phytomonas species from insects to plants and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Almeida Dias
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquimica Medica, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Martins Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mascarello Bisch
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira Maria Saraiva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Angela Hampshire Lopes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Johnson CA, Kleshchenko YY, Ikejiani AO, Udoko AN, Cardenas TC, Pratap S, Duquette MA, Lima MF, Lawler J, Villalta F, Nde PN. Thrombospondin-1 interacts with Trypanosoma cruzi surface calreticulin to enhance cellular infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40614. [PMID: 22808206 PMCID: PMC3394756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, which is a neglected tropical disease that produces severe pathology and mortality. The mechanisms by which the parasite invades cells are not well elucidated. We recently reported that T. cruzi up-regulates the expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) to enhance the process of cellular invasion. Here we characterize a novel TSP-1 interaction with T. cruzi that enhances cellular infection. We show that labeled TSP-1 interacts specifically with the surface of T. cruzi trypomastigotes. We used TSP-1 to pull down interacting parasite surface proteins that were identified by mass spectrometry. We also show that full length TSP-1 and the N-terminal domain of TSP-1 (NTSP) interact with T. cruzi surface calreticulin (TcCRT) and other surface proteins. Pre-exposure of recombinant NTSP or TSP-1 to T. cruzi significantly enhances cellular infection of wild type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) compared to the C-terminal domain of TSP-1, E3T3C1. In addition, blocking TcCRT with antibodies significantly inhibits the enhancement of cellular infection mediated by the TcCRT-TSP-1 interaction. Taken together, our findings indicate that TSP-1 interacts with TcCRT on the surface of T. cruzi through the NTSP domain and that this interaction enhances cellular infection. Thus surface TcCRT is a virulent factor that enhances the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection through TSP-1, which is up-regulated by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice A. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yulia Y. Kleshchenko
- U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adaeze O. Ikejiani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aniekanabasi N. Udoko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tatiana C. Cardenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Duquette
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jack Lawler
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Pius N. Nde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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15
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Singh B, Fleury C, Jalalvand F, Riesbeck K. Human pathogens utilize host extracellular matrix proteins laminin and collagen for adhesion and invasion of the host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:1122-80. [PMID: 22537156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminin (Ln) and collagen are multifunctional glycoproteins that play an important role in cellular morphogenesis, cell signalling, tissue repair and cell migration. These proteins are ubiquitously present in tissues as a part of the basement membrane (BM), constitute a protective layer around blood capillaries and are included in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As a component of BMs, both Lns and collagen(s), thus function as major mechanical containment molecules that protect tissues from pathogens. Invasive pathogens breach the basal lamina and degrade ECM proteins of interstitial spaces and connective tissues using various ECM-degrading proteases or surface-bound plasminogen and matrix metalloproteinases recruited from the host. Most pathogens associated with the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urogenital tracts, as well as with the central nervous system or the skin, have the capacity to bind and degrade Lns and collagen(s) in order to adhere to and invade host tissues. In this review, we focus on the adaptability of various pathogens to utilize these ECM proteins as enhancers for adhesion to host tissues or as a targets for degradation in order to breach the cellular barriers. The major pathogens discussed are Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Yersinia, Treponema, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Listeria, Porphyromonas and Haemophilus; Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus and Coccidioides; Acanthamoeba, Trypanosoma and Trichomonas; retrovirus and papilloma virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Singh
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Caradonna KL, Burleigh BA. Mechanisms of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 76:33-61. [PMID: 21884886 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385895-5.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the more accepted concepts in our understanding of the biology of early Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interactions is that the mammalian-infective trypomastigote forms of the parasite must transit the host cell lysosomal compartment in order to establish a productive intracellular infection. The acidic environment of the lysosome provides the appropriate conditions for parasite-mediated disruption of the parasitophorous vacuole and release of T. cruzi into the host cell cytosol, where replication of intracellular amastigotes occurs. Recent findings indicate a level of redundancy in the lysosome-targeting process where T. cruzi trypomastigotes exploit different cellular pathways to access host cell lysosomes in non-professional phagocytic cells. In addition, the reversible nature of the host cell penetration process was recently demonstrated when conditions for fusion of the nascent parasite vacuole with the host endosomal-lysosomal system were not met. Thus, the concept of parasite retention as a critical component of the T. cruzi invasion process was introduced. Although it is clear that host cell recognition, attachment and signalling are required to initiate invasion, integration of this knowledge with our understanding of the different routes of parasite entry is largely lacking. In this chapter, we focus on current knowledge of the cellular pathways exploited by T. cruzi trypomastigotes to invade non-professional phagocytic cells and to gain access to the host cell lysosome compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey L Caradonna
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,Massachusetts, USA
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Genovesio A, Giardini MA, Kwon YJ, Dossin FDM, Choi SY, Kim NY, Kim HC, Jung SY, Schenkman S, Almeida IC, Emans N, Freitas-Junior LH. Visual genome-wide RNAi screening to identify human host factors required for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19733. [PMID: 21625474 PMCID: PMC3098829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical infection that affects millions of people in the Americas. Current chemotherapy relies on only two drugs that have limited efficacy and considerable side effects. Therefore, the development of new and more effective drugs is of paramount importance. Although some host cellular factors that play a role in T. cruzi infection have been uncovered, the molecular requirements for intracellular parasite growth and persistence are still not well understood. To further study these host-parasite interactions and identify human host factors required for T. cruzi infection, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen using cellular microarrays of a printed siRNA library that spanned the whole human genome. The screening was reproduced 6 times and a customized algorithm was used to select as hits those genes whose silencing visually impaired parasite infection. The 162 strongest hits were subjected to a secondary screening and subsequently validated in two different cell lines. Among the fourteen hits confirmed, we recognized some cellular membrane proteins that might function as cell receptors for parasite entry and others that may be related to calcium release triggered by parasites during cell invasion. In addition, two of the hits are related to the TGF-beta signaling pathway, whose inhibition is already known to diminish levels of T. cruzi infection. This study represents a significant step toward unveiling the key molecular requirements for host cell invasion and revealing new potential targets for antiparasitic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auguste Genovesio
- Image Mining Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Miriam A. Giardini
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and National Research Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fernando de Macedo Dossin
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Choi
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Nam Youl Kim
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hi Chul Kim
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sung Yong Jung
- Discovery Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Neil Emans
- High Throughput Biology Group, Synthetic Biology ERA, CSIR Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucio H. Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Tonelli RR, Giordano RJ, Barbu EM, Torrecilhas AC, Kobayashi GS, Langley RR, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Colli W, Alves MJM. Role of the gp85/trans-sialidases in Trypanosoma cruzi tissue tropism: preferential binding of a conserved peptide motif to the vasculature in vivo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e864. [PMID: 21072227 PMCID: PMC2970537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmitted by blood-sucking insects, the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a malady manifested in a variety of symptoms from heart disease to digestive and urinary tract dysfunctions. The reasons for such organ preference have been a matter of great interest in the field, particularly because the parasite can invade nearly every cell line and it can be found in most tissues following an infection. Among the molecular factors that contribute to virulence is a large multigene family of proteins known as gp85/trans-sialidase, which participates in cell attachment and invasion. But whether these proteins also contribute to tissue homing had not yet been investigated. Here, a combination of endothelial cell immortalization and phage display techniques has been used to investigate the role of gp85/trans-sialidase in binding to the vasculature. Methods Bacteriophage expressing an important peptide motif (denominated FLY) common to all gp85/trans-sialidase proteins was used as a surrogate to investigate the interaction of this motif with the endothelium compartment. For that purpose phage particles were incubated with endothelial cells obtained from different organs or injected into mice intravenously and the number of phage particles bound to cells or tissues was determined. Binding of phages to intermediate filament proteins has also been studied. Findings and Conclusions Our data indicate that FLY interacts with the endothelium in an organ-dependent manner with significantly higher avidity for the heart vasculature. Phage display results also show that FLY interaction with intermediate filament proteins is not limited to cytokeratin 18 (CK18), which may explain the wide variety of cells infected by the parasite. This is the first time that members of the intermediate filaments in general, constituted by a large group of ubiquitously expressed proteins, have been implicated in T. cruzi cell invasion and tissue homing. Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoon Trypanosoma cruzi, is an ailment affecting approximately 12–14 million people in Iberoamerica and is becoming increasingly important in North America and Europe as a result of migratory currents. The parasite invades mainly cells of the heart or the walls of the digestive tract. The patients with symptoms develop heart disease or gastrointestinal motor disorders. We and others have implicated the T. cruzi gp85/trans-sialidase surface protein family in the attachment of the parasite to the host cells. These proteins share a peptide motif called FLY. The involvement of FLY in parasite interaction with endothelial cells from different organs has been studied using bacteriophages expressing the FLY peptide as surrogates. We found that phages expressing FLY bind to endothelial cells in an organ dependent manner, particularly in the heart. Also, this peptide binds strongly to intermediate cell filaments, like cytokeratins and vimentin. These results indicate that FLY might be an important contributor to tissue tropism. It also supports the notion that the vasculature and the endothelial cells are important players in Chagas' disease. These data may have important implications in the pathology of Chagas' disease and novel therapeutic approaches for patients afflicted with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata R. Tonelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J. Giordano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elena Magda Barbu
- David H. Koch Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson S. Kobayashi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert R. Langley
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wadih Arap
- David H. Koch Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- David H. Koch Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Walter Colli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia M. Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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ROCHA-AZEVEDO BRUNODA, JAMERSON MELISSA, CABRAL GUYA, SILVA-FILHO FERNANDOC, MARCIANO-CABRAL FRANCINE. AcanthamoebaInteraction with Extracellular Matrix Glycoproteins: Biological and Biochemical Characterization and Role in Cytotoxicity and Invasiveness. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:270-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Oliveira MPDC, Cortez M, Maeda FY, Fernandes MC, Haapalainen EF, Yoshida N, Mortara RA. Unique behavior of Trypanosoma dionisii interacting with mammalian cells: invasion, intracellular growth, and nuclear localization. Acta Trop 2009; 110:65-74. [PMID: 19283898 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic proximity between Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) dionisii suggests that these parasites might explore similar strategies to complete their life cycles. T. cruzi is the etiological agent of the life-threatening Chagas' disease, whereas T. dionisii is a bat trypanosome and probably not capable of infecting humans. Here we sought to compare mammalian cell invasion and intracellular traffic of both trypanosomes and determine the differences and similarities in this process. The results presented demonstrate that T. dionisii is highly infective in vitro, particularly when the infection process occurs without serum and that the invasion is similarly affected by agents known to interfere with T. cruzi invasion process. Our results indicate that the formation of lysosomal-enriched compartments is part of a cell-invasion mechanism retained by related trypanosomatids, and that residence and further escape from a lysosomal compartment may be a common requisite for successful infection. During intracellular growth, parasites share a few epitopes with T. cruzi amastigotes and trypomastigotes. Unexpectedly, in heavily infected cells, amastigotes and trypomastigotes were found inside the host cell nucleus. These findings suggest that T. dionisii, although sharing some features in host cell invasion with T. cruzi, has unique behaviors that deserve to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pires de Castro Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, São Paulo, Brazil
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da Silva CV, Kawashita SY, Probst CM, Dallagiovanna B, Cruz MC, da Silva EA, Souto-Padrón TCBS, Krieger MA, Goldenberg S, Briones MRS, Andrews NW, Mortara RA. Characterization of a 21kDa protein from Trypanosoma cruzi associated with mammalian cell invasion. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:563-70. [PMID: 19344784 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi genomic database was screened for hypothetical proteins that showed high probability of being secreted or membrane anchored and thus, likely involved in host-cell invasion. A sequence that codes for a 21kDa protein that showed high probability of being secreted was selected. After cloning this protein sequence, the results showed that it was a ubiquitous protein and secreted by extracellular amastigotes. The recombinant form (P21-His(6)) adhered to HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of host cells with P21-His(6) inhibited cell invasion by extracellular amastigotes from G and CL strains. On the other hand, when the protein was added to host cells at the same time as amastigotes, an increase in cell invasion was observed. Host-cell pretreatment with P21-His(6) augmented invasion by metacyclic trypomastigotes. Moreover, polyclonal antibody anti-P21 inhibited invasion only by extracellular amastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes from G strain. These results suggested that P21 might be involved in T. cruzi cell invasion. We hypothesize that P21 could be secreted in the juxtaposition parasite-host cell and triggers signaling events yet unknown that lead to parasite internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio V da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Agarwal S, Kulshreshtha P, Bambah Mukku D, Bhatnagar R. alpha-Enolase binds to human plasminogen on the surface of Bacillus anthracis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:986-94. [PMID: 18456007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
alpha-enolase of Bacillus anthracis has recently been classified as an immunodominant antigen and a potent virulence factor determinant. alpha-enolase (2-phospho-d-glycerate hydrolase (EC 4.2.1.11), a key glycolytic metalloenzyme catalyzes the dehydration of d-(+)-2-phosphoglyceric acid to phosphoenolpyruvate. Interaction of surface bound alpha-enolase with plasminogen has been incriminated in tissue invasion for pathogenesis. B. anthracis alpha-enolase was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity that exhibited a K(m) of 3.3 mM for phosphoenolpyruvate and a V(max) of 0.506 microM min(- 1) mg(-1). B. anthracis whole cells and membrane vesicles probed with anti-enolase antibodies confirmed the surface localization of alpha-enolase. The specific interaction of alpha-enolase with human plasminogen (but not plasmin) evident from ELISA and the retardation in the native gel reinforced its role in plasminogen binding. Putative plasminogen receptors in B. anthracis other than enolase were also observed. This binding was found to be carboxypeptidase sensitive implicating the role of C-terminal lysine residues. The recombinant enolase displayed in vitro laminin binding, an important mammalian extracellular matrix protein. Plasminogen interaction conferred B. anthracis with a potential to in vitro degrade fibronectin and exhibit fibrinolytic phenotype. Therefore, by virtue of its interaction to host plasminogen and extracellular matrix proteins, alpha-enolase may contribute in augmenting the invasive potential of B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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23
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Alves MJM, Colli W. Role of the gp85/trans-sialidase superfamily of glycoproteins in the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with host structures. Subcell Biochem 2008; 47:58-69. [PMID: 18512341 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78267-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of mammalian cells by T. cruzi trypomastigotes is a multi-step and complex process involving several adhesion molecules, signaling events and proteolytic activities. From the blood to the cell target in different tissues the parasite has to interact with different cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The review focus on the role of the gp85/ trans-sialidase superfamily members in the interaction of the parasite with the host cell, particularly with ECM components, with emphasis on the significant variability among the ligands and receptors involved. Use of the SELEX technique to evolve nuclease-resistant RNA aptamers for receptor identification is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia M Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yoshida N, Cortez M. Trypanosoma cruzi: parasite and host cell signaling during the invasion process. Subcell Biochem 2008; 47:82-91. [PMID: 18512343 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78267-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi is a complex process in which various parasite and host cell components interact, triggering the activation of signaling cascades and Ca2+ mobilization in both cells. Using metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) generated in vitro and tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCT), as counterparts of insect-borne and bloodstream parasites, respectively, the mechanisms of host cell invasion by T. cruzi have been partially elucidated. Distinct sets of molecules are engaged by MT and TCT to enter target cells. MT make use of surface glycoproteins with dual Ca2+ signaling activity, in a manner dependent of T. cruzi isolate. In highly infective MT, the binding of gp82 to its receptor triggers a signaling cascade involving protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, whereas in poorly invasive MT, the mucin-like gp35/50 induces the activation of a signaling route in which adenylate cyclase, generation of cAMP and Ca2+ mobilization from acidocalcisomes are implicated. The host cell signaling pathways activated by MT remain to be determined. Differently from MT, the TCT surface molecules that bind to host cells as a prelude to invasion, such as the glycoproteins of gp85 family, appear to be devoid of signaling properties, but they may induce TCT enzymes, such as oligopeptidase B and cruzipain, to generate Ca2+ signaling factors of parasite or host cell origin. Host cell responses mediated by TGF-beta receptor or integrin family member may also be triggered by TCT. A more complete and detailed picture of T. cruzi invasion needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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25
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Coitinho AS, Freitas ARO, Lopes MH, Hajj GNM, Roesler R, Walz R, Rossato JI, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Martins VR, Brentani RR. The interaction between prion protein and laminin modulates memory consolidation. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:3255-64. [PMID: 17156386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPc) has a pivotal role in prion diseases. PrPc is a specific receptor for laminin (LN) gamma1 peptide and several lines of evidence indicate that it is also involved in neural plasticity. Here we investigated whether the interaction between PrPc and LN plays a role in rat memory formation. We found that post-training intrahippocampal infusion of PrPc-derived peptides that contain the LN binding site (PrPc163-182 and PrPc173-192) or of anti-PrPc or anti-LN antibodies that inhibit PrPc-LN interaction impaired inhibitory avoidance memory retention. The amnesic effect of anti-PrPc antibodies and PrPc173-192 peptide was reversed by co-infusion of a LN gamma1 chain-derived peptide containing the PrPc-binding site, suggesting that PrPc-LN interaction is indeed crucial for memory consolidation. In addition, PrPc173-192 peptide and anti-PrPc or anti-LN antibodies also inhibited the activation of hippocampal cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2), two kinases that mediate the up-regulation of signaling pathways needed for consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory. Our findings show that, through its interaction with LN, hippocampal PrPc plays a critical role in memory processing and suggest that this role is mediated by activation of both PKA and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Coitinho
- Centro Universitário Feevale, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, RS 239, 2755, 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, RS, and Centro de Cirurgia de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina, Hospital Governador Celso Ramos, SC, Brazil
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26
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Baida RCP, Santos MRM, Carmo MS, Yoshida N, Ferreira D, Ferreira AT, El Sayed NM, Andersson B, da Silveira JF. Molecular characterization of serine-, alanine-, and proline-rich proteins of Trypanosoma cruzi and their possible role in host cell infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1537-46. [PMID: 16495524 PMCID: PMC1418663 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1537-1546.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the isolation of a novel protein gene family, termed SAP (serine-, alanine-, and proline-rich protein), from Trypanosoma cruzi. Aided by the availability of the completed genome sequence of T. cruzi, we have now identified 39 full-length sequences of SAP, six pseudogenes and four partial genes. SAPs share a central domain of about 55 amino acids and can be divided into four groups based on their amino (N)- and carboxy (C)-terminal sequences. Some SAPs have conserved N- and C-terminal domains encoding a signal peptide and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor addition site, respectively. Analysis of the expression of SAPs in metacyclic trypomastigotes by two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting revealed that they are likely to be posttranslationally modified in vivo. We have also demonstrated that some SAPs are shed into the extracellular medium. The recombinant SAP exhibited an adhesive capacity toward mammalian cells, where binding was dose dependent and saturable, indicating a possible ligand-receptor interaction. SAP triggered the host cell Ca2+ response required for parasite internalization. A cell invasion assay performed in the presence of SAP showed inhibition of internalization of the metacyclic forms of the CL strain. Taken together, these results show that SAP is involved in the invasion of mammalian cells by metacyclic trypomastigotes, and they confirm the hypothesis that infective trypomastigotes exploit an arsenal of surface glycoproteins and shed proteins to induce signaling events required for their internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C P Baida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu, 862, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Cortez M, Atayde V, Yoshida N. Host cell invasion mediated by Trypanosoma cruzi surface molecule gp82 is associated with F-actin disassembly and is inhibited by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1502-12. [PMID: 16697683 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The target cell F-actin disassembly, induced by a Ca2+-signaling Trypanosoma cruzi factor of unknown molecular identity, has been reported to promote parasite invasion. We investigated whether the metacyclic trypomastigote stage-specific surface molecule gp82, a Ca2+-signal-inducing molecule implicated in host cell invasion, displayed the ability to induce actin cytoskeleton disruption, using a recombinant protein (J18) containing the full-length gp82 sequence fused to GST. J18, but not GST, induced F-actin disassembly in HeLa cells, significantly reducing the number as well as the length of stress fibers. The number of cells with typical stress fibers scored approximately 70% in untreated and GST-treated cells, as opposed to approximately 30% in J18-treated samples, which also showed decreased F-actin content. J18, but not GST, inhibited approximately 6-fold the HeLa cell entry of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), which depends on actin cytoskeleton. Not only were fewer cells infected with bacteria in the presence of J18, there were also fewer bacteria per cell. The inhibitory activity of J18 was Ca2+ dependent. In co-infection experiments, preincubation of HeLa cells with EIEC drastically reduced gp82-dependent internalization of T. cruzi metacyclic forms. All these data, plus the finding that gp82-mediated penetration of metacyclic forms was associated with disrupted HeLa cell cytoskeletal architecture, indicate that gp82 promotes parasite invasion by disassembling the cortical actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, 6th andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Abstract
Establishment of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, depends on a series of events involving interactions of diverse parasite molecules with host components. Here we focus on the mechanisms of target cell invasion by metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) and mammalian tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCT). During MT or TCT internalization, signal transduction pathways are activated both in the parasite and the target cell, leading to Ca2+ mobilization. For cell adhesion, MT engage surface glycoproteins, such as gp82 and gp35/50, which are Ca2+ signal-inducing molecules. In T. cruzi isolates that enter host cells in gp82-mediated manner, parasite protein tyrosine kinase as well as phospholipase C are activated, and Ca2+ is released from I P3-sensitive stores, whereas in T. cruzi isolates that attach to target cells mainly through gp35/50, the signaling pathway involving adenylate cyclase appears to be stimulated, with Ca2+ release from acidocalciosomes. In addition, T. cruzi isolate-dependent inhibitory signals, mediated by MT-specific gp90, may be triggered both in the host cell and the parasite. The repertoire of TCT molecules implicated in cell invasion includes surface glycoproteins of gp85 family, with members containing binding sites for laminin and cytokeratin 18, enzymes such as cruzipain, trans-sialidase, and an oligopeptidase B that generates a Ca2+-agonist from a precursor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Cortez M, Silva MR, Neira I, Ferreira D, Sasso GRS, Luquetti AO, Rassi A, Yoshida N. Trypanosoma cruzi surface molecule gp90 downregulates invasion of gastric mucosal epithelium in orally infected mice. Microbes Infect 2005; 8:36-44. [PMID: 16153873 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to elucidate why Trypanosoma cruzi isolates 573 and 587 differ widely in their efficiency to infect gastric mucosal epithelium when administered orally to mice. These isolates have the same surface profile and a similar capacity to enter host cells in vitro. Metacyclic forms of isolates 573 and 587 and the control CL isolate expressed similar levels of gp82, which is a cell invasion-promoting molecule. Expression of gp90, a molecule that downregulates cell invasion, was lower in the CL isolate. Consistent with this profile, approximately threefold fewer parasites of isolates 573 and 587 entered epithelial HeLa cells, as compared to the CL isolate. No difference in the rate of intracellular parasite replication was observed between isolates. When given orally to mice, metacyclic forms of isolate 573, like the CL isolate, produced high parasitemia (>10(6) parasites per ml at the peak), killing approximately 40% of animals, whereas infection with isolate 587 resulted in low parasitemia (<10(5) parasites per ml), with zero mortality. On the fourth day post-inoculation, tissue sections of the mouse stomach stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed a four to sixfold higher number of epithelial cells infected with isolate 573 or CL than with isolate 587. The rate of intracellular parasite development was similar in all isolates. Mimicking in vivo infection, parasites were treated with pepsin at acidic pH and then assayed for their ability to enter HeLa cells or explanted gastric epithelial cells. Pepsin extensively digested gp90 from isolate 573 and significantly increased invasion of both cells, but had minor effect on gp90 or infectivity of isolates 587 and CL. The profile of g82 digestion was similar in isolates 573 and 587, with partial degradation to a approximately 70 kDa fragment, which preserved the target cell binding domain as well as the region involved in gastric mucin adhesion. Gp82 from CL isolate was resistant to pepsin. Assays with parasites recovered from the mouse stomach 2 h after oral infection showed an extensive digestion of gp90 and increased infectivity of isolate 573, but not of isolate 587 or CL. Our data indicate that T. cruzi infection in vitro does not always correlate with in vivo infection because host factors may act on parasites, modulating their infectivity, as is the case of pepsin digestion of isolate 573 gp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862- 6 andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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30
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Marroquin-Quelopana M, Oyama S, Aguiar Pertinhez T, Spisni A, Aparecida Juliano M, Juliano L, Colli W, Alves MJM. Modeling the Trypanosoma cruzi Tc85-11 protein and mapping the laminin-binding site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:612-8. [PMID: 15530437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi expresses a set of glycoproteins encoded by the gp85/trans-sialidase gene superfamily. In this report a structure model is proposed for a cloned member of the superfamily, the Tc85-11 protein. The structure consists of an N-terminus beta-propeller and a C-terminus beta-sandwich interconnected by an alpha-helix. The recombinant protein, corresponding to the N-domain (Tc85-N), binds to laminin in a selective manner. Six synthetic 20-mer peptides from the N-domain adhere onto the surface of LLC-MK(2) cells and two of these peptides specifically inhibit the Tc85-N/laminin interaction, indicating that they are the laminin-binding sites of the molecule. Thus, Tc85-11 and other related members of the family appear to be good candidates to play an important role in T. cruzi infection via a laminin mediated host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Marroquin-Quelopana
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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31
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Carneiro CRW, Postol E, Nomizo R, Reis LFL, Brentani RR. Identification of enolase as a laminin-binding protein on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbes Infect 2005; 6:604-8. [PMID: 15158195 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus, a highly invasive bacteria, presents a 52-kDa surface protein that mediates its binding to laminin. In order to better characterize this receptor, we excised this putative laminin receptor from two-dimensional (2-D) PAGE and used it as antigen for raising a mouse hyperimmune serum which was for screening an S. aureus expression library. A single clone of 0.3 kb was obtained, and its sequence revealed 100% homology with S. aureus alpha-enolase. Moreover, amino acid sequencing of the 52-kDa protein eluted from the 2-D gel indicated its molecular homology with alpha-enolase, an enzyme that presents a high evolutionary conservation among species. In parallel, monoclonal antibodies raised against the S. aureus 52-kDa band also recognized yeast alpha-enolase in western blot analysis. These monoclonal antibodies were also able to promote capture of iodine-labeled bacteria when adsorbed to a solid phase, and this capture was inhibited by the addition of excess rabbit muscle alpha-enolase. Finally, the cell surface localization of S. aureus alpha-enolase was further confirmed by flow cytometry. Hence, alpha-enolase might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of S. aureus by allowing its adherence to laminin-containing extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia R W Carneiro
- Discipline of Immunology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fietto JLR, DeMarco R, Nascimento IP, Castro IM, Carvalho TMU, de Souza W, Bahia MT, Alves MJM, Verjovski-Almeida S. Characterization and immunolocalization of an NTP diphosphohydrolase of Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:454-60. [PMID: 15020239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An ecto-NTP diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) activity, insensitive to inhibitors of ATPases and phosphatases, was characterized on the surface of live Trypanosoma cruzi intact parasites. The enzyme exhibits broad substrate specificity, typical of NTPDases, and a high hydrolysis rate for GTP. A 2282 bp message encoding a full-length NTPDase was cloned by RT-PCR using epimastigote mRNA. A single protein was immunoprecipitated from [(35)S]methionine-labeled parasites using antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii NTPase I. This antibody localized an NTPDase on the external surface of all forms of T. cruzi, as seen by confocal immuno-fluorescence microscopy. The NTPDase could be part of the parasite's purine salvage pathway. Additionally, trypomastigotes (infective form) presented a 2:1 ATP/ADP hydrolysis ratio, while epimastigotes (non-infective form) presented a 1:1 ratio, suggesting a possible role for the NTPDase in the parasite's virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L R Fietto
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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Cortez M, Neira I, Ferreira D, Luquetti AO, Rassi A, Atayde VD, Yoshida N. Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic forms deficient in gp82 but expressing a related surface molecule, gp30. Infect Immun 2003; 71:6184-91. [PMID: 14573635 PMCID: PMC219548 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.11.6184-6191.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes invade and replicate in the gastric mucosal epithelium after oral infection. In this study we analyzed the process of infection by T. cruzi isolates deficient in the expression of gp82, the metacyclic stage-specific surface glycoprotein implicated in target cell entry in vitro and in promoting mucosal infection in mice after oral challenge. Mice infected by the oral route with metacyclic forms of gp82-deficient isolate 569 or 588 developed patent parasitemia but at greatly reduced levels compared to those infected with the gp82-expressing isolate CL. Metacyclic forms of both isolates expressed gp30, a surface glycoprotein detectable by monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3F6 directed to gp82. Otherwise, the gp82-deficient isolates displayed a surface profile similar to that of the CL isolate and also entered epithelial HeLa cells in a manner inhibitable by MAb 3F6 and dependent on the parasite signal transduction that involved the activation of protein tyrosine kinase and Ca(2+) mobilization from thapsigargin-sensitive stores. Like gp82, gp30 triggered the host cell Ca(2+) response required for parasite internalization. Purified gp30 and the recombinant gp82 inhibited HeLa cell invasion of metacyclic forms of isolates 569 and 588 by approximately 90 and approximately 70%, respectively. A cell invasion assay performed in the presence of gastric mucin, mimicking the in vivo infection, showed an inhibition of 70 to 75% in the internalization of gp82-deficient isolates but not of the CL isolate. The recombinant gp82 exhibited an adhesive capacity toward gastric mucin much higher than that of gp30. Taken together, our findings indicate that target cell entry of metacyclic trypomastigotes can be mediated either by gp82 or gp30 but that efficient mucosal infection depends on the expression of gp82.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Mammalian cell invasion by the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi is critical to its survival in the host. To promote its entry into a wide variety of non-professional phagocytic cells, infective trypomastigotes exploit an arsenal of heterogenous surface glycoproteins, secreted proteases and signalling agonists to actively manipulate multiple host cell signalling pathways. Signals initiated in the parasite upon contact with mammalian cells also function as critical regulators of the invasion process. Whereas the full spectrum of cellular responses modulated by T. cruzi is not yet known, mounting evidence suggests that these pathways impinge on a number of cellular processes, in particular the ubiquitous wound-repair mechanism exploited for lysosome-mediated parasite entry. Furthermore, differential engagement of host cell signalling pathways in a cell type-specific manner and modulation of host cell gene expression by T. cruzi are becoming recognized as essential determinants of infectivity and intracellular survival by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Burleigh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Bldg I Rm 713, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Ulrich H, Magdesian MH, Alves MJM, Colli W. In vitro selection of RNA aptamers that bind to cell adhesion receptors of Trypanosoma cruzi and inhibit cell invasion. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:20756-62. [PMID: 11919187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111859200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi causing Chagas' disease needs to invade host cells to complete its life cycle. Macromolecules on host cell surfaces such as laminin, thrombospondin, heparan sulfate, and fibronectin are believed to be important in mediating parasite-host cell adhesions and in the invasion process of the host cell by the parasite. The SELEX technique (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) was used to evolve nuclease-resistant RNA ligands (aptamer = to fit) that bind with affinities of 40-400 nm to parasite receptors for the host cell matrix molecules laminin, fibronectin, thrombospondin, and heparan sulfate. After eight consecutive rounds of in vitro selection four classes of RNA aptamers based on structural similarities were isolated and sequenced. All members of each class shared a common sequence motif and competed with the respective host cell matrix molecule that was used for displacement during the selection procedure. RNA pools following seven and eight selection rounds as well as individual aptamers sharing consensus motifs were active in inhibiting invasion of LLC-MK(2) monkey kidney cells by T. cruzi in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, São Paulo 05513-970, Brazil
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36
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Bandyopadhyay K, Karmakar S, Ghosh A, Das PK. High affinity binding between laminin and laminin binding protein of Leishmania is stimulated by zinc and may involve laminin zinc-finger like sequences. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:1622-9. [PMID: 11895432 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2002.02793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the course of trying to understand the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis in relation to extracellular matrix (ECM) elements, laminin, a major ECM protein, has been found to bind saturably and with high affinity to a 67-kDa cell surface protein of Leishmania donovani. This interaction involves a single class of binding sites, which are ionic in nature, conformation-dependent and possibly involves sulfhydryls. Binding activity was significantly enhanced by Zn2+, an effect possibly mediated through Cys-rich zinc finger-like sequences on laminin. Inhibition studies with monoclonals against polypeptide chains and specific peptides with adhesive properties revealed that the binding site was localized in one of the nested zinc finger consensus sequences of B1 chain containing the specific pentapeptide sequence, YIGSR. Furthermore, incubation of L. donovani promastigotes with C(YIGSR)3-NH2 peptide amide or antibody directed against the 67-kDa laminin-binding protein (LBP) induced tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins with a molecular mass ranging from 115 to 130 kDa. These studies suggest a role for LBP in the interaction of parasites with ECM elements, which may mediate one or more downstream signalling events necessary for establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Calcutta, India
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Giordano RJ, Cardó-Vila M, Lahdenranta J, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Biopanning and rapid analysis of selective interactive ligands. Nat Med 2001; 7:1249-53. [PMID: 11689892 DOI: 10.1038/nm1101-1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we introduce a new approach for the screening, selection and sorting of cell-surface-binding peptides from phage libraries. Biopanning and rapid analysis of selective interactive ligands (termed BRASIL) is based on differential centrifugation in which a cell suspension incubated with phage in an aqueous upper phase is centrifuged through a non-miscible organic lower phase. This single-step organic phase separation is faster, more sensitive and more specific than current methods that rely on washing steps or limiting dilution. As a proof-of-principle, we screened human endothelial cells stimulated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and constructed a peptide-based ligand-receptor map of the VEGF family. Next, we validated the motif PQPRPL as a novel chimeric ligand mimic that binds specifically to VEGF receptor-1 and to neuropilin-1. BRASIL may prove itself a superior method for probing target cell surfaces with a broad range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Giordano
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Magdesian MH, Giordano R, Ulrich H, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Schumacher RI, Colli W, Alves MJ. Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Identification of a parasite ligand and its host cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19382-9. [PMID: 11278913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011474200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The infective trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi expresses a set of surface glycoproteins that are known collectively as Tc85 and belong to the gp85/trans-sialidase supergene family. A member of this family, Tc85-11, with adhesive properties to laminin and cell surfaces was recently cloned. In this report, the Tc85-11 domain for cell binding and its corresponding receptor on epithelial cell LLC-MK(2) are described. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the Tc85-11 carboxyl-terminal segment, we show that the mammalian cell-binding domain colocalizes to the most conserved motif of the trypanosome gp85/trans-sialidase supergene family (VTVXNVFLYNR). Even though Tc85-11 binds to laminin, the 19-residue cell-binding peptide (peptide J) does not contain the laminin-binding site, because it does not bind to laminin or inhibit cell binding to this glycoprotein. The host cell receptor for the peptide was characterized as cytokeratin 18. Addition of anti-cytokeratin antibodies to the culture medium significantly inhibited the infection of epithelial cells by T. cruzi. Tc85-11 is a multiadhesive glycoprotein, encoding at least two different binding sites, one for laminin and one for cytokeratin 18, that allow the parasite to overcome the barriers imposed by cell membranes, extracellular matrices, and basal laminae to reach the definitive host cell. This is the first description of a direct interaction between cytokeratin and a protozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Magdesian
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, São Paulo 05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ulrich H, Alves MJ, Colli W. RNA and DNA aptamers as potential tools to prevent cell adhesion in disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34:295-300. [PMID: 11262579 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2001000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that receptor-ligand interactions between surfaces of communicating cells are necessary prerequisites for cell proliferation, cell differentiation and immune defense. Cell-adhesion events have also been proposed for pathological conditions such as cancer growth, metastasis, and host-cell invasion by parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi. RNA and DNA aptamers (aptus = Latin, fit) that have been selected from combinatorial nucleic acid libraries are capable of binding to cell-adhesion receptors leading to a halt in cellular processes induced by outside signals as a consequence of blockage of receptor-ligand interactions. We outline here a novel approach using RNA aptamers that bind to T. cruzi receptors and interrupt host-cell invasion in analogy to existing procedures of blocking selectin adhesion and function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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40
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Scharfstein J, Schmitz V, Morandi V, Capella MM, Lima AP, Morrot A, Juliano L, Müller-Esterl W. Host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi is potentiated by activation of bradykinin B(2) receptors. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1289-300. [PMID: 11067878 PMCID: PMC2193362 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.9.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi employs multiple molecular strategies to invade a broad range of nonphagocytic cells. Here we demonstrate that the invasion of human primary umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing the B(2) type of bradykinin receptor (CHO-B(2)R) by tissue culture trypomastigotes is subtly modulated by the combined activities of kininogens, kininogenases, and kinin-degrading peptidases. The presence of captopril, an inhibitor of bradykinin degradation by kininase II, drastically potentiated parasitic invasion of HUVECs and CHO-B(2)R, but not of mock-transfected CHO cells, whereas the B(2)R antagonist HOE 140 or monoclonal antibody MBK3 to bradykinin blocked these effects. Invasion competence correlated with the parasites' ability to liberate the short-lived kinins from cell-bound kininogen and to elicit vigorous intracellular free calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) transients through B(2)R. Invasion was impaired by membrane-permeable cysteine proteinase inhibitors such as Z-(SBz)Cys-Phe-CHN(2) but not by the hydrophilic inhibitor 1-trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucyl-amido-(4-guanidino) butane or cystatin C, suggesting that kinin release is confined to secluded spaces formed by juxtaposition of host cell and parasite plasma membranes. Analysis of trypomastigote transfectants expressing various cysteine proteinase isoforms showed that invasion competence is linked to the kinin releasing activity of cruzipain, herein proposed as a factor of virulence in Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scharfstein
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21990-400 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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41
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Colli W, Alves MJ. Relevant glycoconjugates on the surface of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 94 Suppl 1:37-49. [PMID: 10677690 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W Colli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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42
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Scharfstein J, Morrot A. A role for extracellular amastigotes in the immunopathology of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 94 Suppl 1:51-63. [PMID: 10677691 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the growing knowledge obtained about immune control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the mechanisms responsible for the variable clinico-pathological expression of Chagas disease remain unknown. In a twist from previous concepts, recent studies indicated that tissue parasitism is a pre-requisite for the development of chronic myocarditis. This fundamental concept, together with the realization that T. cruzi organisms consist of genetically heterogeneous clones, offers a new framework for studies of molecular pathogenesis. In the present article, we will discuss in general terms the possible implications of genetic variability of T. cruzi antigens and proteases to immunopathology. Peptide epitopes from a highly polymorphic subfamily of trans-sialidase (TS) antigens were recently identified as targets of killer T cell (CTL) responses, both in mice and humans. While some class I MHC restricted CTL recognize epitopes derived from amastigote-specific TS-related antigens (TSRA), others are targeted to peptide epitopes originating from trypomastigote-specific TSRA. A mechanistic hypothesis is proposed to explain how the functional activity and specificity of class I MHC restricted killer T cells may control the extent to which tissue are exposed to prematurely released amastigotes. Chronic immunopathology may be exacerbated due the progressive accumulation of amastigote-derived antigens and pro-inflammatory molecules (eg. GPI-mucins and kinin-releasing proteases) in dead macrophage bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scharfstein
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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43
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Moody TN, Ochieng J, Villalta F. Novel mechanism that Trypanosoma cruzi uses to adhere to the extracellular matrix mediated by human galectin-3. FEBS Lett 2000; 470:305-8. [PMID: 10745086 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes to laminin is enhanced by galectin-3, a beta-galactoside binding lectin. The galectin-3 enhanced binding of trypanosomes to laminin is inhibited by lactose. Co-immunoprecipitations indicate that galectin-3 binds to the 45, 32 and 30 kDa trypanosome surface proteins. Binding of galectin-3 to the 45, 32 and 30 kDa surface proteins is inhibited by lactose. Polyclonal and a monoclonal antibodies to galectin-3 immunoprecipitated a major 64 kDa trypanosome surface protein. T. cruzi monoclonal antibody to mucin recognized the 45 kDa surface protein. The 45, 32 and 30 kDa surface proteins interact with galectin-3 in order to enhance trypanosome adhesion to laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Moody
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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44
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Manque PM, Eichinger D, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Araya JE, Yoshida N. Characterization of the cell adhesion site of Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic stage surface glycoprotein gp82. Infect Immun 2000; 68:478-84. [PMID: 10639407 PMCID: PMC97166 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.2.478-484.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface glycoprotein gp82, expressed in the insect-stage metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, has been implicated in mammalian cell invasion. Here we have characterized the cell adhesion site of gp82 by using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides based on gp82. The recombinant protein Del-4/8, lacking 65 amino acids of gp82 central domain (at positions 257 to 321), was virtually devoid of cell-binding activity and lacked the ability to inhibit parasite invasion, in contrast to J18, the construct containing the full-length gp82 sequence (amino acids 1 to 516). Constructs with shorter deletions, i.e., Del-4 (deleted from 257 to 271) and Del-8 (deleted from 293 to 321), bound to target cells to a significantly lesser degree than did J18. The sites deleted in recombinant proteins Del-4 and Del-8 contained acidic amino acids critical for cell adhesion. Thus, the cell-binding capacity of protein Del-E/D, lacking the glutamic acid (259/260) and aspartic acid (303/304) pairs, was negligible, as was its capacity to inhibit parasite internalization. Of a set of synthetic peptides spanning the gp82 central domain, a 22-mer hybrid peptide, p4/8, formed by two noncontiguous sequences (at positions 257 to 273 and 302 to 306) and containing the four acidic residues, competed with the binding of J18 protein to target cells and significantly inhibited ( approximately 60%) the penetration of parasites. This peptide, generated by the juxtaposition of sequences that are separated by a hydrophobic stretch in the linear molecule, appears to be mimicking a conformation-dependent cell-binding site of gp82. Experiments of antibody competition with a set of 20-mer overlapping peptides mapped the epitope for 3F6, a monoclonal antibody directed to gp82 that inhibits parasite invasion, to the sequence represented by peptide p3 (244 to 263), which has a partial overlap with the cell adhesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Manque
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Procópio DO, Barros HC, Mortara RA. Actin-rich structures formed during the invasion of cultured cells by infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Cell Biol 1999; 78:911-24. [PMID: 10669110 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-9335(99)80093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that Trypanosoma cruzi extracellular amastigotes as well as metacyclic trypomastigotes infect cultured cells in a highly specific parasite form-cell type interaction. In this work we have investigated the mode of interaction of both forms with HeLa and Vero cells using scanning electron and confocal fluorescence microscopy. We examined the distribution of several host cell components as well as extracellular matrix elements during cell invasion by both T. cruzi infective forms. Scanning electron microscopy showed that membrane expansions formed during the invasion of cells by extracellular amastigotes. These expansions correspond to small cup-like structures in HeLa cells and are comparatively larger "crater"-like in Vero cells. We detected by confocal microscopy actin-rich structures associated with the internalisation of both infective forms of the parasite that correspond to the membrane expansions. Confocal fluorescence microscopy combining DIC images of cells labelled with monoclonal antibodies to phosphotyrosine, cytoskeletal elements, integrins, and extracellular matrix components revealed that some of the components like gelsolin and alpha-actinin accumulate in actin-rich structures formed in the invasion of amastigotes of both cell types. Others, like vinculin and alpha2 integrin may be present in these structures without evident accumulation. And finally, some actin-rich processes may be devoid of components like fibronectin or alphaV integrin. These studies provide evidence that the repertoire of host cell/extracellular matrix components that engage in the invasion process of T. cruzi forms is cell type- and parasite form-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Procópio
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil
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46
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Abuin G, Freitas-Junior LH, Colli W, Alves MJ, Schenkman S. Expression of trans-sialidase and 85-kDa glycoprotein genes in Trypanosoma cruzi is differentially regulated at the post-transcriptional level by labile protein factors. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:13041-7. [PMID: 10224055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.19.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To adapt to different environments, Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas' disease, expresses a different set of proteins during development. To begin to understand the mechanism that controls this differential gene expression, we have analyzed the levels of amastin and trans-sialidase mRNAs and the mRNAs encoding members of the 85-kDa glycoprotein gene family, which are differentially expressed in the T. cruzi stages found in the mammalian host. Amastin mRNA is expressed predominantly in intracellular and proliferative amastigotes. trans-Sialidase mRNAs are found mostly in forms undergoing transformation from amastigotes to trypomastigotes inside infected cells, whereas mRNAs encoding the 85-kDa glycoproteins appear only in the infective trypomastigotes released from the cells. The genes coding for these mRNA species are constitutively transcribed in all stages of T. cruzi cells, suggesting that expression is controlled post-transcriptionally during differentiation. Inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D revealed that each mRNA species has a relatively long half-life in stages where it accumulates. In the case of the trans-sialidase and 85-kDa glycoprotein genes, mRNA accumulation was induced by treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide at the stages that preceded the normal accumulation. Therefore, mRNA stabilization may account for mRNA accumulation. mRNA degradation could be promoted by proteins with high turnover, or stabilization could be promoted by forming a complex with the translational machinery at defined times in development. Identification of the factors that induce mRNA degradation or stabilization is essential to the understanding of control of gene expression in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Abuin
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862 8o A, 04023-062 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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47
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Kahn SJ, Nguyen D, Norsen J, Wleklinski M, Granston T, Kahn M. Trypanosoma cruzi: monoclonal antibodies to the surface glycoprotein superfamily differentiate subsets of the 85-kDa surface glycoproteins and confirm simultaneous expression of variant 85-kDa surface glycoproteins. Exp Parasitol 1999; 92:48-56. [PMID: 10329365 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most surface glycoproteins expressed by mammalian-stage forms of Trypanosoma cruzi are homologous to the parasite's trans-sialidase and therefore are members of the parasite's trans-sialidase superfamily. Few members of this superfamily have trans-sialidase activity. The SA85-1 family is a subfamily of the trans-sialidase superfamily whose members lack trans-sialidase activity. The function of these non-trans-sialidase members remains unknown. In this report a series of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the SA85-1 glycoproteins is presented. The mAbs define distinct subgroups of SA85-1 glycoproteins, and these distinct subgroups are simultaneously expressed by individual trypomastigotes, supporting previous studies indicating that multiple SA85-1 glycoproteins and trans-sialidase superfamily glycoproteins are simultaneously expressed by each trypomastigote. In addition, the antibodies define two major subsets of the SA85-1 family (subset 1 and subset 2) based on differences in migration in SDS-PAGE; the subsets do not appear to be created by differences in glycosylation. Subset 1 migrates slower and is spontaneously released or shed preferentially from the parasite surface compared to subset 2. In addition, subset 1 is attached to the trypomastigote surface by a GPI linkage. Since these glycoprotein subsets are differentially expressed, they may have different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6320, USA.
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48
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Giordano R, Fouts DL, Tewari D, Colli W, Manning JE, Alves MJ. Cloning of a surface membrane glycoprotein specific for the infective form of Trypanosoma cruzi having adhesive properties to laminin. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3461-8. [PMID: 9920891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi express a set of surface glycoproteins known, collectively, as Tc-85. A monoclonal antibody to these proteins, named H1A10, inhibits (50-90%) in vitro parasite interiorization into host cells, thus implicating these glycoproteins in the infection process. Two DNA inserts, a genomic DNA fragment and a full-length cDNA encoding the H1A10 epitope, have now been cloned and characterized. Results show that both have high sequence identity with all reported members of the gp85/trans-sialidase gene family, although the H1A10 epitope exists only in the Tc-85 subset of the family. The epitope has been mapped by competition of antibody binding to a Tc-85 recombinant protein with peptides having sequences predicted by the Tc-85 DNA sequence, which contains also putative N-glycosylation sites and COOH-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor insertion sites, as expected, since an N-glycan chain and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor have been characterized previously in the Tc-85 subset. The protein encoded by the full-length cDNA insert binds to cells and in vitro to laminin, but not to gelatin or fibronectin, in a saturable manner. For the first time it was possible to assign a defined ligand to a sequenced glycoprotein belonging to the gp85 family. This fact, together with the reported binding of family members to cell surfaces, reinforces the hypothesis that this family encodes glycoproteins with similar sequences but differing enough as to bind to different ligands and thus forming a family of adhesion glycoproteins enabling the parasite to overcome the barriers interposed by cell membranes, extracellular matrices, and basal laminae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giordano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, São Paulo 05599-970, S. P., Brazil
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49
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Costa F, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Ribeirão M, Schenkman S, Rodrigues MM. Trans-sialidase delivered as a naked DNA vaccine elicits an immunological response similar to a Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32:235-9. [PMID: 10347760 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi. the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas' disease, does not synthesize sialic acid, but expresses a trans-sialidase (TS) that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from host glycoconjugates to the parasite surface. Here, we review studies that characterize the immune response to the catalytic domain of the enzyme in humans during Chagas' disease or in mice following immunization with the TS gene. In both cases, there are antibodies that strongly inhibit the enzymatic activity and generation of interferon-gamma-producing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
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50
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Santana JM, Grellier P, Schrével J, Teixeira AR. A Trypanosoma cruzi-secreted 80 kDa proteinase with specificity for human collagen types I and IV. Biochem J 1997; 325 ( Pt 1):129-37. [PMID: 9224638 PMCID: PMC1218537 DOI: 10.1042/bj3250129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Specific interactions between parasites and extracellular matrix components are an important mechanism in the dissemination of Chagas' disease. Binding of the extracellular matrix proteins to Trypanosoma cruzi receptors has been described as a significant step in this phenomenon. In this study, a specific proteinase activity was identified in cell-free extracts of amastigote, trypomastigote and epimastigote forms of T. cruzi using the collagenase fluorogenic substrate N-Suc-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin. Isolation of this activity was achieved by a four-step FPLC procedure. Optimal enzyme activity was found to occur at pH 8.0 and was associated with a single T. cruzi 80 kDa protein (Tc 80 proteinase) on SDS/PAGE under reducing conditions. An internal peptide sequence of Tc 80 proteinase was obtained (AGDNYTPPE), and no similarity was found to previously described proteinases of T. cruzi. This enzyme activity is strongly inhibited by HgCl2, tosyl-lysylchloromethane ('TLCK') p-chloromercuribenzoate and benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Ala-diazomethane. The purified enzyme was able to hydrolyse purified human [14C]collagen types I and IV at neutral pH, but not 14C-labelled BSA, rat laminin, rabbit IgG or small proteins such as insulin or cytochrome c. In addition, Tc 80 proteinase activity was found to be secreted by T. cruzi forms infective to mammalian cells. Furthermore we demonstrated that purified Tc 80 proteinase mediates native collagen type I hydrolysis in rat mesentery. This feature is compared with that of Clostridium histolyticum collagenase. These findings suggest that Tc 80 proteinase may facilitate T. cruzi host-cell infection by degrading the collagens of the extracellular matrix and could represent a good target for Chagas' disease chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Santana
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Departamentos de Biologia Celular e de Patologia, Universidade de Brasília, CP 04536, 70919-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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