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Tromp IN, Foolen J, van Doeselaar M, Zhang Y, Chan D, Kruyt MC, Creemers LB, Castelein RM, Ito K. Comparison of annulus fibrosus cell collagen remodeling rates in a microtissue system. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1955-1964. [PMID: 33222305 PMCID: PMC8451922 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that curvature progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis occurs through irreversible changes in the intervertebral discs. Strains of mice have been identified who differ in their disc wedging response upon extended asymmetrical compression. Annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue remodeling could contribute to the faster disc wedging progression previously observed in these mice. Differences in collagen remodeling capacity of AF cells between these in-bred mice strains were compared using an in vitro microtissue system. AF cells of 8-10-week-old LG/J ("fast-healing") and C57BL/6J ("normal healing") mice were embedded in a microtissue platform and cultured for 48 h. Hereafter, tissues were partially released and cultured for another 96 h. Microtissue surface area and waistcoat contraction, collagen orientation, and collagen content were measured. After 96 h postrelease, microtissues with AF cells of LG/J mice showed more surface area contraction (p < .001) and waistcoat contraction (p = .002) than C57BL/6J microtissues. Collagen orientation did not differ at 24 h after partial release. However, at 96 h, collagen in the microtissues from LG/J AF cells was aligned more than in those from C57BL/6J mice (p < .001). Collagen content did not differ between microtissues at 96 h. AF cells of inbred LG/J mice were better able to remodel and realign their collagen fibers than those from C57BL/6J mice. The remodeling of AF tissue could be contributing to the faster disc wedging progression observed in LG/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel N Tromp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Foolen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marina van Doeselaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Moyo C Kruyt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene M Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Amelot A, Mazel C. The Intervertebral Disc: Physiology and Pathology of a Brittle Joint. World Neurosurg 2018; 120:265-273. [PMID: 30218798 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc (ID) degeneration represents the number one cause for outpatient clinic visits worldwide. Mechanisms are discussed but not yet clearly established. Consequently, back pain management is commonly limited to symptomatic treatment therapies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to evaluate major progress and to unravel the biology and pathology of ID discogenic pain. METHODS The design of this study is a systematic review. A literature search was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases, with no time constraints to locate relevant literature. Significant articles (literature reviews, therapeutic essays, clinical-human-research studies, animal research, and laboratory research) on the intervertebral disc were identified and reviewed. The exclusion criteria were the following: case reports and clinical studies with <10 patients. RESULTS Through a dense review of the literature, the ID is deciphered and described as a fragile anatomic entity. For this systematic review, 132 studies were identified and 79 were retained. The main deterioration and alteration mechanisms that lead to the programmed death of the ID are summarized. In addition, the large variety of biological therapies that override surgical treatment are determined. CONCLUSIONS The degeneration mechanisms of the ID are well defined and decrypted. Although therapies have progressed, none has been effective. The regeneration of the ID remains highly challenging because of the complexity of its natural composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Amelot
- Department of Neurosurgery, La Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France; Sorbonne-University, UPMC, University Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Christian Mazel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, L'Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
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3
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Mavrogonatou E, Pratsinis H, Papadopoulou A, Karamanos NK, Kletsas D. Extracellular matrix alterations in senescent cells and their significance in tissue homeostasis. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:27-42. [PMID: 29066153 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Normal cells after a defined number of successive divisions or after exposure to genotoxic stresses are becoming senescent, characterized by a permanent growth arrest. In addition, they secrete increased levels of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators, collectively termed "senescence-associated secretory phenotype". Furthermore, senescent cells exhibit an altered expression and organization of many extracellular matrix components, leading to specific remodeling of their microenvironment. In this review we present the current knowledge on extracellular matrix alterations associated with cellular senescence and critically discuss certain characteristic examples, highlighting the ambiguous role of senescent cells in the homeostasis of various tissues under both normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mavrogonatou
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.
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Vo NV, Hartman RA, Patil PR, Risbud MV, Kletsas D, Iatridis JC, Hoyland JA, Le Maitre CL, Sowa GA, Kang JD. Molecular mechanisms of biological aging in intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1289-306. [PMID: 26890203 PMCID: PMC4988945 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the majority of human ailments, including spine-related chronic disability and back pain, which stem from age-associated intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Given the rapid global rise in the aging population, understanding the biology of intervertebral disc aging in order to develop effective therapeutic interventions to combat the adverse effects of aging on disc health is now imperative. Fortunately, recent advances in aging research have begun to shed light on the basic biological process of aging. Here we review some of these insights and organize the complex process of disc aging into three different phases to guide research efforts to understand the biology of disc aging. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge and the recent progress made to elucidate specific molecular mechanisms underlying disc aging. In particular, studies over the last few years have uncovered cellular senescence and genomic instability as important drivers of disc aging. Supporting evidence comes from DNA repair-deficient animal models that show increased disc cellular senescence and accelerated disc aging. Additionally, stress-induced senescent cells have now been well documented to secrete catabolic factors, which can negatively impact the physiology of neighboring cells and ECM. These along with other molecular drivers of aging are reviewed in depth to shed crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms of age-related disc degeneration. We also highlight molecular targets for novel therapies and emerging candidate therapeutics that may mitigate age-associated IDD. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1289-1306, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam V. Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A. Hartman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prashanti R. Patil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Judith A. Hoyland
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester M13 9PT and NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Musculoskeletal and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Gwendolyn A. Sowa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D. Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pokharna HK, Boja B, Monnier V, Moskowitz RW. Effect of age on pyridinoline and pentosidine matrix cross-links in the desert sand rat intervertebral disc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00902191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Yang X, Jin L, Yao L, Shen FH, Shimer AL, Li X. Antioxidative nanofullerol prevents intervertebral disk degeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2419-30. [PMID: 24876775 PMCID: PMC4035310 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s60853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in disk degeneration. Fullerol nanoparticles prepared in aqueous solution have been demonstrated to have outstanding ability to scavenge ROS. In this report, in vitro and in vivo models were used to study the efficacy of fullerol in preventing disk degeneration. For in vitro experiments, a pro-oxidant H2O2 or an inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β was employed to induce degenerated phenotypes in human nucleus pulposus cells encapsulated in alginate beads, and fullerol was added in the culture medium. For the animal study, an annulus-puncture model with rabbit was created, and fullerol was injected into disks. It was shown that cytotoxicity and cellular ROS level induced by H2O2 were significantly diminished by fullerol. IL-1β-induced nitric oxide generation in culture medium was suppressed by fullerol as well. Gene-profile and biochemical assays showed that fullerol effectively reversed the matrix degradation caused by either H2O2 or IL-1β. The animal study delineated that intradiskal injection of fullerol prevented disk degeneration, increasing water and proteoglycan content and inhibiting ectopic bone formation. These results suggest that antioxidative fullerol may have a potential therapeutic application for disk degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Yang
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Li Jin
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lu Yao
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Research Institute of Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Francis H Shen
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Adam L Shimer
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xudong Li
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Sharifi S, Bulstra SK, Grijpma DW, Kuijer R. Treatment of the degenerated intervertebral disc; closure, repair and regeneration of the annulus fibrosus. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1120-32. [PMID: 24616324 DOI: 10.1002/term.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) and disc herniation are two causes of low back pain. The aetiology of these disorders is unknown, but tissue weakening, which primarily occurs due to inherited genetic factors, ageing, nutritional compromise and loading history, is the basic factor causing disc degeneration. Symptomatic disc herniation mainly causes radicular pain. Current treatments of intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain are based on alleviating the symptoms and comprise administration of painkillers or surgical methods such as spinal fusion. None of these methods is completely successful. Current research focuses on regeneration of the IVD and particularly on regeneration of the nucleus pulposus. Less attention has been directed to the repair or regeneration of the annulus fibrosus, although this is the key to successful nucleus pulposus, and therewith IVD, repair. This review focuses on the importance of restoring the function of the annulus fibrosus, as well as on the repair, replacement or regeneration of the annulus fibrosus in combination with restoration of the function of the nucleus pulposus, to treat low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd K Bulstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk W Grijpma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kuijer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Noebauer-Huhmann IM, Juras V, Pfirrmann CWA, Szomolanyi P, Zbyn S, Messner A, Wimmer J, Weber M, Friedrich KM, Stelzeneder D, Trattnig S. Sodium MR imaging of the lumbar intervertebral disk at 7 T: correlation with T2 mapping and modified Pfirrmann score at 3 T--preliminary results. Radiology 2012; 265:555-64. [PMID: 22923712 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare sodium imaging of lumbar intervertebral disks in asymptomatic volunteers at 7-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with quantitative T2 mapping and morphologic scoring at 3 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following ethical board approval and informed consent, the L2-3 to L5-S1 disks were examined in 10 asymptomatic volunteers (nine men, one woman; mean age, 30 years; range, 23-43 years). At 7 T, normalized sodium signal-to-noise ratios were calculated, by using region-of-interest analysis. At 3 T, T2 mapping was performed with a multiecho spin-echo sequence (repetition time msec/echo times msec, 1500/24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156). T2 values were calculated over the nucleus, with a pixelwise, monoexponential nonnegative least-squares-fit analysis. Morphologic grading according to a modified Pfirrmann score was assessed independently by three experienced musculoskeletal radiologists, and Pearson correlation analysis of the covariates was performed. RESULTS The mean normalized sodium signal intensity was 275.5±115.4 (standard deviation). The T2 mapping showed a mean value of 89.8 msec±19.34. The median modified Pfirrmann score was 2b (90% had score≤3c). The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a cubic function between sodium imaging and the modified Pfirrmann score, a moderate inverse correlation between T2 mapping and the modified Pfirrmann score (r=-0.62), and no correlation between sodium imaging and T2 mapping (r=0.06). CONCLUSION The results suggest that MR imaging of the intervertebral disk, using sodium imaging and T2 mapping, can help characterize different component changes and that both of these methods are to some degree related to the Pfirrmann score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris-Melanie Noebauer-Huhmann
- MR Centre-High Field MR, Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna/Vienna General Hospital, Waerhringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Sell DR, Monnier VM. Aging of Long‐Lived Proteins: Extracellular Matrix (Collagens, Elastins, Proteoglycans) and Lens Crystallins. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Koepsell L, Zhang L, Neufeld D, Fong H, Deng Y. Electrospun nanofibrous polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering of annulus fibrosus. Macromol Biosci 2010; 11:391-9. [PMID: 21080441 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The annulus fibrosus comprises concentric lamellae that can be damaged due to intervertebral disc degeneration; to provide permanent repair of these acquired structural defects, one solution is to fabricate scaffolds that are designed to support the growth of annulus fibrosus cells. In this study, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds of polycaprolactone are fabricated in random, aligned, and round-end configurations. Primary porcine annulus fibrosus cells are grown on the scaffolds and evaluated for attachment, proliferation, and production of extracellular matrix. The scaffold consisting of round-end nanofibers substantially outperforms the random and aligned scaffolds on cell adhesion; additionally, the scaffold with aligned nanofibers strongly affects the orientation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Koepsell
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Dakota, 4800 North Career Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
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11
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Sell DR, Nemet I, Monnier VM. Partial characterization of the molecular nature of collagen-linked fluorescence: role of diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 493:192-206. [PMID: 19879855 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-linked fluorescence at excitation/emission 370/440 nm has widely been used as a marker for advanced glycation in studies of aging, diabetic complications, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Diagnostic devices measuring skin autofluorescence at this wavelength revealed an association between fluorescence and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We now report the presence of a major fluorophore (LW-1) in human skin collagen which increases with age, diabetes, and ESRD. It has a molecular weight of 623.2Da, a UV maximum at 348 nm, and involves a lysine residue in an aromatic ring. LW-1 could not be synthesized using traditional glycation chemistry suggesting a complex mechanism of formation, perhaps related to hypoxia since elevated levels were also found in nondiabetic individuals with chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sell
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA.
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12
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Tiku ML, Narla H, Jain M, Yalamanchili P. Glucosamine prevents in vitro collagen degradation in chondrocytes by inhibiting advanced lipoxidation reactions and protein oxidation. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R76. [PMID: 17686167 PMCID: PMC2206377 DOI: 10.1186/ar2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects a large segment of the aging population and is a major cause of pain and disability. At present, there is no specific treatment available to prevent or retard the cartilage destruction that occurs in OA. Recently, glucosamine sulfate has received attention as a putative agent that may retard cartilage degradation in OA. The precise mechanism of action of glucosamine is not known. We investigated the effect of glucosamine in an in vitro model of cartilage collagen degradation in which collagen degradation induced by activated chondrocytes is mediated by lipid peroxidation reaction. Lipid peroxidation in chondrocytes was measured by conjugated diene formation. Protein oxidation and aldehydic adduct formation were studied by immunoblot assays. Antioxidant effect of glucosamine was also tested on malondialdehyde (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]) formation on purified lipoprotein oxidation for comparison. Glucosamine sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride in millimolar (0.1 to 50) concentrations specifically and significantly inhibited collagen degradation induced by calcium ionophore-activated chondrocytes. Glucosamine hydrochloride did not inhibit lipid peroxidation reaction in either activated chondrocytes or in copper-induced oxidation of purified lipoproteins as measured by conjugated diene formation. Glucosamine hydrochloride, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited malondialdehyde (TBARS) formation by oxidized lipoproteins. Moreover, we show that glucosamine hydrochloride prevents lipoprotein protein oxidation and inhibits malondialdehyde adduct formation in chondrocyte cell matrix, suggesting that it inhibits advanced lipoxidation reactions. Together, the data suggest that the mechanism of decreasing collagen degradation in this in vitro model system by glucosamine may be mediated by the inhibition of advanced lipoxidation reaction, preventing the oxidation and loss of collagen matrix from labeled chondrocyte matrix. Further studies are needed to relate these in vitro findings to the retardation of cartilage degradation reported in OA trials investigating glucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moti L Tiku
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Haritha Narla
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Praveen Yalamanchili
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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13
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Bengmark S. Advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products--amplifiers of inflammation: the role of food. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:430-40. [PMID: 17712153 DOI: 10.1177/0148607107031005430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of glycated and lipoxidated proteins and peptides in the body are repeatedly associated with chronic diseases. These molecules are strongly associated with activation of a specific receptor called RAGE and a long-lasting exaggerated level of inflammation in the body. METHODS PubMed reports over 5000 papers plus >13,500 articles about the related HbA(1c), most of them published in the past 5 years. Most of the available abstracts have been read and approximately 800 full papers have been studied. RESULTS RAGE, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules and receptor for advanced glycation end products, known since 1992, functions as a master switch, induces sustained activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), suppresses a series of endogenous autoregulatory functions, and converts long-lasting proinflammatory signals into sustained cellular dysfunction and disease. Its activation is associated with high levels of dysfunctioning proteins in body fluids and tissues, and is strongly associated with a series of diseases from allergy and Alzheimers to rheumatoid arthritis and urogenital disorders. Heat treatment, irradiation, and ionization of foods increase the content of dysfunctioning molecules. CONCLUSIONS More than half of the studies are performed in diabetes and chronic renal diseases; there are few studies in other diseases. Most of our knowledge is based on animal studies and in vitro studies. These effects are worth further exploration both experimentally and clinically. An avoidance of foods rich in deranged proteins and peptides, and the consumption of antioxidants, especially polyphenols, seem to counteract such a development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- UCL Institute of Hepatology, University College, London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Nerlich AG, Bachmeier BE, Schleicher E, Rohrbach H, Paesold G, Boos N. Immunomorphological Analysis of RAGE Receptor Expression and NF- B Activation in Tissue Samples from Normal and Degenerated Intervertebral Discs of Various Ages. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1096:239-48. [PMID: 17405935 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We immunohistochemically investigated the pattern of RAGE expression and NFkappaB translocation into the nucleus in 43 complete cross-sections of human lumbar intervertebral discs (neonatal-85 years) and compared this with the carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) modification of proteins as a marker for oxidative stress. No significant expression of RAGE, no obvious activation of NF-kappaB, and no deposition of CML-modified proteins were seen in fetal, juvenile, and young adolescent discs (until age of 13 years). In adults, 25-50% of nucleus pulposus cells were labeled for RAGE and activated NF-kappaB, which correlated well with the occurrence and extent of CML staining in the pericellular matrix. In the annulus fibrosus significantly lower values were seen than in the nucleus pulposus. In consequence, we provide evidence for activation of the NF-kappaB system in intervertebral discs in vivo, which correlates with accumulated oxidative stress and increases in age and disc degeneration. Oxidative stress (as monitored by CML modifications) may lead to RAGE activation and NF-kappaB translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Nerlich
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Munich-Bogenhausen, Englschalkingerstr. 77, D-81925 Munich, Germany.
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15
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Urban JPG, Winlove CP. Pathophysiology of the intervertebral disc and the challenges for MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:419-32. [PMID: 17260404 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Through its ability to make relatively noninvasive and repeatable measurements, MRI has a great deal to offer, not only to clinical diagnosis of intervertebral disc disorders but also as a tool for basic research into disc physiology and the etiology of disc degeneration. In this brief review we outline the structure of the disc, the composition and organization of its macromolecules, and the changes that occur during disc degeneration, attempting to summarize features that have been or could become targets of MRI characterization. It is important to recognize, however, the fundamental limitation that most of the changes so far observed in MRI are consequences of alterations in cellular metabolism that occurred months to years previously and provide little insight into the current functional status of the tissue. There is therefore a need to develop MR techniques that directly characterize cellular activity and factors such as nutrient delivery on which it is critically dependent. We therefore briefly review cellular energy metabolism and nutrient transport into the avascular disc and consider the ability of MRI to reveal information about such processes. As a corollary of this discussion we also consider the constraints that the unusual transport properties of the disc impose on the delivery of contrast agents to the disc, since an understanding of these limitations is central to interpretation of the resulting images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P G Urban
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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Pilin A, Pudil F, Bencko V. Changes in colour of different human tissues as a marker of age. Int J Legal Med 2006; 121:158-62. [PMID: 17115173 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-006-0136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with age estimation based on colour changes of human tissue from the intervertebral discs, Achilles tendon and rib cartilage. The investigated colour changes are the result of the accumulation of non-enzymatic browning products in the tissue. Samples of excised tissues were photographed with a digital camera and the pictures were evaluated using the image analysis processor Lucia G 4.11 processor. The values of the intensities of the RGB channels (MeanRed, Mean Green, MeanBlue) and parameters from the IHS system (MeanSaturation, HueTypical, HueVariation, BrightVariation and MeanBrightness) were evaluated. The results confirm that colour changes of some tissues depend on ageing and are a good tool for age estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pilin
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Teaching Hospital in Prague, Studnickova 4, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is largely a process of destruction and failure of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and symptomatic IVD degeneration is thought to be one of the leading causes of morbidity or life quality deterioration in the elderly. To date, however, the mechanism of IVD degeneration is still not fully understood. Cellular loss from cell death in the process of IVD degeneration has long been confirmed and considered to contribute to ECM degradation, but the causes and the manners of IVD cell death remain unclear. Programmed cell death (PCD) is executed by an active cellular process and is extensively involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development and human degenerative diseases. Thus, the relationship between PCD and IVD degeneration has become a new research focus of interest in recent years. By reviewing the available literature concentrated on PCD in IVD and discussing the methodology of detecting PCD in IVD cells, its inducing factors, the relationship of cell death to ECM degradation, and the potential therapy for IVD degeneration by modulation of PCD, we conclude that IVD cells undergo PCD via different signal transduction pathways in response to different stimuli, that PCD may play a role in the process of IVD degeneration, and that modulation of PCD might be a potential therapeutic strategy for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
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Sivan SS, Tsitron E, Wachtel E, Roughley P, Sakkee N, van der Ham F, Degroot J, Maroudas A. Age-related accumulation of pentosidine in aggrecan and collagen from normal and degenerate human intervertebral discs. Biochem J 2006; 399:29-35. [PMID: 16787390 PMCID: PMC1570172 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During aging and degeneration, many changes occur in the structure and composition of human cartilaginous tissues, which include the accumulation of the AGE (advanced glycation end-product), pentosidine, in long-lived proteins. In the present study, we investigated the accumulation of pentosidine in constituents of the human IVD (intervertebral disc), i.e. collagen, aggrecan-derived PG (proteoglycan) (A1) and its fractions (A1D1-A1D6) in health and pathology. We found that, after maturity, pentosidine accumulates with age. Over the age range studied, a linear 6-fold increase was observed in pentosidine accumulation for A1 and collagen with respective rates of 0.12 and 0.66 nmol x (g of protein)(-1) x year(-1). Using previously reported protein turnover rate constants (k(T)) obtained from measurements of the D-isomer of aspartic residue in collagen and aggrecan of human IVD, we could calculate the pentosidine formation rate constants (k(F)) for these constituents [Sivan, Tsitron, Wachtel, Roughley, Sakkee, van der Ham, DeGroot, Roberts and Maroudas (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 13009-13014; Tsitron (2006) MSc Thesis, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]. In spite of the comparable formation rate constants obtained for A1D1 and collagen [1.81+/-0.25 compared with 3.71+/-0.26 micromol of pentosidine x (mol of lysine)(-1) x year(-1) respectively], the higher pentosidine accumulation in collagen is consistent with its slower turnover (0.005 year(-1) compared with 0.134 year(-1) for A1D1). Pentosidine accumulation increased with decreasing buoyant density and decreasing turnover of the proteins from the most glycosaminoglycan-rich PG components (A1D1) to the least (A1D6), with respective k(F) values of 1.81+/-0.25 and 3.18+/-0.37 micromol of pentosidine.(mol of lysine)(-1) x year(-1). We concluded that protein turnover is an important determinant of pentosidine accumulation in aggrecan and collagen of human IVD, as was found for articular cartilage. Correlation of pentosidine accumulation with protein half-life in both normal and degenerate discs further supports this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Sara Sivan
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Yokosuka K, Park JS, Jimbo K, Yamada K, Sato K, Tsuru M, Takeuchi M, Yamagishi SI, Nagata K. Advanced glycation end-products downregulating intervertebral disc cell production of proteoglycans in vitro. J Neurosurg Spine 2006; 5:324-9. [PMID: 17048769 DOI: 10.3171/spi.2006.5.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Object
The authors sought to clarify the role, if any, of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in disc degeneration.
Methods
Intervertebral discs were analyzed for the presence of AGEs and of their receptor (RAGE) by immunohistochemical analysis. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect any RAGE gene expression, and real-time PCR was used to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of aggrecan and collagen types I and II in nucleus pulposus cells treated with AGEs. Aggrecan protein concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AGEs and RAGE were localized in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. Advanced glycation end-products were found to significantly suppress the expression of aggrecan at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The levels of collagen types I and II remained unchanged after treatments with AGEs.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the accumulation of AGEs and their interaction with their receptor in the nucleus pulposus might result in the downregulation of aggrecan production responsible for disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiaki Yokosuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Internal Medicine III, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Wagner DR, Reiser KM, Lotz JC. Glycation increases human annulus fibrosus stiffness in both experimental measurements and theoretical predictions. J Biomech 2006; 39:1021-9. [PMID: 15878594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary age-related changes to collagenous tissues is the increased concentration of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Although AGEs have been shown to increase the mechanical stiffness of many tissues, their influence on the mechanical properties of the annulus fibrosus has not been measured experimentally. In previous theoretical work, we hypothesized that the mechanical influence of AGEs on the annulus could be represented in an additive strain energy function with a separate crosslinking term, but the material coefficients associated with this term were not correlated with AGE concentration. In the current study, we measured the tensile stress-strain response of the human annulus in the axial direction both before and after glycation with methylglyoxal. Using nonlinear regression, the strain energy function was simultaneously applied to these new data and to data from a wide range of experimental protocols reported in the literature to determine values for the material coefficients appearing in the constitutive equation. Nonenzymatic collagen crosslinking induced a statistically significant change in annular material properties. Furthermore, the concentration of AGEs correlated positively with the material coefficients found in the terms of the strain energy function that we associate with collagen crosslinking. These data suggest that AGEs contribute to age-related disc stiffening as well as validate the hypothesis that biochemical constituents can be related mathematically to tissue behavior. In the future, this structurally guided constitutive relationship may provide further insight into the structure-function relationships of the annulus fibrosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Wagner
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hoell T, Huschak G, Beier A, Hüttmann G, Minkus Y, Holzhausen HJ, Meisel HJ. Auto fluorescence of intervertebral disc tissue: a new diagnostic tool. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2006; 15 Suppl 3:S345-53. [PMID: 16896842 PMCID: PMC2335379 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-006-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper reports on auto fluorescence phenomena of inter-vertebral human discs. It systematically investigates the auto fluorescence effects of ex vivo disc specimen and reports on surgical cases to demonstrate the potential value of the new method. The paper offers biologic explanations of the phenomenon and discusses the potential value of the UV auto fluorescence technique as a diagnostic tool. Intra- and postoperative observations are made by a surgical microscope with an integrated UV light source. Quantitative measurements were carried out using a photon counter and a spectrometer ex vivo. The auto fluorescence phenomenon allows the differentiation of traumatized and degenerated disc tissue intraoperatively in some cases, it allows the differentiation of bony and collagen endplate in cervical disc surgery. The source of the auto fluorescent light emission are amino acids of the collagen molecules. The proteoglycan components and the liquid components of the disc do not show relevant auto fluorescence. Emission wavelength of disc material is equivalent to color perception. It differs due to different collagen composition of the intervertebral disc components from yellow-green to blue-green and can be visualized in situ by naked eye.UV-auto fluorescence of inter-vertebral discs is a new clinical tool that has the potential to differentiate disc material from the anatomical surrounding, to distinguish between different fractions of the disc and to give information on the quality and status of the disc material. Since the technology has just emerged, it needs further investigations to quantify the clinical observations reported in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoell
- Department of Spine Surgery, Mittelbaden Hospital, Robert-Koch-Strasse 70, 77815, Bühl, Baden-Baden, Germany.
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Haefeli M, Kalberer F, Saegesser D, Nerlich AG, Boos N, Paesold G. The course of macroscopic degeneration in the human lumbar intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006; 31:1522-31. [PMID: 16778683 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000222032.52336.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Assessment of age-related macroscopic changes in human lumbar intervertebral discs (IVD) and vertebral bodies. OBJECTIVES To determine the sequence of macroscopic changes during aging/degeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Descriptive studies on macroscopic alterations of the IVD during aging/degeneration are readily available, but quantitative analyses are sparse. METHODS A total of 248 mid-/parasagittal sections of lumbar IVD and vertebral bodies from 41 routine autopsies (range, 7 months to 88 years) were semiquantitatively assessed for macroscopic parameters and correlated with age. RESULTS Nuclear fibrous transformation, anular disorganization, endplate, and vertebral body alterations progress predominantly in the first two and in the fifth to seventh decades. In the third and fourth decade, little progression occurs. Nuclear clefts and anular tears appear later, mostly starting in the second decade, with clefts preceding tear formation. Radial and concentric tears develop similarly over time, whereas rim lesions mostly develop after the sixth decade. Significant differences are observed between upper and lower lumbar spine. CONCLUSION Our data show that fibrous nuclear transformation during aging/degeneration precedes cleft formation. The temporal sequence suggests a strong correlation of cleft and tears formation starting with clefts in the second decade. Our results support the hypothesis that disc degeneration starts in the nucleus. Extensive macroscopic alterations already apparent in the second life decade present a challenge to any tissue engineering and repair attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Haefeli
- Centre for Spinal Surgery, University of Zurich, Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stamatas GN, Estanislao RB, Suero M, Rivera ZS, Li J, Khaiat A, Kollias N. Facial skin fluorescence as a marker of the skin's response to chronic environmental insults and its dependence on age. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:125-32. [PMID: 16403105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout life facial skin is exposed to a variety of adverse environmental conditions and is constantly required to repair itself. The rate of epidermal cell proliferation is indicative of the skin's repair rate and can be monitored noninvasively in vivo using skin intrinsic fluorescence markers. OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of ageing, geographical region, ethnic origin and season on the ability of facial skin to repair itself in the presence of chronic environmental insults using in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy. METHODS Skin fluorescence emission was measured on the cheeks of 522 individuals in winter and repeated in summer in five different geographical locations in the Asia-Pacific region. Fluorescence emission was also measured from 80 caucasians of fair complexion in the United States (New Jersey area) on the face and on a relatively protected area (upper inner arm). The age range of the participants was 14-75 years. RESULTS We found that epidermal proliferation rates decrease monotonically with age, while the fluorescence of collagen and elastin cross-links increases with age indicating accumulation of advanced glycation end-products. These trends were independent of geographical region, ethnic origin and season of measurement. Epidermal proliferation rates of facial skin were higher than those of unexposed sites; they may be 10 times higher in younger (second decade) than in older (seventh decade) individuals, and they decrease with age at rates 10 times faster compared with those of unexposed sites. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that epidermal proliferation and its dependence on ageing have been measured noninvasively on the human face. The higher tryptophan fluorescence values on the face vs. the protected site are indicative of accelerated rates of epidermal proliferation in the presence of chronic environmental insults. The repair potential of facial skin, i.e. its ability to maintain high proliferation rates, is maximal in younger populations and gradually decreases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Stamatas
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Although symptomatic disc degeneration is thought to be the leading cause of chronic low back pain, no available biologic therapy is yet available to treat this highly prevalent condition. PURPOSE In this article, the cellular, biomechanical and molecular alterations that occur during disc degeneration are reviewed to provide a better understanding of this pathologic process. STUDY DESIGN The cellular and molecular aspects of disc degeneration are reviewed. METHODS The available studies detailing the molecular and cellular changes during disc degeneration are reviewed in an effort to provide a basis for understanding the biologic strategies for disc repair. RESULTS Disc degeneration begins early in life and involves a cascade of changes at the cellular and molecular level that results in degradation of the extracellular matrix of the disc, leading to biomechanical failure of this complex structure. CONCLUSION With a thorough understanding of the cellular and molecular events causing degeneration of the intervertebral disc, rational strategies for disc repair can be understood and evaluated. It appears that biologic disc repair will be feasible in the future although challenges remain in this blossoming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Greg Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Monnier VM, Mustata GT, Biemel KL, Reihl O, Lederer MO, Zhenyu D, Sell DR. Cross-linking of the extracellular matrix by the maillard reaction in aging and diabetes: an update on "a puzzle nearing resolution". Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043:533-44. [PMID: 16037276 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1333.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aging extracellular matrix is characterized by an age-related increase in insolubilization, yellowing, and stiffening, all of which can be mimicked by the Maillard reaction in vitro. These phenomena are accelerated in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and end-stage renal disease, which have in common with physiological aging the accumulation of various glycation products and cross-links. Eight years ago we concluded that the evidence favored oxidative cross-linking in experimental diabetes [Monnier, V.M. et al. 1996. The mechanism of collagen cross-linking in diabetes: a puzzle nearing completion. Diabetes 45(Suppl. 3): 67-72] and proposed a major role for a putative non-UV active cross-link derived from glucose. Below, we provide an update of the field that leads to the conclusion that, while oxidation might be important for Maillard reaction-mediated cross-linking via Strecker degradation and allysine formation, the single most important collagen cross-link known to date in diabetes and aging is glucosepane, a lysyl-arginine cross-link that forms under nonoxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Monnier
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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26
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A review of current knowledge and opinions concerning the biologic changes that take place during development, maturation and degeneration of the intervertebral disc. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the changes that occur in structure and composition of the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc and to explain the origin of such changes and their functional consequences. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The structure of the intervertebral disc, and, in particular, the composition of its extracellular matrix, changes throughout life, ultimately resulting in tissue degeneration in the adult. METHODS A review of the published scientific literature. RESULTS In the young disc, the outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus have clear physical and molecular properties, although these differences become less distinct in the adult. The age changes are due to variations in both the abundance and structure of the macromolecules, particularly aggrecan, and the structural variations may be due to changes in both synthesis and degradation. It is not clear how many of the changes are by design to adapt to the altered environment of the growing spine. However, it is commonly thought that the degradative changes are detrimental to disc function, a property that is exacerbated by the inability of the mature avascular disc to remove and replace accumulated degradation products. The rate at which these detrimental changes occur may vary between individuals because of genetic, biomechanical, and nutritional differences. Such changes are thought to form the basis of tissue loss associated with disc degeneration. CONCLUSION Changes in intervertebral disc structure throughout life ultimately result in tissue degeneration and the need for medical intervention. Current research is aimed at trying to restore the integrity of the degenerate disc matrix by biologic means, although at present it is not clear what the structure of the most appropriate repair tissue should be or how it can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This condensed literature review was performed to show how inappreciably known are the aging effects of the neuromuscular system, especially the neuroarticular function. To give a needed perspective on the aging process of the musculoskeletal system of a rapidly aging population that is all-important to the chiropractor. DATA SOURCES An online search of several databases (MEDLINE and MANTIS) provided several guidelines for review. Comparison among the guidelines was made on different aspects: format, focus, significance of aging of the neuroarticular process, and primary diagnostic considerations. For brevity, no tables were cited for comparisons on the aspects covered and supported by the references. DATA SYNTHESIS Condensed literature review from abstracts and full-length articles were used to establish the review conclusions. RESULTS The data and information found in this literature search are insufficient to draw primary conclusions about the aging process and the neuroarticular complex. CONCLUSION It may be simply concluded that there needs to be additional concentrated research in the area of the neuroarticular process and the lesion that occurs at some point in time to a significant majority of individuals. As a large portion of chiropractic patients are elderly, this perspective should be read by all chiropractors. There were several criteria in mind when the project began, especially to improve the chiropractic care of the aged patient, to review and to develop needed data, and to understand the neuroarticular process involvement. This article was to accomplish the understanding and build interest in the degeneration ramifications in the neuroarticular complex of the elderly. This interest may stimulate more attention on the subject with an extensive literature search of the topic and additional research needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Stump
- Integrative Medicine Centre, 915 Plantation Blvd, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The damage to cartilage collagen is a central event in the pathogenesis of cartilage aging and osteoarthritis (OA). We have previously developed an in vitro model of cartilage degradation which shows that chondrocyte-dependent lipid peroxidation mediates cartilage collagen degradation. The goal of our study was to investigate the role of vitamin C in this degradation model and to investigate effect of chondrocyte-dependent lipid peroxidation in the oxidation of cartilage collagen. METHODS We studied primary articular chondrocytes. Effect of vitamin C was investigated in the previously described model. Serum-free stimulated and unstimulated chondrocyte-matrix extracts were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein oxidation of cartilage proteins was demonstrated by the reactivity of chondrocyte extracts to a monoclonal antibody, MDA2, which detects MDA-lysine adducts. RESULTS Vitamin C treatment of chondrocyte cultures resulted in significant enhanced incorporation of 3H-proline label in cell-matrix. Cells treated with vitamin C, as compared to control untreated cells showed decreased spontaneous release of labeled matrix. Vitamin C treated or not treated chondrocytes responded comparably to stimulation with the agonist calcium ionophore A23187. The serum-free in vitro culture of chondrocytes resulted in MDA-protein oxidation. The treatment of chondrocytes with A23187 resulted in the enhancement of MDA-protein oxidation. The immunoblot reactivity pattern of extracts to MDA2 antibody and to polyclonal anti-type II collagen antibody was somewhat similar, which suggests that these two different types of antisera exhibit a crossreaction to chondrocyte proteins. Chondrocyte extracts were pretreated both with and without pure collagenase, and then subjected to immunoblot analysis. Only collagenase treated extracts showed a disappearance, or significant reduction, of larger than 60 kDa size MDA2 immunoreactive proteins. This suggests that the proteins that disappeared after the enzyme treatment were collagen proteins and which had also been modified by MDA oxidation. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that collagen hydroxylation of matrix by vitamin C does not play a role in this model of chondrocyte-dependent collagen degradation. Also, this study demonstrates that chondrocyte-derived lipid peroxidation product MDA mediates oxidation of cartilage collagens. Oxidative modification of cartilage collagen in vivo could result in alteration of biochemical and biophysical properties of cartilage collagen fibrils, making them prone to degradation, thus initiating the changes observed in aging and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Tiku
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019, USA.
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Sokolov K, Galvan J, Myakov A, Lacy A, Lotan R, Richards-Kortum R. Realistic three-dimensional epithelial tissue phantoms for biomedical optics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2002; 7:148-56. [PMID: 11818022 DOI: 10.1117/1.1427052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2001] [Revised: 07/23/2001] [Accepted: 08/17/2001] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We introduce new realistic three-dimensional tissue phantoms which can help to understand the optical properties of human epithelium as well as the optical signatures associated with the dysplasia to carcinoma sequence. The phantoms are based on a step by step multilayer reconstitution of the epithelial tissue using main components characteristic for the human epithelium. Each consecutive step is aimed to increase the similarity between real tissue and a phantom. We began by modeling the stromal layer which predominantly consists of a network of collagen bundles. Phantoms consisting of a collagen matrix alone and in the presence of embedded cervical cells were created. Their morphology and fluorescence properties were studied and were compared with those of cervical epithelium. We show that the phantoms resemble the microstructure and the optical properties of the human epithelial tissue. We also demonstrate that the proposed phantoms provide an opportunity to study changes in optical properties of different tissue components as a result of their interactions with each other or exogenous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Sokolov
- University of Texas/Austin, Biomedical Engineering Program, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Iwabuchi M, Rydevik B, Kikuchi S, Olmarker K. Effects of anulus fibrosus and experimentally degenerated nucleus pulposus on nerve root conduction velocity: relevance of previous experimental investigations using normal nucleus pulposus. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001; 26:1651-5. [PMID: 11474349 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200108010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Nerve conduction velocity was measured in the pig cauda equina after local application of anulus fibrosus or in vitro/postmortem degenerated nucleus pulposus from the same pig. OBJECTIVES To analyze the effects of anulus fibrosus and degenerated nucleus pulposus on nerve conduction velocity. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous studies on nucleus pulposus-induced effects on nerve roots have used normal, nondegenerated nucleus pulposus. Because both anulus fibrosus and degenerated nucleus pulposus are commonly seen in the clinical situation of disc herniation, the value of the previous work could be questioned. METHODS Anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus were harvested using a retroperitoneal approach. The nucleus pulposus was degenerated artificially either by addition of sodium lactate with HCl added to form a pH of either 6.0 or 3.5 (in vitro degeneration), or by storing the nucleus pulposus at 4 C until a pH of 6.0 (postmortem degeneration) was reached. After epidural application, the nerve conduction velocity was determined at 7 days (anulus fibrosus) or 3 days (degenerated nucleus pulposus). RESULTS Application of anulus fibrosus did not induce any reduction of nerve conduction velocity. In vitro and postmortem degenerated nucleus pulposus induced a reduction of nerve conduction velocity similar to that of normal nucleus pulposus. CONCLUSIONS Although only nerve function and not pain was assessed, it seems likely that previous experiments using normal nucleus pulposus may be relevant for evaluating the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind the nucleus pulposus-induced nerve root injury, also in a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwabuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gottschalk D, Fehn M, Patt S, Saeger W, Kirchner T, Aigner T. Matrix gene expression analysis and cellular phenotyping in chordoma reveals focal differentiation pattern of neoplastic cells mimicking nucleus pulposus development. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1571-8. [PMID: 11337353 PMCID: PMC1891956 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2001] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chordoma is the fourth most common malignant primary neoplasm of the skeleton and almost the only one showing a real epithelial phenotype. Besides classic chordoma, so-called chondroid chordoma was described as a specific entity showing cartilage-like tissue within chordomatoid structures. However, since its first description, strongly conflicting results have been reported about the existence of chondroid chordoma and several studies suggested chondroid chordomas being in fact low-grade conventional chondrosarcomas. In the present study, we used cytoprotein expression profiling and molecular in situ localization techniques of marker gene products indicative of developmental phenotypes of chondrocytes to elucidate origin and biology of chondroid chordoma. We were able to demonstrate the chondrogenic potential of chordomas irrespectively of the appearance of overt cartilage formation by identifying the multifocal expression of type II collagen, the main marker of chondrocytic differentiation. Additionally, the cartilage-typical large aggregating proteoglycan aggrecan was present throughout all chordomas and, thus, a very characteristic gene product and marker of these neoplasms. Biochemical matrix composition and cell differentiation pattern analysis showed a high resemblance of classic chordomas and in chordoid areas of chondroid chordomas to the fetal chorda dorsalis, whereas chondroid areas of chondroid chordomas showed features similar to adult nucleus pulposus. This demonstrates on the cell function level the chondrocytic differentiation potential of neoplastic chordoid cells as a characteristic facet of chordomas, mimicking fetal vertebral development, ie, the transition of the chorda dorsalis to the nucleus pulposus. Our study firmly establishes a focal real chondrocytic phenotype of neoplastic cells in chordomas. Chondroid chordoma is neither a low-grade chondrosarcoma nor a misnomer as discussed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Daumer KM, Khan AU, Steinbeck MJ. Chlorination of pyridinium compounds. Possible role of hypochlorite, N-chloramines, and chlorine in the oxidation of pyridinoline cross-links of articular cartilage collagen type II during acute inflammation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34681-92. [PMID: 10940296 PMCID: PMC2941819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species produced by activated neutrophils and monocytes are thought to be involved in mediating the loss of collagen and other matrix proteins at sites of inflammation. To evaluate their potential to oxidize the pyridinoline (Pyd) cross-links found in collagen types I and II, we reacted hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl(-)), and singlet oxygen (O(2)((1)delta g)) with the Pyd substitutes, pyridoxamine dihydrochloride and vitamin B(6), which share the same chemical structure and spectral properties of Pyd cross-links. Neither H(2)O(2) (125-500 microm) nor O(2)((1)delta g) (10-25 microm) significantly changed the spectral properties of pyridoxamine or vitamin B(6). Reaction of HOCl/OCl(-) (12.5-50 microm) with pyridoxamine at pH 7.2 resulted in a concentration-dependent appearance of two new absorbance peaks and a decrease in fluorescence at 400 nm (excitation 325 nm). The new absorbance peaks correlated with the formation of an N-chloramine and the product of its subsequent reaction with pyridoxamine. In contrast, the extent to which HOCl reacted with vitamin B(6), which lacks a primary amine group, was variable at this pH. At lysosomal pH 5.5, Cl(2)/HOCl/OCl(-) reacted with both pyridoxamine and vitamin B(6). Four of the chlorinated products of this reaction were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and included 3-chloropyridinium, an aldehyde, and several chlorinated products with disrupted rings. To evaluate the effects of Cl(2)/HOCl/OCl(-) on Pyd cross-links in collagen, we exposed bone collagen type I and articular cartilage type II to HOCl. Treatment of either collagen type with HOCl at pH 5. 0 or 7.2 resulted in the oxidation of amine groups and, for collagen type II, the specific decrease in Pyd cross-link fluorescence, suggesting that during inflammation both oxidations may be used by neutrophils and monocytes to promote the loss of matrix integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Daumer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Ahsan U. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Marla J. Steinbeck
- To whom correspondence or proofs should be addressed: Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St., Curtis Bldg., Rm. 324, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Tel.: 215-955-4322; Fax: 215-955-4317.
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Urban JPG, Roberts S, Ralphs JR. The Nucleus of the Intervertebral Disc from Development to Degeneration1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1668/0003-1569(2000)040[0053:tnotid]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Duance VC, Crean JK, Sims TJ, Avery N, Smith S, Menage J, Eisenstein SM, Roberts S. Changes in collagen cross-linking in degenerative disc disease and scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:2545-51. [PMID: 9854753 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Biochemical study of the changes in the collagen cross-link profile of human intervertebral discs collected at surgery from patients with either low back pain associated with disc degeneration or scoliosis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether changes occur in the collagen cross-link profile in the disc of patients with either low back pain associated with disc degeneration or scoliosis, which may well influence matrix integrity. Such changes in the cross-link profile of a tissue indicates increased matrix turnover and tissue remodeling and may have implications for the progression of these disorders. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The diseases of the intervertebral disc, degenerative disc disease and scoliosis, are both characterized by changes in the extracellular matrix components that will affect the mechanical function of the tissue. The stability of the collagenous components and hence the mechanical integrity of connective tissues such as the disc is dependent on the degree and type of cross-links between the collagen molecules. This article reports results on the distribution of the different cross-links in the disc and the changes that occur with age, degenerative disc disease, and scoliosis. METHODS Thirty-three discs were obtained from patients with degenerative disc disease and 29 discs from patients with scoliosis. Samples were acid hydrolyzed and the collagen cross-links analyzed by either fractionation on an amino acid analyzer configured for cross-link analysis using ninhydrin postcolumn detection or fractionation by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. RESULTS The reducible cross-links and the mature cross-link all increased from the outer anulus fibrosus through into the nucleus pulposus. The highest levels of the mature cross-link were found in the cartilage end-plate. The nonenzymic derived cross-link, pentosidine, in contrast, showed little difference across the disc, but did show the expected age-related increase. In degenerative disc disease, no change in the levels of the reducible or mature cross-links was found, but a decrease was observed in the levels of the age-related cross-link pentosidine in the more severe disease samples. In scoliosis, significantly higher levels of the reducible cross-links were found on the convex than on the concave side of the scoliotic disc. CONCLUSIONS These changes in the cross-link profile of the intervertebral disc in degenerative disc disease and scoliosis are indicative of increased matrix turnover and tissue remodeling and likely to have implications for the progression of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Duance
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Molecular and Medical Biosciences, University of Wales Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Human lumbar intervertebral discs from individuals of varying ages were obtained at autopsy and analyzed for collagen crosslinks. OBJECTIVES To analyze alterations in collagen crosslinks in human lumbar intervertebral discs with aging and disc degeneration. Crosslinks studied were pyridinoline, which is a collagen maturation crosslink, and pentosidine, a nonenzymatically initiated age-related crosslink. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Crosslinking of collagen fibers within the matrix affects intervertebral disc biomechanics. In various connective tissues, alterations in pyridinoline and pentosidine crosslinks have been shown to predispose the tissue to mechanical failure. Little is known about the fate of intervertebral disc collagen crosslinks with advancing age and disc degeneration. METHODS Forty-two postmortem lumbar intervertebral discs were harvested from nine individuals whose ages were 24, 44, 47, 52, 67, 72, 75, 82, and 89 years. Degree of disc degeneration was graded macroscopically. Each lumbar disc was extracted with 4 mol/L guanidine hydrochloride, and the residual collagen was acid hydrolyzed and analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for pyridinoline and pentosidine crosslinks. RESULTS The findings indicate a decrease in pyridinoline and an increase in pentosidine crosslink levels with disc aging. The decrease in pyridinoline crosslinks with disc aging is a novel finding and may have detrimental effects on matrix resilience. Increased pentosidine levels have been implicated in the age-related deterioration of connective tissue. With advancing degrees of macroscopic disc degeneration, pentosidine levels increase, and pyridinoline levels are diminished. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in concentrations of pyridinoline and pentosidine collagen crosslinks occur with intervertebral disc aging and degeneration. These changes may contribute to the loss of disc integrity and play a role in the pathogenesis of the degenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Pokharna
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Chicago Spine Center, Illinois, USA.
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Nerlich AG, Schleicher ED, Boos N. 1997 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies. Immunohistologic markers for age-related changes of human lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997; 22:2781-95. [PMID: 9431614 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199712150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN The authors performed a correlative macroscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical investigation on human lumbar intervertebral discs using complete motion segment slices, including all age groups and stages of degeneration. OBJECTIVES To identify markers for age-related changes of human lumbar intervertebral discs. In particular, to investigate changes in the distribution pattern of collagen Types I, II, III, IV, V, VI, IX, and X. In addition, to study posttranslational protein modification by the immunolocalization of N-(carboxylmethyl)lysine (CML), which is regarded as a biomarker for oxidative stress. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Data on a correlation of age-related changes in disc morphology and disc matrix composition is sparse. So far, no comprehensive analysis considered a correlation of macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical age-related alterations using complete sections of intervertebral discs (i.e., including nucleus pulposus, anulus fibrosus, endplates, and vertebral bodies). In addition, there is need for specific markers for these disc changes to allow for a better correlation with disc function. METHODS After photodocumentation of the macroscopic appearance, 229 sagittal lumbar motion segments obtained from 47 individuals (fetal to 86 years) during routine autopsy were processed for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. All slices were investigated for histologic alterations of disc degeneration. A randomly selected subset of these specimens (n = 45) was used for a correlative analysis of interstitial collagens and molecular modifications of matrix proteins. RESULTS The presence of CML-modification of extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen, was observed first in the nucleus pulposus of a 13-year-old individual and increased significantly with age. In elderly people, both the nucleus pulposus and the anulus fibrosus showed extensive CML deposition. This CML deposition was accentuated in areas of macroscopic and histologic disc degeneration. After the occurrence of CML in the nucleus pulposus, we found a change in the collagen type pattern. An initial increase in nuclear collagen Types II, III, and VI staining was followed by a loss of collagen Type II, the occurrence of collagen Type I, and the persistence of high collagen Type III and VI levels, which were finally decreased again. The nuclear chondrocytes revealed significant changes in their immediate pericellular matrix, indicating phenotypic changes. Thus, exclusively in the nucleus pulposus of adolescents and young adults a significant proportion of cells positively stained for the basement membrane collagen Type IV. Collagen Type X was expressed by nuclear chondrocytes at a higher age and was associated with advanced degenerative disc alterations. CONCLUSIONS The authors present the first study in which age-related changes are correlated on a macroscopic, histologic, and molecular level using complete sections of lumbar motion segments. They reconfirm the notion that disc degeneration starts as early as in the second decade of life. Therefore, only early prevention of disc damage may inhibit disc degeneration and its sequelae. Phenotypic alterations of nuclear chondrocytes as monitored by collagen Type IV in young adults with minor lesions and collagen Type X in advanced lesions indicate distinct cellular reactions, possibly as a reaction to enhanced oxidative stress. The degree of this oxidative stress is reflected by the CML-staining pattern which, in turn, indicates that the disc undergoes an accumulative stress, possibly leading to altered properties of the collagen fibrils and, thereby, tissue destruction. The deposition of CML proved to be the best marker for ongoing age-related changes in the intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Nerlich
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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Pokharna HK, Pottenger LA. Nonenzymatic glycation of cartilage proteoglycans: an in vivo and in vitro study. Glycoconj J 1997; 14:917-23. [PMID: 9486424 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018514727213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated whether proteoglycans (aggrecan) are modified by nonenzymatic glycation as in collagen. Purified human aggrecan from osteoarthritic and normal human knee articular cartilage was assayed for pentosidine, a cross-link formed by nonenzymatic glycation, using reverse-phase HPLC. In addition, an in vitro study was done by incubation of purified bovine nasal cartilage aggrecan with ribose. Pentosidine was found in all the purified human aggrecan samples. 2-3% of the total articular cartilage pentosidine was found in aggrecan. Purified link protein also contained penosidine. The in vitro study led to pentosidine formation, but did not appear to increase the molecular size of the aggrecan suggesting that pentosidine was creating intramolecular cross-links. Similar amounts of glycation were found in osteoarthritic and normal cartilage. Like collagen, aggrecan and link proteins are crosslinked by nonenzymatic glycation in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Crosslinking could be reproduced, in vitro, by incubating aggrecan with ribose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Pokharna
- Section of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, IL 60637, USA.
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39
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Miksík I, Deyl Z. Post-translational non-enzymatic modification of proteins. II. Separation of selected protein species after glycation and other carbonyl-mediated modifications. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 699:311-45. [PMID: 9392381 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There are two strategies applicable to revealing non-enzymatic post-translational modifications of proteins; while assaying of the hydrolytically stable adducts was the subject of our previous communication [1], here we attempted to review separation technologies for the unfragmented modified proteins. There are a few standard procedures used for this purpose, namely Laemmli gel electrophoresis, different modes of gel permeation chromatography and boronate affinity chromatography. The latter approach makes use of the vicinal hydroxy groups present in glycated proteins. Some (but not all) arising adducts exhibit typical fluorescence which can be exploited for detection. In most cases fluorescence is measured at 370/440 nm for the so-called advanced glycation products or at 335/385 nm for the only so far well characterized glycation marker (pentosidine). Some indication exists that, e.g., synchronous fluorescence detection will probably in the future add to the selectivity and allow the distinction of the different adducts arising during non-enzymatic post-translational modifications (glycation). The proteins reviewed are serum albumin, collagen and lens proteins while glycation of hemoglobin is the subject of another review within the present volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miksík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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41
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Urban JP, Roberts S. Development and degeneration of the intervertebral discs. MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 1995; 1:329-35. [PMID: 9415173 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(95)80032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The intervertebral discs undergo profound changes in structure and composition during development and aging. They also degenerate much earlier than other cartilaginous tissues, and in severe cases may lose function completely. The reasons for this early degeneration are unknown, but external factors, such as mechanical overload on the spine, or smoking, may be involved. However, recent work has revived interest in the importance of genetic and developmental influences on the intervertebral discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Urban
- University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, UK.
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Yang C, Mosler S, Rui H, Baetge B, Notbohm H, Müller PK. Structural and functional implications of age-related abnormal modifications in collagen II from intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol 1995; 14:643-51. [PMID: 9057814 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(05)80028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Collagen II was isolated from annulus fibrosus of human donors, and the degree of enzymatic glycosylation and the extent of nonenzymatic modification was determined as a function of age. While enzymatic glycosylation did not alter with age, the fluorescence as a measure of nonenzymatic modification increased, in particular in those fractions containing highly cross-linked collagen molecules. The age-dependent increase of fluorescence was associated with a lower thermal stability of collagen II, being lowest (Tm = 36.9 degrees C instead of 42.1 degrees C) in a fraction of collagen II molecules isolated from tissue of a 69-year-old donor. In addition, collagen II from elderly donors showed an impaired propensity to form fibrils, using an in vitro assay, as evidenced by the facts that (1) more collagen molecules remained in solution and were not assembled into fibrils, and (2) the relative turbidity caused by the aggregates progressively decreased as the age of the donors increased. As seen on electron micrographs, these fibrillar aggregates were less densely packed and intermingled with precipitates such as unbanded filaments or discontinuous fibrils with split and frayed regions. It can be hypothesized that functional impairment of the intervertebral disc with aging may be caused in part by molecular alterations as are described here for collagen II obtained from aged donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- Institut für Medizinische Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Germany
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Bellmunt MJ, Portero M, Pamplona R, Cosso L, Odetti P, Prat J. Evidence for the Maillard reaction in rat lung collagen and its relationship with solubility and age. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1272:53-60. [PMID: 7662720 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00069-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated age-related changes in collagen solubility and collagen-linked fluorescence, and their relationship with the Maillard reaction. As a result of the collagen purification of rat lung samples, we obtained two pools of collagen with different degrees of solubility. The relative distribution of collagen between these two fractions was time-dependent, and the proportion of the smaller and less soluble fraction increased with time (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001). In this fraction, the intensity of fluorescence at Exc 335 nm/Em 385 nm, and the total amount of pentosidine increased with age (r = 0.66, P < 0.002, and r = 0.69, P < 0.01, respectively). The mean values for fluorescence and pentosidine per milligram of collagen were, respectively, six and ten times greater in the less soluble fraction. In this fraction the pentosidine per milligram of collagen increased with age (r = 0.59, P < 0.03). Our results demonstrated the presence of pentosidine in rat lung collagen. Moreover, its accumulation in the less soluble fraction suggested a relationship between Maillard reaction products, physico-chemical changes in collagen solubility, and the ageing process in rat lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bellmunt
- Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
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Pokharna HK, Monnier V, Boja B, Moskowitz RW. Lysyl oxidase and Maillard reaction-mediated crosslinks in aging and osteoarthritic rabbit cartilage. J Orthop Res 1995; 13:13-21. [PMID: 7853094 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100130105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the integrity of the extracellular matrix play an important role in osteoarthritis. Matrix crosslinks in articular cartilage of the knee were studied in partially meniscectomized rabbits to compare changes due to osteoarthritis with those occurring during aging. Pyridinoline, a lysyl oxidase-initiated crosslink, and pentosidine, a crosslink formed by the Maillard/glycation reaction, were assayed separately on reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. A significant increase in the percentage of insoluble collagen was observed in normal 12-month-old rabbits compared with the levels in 3-month-old animals, whereas osteoarthritis was associated with a shift toward more soluble fractions. Total pyridinoline content did not change with age or osteoarthritis. Total pentosidine, however, increased significantly with age but remained constant with osteoarthritis. Analysis of the distribution of crosslinks among solubility fractions indicated a significant shift of pyridinoline from the pepsin-released fraction to the insoluble fraction with osteoarthritis, but no changes were observed with age. Pentosidine distribution shifted toward the pepsin-released fraction in osteoarthritis, with a shift toward the insoluble fraction with age. Because of the low levels of pentosidine present, its precise location, whether collagenous or noncollagenous, remains unclear. However, since pentosidine represents a marker for the overall Maillard reaction, the results of our studies support a role for Maillard reaction products in the aging of extracellular matrix. The shift of pentosidine toward more soluble fractions suggests the presence of matrix degradation and repair in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Pokharna
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Shaw SM, Crabbe MJ. Monitoring the progress of non-enzymatic glycation in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1994; 44:594-602. [PMID: 7705982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The progress of in vitro non-enzymatic glycation of bovine serum albumin was followed by using 14C-glucose and a nitroblue tetrazolium assay, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, SDS gel electrophoresis and protease digestion. The number of adducts detectable using both 14C-tracers and a fructosamine assay remained low at physiological glucose concentrations, fewer than five adducts being detectable. When glucose concentrations > 1.0 M were used the number of adducts was found to greatly exceed the number of lysyl residues available in BSA, indicative of cross-linking between Maillard products. Incubation of BSA with glucose concentrations of up to 160 mM for one month produced no observable increase in molecular weight by SDS gel electrophoresis, showing that at physiological glucose concentrations, increases in molecular weight were minimal for short incubation periods, any marked changes (indicated by non-penetration of the 7.5% SDS gel) requiring nine months incubation with > or = 20 mM glucose. Increases in absorption were proportional to both the glucose concentration and the incubation time. Several absorption peaks, at 370, 488 and 554 nm, were consistent in appearance throughout the course of each incubation. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the modified proteins showed a disappearance of the fluorescence associated with peptide bonds and aromatic residues and the appearance of a broad peak at longer wavelengths due to the wide range of absorptive/fluorescent wavelengths of the developing Maillard products. Protease digestion gave similar patterns with non-glycated and glycated protein, suggesting that glycation did not block digestion sites, and that partial digestion did not cause significant further exposure of susceptible sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shaw
- Wolfson Laboratory, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
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Rest MVD, Garrone R, Herbage D. Collagen: A Family of Proteins with many Facets. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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