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Kang IH, Baliga UK, Wu Y, Mehrotra S, Yao H, LaRue AC, Mehrotra M. Hematopoietic stem cell-derived functional osteoblasts exhibit therapeutic efficacy in a murine model of osteogenesis imperfecta. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1457-1477. [PMID: 34224636 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no cure for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)-a debilitating pediatric skeletal dysplasia. Herein we show that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapy holds promise in treating OI. Using single-cell HSC transplantation in lethally irradiated oim/oim mice, we demonstrate significant improvements in bone morphometric, mechanics, and turnover parameters. Importantly, we highlight that HSCs cause these improvements due to their unique property of differentiating into osteoblasts/osteocytes, depositing normal collagen-an attribute thus far assigned only to mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. To confirm HSC plasticity, lineage tracing was done by transplanting oim/oim with HSCs from two specific transgenic mice-VavR, in which all hematopoietic cells are GFP+ and pOBCol2.3GFP, where GFP is expressed only in osteoblasts/osteocytes. In both models, transplanted oim/oim mice demonstrated GFP+ HSC-derived osteoblasts/osteocytes in bones. These studies unequivocally establish that HSCs differentiate into osteoblasts/osteocytes, and HSC transplantation can provide a new translational approach for OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hong Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Uday K Baliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda C LaRue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Meenal Mehrotra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Memory CD4 + T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030531. [PMID: 32106536 PMCID: PMC7140455 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting autoimmune diseases, the roles and biology of memory CD4+ Th cells are complex and less well understood. In human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need to better understand the function and biology of memory T cells. In this review article we summarize current concepts in the field of CD4+ T cell memory, including natural history, developmental pathways, subsets, and functions. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in the field of the newly-described CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and of CD4+ memory T cells in autoimmune diseases, two major areas of important unresolved questions in need of answering to advance new vaccine design and development of novel treatments for CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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3
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Aditi P, Srivastava S, Pandey H, Tripathi YB. Toxicity profile of honey and ghee, when taken together in equal ratio. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:624-636. [PMID: 32455119 PMCID: PMC7235625 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey and ghee in equal ratio has always been found as an incompatible diet, if taken for long duration: mention in Charak Samhita. This has been proven by many biochemical parameters including liver function test, renal function test, oxidative stress tests, incretin hormones, DPP-4 enzyme activity as well as some protein modification test like amadori test, albumin cobalt binding assay and advanced glycation end product formation test. The liver tissue morphology alternation and inflammatory cell infiltration has been validated through H&E and immunohistochemistry.
Honey and ghee are an essential component of our diet. They play an important role like anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, etc. It is written in Charak Samhita that an equal mixture of honey and ghee turn into a harmful component for health. This study was designed to explore the mechanism of toxicity through the biochemical and histological parameters in Charles foster rats (24 rats were used). We have divided these rats into four groups (n = 6) - normal, honey (0.7 ml/100 g bw), ghee (0.7 ml/100 g bw), and honey + ghee (1:1) (1.5 ml/100 g bw). Treatment was given orally for 60 days. All rats were sacrificed on 61 days. Biochemical parameters like liver function test, kidney function test, Oxidative stress, Glycemic, and some protein modification parameters were done in blood plasma. We found weight loss, hair loss, red patches on ear, and increased liver function test, oxidative stress, Amadori product formation, advanced glycation end-product formation, dipeptidyl protease (DPP-4) and decreased incretins (glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)) in honey + ghee group. H&E and immunohistochemistry results showed mild inflammation in liver tissue but no changes in the kidney, intestine and, pancreas. Thus it concluded that the increased formation of Amadori product, DPP-4 activity and low incretins (GLP-1, GIP) activity resulting high postprandial hyperglycemic response could be collectively responsible for oxidative stress-mediated toxicity of honey and ghee in the equal mixture.
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4
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Targeting the niche: depleting haemopoietic stem cells with targeted therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:961-968. [PMID: 30664721 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is an expanding procedure worldwide but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Depletion of resident haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) is required for both autologous and allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current conditioning protocols utilise chemotherapy or radiation to effectively reduce HSPC but are toxic in both the short and long term. The initial trials to use monoclonal antibodies to target HSPC were limited with marginal efficacy but platforms including antibody drug conjugates and chimeric antigen receptor T cells have made targeted conditioning strategies achievable. In this review we summarise the work developing targeted conditioning that may replace or reduce alkylating agents and total body irradiation. The prospect of conditioning with significantly reduced toxicity will improve outcomes and open transplantation to patients unable to tolerate current conditioning protocols.
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5
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Al-Aghbar MA, Chu YS, Chen BM, Roffler SR. High-Affinity Ligands Can Trigger T Cell Receptor Signaling Without CD45 Segregation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 29686683 PMCID: PMC5900011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How T cell receptors (TCRs) are triggered to start signaling is still not fully understood. It has been proposed that segregation of the large membrane tyrosine phosphatase CD45 from engaged TCRs initiates signaling by favoring phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 molecules. However, whether CD45 segregation is important to initiate triggering is still uncertain. We examined CD45 segregation from TCRs engaged to anti-CD3 scFv with high or low affinity and with defined molecular lengths on glass-supported lipid bilayers using total internal reflection microscopy. Both short and elongated high-affinity anti-CD3 scFv effectively induced similar calcium mobilization, Zap70 phosphorylation, and cytokine secretion in Jurkat T cells but CD45 segregated from activated TCR microclusters significantly less for elongated versus short anti-CD3 ligands. In addition, at early times, triggering cells with both high and low affinity elongated anti-CD3 scFv resulted in similar degrees of CD3 co-localization with CD45, but only the high-affinity scFv induced T cell activation. The lack of correlation between CD45 segregation and early markers of T cell activation suggests that segregation of CD45 from engaged TCRs is not mandatory for initial triggering of TCR signaling by elongated high-affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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6
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Draper JE, Sroczynska P, Fadlullah MZH, Patel R, Newton G, Breitwieser W, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. A novel prospective isolation of murine fetal liver progenitors to study in utero hematopoietic defects. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007127. [PMID: 29300724 PMCID: PMC5754050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, highly detailed characterization of adult bone marrow (BM) myeloid progenitors has been achieved and, as a result, the impact of somatic defects on different hematopoietic lineage fate decisions can be precisely determined. Fetal liver (FL) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are poorly characterized in comparison, potentially hindering the study of the impact of genetic alterations on midgestation hematopoiesis. Numerous disorders, for example infant acute leukemias, have in utero origins and their study would therefore benefit from the ability to isolate highly purified progenitor subsets. We previously demonstrated that a Runx1 distal promoter (P1)-GFP::proximal promoter (P2)-hCD4 dual-reporter mouse (Mus musculus) model can be used to identify adult BM progenitor subsets with distinct lineage preferences. In this study, we undertook the characterization of the expression of Runx1-P1-GFP and P2-hCD4 in FL. Expression of P2-hCD4 in the FL immunophenotypic Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor (MEP) and Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) compartments corresponded to increased granulocytic/monocytic/megakaryocytic and decreased erythroid specification. Moreover, Runx1-P2-hCD4 expression correlated with several endogenous cell surface markers' expression, including CD31 and CD45, providing a new strategy for prospective identification of highly purified fetal myeloid progenitors in transgenic mouse models. We utilized this methodology to compare the impact of the deletion of either total RUNX1 or RUNX1C alone and to determine the fetal HPCs lineages most substantially affected. This new prospective identification of FL progenitors therefore raises the prospect of identifying the underlying gene networks responsible with greater precision than previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Draper
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Sroczynska
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muhammad Z. H. Fadlullah
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rahima Patel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Newton
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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7
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Tichy ED, Sidibe DK, Tierney MT, Stec MJ, Sharifi-Sanjani M, Hosalkar H, Mubarak S, Johnson FB, Sacco A, Mourkioti F. Single Stem Cell Imaging and Analysis Reveals Telomere Length Differences in Diseased Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscles. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1328-1341. [PMID: 28890163 PMCID: PMC5639167 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) contribute to muscle regeneration following injury. In many muscle disorders, the repeated cycles of damage and repair lead to stem cell dysfunction. While telomere attrition may contribute to aberrant stem cell functions, methods to accurately measure telomere length in stem cells from skeletal muscles have not been demonstrated. Here, we have optimized and validated such a method, named MuQ-FISH, for analyzing telomere length in MuSCs from either mice or humans. Our analysis showed no differences in telomere length between young and aged MuSCs from uninjured wild-type mice, but MuSCs isolated from young dystrophic mice exhibited significantly shortened telomeres. In corroboration, we demonstrated that telomere attrition is present in human dystrophic MuSCs, which underscores its importance in diseased regenerative failure. The robust technique described herein provides analysis at a single-cell resolution and may be utilized for other cell types, especially rare populations of cells. MuQ-FISH is a telomere analysis assay of mouse and human muscle stem cells Highly sensitive telomere analysis on small numbers of cells Detection of both telomere length and number of telomere foci with MuQ-FISH assay Telomere analysis is now possible in quiescent and/or cycling stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - David K Sidibe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - Matthew T Tierney
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael J Stec
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maryam Sharifi-Sanjani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - Harish Hosalkar
- Joint Preservation Center, Tricity Medical Center, Joint Preservation & Deformity Correction Center & Traumatic Brain Injury Program, Paradise Valley Hospital, National City, CA 91950, USA
| | - Scott Mubarak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessandra Sacco
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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8
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Thiel N, Keyser KA, Lemmermann NAW, Oduro JD, Wagner K, Elsner C, Halenius A, Lenac Roviš T, Brinkmann MM, Jonjić S, Cicin-Sain L, Messerle M. The Mouse Cytomegalovirus Gene m42 Targets Surface Expression of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 in Infected Macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006057. [PMID: 27926943 PMCID: PMC5142792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on the surface of cells of hematopoietic origin and has a pivotal role for the function of these cells in the immune response. Here we report that following infection of macrophages with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) the cell surface expression of CD45 is drastically diminished. Screening of a set of MCMV deletion mutants allowed us to identify the viral gene m42 of being responsible for CD45 down-modulation. Moreover, expression of m42 independent of viral infection upon retroviral transduction of the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line led to comparable regulation of CD45 expression. In immunocompetent mice infected with an m42 deletion mutant lower viral titers were observed in all tissues examined when compared to wildtype MCMV, indicating an important role of m42 for viral replication in vivo. The m42 gene product was identified as an 18 kDa protein expressed with early kinetics and is predicted to be a tail-anchored membrane protein. Tracking of surface-resident CD45 molecules revealed that m42 induces internalization and degradation of CD45. The observation that the amounts of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Itch and Nedd4 were diminished in cells expressing m42 and that disruption of a PY motif in the N-terminal part of m42 resulted in loss of function, suggest that m42 acts as an activator or adaptor for these Nedd4-like ubiquitin ligases, which mark CD45 for lysosomal degradation. In conclusion, the down-modulation of CD45 expression in MCMV-infected myeloid cells represents a novel pathway of virus-host interaction. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a tenacious pathogen, which can be life-threatening for immunocompromised patients and immunologically immature newborns. The pathogenicity of HCMV is owed to a plethora of immunomodulatory functions that interfere with host defense mechanisms. Such viral functions can teach us about viral pathogenesis mechanisms, and also about the functioning of immune cells. In this study we report that the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–a close relative of HCMV–influences surface expression of the cellular protein CD45 on macrophages and we identified the viral gene m42 mediating this effect. CD45 has long been known to be essential for the functioning of lymphocytes, however, its role in macrophages is less well understood. Growth analysis of a viral mutant indicated that the m42 gene confers a replication advantage to MCMV in vivo. We found that the m42 protein induces internalization of CD45 from the plasma membrane and degradation in lysosomes—most likely triggered by interaction of m42 with a ubiquitin ligase. In our study we detected a new element in the complex interaction of cytomegaloviruses with host cells, and further investigation into this mechanism may provide us with new insights into the functions of CD45 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Keyser
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Karen Wagner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tihana Lenac Roviš
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Nie M, Liu J, Yang Q, Seok HY, Hu X, Deng ZL, Wang DZ. MicroRNA-155 facilitates skeletal muscle regeneration by balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2261. [PMID: 27277683 PMCID: PMC5143393 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has remarkable regeneration capacity and regenerates in response to injury. Muscle regeneration largely relies on muscle stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells normally remain quiescent, but in response to injury or exercise they become activated and proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and fuse to form multinucleate myofibers. Interestingly, the inflammatory process following injury and the activation of the myogenic program are highly coordinated, with myeloid cells having a central role in modulating satellite cell activation and regeneration. Here, we show that genetic deletion of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in mice substantially delays muscle regeneration. Surprisingly, miR-155 does not appear to directly regulate the proliferation or differentiation of satellite cells. Instead, miR-155 is highly expressed in myeloid cells, is essential for appropriate activation of myeloid cells, and regulates the balance between pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages during skeletal muscle regeneration. Mechanistically, we found that miR-155 suppresses SOCS1, a negative regulator of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, during the initial inflammatory response upon muscle injury. Our findings thus reveal a novel role of miR-155 in regulating initial immune responses during muscle regeneration and provide a novel miRNA target for improving muscle regeneration in degenerative muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - H Y Seok
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z-L Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - D-Z Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Benck CJ, Martinov T, Fife BT, Chatterjea D. Isolation of Infiltrating Leukocytes from Mouse Skin Using Enzymatic Digest and Gradient Separation. J Vis Exp 2016:e53638. [PMID: 26863129 DOI: 10.3791/53638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissociating murine skin into a single cell suspension is essential for downstream cellular analysis such as the characterization of infiltrating immune cells in rodent models of skin inflammation. Here, we describe a protocol for the digestion of mouse skin in a nutrient-rich solution with collagenase D, followed by separation of hematopoietic cells using a discontinuous density gradient. Cells thus obtained can be used for in vitro studies, in vivo transfer, and other downstream cellular and molecular analyses including flow cytometry. This protocol is an effective and economical alternative to expensive mechanical dissociators, specialized separation columns, and harsher trypsin- and dispase-based digestion methods, which may compromise cellular viability or density of surface proteins relevant for phenotypic characterization or cellular function. As shown here in our representative data, this protocol produced highly viable cells, contained specific immune cell subsets, and had no effect on integrity of common surface marker proteins used in flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
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11
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Schafer JR, Lee DA. Trace Evidence: Identifying Natural Cancer Killers After the Crime. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1276-7. [PMID: 26629505 PMCID: PMC4634752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jolie R Schafer
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Wang X, Wong CW, Urak R, Taus E, Aguilar B, Chang WC, Mardiros A, Budde LE, Brown CE, Berger C, Forman SJ, Jensen MC. Comparison of naïve and central memory derived CD8 + effector cell engraftment fitness and function following adoptive transfer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1072671. [PMID: 26942092 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1072671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD8+ effector T cells derived from CD45RO+CD62L+ precursors enriched for central memory (TCM) precursors retain the capacity to engraft and reconstitute functional memory upon adoptive transfer, whereas effectors derived from CD45RO+CD62L- precursors enriched for effector memory precursors do not. Here we sought to compare the engraftment fitness and function of CD8+ effector T cells derived from CD45RA+CD62L+ precursors enriched for naïve and stem cell memory precursors (TN/SCM) with that of TCM. We found that cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) derived from TCM transcribed higher levels of CD28, FOS, INFγ, Eomesodermin (Eomes), and lower levels of BCL2L11, maintained higher levels of phosphorylated AKT, and displayed enhanced sensitivity to the proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of γ-chain cytokines compared to CTLs derived from TN/SCM. Higher frequencies of CTLs derived from TCM retained CD28 expression and upon activation secreted higher levels of IL-2. In NOD/Scid IL-2RγCnull mice, CD8+ TCM derived CTLs engrafted to higher frequencies in response to human IL-15 and mounted robust proliferative responses to an immunostimulatory vaccine. Similarly, CD8+ TCM derived CD19CAR+ CTLs exhibited superior antitumor potency following adoptive transfer compared to their CD8+ TN/SCM derived counterparts. These studies support the use of TCM enriched cell products for adoptive therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - ChingLam W Wong
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Urak
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ellie Taus
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Armen Mardiros
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lihua E Budde
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Berger
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Dave RK, Naylor AJ, Young SP, Bayley R, Hardie DL, Haworth O, Rider DA, Cook AD, Buckley CD, Kellie S. Differential expression of CD148 on leukocyte subsets in inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R108. [PMID: 24016860 PMCID: PMC3978474 DOI: 10.1186/ar4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Monocytic cells play a central role in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis, and manipulation of the activation of these cells is an approach currently under investigation to discover new therapies for this and associated diseases. CD148 is a transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase that is highly expressed in monocytes and macrophages and, since this family of molecules plays an important role in the regulation of cell activity, CD148 is a potential target for the manipulation of macrophage activation. For any molecule to be considered a therapeutic target, it is important for it to be increased in activity or expression during disease. Methods We have investigated the expression of CD148 in two murine models of arthritis and in joints from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and studied the effects of proinflammatory stimuli on CD148 activity using biochemical assays. Results We report that CD148 mRNA is upregulated in diseased joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, we report that in mice CD148 protein is highly expressed in infiltrating monocytes of diseased joints, with a small fraction of T cells also expressing CD148. In human arthritic joints both T cells and monocytes expressed high levels of CD148, however, we show differential expression of CD148 in T cells and monocytes from normal human peripheral blood compared to peripheral blood from RA and both normal and RA synovial fluid. Finally, we show that synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients suppresses CD148 phosphatase activity. Conclusions CD148 is upregulated in macrophages and T cells in human RA samples, and its activity is enhanced by treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and reduced by synovial fluid or oxidising conditions. A greater understanding of the role of CD148 in chronic inflammation may lead to alternative therapeutic approaches to these diseases.
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Dinic J, Ashrafzadeh P, Parmryd I. Actin filaments attachment at the plasma membrane in live cells cause the formation of ordered lipid domains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Bayley R, Yang P, Buckley CD, Young SP. Measuring the specific activity of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Lyp. J Immunol Methods 2012; 388:33-9. [PMID: 23219421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Lyp (PTPN22) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, and so accurate assessment of its functional activity is needed to further our understanding of its biology. We have developed an in vitro method to measure the specific catalytic activity of the Lyp phosphatase. Lyp is captured from cell lysates using an anti-Lyp monoclonal antibody coated 96-well plate, and activity measured by dephosphorylation of a fluorescent substrate, 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (DiFMUP). The amount of protein is measured using an anti-Lyp HRP conjugate, with reference to a standard curve generated with purified Lyp. These two measurements are then used to calculate the specific phosphatase activity. We used this assay to show that the specific activity of the Lyp phosphatase is decreased by H(2)O(2) in Jurkat T cells and primary CD4+ T cells. We also modified this assay to measure the specific activity of CD45, the other main PTP regulating T cell receptor (TCR) signalling, in order to compare the relative susceptibility of CD45 and Lyp to oxidation by H(2)O(2). By measuring specific activity in Jurkat T cells and primary CD4+ T cells, we demonstrated that CD45 is more susceptible to oxidation by H(2)O(2) when compared to Lyp. Reduced function of CD45 and Lyp has been associated with human immune mediated inflammatory diseases, and a differential susceptibility to oxidation could be an important regulatory mechanism associated with both physiological and pathological changes in signalling through the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bayley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, B15 2WB, United Kingdom
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16
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Receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) - roles in signal transduction and human disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:125-38. [PMID: 22851429 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a fundamental regulatory mechanism controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, communication, and adhesion. Disruption of this key regulatory mechanism contributes to a variety of human diseases including cancer, diabetes, and auto-immune diseases. Net protein tyrosine phosphorylation is determined by the dynamic balance of the activity of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Mammals express many distinct PTKs and PTPs. Both of these families can be sub-divided into non-receptor and receptor subtypes. Receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) comprise a large family of cell surface proteins that initiate intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction in response to binding of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors and cytokines. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are enzymatic and functional counterparts of RPTKs. RPTPs are a family of integral cell surface proteins that possess intracellular PTP activity, and extracellular domains that have sequence homology to cell adhesion molecules. In comparison to extensively studied RPTKs, much less is known about RPTPs, especially regarding their substrate specificities, regulatory mechanisms, biological functions, and their roles in human diseases. Based on the structure of their extracellular domains, the RPTP family can be grouped into eight sub-families. This article will review one representative member from each RPTP sub-family.
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Helmin-Basa A, Michalkiewicz J, Gackowska L, Kubiszewska I, Eljaszewicz A, Mierzwa G, Bala G, Czerwionka-Szaflarska M, Prokurat A, Marszalek A. Pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection and circulating T-lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Helicobacter 2011; 16:27-35. [PMID: 21241409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, H. pylori-infected and noninfected children with gastritis were compared to a control group with respect to circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes expressing activation and differentiation markers. Additionally, the lymphocyte phenotypes of children with gastritis were correlated with the gastric inflammation scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS H. pylori infection status was assessed based on [¹³C]urea breath test, rapid urease test, and histology. Analysis of the lymphocyte surface molecule expression was carried out by triple-color flow cytometry. RESULTS The group of H. pylori-infected children showed an elevated proportion of peripheral B cells with CD19(low) , along with a twofold increase in the percentage of memory (CD45RO(+)) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets (p < .05). Moreover, a positive correlation between the age and the percentage of these subsets was seen (r = .38, p = .04 and r = .56, p < .01, respectively). Children with gastritis but without infection had a slightly increased percentage of CD8(+) T cells and CD56(+) NK cells, CD3(high) T cells and CD45RO(high) CD4(+) T-cell subsets (p < .05). Both H. pylori-infected and noninfected children with gastritis were characterized by an increased percentage of memory/effector CD4(+) T cells, the presence of NK cells with CD56(high), memory T-cell subset with CD4(high), and naive, memory, memory/effector, and effector T-cell subsets with CD8(high) (p < .05). Gastric inflammation scores correlated positively with the percentage of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in H. pylori-infected children (r = .42, p = .03). In noninfected children, gastric inflammation scores correlated positively with the percentage of B cells (r = .45, p = .04). CONCLUSION In H. pylori-negative children, gastritis was associated with an increased percentage of activated NK and T cells, and intermediate-differentiated peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells, which was more pronounced in H. pylori-positive children who also showed an increased B-cell response. However, increased inflammation was only associated with the elevation of CD4(+) T-cell percentage in H. pylori-positive children as well as B-cell percentage in H. pylori-negative children with gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helmin-Basa
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Sottnik JL, Guth AM, Mitchell LA, Dow SW. Minimally invasive assessment of tumor angiogenesis by fine needle aspiration and flow cytometry. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:251-8. [PMID: 20734228 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new, less invasive, and more rapidly implemented method of quantifying endothelial cell density in tumors could facilitate experimental and clinical studies of angiogenesis. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of tumor fine needle aspiration (FNA) coupled with flow cytometry for assessment of tumor angiogenesis. Samples were obtained from cutaneous tumors of mice using FNA, then immunostained and assessed by flow cytometry to determine the number of CD31(+) endothelial cells. Results of the FNA/flow cytometry technique were compared with quantification of tumor microvessel density using immunohistochemistry. The ability of the FNA/cytometry technique to quantify the effects of anti-angiogenic therapy and to monitor changes in tumor angiogenesis over time in individual tumors was also determined. We found that endothelial cell percentages determined in tumor tissue aspirates by flow cytometry correlated well with the percentages of endothelial cells determined in whole tumor digests by flow cytometry and with tumor microvessel density measurements by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we found that repeated FNA sampling of tumors did not induce endothelial cell changes. Interestingly, by employing repeated FNA sampling of the same tumors we were able to observe a sudden and marked decline in tumor angiogenesis triggered when tumors reached a certain size. Thus, we conclude that the FNA/flow cytometry technique is an efficient, reproducible, and relatively non-invasive method of rapidly assessing tumor angiogenesis, which could be readily applied to evaluation of tumor angiogenesis in clinical settings in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Sottnik
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA
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19
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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Chattopadhyay PK, Hogerkorp CM, Roederer M. A chromatic explosion: the development and future of multiparameter flow cytometry. Immunology 2009; 125:441-9. [PMID: 19137647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry has matured tremendously since the 1990s, giving rise to a technology that allows us to study the immune system in unprecedented detail. In this article, we review the development of hardware, reagents, and data analysis tools for multiparameter flow cytometry and discuss future advances in the field. Finally, we highlight new applications that use this technology to reveal previously unappreciated aspects of cell biology and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3015, USA.
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Riley RS, Williams D, Ross M, Zhao S, Chesney A, Clark BD, Ben-Ezra JM. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: a pathologist's perspective. II. interpretation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. J Clin Lab Anal 2009; 23:259-307. [PMID: 19774631 PMCID: PMC6648980 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow examination has become increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of hematologic and other illnesses. Morphologic evaluation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy has recently been supplemented by increasingly sophisticated ancillary assays, including immunocytochemistry, cytogenetic analysis, flow cytometry, and molecular assays. With our rapidly expanding knowledge of the clinical and biologic diversity of leukemia and other hematologic neoplasms, and an increasing variety of therapeutic options, the bone marrow examination has became more critical for therapeutic monitoring and planning optimal therapy. Sensitive molecular techniques, in vitro drug sensitivity testing, and a number of other special assays are available to provide valuable data to assist these endeavors. Fortunately, improvements in bone marrow aspirate and needle technology has made the procurement of adequate specimens more reliable and efficient, while the use of conscious sedation has improved patient comfort. The procurement of bone marrow specimens was reviewed in the first part of this series. This paper specifically addresses the diagnostic interpretation of bone marrow specimens and the use of ancillary techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Riley
- Medical College of Virginia Hospitals of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Thude H, Rosenhahn S, Hunger-Dathe W, Müller UA, Barz D. A transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (CD45) exon A point mutation (77 C to G) is not associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a German population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 31:245-7. [PMID: 15548260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.2004.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether a C to G transversion at position 77 in exon A of the CD45 gene is associated with the development of diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), we studied 165 patients and 220 control individuals. The frequency of the 77G allele in the control group was 1.1%, which was not significantly different from the 1.2% found in the patient group (P = 0.922). The C to G transversion does not seem to be associated with susceptibility for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thude
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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23
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Apostolaki M, Williams NA. Nasal delivery of antigen with the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin augments antigen-specific T-cell clonal expansion and differentiation. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4072-80. [PMID: 15213152 PMCID: PMC427462 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.4072-4080.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin has unique immunogenic and adjuvant properties when administered mucosally to mice. These properties have revealed the potential for its use in the development of mucosal vaccines, an area of increasing interest. However, the inherent toxicity mediated by the A subunit precludes its widespread use. This problem has led to attempts to dissociate toxicity from adjuvant function by use of the B subunit. The ability of the B subunit of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB) to enhance responses against antigens coadministered intranasally is demonstrated here with the use of the DO11.10 adoptive-transfer model, in which ovalbumin (OVA)-specific adoptively transferred T cells can be monitored directly by flow cytometry. Intranasal delivery of OVA with EtxB resulted in increased T-cell proliferative and systemic antibody responses against antigens. The increased Th2 cytokine production detected following in vitro restimulation of splenocyte and cervical lymph node (CLN) cells from the immunized mice correlated with increased OVA-specific immunoglobulin G1 antibody production. Flow cytometric analysis of T cells from mice early after immunization directly revealed the ability of EtxB to support antigen-specific clonal expansion and differentiation. Furthermore, while responses were first detected in the CLNs, they rapidly progressed to the spleen, where they were further sustained. Examination of CD69 expression on dividing cells supported the notion that activation induced by the presence of antigens is not sufficient to drive T-cell differentiation. Furthermore, a lack of CD25 expression on dividing cells suggested that EtxB-mediated T-cell clonal expansion may occur without a sustained requirement for interleukin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolaki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Jay KE, Rouleau A, Underhill TM, Bhatia M. Identification of a novel population of human cord blood cells with hematopoietic and chondrocytic potential. Cell Res 2004; 14:268-82. [PMID: 15353124 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the exception of mature erythrocytes, cells within the human hematopoietic system are characterized by the cell surface expression of the pan-leukocyte receptor CD45. Here, we identify a novel subset among mononuclear cord blood cells depleted of lineage commitment markers (Lin-) that are devoid of CD45 expression. Surprisingly, functional examination of Lin-CD45- cells also lacking cell surface CD34 revealed they were capable of multipotential hematopoietic progenitor capacity. Co-culture with mouse embryonic limb bud cells demonstrated that Lin-CD45-CD34- cells were capable of contributing to cartilage nodules and differentiating into human chondrocytes. BMP-4, a mesodermal factor known to promote chondrogenesis, significantly augmented Lin-CD45-CD34- differentiation into chondrocytes. Moreover, unlike CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells, Lin-CD45-CD34- cells were unable to proliferate or survive in liquid cultures, whereas single Lin-CD45-CD34- cells were able to chimerize the inner cell mass (ICM) of murine blastocysts and proliferate in this embryonic environment. Our study identifies a novel population of Lin-CD45-CD34- cells capable of commitment into both hematopoietic and chondrocytic lineages, suggesting that human cord blood may provide a more ubiquitous source of tissue with broader developmental potential than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Jay
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, N6A 5K8, Canada
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Vogel A, Strassburg CP, Manns MP. 77 C/G mutation in the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 gene and autoimmune hepatitis: evidence for a genetic link. Genes Immun 2003; 4:79-81. [PMID: 12595907 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by a loss of tolerance against liver resident antigens. The genetic background of autoimmune hepatitis is considered to be polygenic. Here we analyzed the genetic association of the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 and autoimmune hepatitis. CD45 plays an important role in normal antigen receptor mediated signaling in T and B cells. A point mutation at nucleotide position 77 of the CD45 gene results in abnormal CD45 splicing. In this study a significantly higher frequency of the 77 C/G genotype was observed in 190 autoimmune hepatitis patients when compared to 210 healthy blood donors. Our data identify CD45 as a gene associated with AIH, and further substantiates the hypothesis that CD45 represents a modifier gene of human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Yu CL, Yu HS, Sun KH, Hsieh SC, Tsai CY. Anti-CD45 isoform antibodies enhance phagocytosis and gene expression of IL-8 and TNF-alpha in human neutrophils by differential suppression on protein tyrosine phosphorylation and p56lck tyrosine kinase. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 129:78-85. [PMID: 12100025 PMCID: PMC1906411 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the biological functions of membrane expressed CD45 isoforms on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), the monoclonal IgG F(ab')2 antibody against CD45, CD45RA or CD45RO was used as surrogate ligand for binding with these molecules on PMN. We found 99.5 +/- 3.2%, 42.3 +/- 5.8% and 96.7 +/- 2.6% PMN expressed CD45, CD45RA and CD45RO molecules on the cell surface, respectively. The interaction of CD45, CD45RA or CD45RO with its specific antibody on PMN enhanced phagocytosis markedly (34-83% increase), mainly via increased expression of complement receptor type 3 (CR3, CD11b) on the cells. The production of IL-8 by PMN was also increased significantly after binding with antibodies (anti-CD45 > anti-CD45RO > anti-CD45RA). Anti-CD45RA and anti-CD45RO, but not anti-CD45, enhanced TNF-alpha mRNA expression and decreased protein tyrosine phosphorylation of PMN. However, only anti-CD45RO suppressed Src family protein tyrosine kinase p56lck expression in the cells. These results suggest that the cross-linking of CD45 isoforms by their specific antibodies stimulated different PMN activities by differential suppression on protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Src family tyrosine kinase p56lck.
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Affiliation(s)
- C- L Yu
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Dahlke MH, Lauth OS, Jäger MD, Roeseler T, Timrott K, Jackobs S, Neipp M, Wonigeit K, Schlitt HJ. In vivo depletion of hematopoietic stem cells in the rat by an anti-CD45 (RT7) antibody. Blood 2002; 99:3566-72. [PMID: 11986209 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.10.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD45 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are potentially powerful tools for the depletion of mature leukocytes. As their application for immunotherapy also depends on their effects on bone marrow (BM) progeny, the in vivo effects of an anti-CD45 mAb (anti-RT7(a) mAb) on BM precursor cells were analyzed in a rat model. Anti-RT7(a) mAb treatment was performed in LEW.1W (RT1(u) RT7(a)) rats with the use of different dosages. In addition, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-congenic BM transplantation making use of a diallelic polymorphism (RT7(a)/RT7(b)) of rat CD45 was applied. Following injection of anti-RT7(a) mAb into normal LEW.1W rats, T cells were profoundly depleted in blood, lymph nodes, and spleen, whereas B cells were coated only by the antibody. Single injection of anti-RT7(a) mAb in a high dose induced a lethal aplastic syndrome with severe thrombocytopenia. Rescue of antibody-treated animals with BM from congenic LEW.1W-7B rats (RT1(u) RT7(b)) and transplantation of BM from LEW.1W rats pretreated with anti-RT7(a) mAb into sublethally irradiated LEW.1W-7B recipients revealed a profound effect of the mAb on progeny of myeloid and T-cell lineage. Following repeated antibody treatment of stable mixed chimeras (RT7(b)/RT7(a)), very few RT7(a)-positive B cells were still detectable after 6 months and their number declined during the subsequent year. These observations show that this anti-RT7(a) mAb effectively depletes mature T cells as well as BM precursor cells of myeloid, T-cell, and thrombocytic lineage after in vivo application. In contrast, mature B cells are not depleted, but precursors also appear to be eliminated. Overall, the findings suggest that the anti-RT7(a) mAb efficiently depletes early rat hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Dahlke
- Klinik für Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Yu Y, Rabinowitz R, Polliack A, Ben-Bassat H, Schlesinger M. Hyposialated 185 kDa CD45RA+ molecules attain a high concentration in B lymphoma cells and in activated human B cells. Eur J Haematol 2002; 68:22-30. [PMID: 11952818 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2002.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternate splicing of exons of the CD45 molecule generates multiple isoforms differing in their molecular weights (MWs). In B-lymphocytes the CD45RA isoform was previously shown to be expressed on glycoproteins with MWs of 220 and 205 kDa, while the CD45RO isoform was expressed on glycoproteins with MW of 180 kDa. The present study demonstrated that B cell lymphomas and activated B-cells contain CD45 molecules with a MW of 185 kDa that express the CD45RA and CD45RC specificities but neither the CD45RB nor the CD45RO specificities. 185 kDa CD45RA+ molecules were detected in B cell lymphoma B lines, in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, and in tonsillar B cells, but not in normal, unstimulated peripheral blood B cells. These molecules were not detected in neoplastic and normal T cells. CD45RA+ 185 kDa molecules were present in B cells from three non-Hodgkin's patients in leukemic phase were not detected in B lymphocytes of seven of nine CLL patients tested. Trypsin treatment eliminated only 220 kDa CD45RA+ molecules but not 185 kDa CD45RA+ molecules, indicating that the 185 kDa CD45RA+ molecules are not expressed on the cell surface. Pulse-chase experiments, and studies on the effects of tunicamycin, neuraminidase and O-glycosidase, indicated that the 185 kDa molecules are partially glycosylated CD45RABC molecules that constitute precursors of the 220 kDa molecules. The high concentration of 185 kDa CD45RA+ molecules in B lymphoma cells and in activated B cells seems to reflect a high turnover of CD45RA+ molecules characteristic for these cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- B-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed/chemistry
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Glycoside Hydrolases/pharmacology
- Glycosylation/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/analysis
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/chemistry
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/chemistry
- Molecular Weight
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/analysis
- Neuraminidase/pharmacology
- Plasmacytoma/chemistry
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- Trypsin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/chemistry
- Tunicamycin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Center for Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel
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Bromley SK, Burack WR, Johnson KG, Somersalo K, Sims TN, Sumen C, Davis MM, Shaw AS, Allen PM, Dustin ML. The immunological synapse. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:375-96. [PMID: 11244041 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is initiated by the interaction of T cell antigen receptors with major histocompatibility complex molecule-peptide complexes in the nanometer scale gap between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell, referred to as an immunological synapse. In this review we focus on the concept of immunological synapse formation as it relates to membrane structure, T cell polarity, signaling pathways, and the antigen-presenting cell. Membrane domains provide an organizational principle for compartmentalization within the immunological synapse. T cell polarization by chemokines increases T cell sensitivity to antigen. The current model is that signaling and formation of the immunological synapse are tightly interwoven in mature T cells. We also extend this model to natural killer cell activation, where the inhibitory NK synapse provides a striking example in which inhibition of signaling leaves the synapse in its nascent, inverted state. The APC may also play an active role in immunological synapse formation, particularly for activation of naïve T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Cell Communication
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cell Polarity
- Chemokines/physiology
- Cholera Toxin/pharmacology
- Immunologic Capping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/ultrastructure
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/physiology
- Membrane Microdomains/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/ultrastructure
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bromley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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30
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Mamoune A, Kerdreux S, Durand V, Saraux A, Goff PL, Youinou P, Corre RL. CD45 autoantibodies mediate neutralization of activated T cells from lupus patients through anergy or apoptosis. Lupus 2001; 9:622-31. [PMID: 11035438 DOI: 10.1191/096120300678828776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to provide estimates of the prevalence of autoantibody (Ab) directed to CD45 in lupus patients, identify the target autoantigen(s), and determine the ability of such reactivity to mediate neutralization of T lymphocytes. Sera from 64 patients were studied using 2 assays: Western blot and an ELISA with CD45 eluted from 3 cell lines as antigen (U937, Jurkat and Daudi). The role of carbohydrate specificity was investigated using enzyme digestion of blotted glycans, competition with sugars, and inhibition with lectins. Apoptosis was studied through annexin V binding, and cell cycle analysis using the propidium iodide method. AutoAb to CD45 were detected in 16/64 sera (25%) by Western blot, and 21/32 sera (66%) found positive in the ELISA. CD45 purified from Daudi cells was identified in the ELISA, but not in the blot. AutoAb were of the IgM and the IgG isotypes, but not specific for a particular cell type or CD45 isoform: 2 dominant specificities were recognized, one against p180, and another against high MW isoforms. Neuraminidase-induced enhancement of reactivity, together with the inhibitory effect of N-acetyl galactosamine and Dolichos diflorus lectin suggest that the epitopes are carbohydrates. AutoAb which were specific for activated CD4+T cells triggered the annexin V binding, and, in 2 of 4 cases, lymphocytes underwent apoptosis. In conclusion, carbohydrate conformational epitopes may be important as target antigens, and some CD45 autoAb have the capacity to neutralize activated T cells through anergy or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mamoune
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute de Synergie des Sciences et de la Sante, Brest University Medical School, Brest, France
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31
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Socha P, Michałkiewicz J, Stachowski J, Pawłowska J, Jankowska I, Barth C, Socha J, Madaliński K. Deficiency of the expression of CD45RA isoform of CD45 common leukocyte antigen in CD4+ T lymphocytes in children with infantile cholestasis. Immunol Lett 2001; 75:179-84. [PMID: 11166373 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunological background of the pathological changes that appear in infantile cholestasis (infections, inflammatory process in the liver) is largely unknown. With the use of double color flow cytometry, we assessed the distribution of functionally different lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of 29 infants with extra and intra-hepatic cholestasis (12 and 17 patients, respectively), aged from 1 to 8.6 months. Control group consisted of 15 age-matched, healthy infants. We examined: (1) the expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 lymphocyte surface receptors; and (2) the distribution of lymphocyte subsets with distinctive surface Ag characteristics of 'naive' (CD45RA+) and 'memory' (CD45RO+) cells in both CD4+ and CD8+ cell populations. The surface markers expression was evaluated in terms of percentage of positive cells and receptor density. The following changes in the expression of lymphocyte surface markers are described: (1) a decrease in the percentage of total CD3+, CD4+ cells but normal percentage of CD8+ cells and elevated proportion of CD19+ B cells; (2) a reduction of the proportion of 'naive' CD4+ lymphocytes but normal percentage of 'naive' CD8+ as well as 'memory' CD4+ and CD8+ cell subsets; (3) a decrease in density of CD3, CD4+, CD8 receptors, and D45RA isoform in a subset of 'naive' CD4+ cells. We conclude that deficiency of 'naive' CD4+ T cell subset which possess important effector and immunoregulatory functions, and low expression of certain lymphocyte receptors known to be engaged in T cell activation, possibly reflect a defect of cell mediated immunity that may account for viral and bacterial infections, often observed in infants with cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Socha
- The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-736, Warsaw, Poland
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32
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Liang J, Yamaguchi Y, Matsuda T, Ohshiro H, Zhang JL, Okabe K, Matsumura F, Ishihara K, Uchino S, Mori K, Yamada S, Ogawa M. Posttransplant infusion of donor-specific blood induces immunological unresponsiveness in rat hepatic allografts. Transplantation 2000; 70:1363-71. [PMID: 11087154 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200011150-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that pretransplant donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) induces CD45RC-CD4+ T cells, Th2-like effector cells, and prolongs rat hepatic allograft survival. Our study investigated the effects of posttransplant DST on rat hepatic allograft survival. METHODS Three days after transplantation, LEW (RT1(1)) recipient rats with ACI (RT1a) livers were injected i.v. with freshly heparinized donor-specific blood. The time kinetics of CD45RC-CD4+ and CD45RC+CD4+ T cell subsets in hepatic infiltrates were examined. RESULTS Posttransplant DST significantly prolonged rat hepatic allograft survival. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-18 mRNA levels in hepatic allografts of untreated recipients were significantly greater than in recipients treated with posttransplant DST. However, hepatic allografts of recipients treated with posttransplant DST showed significantly higher IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta mRNA levels than untreated recipients. The ratio of CD45RC-CD4+ T cells to CD45RC+CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in hepatic allografts treated with posttransplant DST than in untreated animals. Immunostaining with anti-rat dendritic cell (OX-62) monoclonal antibody revealed that OX-62+ cells were distributed to the splenic red pulp of animals treated with posttransplant DST and to the splenic white pulp in untreated animals. Most OX62+ cells isolated from the spleen of recipients treated with posttransplant DST expressed donor RT1Ba class II major histocompatibility complex antigens, suggesting that OX-62+ cells were of donor origin. CONCLUSION Posttransplant DST was associated with persistent infiltration of CD45RC-CD4+ T cells, Th2-like effector cells, in rat hepatic allografts, causing immunologic unresponsiveness and establishment of microchimerism in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liang
- Department of Surgery II, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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33
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Baldwin TA, Gogela-Spehar M, Ostergaard HL. Specific isoforms of the resident endoplasmic reticulum protein glucosidase II associate with the CD45 protein-tyrosine phosphatase via a lectin-like interaction. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:32071-6. [PMID: 10921916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003088200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that CD45 physically associates with the endoplasmic reticulum processing enzyme glucosidase II (GII). GII consists of the catalytic alpha-chain and an associated beta-chain. To gain insight into the basis of the association between CD45 and GII, we examined the biochemical requirements for the interaction. We show that the alpha-subunit is essential for the interaction. Interestingly, only a higher molecular weight form of GIIalpha is capable of associating with CD45 in a competitive situation where multiple GIIalpha isoforms are expressed. Further, transfection studies demonstrate that only isoforms containing the alternatively spliced sequence Box A1 are capable of binding CD45, although all isoforms are catalytically active. The interaction between CD45 and GII is dependent on the active site of GII, is mediated through the carbohydrate on CD45, and can be inhibited with mannose. Taken together, these results suggest that GIIalpha acts as a lectin and binds to CD45 in an exon-dependent manner. This lectin activity of GII may be a novel mechanism for the regulation of CD45 biology and play a role in immune function, possibly by regulating CD45 glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Baldwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2 Alberta, Canada
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34
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Yan K, Nakahara K, Awa S, Nishibori Y, Nakajima N, Kataoka S, Maeda M, Watanabe T, Matsushima S, Watanabe N. The increase of memory T cell subsets in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Nephron Clin Pract 2000; 79:274-8. [PMID: 9678426 DOI: 10.1159/000045049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-color and three-color flow cytometry was carried out to determine whether the memory T cells (CD45RO+ T cells) play a major role in lymphocyte dysfunction of 26 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). The INS patients were divided into three groups: (1) 10 patients who were not receiving glucocorticoid hormone (GCH) and were suffering from acute nephrotic state were referred to as N1; (2) 8 patients who were in remission maintained by GCH therapy alone were referred to as N2; (3) 8 patients who were free of GCH therapy for at least 4 months were referred to as N3. Group N1 demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of CD45RO+CD4+ T cells and CD45RO+CD8+ T cells (p < 0.05) compared with 11 controls, and these subsets were noted to have a tendency to decrease to control levels in groups N2 and N3. Furthermore, interleukin-2 receptor-alpha expressed subsets in CD45RO+CD4+ T cells (CD45RO+CD4+CD25+ T cells) were also increased only in group N1 (p < 0.02). A similar tendency of absolute counts was observed in these subsets. These results suggest that activated memory T cells reflect lymphocyte dysfunction at initial onset or relapse in INS children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Tsujikawa K, Uchino Y, Ichijo T, Furukawa T, Yamamoto H. Detection of CD45iota mRNA in murine Th1 but not Th2 clones. Immunobiology 2000; 201:506-14. [PMID: 10834309 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(00)80070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CD45, a prototype of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) family, is one of the essential molecules in signal transduction through T cell receptors. Because at least 8 types of CD45 isoforms can potentially be produced by alternative mRNA splicing of exons 4, 5, and 6, the analyses at the transcription and protein levels of CD45 during the development and differentiation of T cells have been performed using RT-PCR and isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies, respectively. We report here that the ninth and smallest isoform of CD45, designated as CD45iota (CD45t), which is alternatively spiced from exons 4, 5, and 6 as well as exon 7, is present in the fetal thymus and splenic T cells of mice, and in murine Th1 clones, but not in Th2 clones. The expression of full-length CD45t mRNA as the functional CD45 PTPase was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, the expression vector of CD45t was constructed, and its expression was detected in combination with anti-pan CD45 mAb and our newly established anti-LAR/CD45 PTPase domain mAb. These results suggested that CD45t might be an important isoform of CD45 for differentiation signaling of Th cells, and might be used as a marker to distinguish between Th1 and Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsujikawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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36
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Carlow DA, Ardman B, Ziltener HJ. A Novel CD8 T Cell-Restricted CD45RB Epitope Shared by CD43 Is Differentially Affected by Glycosylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The mAb 1B11 has been characterized as recognizing the activation-associated glycoform of murine CD43, a heavily O-glycosylated protein implicated in leukocyte homing. When hemopoietic cells from CD43−/− mice were stained with 1B11, CD43-independent binding of 1B11 was observed on peripheral CD8 T cells and at low levels on thymocytes, while no binding was detected on CD4 T cells, B cells, or bone marrow cells. Levels of 1B11 staining were comparable in lymph node CD8+ T cells from both CD43−/− mice and CD43+/+ mice. We sought to identify the CD43-independent target of 1B11 expressed on CD8 T cells. Previous work had demonstrated that neuraminidase treatment of lymph node cells (LNC) enhanced 1B11 binding on CD43+/+ LNC; this enhancement was also observed in CD43−/− LNC. We show that neuraminidase-enhanced 1B11 binding in CD43−/− LNC and EL4 thymoma cells is CD43 independent and that 1B11 detects a novel target of apparent mass of ∼200 kDa identified as a hyposialylated form of CD45RB preferentially expressed on peripheral CD8, but not CD4, T cells. Our data also show that the recognition of CD43 and CD45RB by 1B11 is differentially affected by O-linked glycosylation and sialic acid. Whereas 1B11 recognition of CD43 on activated T cells required both core 2 O-glycan branching and sialic acid, 1B11 recognition of CD45 only occurred in the absence of both core 2 glycosylation and sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A. Carlow
- *The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Blair Ardman
- †Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tupper Research Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Hermann J. Ziltener
- *The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
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37
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Mukasa R, Homma T, Ohtsuki T, Hosono O, Souta A, Kitamura T, Fukuda M, Watanabe S, Morimoto C. Core 2-containing O-glycans on CD43 are preferentially expressed in the memory subset of human CD4 T cells. Int Immunol 1999; 11:259-68. [PMID: 10069424 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.2.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD4 T cells can be divided into two functionally distinct subsets: a CD45RO+ memory subset and a CD45RA+ naive subset. In an attempt to identify novel cell surface molecules on these cells, we have developed a mAb, anti-1D4. The antigen defined by anti-1D4 was preferentially expressed on the memory subset of freshly isolated peripheral CD4 T cells and 1D4+ CD4 T cells functionally corresponded to memory T cells. Retrovirus-mediated expression cloning revealed that the 1 D4 antigen is human CD43. Transfection of CHO-leu cells, which stably express human CD43, with core 2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) conferred expression of the 1D4 antigen and mRNA of C2GnT was detected by RT-PCR only in 1D4+ T cells but not in 1D4- T cells, implying that the 1 D4 antigen is composed of core 2-containing O-glycans on CD43. Reactivity with anti-1 D4 was completely abolished when cells were treated with neuraminidase, while them remained weak binding of anti-T305, a previously described mAb which also reacts with CD43 modified with core 2-containing O-glycans. Moreover, anti-1D4 markedly reacted with NIH-3T3 cells expressing human CD43 and low levels of endogenous C2GnT, whereas anti-T305 reacted slightly. These results indicate that the 1D4 antigen is distinct from the epitope defined by anti-T305 and anti-1D4 is a more sensitive probe to detect core 2-containing O-glycans than anti-T305. Taken together, our results indicate that core 2-containing O-glycans, whose expression can easily be detected with anti-1D4, are preferentially expressed in the CD45RO+ memory subset of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mukasa
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AIDS Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Lorenz HM, Lagoo AS, Lagoo-Deenadalayan SA, Barber WH, Kalden JR, Hardy KJ. Epitope-specific signaling through CD45 on T lymphocytes leads to cAMP synthesis in monocytes after ICAM-1-dependent cellular interaction. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2300-10. [PMID: 9710208 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199808)28:08<2300::aid-immu2300>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that different CD45 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are able to induce cellular aggregation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) through LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. Such interactions could be down-modulated by protein kinase (PK) A/G inhibitors, but were unaffected by inhibitors of PKC, suggesting the involvement of PKA or PKG in CD45 mAb-induced adhesion. In this study we show that after incubation of PBMC with several (but not all) mAb to CD45, CD45RO and CD45RA, intracellular cAMP, but not cGMP concentrations readily increase, reaching a maximum 30 min after start of activation. As evidenced by several lines of investigation cAMP accumulation was independent of Fc receptor-associated signaling as well as tyrosine phosphatase activity of CD45. In highly pure T lymphocytes, CD45 mAb were unable to induce cAMP synthesis, but readily did so after addition of autologous monocytes. After paraformaldehyde fixation of both quiescent or IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha-preactivated monocytes, cAMP production was no longer detectable, suggesting monocytes as the cell of origin for the increased cAMP synthesis. Further, cAMP accumulation in monocytes occurred after reconstitution to T lymphocytes preincubated with CD45 mAb and extensively washed. Importantly, pretreatment of T lymphocyte/monocyte mixtures with LFA-1 mAb and/or ICAM-1 mAb down-regulated CD45 mAb-induced cAMP synthesis. Finally, we demonstrate that CD45 mAb are not only capable of inducing cAMP production, but also of directly stimulating PKA enzyme activity. Based on the data presented, we propose that CD45 signaling in T lymphocytes subsequently activates cAMP accumulation and PKA activation in monocytes via LFA-1/ICAM-1-dependent cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Lorenz
- Department of Medicine III and Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Yamaguchi Y, Miyanari N, Ichiguchi O, Akizuki E, Matsumura F, Matsuda T, Okabe K, Liang J, Ohshiro H, Mori K, Ogawa M. Infiltrating CD45RC- T cells are associated with immunologic unresponsiveness induced by donor class I major histocompatibility complex antigens in rats. Hepatology 1998; 28:450-8. [PMID: 9696011 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that a single intravenous injection of freshly heparinized donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) before transplantation significantly prolongs the survival of fully allogeneic ACI (RT1a)-to-LEW(RT1(1)) rat hepatic allografts. Additionally, we have shown that pretreatment of LEW rats with PVG.r1 blood, which shares only the RT1.A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region with ACI, significantly prolongs the survival of ACI hepatic allografts. In this study, we report the cellular identity of hepatic allograft leukocyte infiltrates following transplantation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis revealed that CD4+ T cells infiltrating liver allografts could be divided into two subsets, CD45RC- CD4+ and CD45RC+ CD4+ T cells, and that the ratio of CD45RC- CD4+/CD45RC+ CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in hepatic allografts of recipients pretreated with DST or PVG.r1 blood as compared to untreated allografts. Further, CD8+ T cells that accumulated in the liver grafts could be similarly divided into two subsets, and the ratio of CD45RC- CD8+/CD45RC+ CD8+ T cells was also significantly higher in hepatic allografts of recipients pretreated with DST or PVG.r1 blood. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that CD45RC- CD4+ T cells harvested from hepatic allografts pretreated with PVG.r1 blood expressed interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), but not interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In contrast, CD45RC- CD8+ T cells from hepatic allografts pretreated with PVG.r1 blood expressed IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-lambda, but not IL-2. These results indicate that the CD45RC leukocyte common antigen could be used to differentiate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following pretreatment with DST or PVG.r1 blood. Persistent infiltration of CD45RC- CD4+ and CD45RC- CD8+ T cells, capable of secreting Th2-type cytokines may prevent allograft rejection by causing immunologic unresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery II, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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40
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Tezuka T, Sugita K, Mizobe N, Goi K, Miyamoto N, Nakamura M, Kagami K, Yokoyama T, Nakazawa S. Transient increase in CD45RO expression on T lymphocytes in infected newborns. Pediatr Res 1998; 43:283-90. [PMID: 9475298 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199802000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although infections are a significant cause of mortality and long-term morbidity of newborns, the early diagnosis of neonatal infections remains difficult. It has been shown recently that up-regulation of CD45RO expression on umbilical cord lymphocytes might be a good indicator for intrauterine viral infections. To evaluate clinical relevance of changes in CD45 isoforms to the diagnosis of neonatal infections, we examined CD45RA and CD45RO expression on total, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes from newborns. Lymphocytes from 55 newborns who were hospitalized in Kiyose Metropolitan Children's Hospital or Yamanashi Medical University Hospital were analyzed. Newborns were classified into three groups according to the possibility of bacterial or viral infection; I ("no" infection, n = 24), II ("possible" infection, n = 17), and III ("definite" infection, n = 14). Results were compared between two of three groups. The CD45RO expression on total or CD4+ lymphocytes in group III (bacterial 12, viral 2) was significantly higher than that in group I or II. Particularly, the CD45RO expression on CD4+ lymphocytes was always greater than 10% in group III, and showed no overlap with the respective value in group I. After termination of infection, the increased CD45RO expression in group III gradually returned to normal levels. These results indicate that not only viral but also bacterial infections trigger transient and reversible changes in CD45 isoform expression by neonatal CD4+ T lymphocytes. This may be a novel marker for the early diagnosis of neonatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tezuka
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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Zilch CF, Walker AM, Timón M, Goff LK, Wallace DL, Beverley PC. A point mutation within CD45 exon A is the cause of variant CD45RA splicing in humans. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:22-9. [PMID: 9485182 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199801)28:01<22::aid-immu22>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The leukocyte common antigen (CD45) is alternatively spliced, generating various isoforms expressed on hemopoietic cells. The splicing pattern of CD45 in T cells is altered in some individuals who show abnormal expression of high molecular weight isoforms containing exon A. The variant splicing pattern was shown to be associated with heterozygosity for a silent point mutation within CD45 exon A. This C to G transition is located 77 nucleotides downstream of the splice acceptor junction of exon A (198 bp total length). Here we report that this mutation is the cause of abnormal splicing. To isolate the mutant gene, somatic cell hybrids of lymphocytes with a CD45 splicing defect and a mouse lymphoid line were produced and clones expressing different isoforms of CD45 were isolated. Expression of the high molecular weight isoform containing exon A was associated with the mutation within exon A. All hybrids expressing the low molecular weight isoforms lacking exon A contained the normal allele of CD45 only. In addition, minigenes including this mutation were constructed and transfected into various cell lines (COS-7, HeLa, CHO). Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed an increase of more than tenfold in splicing to CD45RA (concomitant with a decrease in splicing to CD45RO) when compared with the normal minigene. Taken together, these results demonstrate a causal relationship between the mutation in CD45 exon A and the variant splicing pattern observed. The involvement of trans-acting splicing factors that interact with this region of CD45 pre-mRNA is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Zilch
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Tumour Immunology Unit, University College London Medical School, GB.
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42
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Ratech H, Denning S, Kaufman RE. An analysis of alternatively spliced CD45 mRNA transcripts during T cell maturation in humans. Cell Immunol 1997; 177:109-18. [PMID: 9178637 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase found on nucleated hematopoietic cells. In humans, multiple protein isoforms of CD45 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing of exons 4, 5, and 6 coding for the extracellular portion. We measured all eight possible CD45 mRNA transcripts using RT-PCR in human thymocytes and T cell lines. We report that only six mRNA transcripts are present in T cells. The high mw CD45 mRNA transcripts containing exon 4 correlated with the stage of T cell maturation: abundant high mw transcripts (30.7% of all CD45 mRNA transcripts) were present in immature, CD3-4-8 triple-negative thymocytes which decreased (7.7%) in intermediate, CD4+8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes and then increased (13.8% or 16.8%) in mature, CD4+8- or CD4-8+ single-positive thymocytes. In addition, there was a complex variation in the spliced mRNA transcripts coding for CD45R(O), CD45R(B), CD45R(BC), CD45R(AB), and CD45R(ABC) protein isoforms. High mw CD45 mRNA transcripts accumulated immediately prior to an important physiologic event such as thymocyte expansion. In addition, we identified linkage between RNA splicing of exons 5 and 6, and splicing of exon 5 only and exons 4, 5, and 6 in FACS-purified CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes. These data support the developmental regulation of alternatively spliced CD45 mRNA transcripts and suggest that specific CD45 isoforms may play an important role at critical stages of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ratech
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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43
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Shimizu Y, Sugiyama H, Fujii Y, Sasaki K, Inoue K, Ogawa H, Tamaki H, Miyake S, Oji Y, Soma T, Yamagami T, Hirata M, Ikeda K, Monden T, Kishimoto T. Lineage- and differentiation stage-specific expression of LSM-1 (LPAP), a possible substrate for CD45, in human hematopoietic cells. Am J Hematol 1997; 54:1-11. [PMID: 8980254 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199701)54:1<1::aid-ajh1>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD45, a transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, is found on almost all nucleated hematopoietic cells and plays a crucial role in lymphocyte activation and differentiation. We recently achieved isolation of the human LSM-1 (hLSM-1) gene, whose product is a possible substrate for CD45, and we raised antibodies against the hLSM-1 protein. hLSM-1 expression in hematopoietic cells was examined with Northern and Western blot, fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and immunocytochemical analyses. It was found that in the lymphoid lineage, T and B lymphocytes as well as NK cells expressed LSM-1, whereas terminally differentiated plasma cells did not. As for the myeloid lineage, immature myeloid cells expressed LSM-1, whereas terminally differentiated granulocytes and monocytes did not. In the erythroid lineage, normal erythroblasts expressed very low levels of LSM-1, while erythroid cell lines (K562 and HEL) did not. Megakaryocytes did not express LSM-1. Both CD34+/CD33- and CD34+/CD33+ hematopoietic progenitor cells weakly expressed LSM-1. These results showed that LSM-1 is expressed in a lineage- and differentiation stage-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimizu
- Department of Medicine III, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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44
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Robson SC, Siegel JB, Kirsch RE. Inhibition of T cell mitogenesis by a novel anti-CD45R monoclonal antibody. Immunol Cell Biol 1996; 74:65-71. [PMID: 8934656 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1996.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD45 consists of a major family of membrane glycoproteins which have protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and regulate early activation events, progression and maturation signals in leucocytes. Various isoforms of CD45 (Mr 180-240 kDa) regulate sets of intermolecular associations between different surface receptors, and appear to be differentially expressed on B and T cells (namely CD45RA, B or CD45RO). We describe a novel IgG2a mAb directed against restricted and unique CD45R modified epitopes expressed preferentially on peripheral blood T cells. This anti-CD45R antibody (I(2)4c) at concentrations of 50 and 200 ng/mL inhibited mitogenic T cell lectin and anti-CD3-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and blocked associated IL-2 secretion in vitro. Phorbol ester-stimulated mitogenesis was unaltered suggesting that the inhibition occurs independent of protein kinase C-mediated pathways. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation of purified cell lysates reveals that I(2)4c preferentially binds the higher Mr bands of CD45 expressed on T cells. Following T cell activation in vitro, the 190 kDa band became more predominant and an additional 130 kDa protein, possibly a proteolytic fragment was recognized. I(2)4c may inhibit T cell mitogenesis by direct effects on CD45R alone or by preventing interaction with other membrane-associated proteins and hence adhesive interactions with monocytes. Such interactions may however inhibit the initiation of signal transduction and, as a consequence, alter cellular activation by mitogenic lectins and anti-CD3 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Robson
- Department of Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Barritt LC, Turpen JB. Characterization of lineage restricted forms of a Xenopus CD45 homologue. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 19:525-536. [PMID: 8773201 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(95)00031-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The leukocyte common antigen, also known as CD45, is a structurally heterogenous molecule ranging in molecular weight from 180 to 220 kDa. CD45 belongs to a family of high molecular weight, cell surface glycoproteins expressed on all hematopoietic lineages with the exception of mature erythrocytes. In higher vertebrates, the highly conserved cytoplasmic domain of CD45 exhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and has been implicated in lymphocyte activation through dephosphorylation of critical tyrosine residues on substrates associated with signal transduction pathways. The monoclonal antibody CL21 recognizes a high molecular weight determinant expressed on the surface of Xenopus leukocytes which was postulated to be a CD45 homologue. In order to determine if lymphocyte subpopulations expressed different molecular weight variants, splenic B cells were identified and isolated on the basis of surface IgM and the CL21 determinant expressed by these cells was compared to the determinant expressed by thymocytes. Immunoprecipitation revealed that IgM + B cells expressed a 220 kDa molecular weight variant whereas thymocytes and IgM-cells expressed a 180 kDa variant. Bone marrow myeloid cells, isolated on the basis of light scatter properties, expressed a determinant which ranged from 150 to 160 kDa. Dephosphorylation experiments utilizing p-nitrophenyl phosphate, 32P-labeled Raytide [tyr(P)], or Kemptide [ser(P)] as substrates demonstrated that immunoprecipitated CL21 antigen exhibited tyrosine specific phosphatase activity which was inhibited by sodium orthovanadate. Thus, data based on the presence of enzymatic activity and lineage restricted molecular weight variants support the hypothesis that the CL21 determinant is the amphibian homologue of mammalian CD45, and suggest that both structural and functional elements of CD45 have been conserved during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Barritt
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6395, USA
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46
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Thude H, Hundrieser J, Wonigeit K, Schwinzer R. A point mutation in the human CD45 gene associated with defective splicing of exon A. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:2101-6. [PMID: 7621884 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in the regulation of lymphocyte activation. Different CD45 isoforms are generated by alternative splicing of three variable exons (A, B and C). The pattern of CD45 splicing depends upon cell type and state of activation. CD45RA isoforms (containing exon A-encoded sequences) can usually be found on a subset of resting T cells, but not on activated T cells. We have recently described a variant pattern of CD45RA expression which is characterized by continuous expression of CD45RA molecules on activated and memory T cells. Here, we demonstrate that this phenotype is associated with heterozygosity for a point mutation at nucleotide position 77 of exon A, leading to a C-->G transition. This mutation does not change the protein sequence of the CD45RA isoform. We conclude that position 77 is part of a motif necessary for splicing of exon A, which supports the hypothesis that sequences within exons have significant effects on alternative splicing. The mutation of this motif might prevent binding of a transacting splice factor. In the heterozygous state, this mutation is not associated with impaired T cell reactivity. Functional consequences of the homozygous state remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thude
- Klinik für Abdominal- und Transplantationschirurgie Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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47
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Rainer RO, Hodges L, Seltzer GT. CD 45 gating correlates with bone marrow differential. CYTOMETRY 1995; 22:139-45. [PMID: 7587745 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990220210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study we assess a flow cytometric gating method and its correlation with a concurrent manual bone marrow differential in abnormal marrows. Like normal bone marrow cells, leukemic blasts fall into discrete areas when a cytogram of CD 45 expression and Right Angle Light Scatter is plotted in Log scale. We studied 50 specimens with a suspected diagnosis of leukemia. Gates were set on the eight discrete clusters typically found in normal bone marrow. We employed these gates to determine the differential of the abnormal bone marrows. Our results show a high correlation between the flow differential and the manual differential with the following r values: blasts 0.875; promyelocytes 0.914; myeloid precursors 0.879; neutrophils 0.776; lymphocytes 0.707; monocytes 0.913; and erythroid precursors 0.873. In addition some leukemic infiltrates appear to produce a characteristic pattern with the CD 45 vs. RALS cytogram. In this study, there is a total of 6 cases (3 false positives and 3 false negatives) where the flow differential does not render the same diagnosis as the manual differential, and 4 cases in which there is evidence of marked peripheral contamination leading to disagreement between the two methods. This method provides a relatively easy and powerful tool which can be applied to all bone marrow specimens that undergo flow cytometric analysis. It can greatly enhance the identification and lineage assessment of leukemic blasts in the bone marrow. The correlation with a manual differential is high, and this gating method may provide an inexpensive and easy means of obtaining an automated bone marrow differential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Rainer
- Department of Pathology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Baptist Hospital 27157, USA
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48
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49
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Monostori E, Hartyani Z, Ocsovszky I, Hegedus Z, Oravecz T, Kalman M, Ando I. Effect of phytohaemagglutinin on CD45 in T cells. Immunol Lett 1994; 42:197-201. [PMID: 7890320 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(94)90086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effect of PHA activation on the phosphatase activity of CD45 has been investigated in human leukemic T-cell lines. It has been found that in vivo activation of the cells with PHA resulted in 2-4-fold increase in enzyme activity. Addition of PHA to the postnuclear supernatant of cell lysates also resulted in elevation of phosphatase activity. Elevation of enzyme activity resulted from an increase in the amount of antigen in the immunoprecipitates. Elevation of the quantity was not the result of a de novo protein synthesis since the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, did not modulate the effect of PHA. The effect of PHA was specific since ConA, that also bound to the CD45 molecules, or crosslinking of the antigen by antibody did not affect CD45. Since direct binding of PHA to CD45 molecules was shown in immunoblotting analysis, we suggest that the effect of PHA is a consequence of a PHA-induced conformational change of CD45 that results in up-regulation of the analyzed CD45 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monostori
- Institute of Genetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged
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50
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Craig W, Poppema S, Little MT, Dragowska W, Lansdorp PM. CD45 isoform expression on human haemopoietic cells at different stages of development. Br J Haematol 1994; 88:24-30. [PMID: 7803253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alternate splicing and glycosylation produce multiple CD45 isoforms which are selectively expressed on the surface of cells of the haemopoietic system. The expression of CD45RA, CD45RB and CD45RO on CD34+ and CD34- haemopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood, bone marrow and fetal liver were studied by flow cytometry. CD34+ subpopulations defined by CD45 isoform expression were sorted from bone marrow and tested in long-term culture assays. By combining results of functional studies with phenotypic data and previously published information, the following pattern of CD45 isoform expression on early haemopoietic cells was established. The most primitive CD34+ cells are CD45RO+ CD45RB+ and express low or undetectable levels of CD45RA. Upon erythroid differentiation, CD34+ cells remain CD45RO+ CD45RB+, whereas commitment into the myeloid and lymphoid lineages coincides with down-regulation of CD45RO and up-regulation of CD45RA. As a result, the majority of CD34+ cells can be divided into two mutually exclusive populations of cells which express either CD45RO or CD45RA. This notion was confirmed in this study by three-colour immunofluorescence. The alternative expression of various CD45 isoforms on functionally distinct haemopoietic cells suggests an important role for these molecules in the proliferation and differentiation of haemopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Craig
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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