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Wu H, Zheng L, Ling N, Zheng L, Du Y, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Tan W, Qiu L. Chemically Synthetic Membrane Receptors Establish Cells with Artificial Sense-and-Respond Signaling Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2315-2321. [PMID: 36656150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemically synthetic receptors that establish cells a new sense-and-respond capability to interact with outer worlds are highly desired, but rarely reported. In this work, we develop a membrane-anchored synthetic receptor (Ts-pHLIP-Pr) using DNA and peptide as the building block to equip cells with artificial signaling pathways. Upon sensing external pH stimuli, the Pr module can be translocated across the cell membrane via the conformation switch of pHLIP, enabling membrane-proximal recruitment of specific proteins to trigger downstream signaling cascades. Our experimental results demonstrate the capability of Ts-pHLIP-Pr for regulating PKCε-related signaling events upon responding to external pH reduction. With a modular feature, this receptor can be extended to elicit T cell activation through low-pH environment-induced directional movement of cytoplasmic ZAP70. Our work is expected to offer a new paradigm for intelligent synthetic biology and customized cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Linyan Zheng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Neng Ling
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Liyan Zheng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yulin Du
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.,Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.,Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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2
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Schamel WW, Alarcon B, Minguet S. The TCR is an allosterically regulated macromolecular machinery changing its conformation while working. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:8-25. [PMID: 31402501 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) is a multiprotein complex controlling the activation of T cells. Although the structure of the complete TCR is not known, cumulative evidence supports that the TCR cycles between different conformational states that are promoted either by thermal motion or by force. These structural transitions determine whether the TCR engages intracellular effectors or not, regulating TCR phosphorylation and signaling. As for other membrane receptors, ligand binding selects and stabilizes the TCR in active conformations, and/or switches the TCR to activating states that were not visited before ligand engagement. Here we review the main models of TCR allostery, that is, ligand binding at TCRαβ changes the structure at CD3 and ζ. (a) The ITAM and proline-rich sequence exposure model, in which the TCR's cytoplasmic tails shield each other and ligand binding exposes them for phosphorylation. (b) The membrane-ITAM model, in which the CD3ε and ζ tails are sequestered inside the membrane and again ligand binding exposes them. (c) The mechanosensor model in which ligand binding exerts force on the TCR, inducing structural changes that allow signaling. Since these models are complementary rather than competing, we propose a unified model that aims to incorporate all existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Xu X, Li H, Xu C. Structural understanding of T cell receptor triggering. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:193-202. [PMID: 32047259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) is one of the most complicated receptors in mammalian cells, and its triggering mechanism remains mysterious. As an octamer complex, TCR comprises an antigen-binding subunit (TCRαβ) and three CD3 signaling subunits (CD3ζζ, CD3δε, and CD3γε). Engagement of TCRαβ with an antigen peptide presented on the MHC leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in CD3 cytoplasmic domains (CDs), thus translating extracellular binding kinetics to intracellular signaling events. Whether conformational change plays an important role in the transmembrane signal transduction of TCR is under debate. Attracted by the complexity and functional importance of TCR, many groups have been studying TCR structure and triggering for decades using diverse biochemical and biophysical tools. Here, we synthesize these structural studies and discuss the relevance of the conformational change model in TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Ellerman D. Bispecific T-cell engagers: Towards understanding variables influencing the in vitro potency and tumor selectivity and their modulation to enhance their efficacy and safety. Methods 2018; 154:102-117. [PMID: 30395966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific molecules redirecting the cytotoxicity of T-cells are a growing class of therapeutics with numerous molecules being tested in clinical trials. However, it has been a long way since the proof of concept studies in the mid 1980's. In the process we have learnt about the impact of different variables related to the bispecific molecule and the target antigen on the potency of this type of drugs. This work reviews the insights gained and how that knowledge has been used to design more potent bispecific T-cell engagers. The more recent advancement of antibodies with this modality into safety studies in non-human primates and as well as in clinical studies has revealed potential toxicity liabilities for the mode of action. Modifications in existing antibody formats and new experimental molecules designed to mitigate these problems are discussed.
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5
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Vieth JA, Sant'Angelo DB. Are fat NKT cells born that way? Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:658-661. [PMID: 28669980 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Vieth
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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6
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Taylor MJ, Husain K, Gartner ZJ, Mayor S, Vale RD. A DNA-Based T Cell Receptor Reveals a Role for Receptor Clustering in Ligand Discrimination. Cell 2017; 169:108-119.e20. [PMID: 28340336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A T cell mounts an immune response by measuring the binding strength of its T cell receptor (TCR) for peptide-loaded MHCs (pMHC) on an antigen-presenting cell. How T cells convert the lifetime of the extracellular TCR-pMHC interaction into an intracellular signal remains unknown. Here, we developed a synthetic signaling system in which the extracellular domains of the TCR and pMHC were replaced with short hybridizing strands of DNA. Remarkably, T cells can discriminate between DNA ligands differing by a single base pair. Single-molecule imaging reveals that signaling is initiated when single ligand-bound receptors are converted into clusters, a time-dependent process requiring ligands with longer bound times. A computation model reveals that receptor clustering serves a kinetic proofreading function, enabling ligands with longer bound times to have disproportionally greater signaling outputs. These results suggest that spatial reorganization of receptors plays an important role in ligand discrimination in T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India; HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kabir Husain
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India; The Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India; HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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7
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Vieth JA, Das J, Ranaivoson FM, Comoletti D, Denzin LK, Sant'Angelo DB. TCRα-TCRβ pairing controls recognition of CD1d and directs the development of adipose NKT cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:36-44. [PMID: 27869818 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expressed by natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d is distinct from interactions between the TCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Our molecular modeling suggested that a hydrophobic patch created after TCRα-TCRβ pairing has a role in maintaining the conformation of the NKT cell TCR. Disruption of this patch ablated recognition of CD1d by the NKT cell TCR but not interactions of the TCR with MHC. Partial disruption of the patch, while permissive to the recognition of CD1d, significantly altered NKT cell development, which resulted in the selective accumulation of adipose-tissue-resident NKT cells. These results indicate that a key component of the TCR is essential for the development of a distinct population of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Vieth
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joy Das
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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8
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Hoffmann MM, Molina-Mendiola C, Nelson AD, Parks CA, Reyes EE, Hansen MJ, Rajagopalan G, Pease LR, Schrum AG, Gil D. Co-potentiation of antigen recognition: A mechanism to boost weak T cell responses and provide immunotherapy in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500415. [PMID: 26601285 PMCID: PMC4646799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is mediated by antigen receptors that can induce weak or strong immune responses depending on the nature of the antigen that is bound. In T lymphocytes, antigen recognition triggers signal transduction by clustering T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 multiprotein complexes. In addition, it hypothesized that biophysical changes induced in TCR/CD3 that accompany receptor engagement may contribute to signal intensity. Nonclustering monovalent TCR/CD3 engagement is functionally inert despite the fact that it may induce changes in conformational arrangement or in the flexibility of receptor subunits. We report that the intrinsically inert monovalent engagement of TCR/CD3 can specifically enhance physiologic T cell responses to weak antigens in vitro and in vivo without stimulating antigen-unengaged T cells and without interrupting T cell responses to strong antigens, an effect that we term as "co-potentiation." We identified Mono-7D6-Fab, which biophysically altered TCR/CD3 when bound and functionally enhanced immune reactivity to several weak antigens in vitro, including a gp100-derived peptide associated with melanoma. In vivo, Mono-7D6-Fab induced T cell antigen-dependent therapeutic responses against melanoma lung metastases, an effect that synergized with other anti-melanoma immunotherapies to significantly improve outcome and survival. We conclude that Mono-7D6-Fab directly co-potentiated TCR/CD3 engagement by weak antigens and that such concept can be translated into an immunotherapeutic design. The co-potentiation principle may be applicable to other receptors that could be regulated by otherwise inert compounds whose latent potency is only invoked in concert with specific physiologic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M. Hoffmann
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Carlos Molina-Mendiola
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Statistics, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Alfreda D. Nelson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christopher A. Parks
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Edwin E. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J. Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Larry R. Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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9
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Castro M, van Santen HM, Férez M, Alarcón B, Lythe G, Molina-París C. Receptor Pre-Clustering and T cell Responses: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2014; 5:132. [PMID: 24817867 PMCID: PMC4012210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation, initiated by T cell receptor (TCR) mediated recognition of pathogen-derived peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I or II molecules (pMHC), shows exquisite specificity and sensitivity, even though the TCR-pMHC binding interaction is of low affinity. Recent experimental work suggests that TCR pre-clustering may be a mechanism via which T cells can achieve such high sensitivity. The unresolved stoichiometry of the TCR makes TCR-pMHC binding and TCR triggering, an open question. We formulate a mathematical model to characterize the pre-clustering of T cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells, motivated by the experimentally observed distribution of TCR clusters on the surface of naive and memory T cells. We extend a recently introduced stochastic criterion to compute the timescales of T cell responses, assuming that ligand-induced cross-linked TCR is the minimum signaling unit. We derive an approximate formula for the mean time to signal initiation. Our results show that pre-clustering reduces the mean activation time. However, additional mechanisms favoring the existence of clusters are required to explain the difference between naive and memory T cell responses. We discuss the biological implications of our results, and both the compatibility and complementarity of our approach with other existing mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Castro
- Grupo de Dinámica No-Lineal and Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería (ICAI), Universidad Pontificia Comillas , Madrid , Spain
| | - Hisse M van Santen
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Férez
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
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10
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Wang JH, Reinherz EL. The structural basis of αβ T-lineage immune recognition: TCR docking topologies, mechanotransduction, and co-receptor function. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:102-19. [PMID: 23046125 PMCID: PMC3694212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self versus non-self discrimination is at the core of T-lymphocyte recognition. To this end, αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) ligate 'foreign' peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II molecules (pMHC) arrayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Since the discovery of TCRs approximately 30 years ago, considerable structural and functional data have detailed the molecular basis of their extraordinary ligand specificity and sensitivity in mediating adaptive T-cell immunity. This review focuses on the structural biology of the Fab-like TCRαβ clonotypic heterodimer and its unique features in conjunction with those of the associated CD3εγ and CD3εδ heterodimeric molecules, which, along with CD3ζζ homodimer, comprise the TCR complex in a stoichiometry of 1:1:1:1. The basis of optimized TCRαβ docking geometry on the pMHC linked to TCR mechanotransduction and required for T-cell signaling as well as CD4 and CD8 co-receptor function is detailed. A model of the TCR ectodomain complex including its connecting peptides suggests how force generated during T-cell immune surveillance and at the immunological synapse results in dynamic TCR quaternary change involving its heterodimeric components. Potential insights from the structural biology relevant to immunity and immunosuppression are revealed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-huai Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Kuhns MS, Davis MM. TCR Signaling Emerges from the Sum of Many Parts. Front Immunol 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 22737151 PMCID: PMC3381686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
“How does T cell receptor signaling begin?” Answering this question requires an understanding of how the parts of the molecular machinery that mediates this process fit and work together. Ultimately this molecular architecture must (i) trigger the relay of information from the TCR-pMHC interface to the signaling substrates of the CD3 molecules and (ii) bring the kinases that modify these substrates in close proximity to interact, initiate, and sustain signaling. In this contribution we will discuss advances of the last decade that have increased our understanding of the complex machinery and interactions that underlie this type of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, AZ, USA
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12
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Blanco R, Alarcón B. TCR Nanoclusters as the Framework for Transmission of Conformational Changes and Cooperativity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:115. [PMID: 22582078 PMCID: PMC3348506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence favors the notion that, before triggering, the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) forms nanometer-scale oligomers that are called nanoclusters. The organization of the TCR in pre-existing oligomers cannot be ignored when analyzing the properties of ligand (pMHC) recognition and signal transduction. As with other membrane receptors, the existence of TCR oligomers points out to cooperativity phenomena. We review the data in support of conformational changes in the TCR as the basic principle to transduce the activation signal to the cytoplasm and the incipient data suggesting cooperativity within nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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13
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Fernandes RA, Shore DA, Vuong MT, Yu C, Zhu X, Pereira-Lopes S, Brouwer H, Fennelly JA, Jessup CM, Evans EJ, Wilson IA, Davis SJ. T cell receptors are structures capable of initiating signaling in the absence of large conformational rearrangements. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13324-35. [PMID: 22262845 PMCID: PMC3339974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.332783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and non-native ligands of the T cell receptor (TCR), including antibodies, have been proposed to induce signaling in T cells via intra- or intersubunit conformational rearrangements within the extracellular regions of TCR complexes. We have investigated whether any signatures can be found for such postulated structural changes during TCR triggering induced by antibodies, using crystallographic and mutagenesis-based approaches. The crystal structure of murine CD3ε complexed with the mitogenic anti-CD3ε antibody 2C11 enabled the first direct structural comparisons of antibody-liganded and unliganded forms of CD3ε from a single species, which revealed that antibody binding does not induce any substantial rearrangements within CD3ε. Saturation mutagenesis of surface-exposed CD3ε residues, coupled with assays of antibody-induced signaling by the mutated complexes, suggests a new configuration for the complex within which CD3ε is highly exposed and reveals that no large new CD3ε interfaces are required to form during antibody-induced signaling. The TCR complex therefore appears to be a structure that is capable of initiating intracellular signaling in T cells without substantial structural rearrangements within or between the component subunits. Our findings raise the possibility that signaling by native ligands might also be initiated in the absence of large structural rearrangements in the receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Fernandes
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - David A. Shore
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Mai T. Vuong
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Chao Yu
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Selma Pereira-Lopes
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Heather Brouwer
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Janet A. Fennelly
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Claire M. Jessup
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Edward J. Evans
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Simon J. Davis
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
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14
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Adams JJ, Narayanan S, Liu B, Birnbaum ME, Kruse AC, Bowerman NA, Chen W, Levin AM, Connolly JM, Zhu C, Kranz DM, Garcia KC. T cell receptor signaling is limited by docking geometry to peptide-major histocompatibility complex. Immunity 2012; 35:681-93. [PMID: 22101157 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) engagement of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is essential to adaptive immunity, but it is unknown whether TCR signaling responses are influenced by the binding topology of the TCR-peptide-MHC complex. We developed yeast-displayed pMHC libraries that enabled us to identify new peptide sequences reactive with a single TCR. Structural analysis showed that four peptides bound to the TCR with distinct 3D and 2D affinities using entirely different binding chemistries. Three of the peptides that shared a common docking mode, where key TCR-MHC germline interactions are preserved, induced TCR signaling. The fourth peptide failed to induce signaling and was recognized in a substantially different TCR-MHC binding mode that apparently exceeded geometric tolerances compatible with signaling. We suggest that the stereotypical TCR-MHC docking paradigm evolved from productive signaling geometries and that TCR signaling can be modulated by peptides that are recognized in alternative TCR-pMHC binding orientations.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Peptide Library
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sequence Alignment
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett J Adams
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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de la Cruz J, Kruger T, Parks CA, Silge RL, van Oers NSC, Luescher IF, Schrum AG, Gil D. Basal and antigen-induced exposure of the proline-rich sequence in CD3ε. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:2282-90. [PMID: 21228347 PMCID: PMC3810001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD3ε cytoplasmic tail contains a conserved proline-rich sequence (PRS) that influences TCR-CD3 expression and signaling. Although the PRS can bind the SH3.1 domain of the cytosolic adapter Nck, whether the PRS is constitutively available for Nck binding or instead represents a cryptic motif that is exposed via conformational change upon TCR-CD3 engagement (CD3Δc) is currently unresolved. Furthermore, the extent to which a cis-acting CD3ε basic amino acid-rich stretch (BRS), with its unique phosphoinositide-binding capability, might impact PRS accessibility is not clear. In this study, we found that freshly harvested primary thymocytes expressed low to moderate basal levels of Nck-accessible PRS ("open-CD3"), although most TCR-CD3 complexes were inaccessible to Nck ("closed-CD3"). Ag presentation in vivo induced open-CD3, accounting for half of the basal level found in thymocytes from MHC(+) mice. Additional stimulation with either anti-CD3 Abs or peptide-MHC ligands further elevated open-CD3 above basal levels, consistent with a model wherein antigenic engagement induces maximum PRS exposure. We also found that the open-CD3 conformation induced by APCs outlasted the time of ligand occupancy, marking receptors that had been engaged. Finally, CD3ε BRS-phosphoinositide interactions played no role in either adoption of the initial closed-CD3 conformation or induction of open-CD3 by Ab stimulation. Thus, a basal level of open-CD3 is succeeded by a higher, induced level upon TCR-CD3 engagement, involving CD3Δc and prolonged accessibility of the CD3ε PRS to Nck.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proline/immunology
- Proline/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier de la Cruz
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Initiative to Maximize Student Diversity and Post Baccalaureate Research Education Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Travis Kruger
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Christopher A. Parks
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robert L. Silge
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nicolai S. C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Immanuel F. Luescher
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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16
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Wang Y, Becker D, Vass T, White J, Marrack P, Kappler JW. A conserved CXXC motif in CD3epsilon is critical for T cell development and TCR signaling. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000253. [PMID: 19956738 PMCID: PMC2776832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural integrity of the extracellular membrane-proximal stalk region of CD3ε is required for efficient signaling by the T cell antigen receptor complex. The results in this article suggest that receptor aggregation may not be sufficient for a complete T cell receptor signal and that some type of direct allosteric signal may be involved. Virtually all T cell development and functions depend on its antigen receptor. The T cell receptor (TCR) is a multi-protein complex, comprised of a ligand binding module and a signal transmission module. The signal transmission module includes proteins from CD3 family (CD3ε, CD3δ, CD3γ) as well as the ζ chain protein. The CD3 proteins have a short extracellular stalk connecting their Ig-like domains to their transmembrane regions. These stalks contain a highly evolutionarily conserved CXXC motif, whose function is unknown. To understand the function of these two conserved cysteines, we generated mice that lacked endogenous CD3ε but expressed a transgenic CD3ε molecule in which these cysteines were mutated to serines. Our results show that the mutated CD3ε could incorporate into the TCR complex and rescue surface TCR expression in CD3ε null mice. In the CD3ε mutant mice, all stages of T cell development and activation that are TCR-dependent were impaired, but not eliminated, including activation of mature naïve T cells with the MHCII presented superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, or with a strong TCR cross-linking antibody specific for either TCR-Cβ or CD3ε. These results argue against a simple aggregation model for TCR signaling and suggest that the stalks of the CD3 proteins may be critical in transmitting part of the activation signal directly through the membrane. The T cells of the immune system have surface receptors that detect unique features (called antigens) of foreign invaders such as viruses, bacteria and toxins. An encounter between an antigen and the T cell receptor sets off a chain of events that activates the T cell to proliferate and thus call to action the various arms of the immune response that ultimately eliminate the invader. A set of proteins, called CD3, associates with the T cell receptor, spanning the cell membrane. Their function is to deliver a signal to the inside of T cell that its receptor has encountered antigen on the outside of the cell. Two general ideas have been proposed to explain how the CD3 proteins accomplish this: That the engagement of the T cell receptor outside the cell directly causes a change in conformation in the intracellular portion of the associated CD3 proteins that is recognized by the intracellular signaling machinery; and that engagement of the T cell receptor causes clustering of multiple receptor and CD3 proteins such that interactions among the cytoplasmic portions of the many CD3 proteins now attract other proteins to start the chain of intercellular signaling. These two ideas are not mutually exclusive. We show here that mutations in a highly conserved extracellular portion of one of the CD3 proteins can impair the transmission of the activation signal without preventing receptor clustering. These results suggest that direct transmission of a conformational change across the membrane may constitute part of the CD3-mediated activation signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dean Becker
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tibor Vass
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Janice White
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John W. Kappler
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Biomolecular Structure, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Essential role of the Ly49A stalk region for immunological synapse formation and signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11264-9. [PMID: 19549850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900664106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells use surface NK receptors to discriminate self from non-self. The NK receptor ligand-binding domain (NKD) has been considered the sole regulator of ligand binding. Using a prototypic murine NK receptor, Ly49A, we show that the membrane proximal nonligand binding ecto-domain (the stalk region) is critical to ligand binding and signaling. The stalk region is required for receptor binding to ligand on target cells (trans interaction), but is dispensable for receptor binding to ligand on the same cell (cis interaction). Also, signaling in a trans manner depends on the stalk region mediating the formation of the immunological synapse. Thus, our data modeling receptor function at the cellular level reveal an essential role for the stalk region as a specific mediator of receptor signal integration, by which NKD-ligand interactions at the interface initiate and deliver information to the spatially separated cytoplasmic domain.
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18
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Palmer E, Naeher D. Affinity threshold for thymic selection through a T-cell receptor–co-receptor zipper. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:207-13. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Risueño RM, Ortiz AR, Alarcón B. Conformational Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 640:103-12. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Minguet S, Schamel WWA. Permissive geometry model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 640:113-20. [PMID: 19065789 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ligand binding to the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) evokes receptor triggering and subsequent T-lymphocyte activation. Although TCR signal transduction pathways have been extensively studied, a satisfactory mechanism that rationalizes how the information of ligand binding to the receptor is transmitted into the cell remains elusive. Models proposed for TCR triggering can be grouped into two main conceptual categories: receptor clustering by ligand binding and induction of conformational changes within the TCR. None of these models or their variations (see Chapter 6 for details) can satisfactorily account for the diverse experimental observations regarding TCR triggering. Clustering models are not compatible with the presence of preformed oligomeric receptors on the surface of resting cells. Models based on conformational changes induced as a direct effect of ligand binding, are not consistent with the requirement for multivalent ligand to initiate TCR signaling. In this chapter, we discuss the permissive geometry model. This model integrates receptor clustering and conformational change models, together with the existence of preformed oligomeric receptors, providing a mechanism to explain TCR signal initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Minguet
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Risueño RM, Schamel WWA, Alarcón B. T cell receptor engagement triggers its CD3epsilon and CD3zeta subunits to adopt a compact, locked conformation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1747. [PMID: 18320063 PMCID: PMC2254190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) discriminates between molecularly related peptide/Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC) ligands and converts this information into different possible signaling outcomes is still not understood. One current model proposes that strong pMHC ligands, but not weak ones, induce a conformational change in the TCR. Evidence supporting this comes from a pull-down assay that detects ligand-induced binding of the TCR to the N-terminal SH3 domain of the adapter protein Nck, and also from studies with a neoepitope-specific antibody. Both methods rely on the exposure of a polyproline sequence in the CD3ε subunit of the TCR, and neither indicates whether the conformational change is transmitted to other CD3 subunits. Using a protease-sensitivity assay, we now show that the cytoplasmic tails of CD3ε and CD3ζ subunits become fully protected from degradation upon TCR triggering. These results suggest that the TCR conformational change is transmitted to the tails of CD3ε and CD3ζ, and perhaps all CD3 subunits. Furthermore, the resistance to protease digestion suggests that CD3 cytoplasmic tails adopt a compact structure in the triggered TCR. These results are consistent with a model in which transduction of the conformational change induced upon TCR triggering promotes condensation and shielding of the CD3 cytoplasmic tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Risueño
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Archbold JK, Ely LK, Kjer-Nielsen L, Burrows SR, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J, Macdonald WA. T cell allorecognition and MHC restriction--A case of Jekyll and Hyde? Mol Immunol 2007; 45:583-98. [PMID: 17869342 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A great paradox in cellular immunology is how T cell allorecognition exists at high frequencies (up to 10%) despite the stringent requirements of discriminating 'self' from 'non-self' imposed by MHC restriction. Thus, in tissue transplantation, a substantial proportion of the recipient's T cells will have the ability to recognize the graft and instigate an immune response against the transplanted tissue, ultimately resulting in graft rejection--a manifestation of T cell alloreactivity. Transplantation of human organs and lymphoid cells as treatment for otherwise life-threatening diseases has become a more routine medical procedure making this problem of great importance. Immunologists have gained important insights into the mechanisms of T cell alloreactivity from cytotoxic T cell assays, affinity-avidity studies, and crystal structures of peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules and T cell receptors (TCRs) both alone and in complex. Despite the clinical significance of alloreactivity, the crystal structure of an alloreactive human TCR in complex with both cognate pMHC and an allogeneic pMHC complex has yet to be determined. This review highlights some of the important findings from studies characterizing the way in which alloreactive T cell receptors and pMHC molecules interact in an attempt to resolve this great irony of the cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Archbold
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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Duchardt E, Sigalov AB, Aivazian D, Stern LJ, Schwalbe H. Structure induction of the T-cell receptor zeta-chain upon lipid binding investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2007; 8:820-7. [PMID: 17410622 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of the cytoplasmic part of the zeta-chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR) in its free form and bound to detergent micelles has been investigated by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The zeta-chain is considered to be a mediator between the extracellular antigen and the intracellular signal-transduction cascade leading to T-cell activation. Earlier studies suggested a T-cell activation mechanism that involved a TCR-state-dependent lipid incorporation propensity of the zeta-chain accompanied by a helical folding transition. In order to support this proposed mechanism, standard protein NMR assignment and secondary-structure-elucidation techniques have been applied to the free TCR zeta-chain and to the zeta-chain bound to the detergent LMPG, which forms a micelle, in order to obtain the structural characteristics of this folding transition in a residue-resolved manner. We could assign the resonances of the free zeta-chain at 278 K, and this formed the basis for chemical-shift-perturbation studies to identify lipid binding sites. Our NMR results show that the free TCR zeta-chain is indeed intrinsically unstructured. Regions around the ITAM2 and ITAM3 sequences are involved in a highly dynamic binding of the free zeta-chain to a detergent micelle formed by the acidic lipid LMPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Duchardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Krogsgaard M, Juang J, Davis MM. A role for "self" in T-cell activation. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:236-44. [PMID: 17548210 PMCID: PMC2731063 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which alphabeta T-cells are selected in the thymus and then recognize peptide MHC (pMHC) complexes in the periphery remain an enigma. Recent work particularly with respect to quantification of T-cell sensitivity and the role of self-ligands in T-cell activation has provided some important clues to the details of how TCR signaling might be initiated. Here, we highlight recent experimental data that provides insights into the initiation of T-cell activation and also discuss the main controversies and uncertainties in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Krogsgaard
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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25
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Minguet S, Swamy M, Alarcón B, Luescher IF, Schamel WWA. Full Activation of the T Cell Receptor Requires Both Clustering and Conformational Changes at CD3. Immunity 2007; 26:43-54. [PMID: 17188005 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR-CD3) triggering involves both receptor clustering and conformational changes at the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 subunits. The mechanism by which TCRalphabeta ligand binding confers conformational changes to CD3 is unknown. By using well-defined ligands, we showed that induction of the conformational change requires both multivalent engagement and the mobility restriction of the TCR-CD3 imposed by the plasma membrane. The conformational change is elicited by cooperative rearrangements of two TCR-CD3 complexes and does not require accompanying changes in the structure of the TCRalphabeta ectodomains. This conformational change at CD3 reverts upon ligand dissociation and is required for T cell activation. Thus, our permissive geometry model provides a molecular mechanism that rationalizes how the information of ligand binding to TCRalphabeta is transmitted to the CD3 subunits and to the intracellular signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Minguet
- Max Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Franco A, Albani S. Translating the concept of suppressor/regulatory T cells to clinical applications. Int Rev Immunol 2006; 25:27-47. [PMID: 16669133 DOI: 10.1080/08830180500544506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo expansion of suppressor/regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a desirable event in autoimmunity and transplantation. Here we summarize the general rules involved in antigen recognition by T cells and describe Tregs and their requirements, discussing different levels of immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Franco
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0731, USA
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27
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Vukmanović S, Santori FR. Self-peptide/MHC and TCR antagonism: physiological role and therapeutic potential. Cell Immunol 2005; 233:75-84. [PMID: 15950208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
TCR antagonists are peptides that bind MHC molecules and can specifically inhibit T cell activation induced by antigens. Studying TCR antagonism has taken an important place in immunology for both theoretical and practical reasons. Deciphering the mechanism(s) of action of TCR antagonists can yield important information about interactions of the TCR with ligands, T cell development, and TCR signaling. Moreover, microorganisms may employ TCR antagonism to elude the attention of the immune system. Finally, specificity of inhibition makes TCR antagonists an ideal tool to seek antigen-specific immunomodulation. Present state of knowledge on these topics is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Vukmanović
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA.
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28
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Gil D, Schrum AG, Alarcón B, Palmer E. T cell receptor engagement by peptide-MHC ligands induces a conformational change in the CD3 complex of thymocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:517-22. [PMID: 15728235 PMCID: PMC1868566 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) can recognize a variety of cognate peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands and translate their affinity into distinct cellular responses. To achieve this, the nonsignaling alphabeta heterodimer communicates ligand recognition to the CD3 signaling subunits by an unknown mechanism. In thymocytes, we found that both positive- and negative-selecting pMHC ligands expose a cryptic epitope in the CD3 complex upon TCR engagement. This conformational change is induced in vivo and requires the expression of cognate MHC. We conclude that TCR engagement with a cognate pMHC ligand induces a conformational change in the CD3 complex of thymocytes and propose that this marks an initial event during thymic selection that signals the recognition of self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gil
- Department of Research, Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital-Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
The mechanism by which the ligand occupancy state of the T cell receptor complex is converted into intracellular signaling information has been a controversial topic. Although the majority of structural studies argue against a conformational change, recent studies support the possibility for such a change within the CD3 components of the TCR complex. In this commentary, the evidence for TCR conformational change is reviewed and potential mechanisms for its initiation are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Levin
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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30
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Risueño RM, Gil D, Fernández E, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alarcón B. Ligand-induced conformational change in the T-cell receptor associated with productive immune synapses. Blood 2005; 106:601-8. [PMID: 15790785 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering of the T-cell receptor (TCR) can produce very different responses, depending on the nature of the major histocompatibility complex/antigen peptide (MHCp) ligand. The molecular mechanisms that permit such fine discrimination are still unknown. We show here that an epitope in the cytoplasmic tail of the TCR CD3epsilon subunit, recognized by antibody APA1/1, is only detected when the TCR is fully activated. Exposure of the APA1/1 epitope is shown to be fast and independent of tyrosine kinase activity and that it takes place even when T cells are stimulated at 0 degrees C. These results suggest that APA1/1 detects a conformational change in the TCR. APA1/1 staining concentrates in a restricted area of the immunologic synapse. Most important, we show that full agonist, but not partial agonist, peptides induce exposure of the APA1/1 epitope, indicating a correlation between the induction of the conformational change in the TCR and full T-cell activation. Finally, the conformational change is shown to occur in T cells that are being stimulated by antigen in vivo. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the TCR undergoes a conformational change on MHCp binding in vitro and in vivo, and they establish a molecular correlate for productive TCR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Risueño
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco Madrid 28049, Spain
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31
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Krogsgaard M, Prado N, Adams EJ, He XL, Chow DC, Wilson DB, Garcia KC, Davis MM. Evidence that structural rearrangements and/or flexibility during TCR binding can contribute to T cell activation. Mol Cell 2004; 12:1367-78. [PMID: 14690592 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
While in many cases the half-life of T cell receptor (TCR) binding to a particular ligand is a good predictor of activation potential, numerous exceptions suggest that other physical parameter(s) must also play a role. Accordingly, we analyzed the thermodynamics of TCR binding to a series of peptide-MHC ligands, three of which are more stimulatory than their stability of binding would predict. Strikingly, we find that during TCR binding these outliers show anomalously large changes in heat capacity, an indicator of conformational change or flexibility in a binding interaction. By combining the values for heat capacity (DeltaCp) and the half-life of TCR binding (t(1/2)), we find that we can accurately predict the degree of T cell stimulation. Structural analysis shows significant changes in the central TCR contact residue of the peptide-MHC, indicating that structural rearrangements within the TCR-peptide-MHC interface can contribute to T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Krogsgaard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Yang W, Grey HM. Study of the mechanism of TCR antagonism using dual-TCR-expressing T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4532-8. [PMID: 12707330 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of TCR antagonists is incompletely understood. T cells expressing two distinct TCRs have been used to test competition for TCR occupancy as a potential mechanism. Previous studies with CD4 T cells showed that an antagonist for one TCR inhibited the response to the other TCR (cross-antagonism), whereas studies with CD8 cells failed to demonstrate cross-antagonism. To determine whether CD4 and CD8 cells were intrinsically different or whether the differences were the result of the use of different effector assays, we studied both CD4 and CD8 dual-TCR-expressing T cells. In the CD4 system, consistent with previous reports, cross-antagonism of proliferation was observed. In the CD8 system, cross-antagonism was observed using proliferation as readout but not when target cell cytolysis was used. These results suggest that different mechanisms may be involved in the inhibition of proliferation and inhibition of cytotoxic effector function, the latter only involving competition for TCR occupancy. Inhibition of proliferation appears to be more complex and other mechanisms such as sequestration of signaling molecules or negative signaling may be involved. The fact that 10- to 20-fold more antagonist was needed to achieve cross-antagonism compared with inhibition of the cognate TCR is consistent with the hypothesis that competition for TCR occupancy is also a major, albeit not sole, mechanism of antagonism of the proliferative responses of CD4 and CD8 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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33
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Gil D, Schamel WWA, Montoya M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alarcón B. Recruitment of Nck by CD3 epsilon reveals a ligand-induced conformational change essential for T cell receptor signaling and synapse formation. Cell 2002; 109:901-12. [PMID: 12110186 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
How membrane receptors initiate signal transduction upon ligand binding is a matter of intense scrutiny. The T cell receptor complex (TCR-CD3) is composed of TCR alpha/beta ligand binding subunits bound to the CD3 subunits responsible for signal transduction. Although it has long been speculated that TCR-CD3 may undergo a conformational change, confirmation is still lacking. We present strong evidence that ligand engagement of TCR-CD3 induces a conformational change that exposes a proline-rich sequence in CD3 epsilon and results in recruitment of the adaptor protein Nck. This occurs earlier than and independently of tyrosine kinase activation. Finally, by interfering with Nck-CD3 epsilon association in vivo, we demonstrate that TCR-CD3 recruitment of Nck is critical for maturation of the immune synapse and for T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gil
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 20849, Spain
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34
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Ise W, Totsuka M, Sogawa Y, Ametani A, Hachimura S, Sato T, Kumagai Y, Habu S, Kaminogawa S. Naive CD4+ T cells exhibit distinct expression patterns of cytokines and cell surface molecules on their primary responses to varying doses of antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3242-50. [PMID: 11907078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The amount of an Ag used for stimulation affects the type and magnitude of T cell responses. In this study we have investigated the primary response of naive CD4(+) T cells derived from OVA-specific TCR-transgenic mice (OVA23-3) upon stimulation with varying doses of the antigenic peptide, OVA(323-339). IL-4 expression was maximal with 50 nM Ag and decreased significantly with increasing doses. In contrast, IFN-gamma expression, which was also detected at 50 nM Ag, increased with increasing doses. The expression patterns of mRNA for the Th2-specific transcription factors GATA-3 and c-Maf were parallel to that of IL-4. These expression profiles were not altered by the addition of anti-IL-4 plus anti-IL-12 mAbs, suggesting that cytokine receptor signaling is not essential. Naive CD4(+) T cells stimulated with 5 nM Ag elicited IgM secretion from cocultured B cells, whereas those stimulated with 50 nM Ag or more elicited apoptosis of B cells. This may be because at lower doses of Ag (5 nM), naive CD4(+) T cells express CD40 ligand and OX40, whereas at higher doses (50 nM), they express Fas ligand. Clearly, the expression of each type of molecule depends on the Ag dose, and different molecules had different expression patterns. Thus, in the primary response, naive CD4(+) T cells can exhibit different functions depending on the dose of Ag.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Interphase/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Stone JD, Cochran JR, Stern LJ. T-cell activation by soluble MHC oligomers can be described by a two-parameter binding model. Biophys J 2001; 81:2547-57. [PMID: 11606269 PMCID: PMC1301723 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is essential for initiation and control of immune system function. T cells are activated by interaction of cell-surface antigen receptors with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on the surface of other cells. Studies using soluble oligomers of MHC-peptide complexes and other types of receptor cross-linking agents have supported an activation mechanism that involves T cell receptor clustering. Receptor clustering induced by incubation of T cells with MHC-peptide oligomers leads to the induction of T-cell activation processes, including downregulation of engaged receptors and upregulation of the cell-surface proteins CD69 and CD25. Dose-response curves for these T-cell activation markers are bell-shaped, with different maxima and midpoints, depending on the valency of the soluble oligomer used. In this study, we have analyzed the activation behavior using a mathematical model that describes the binding of multivalent ligands to cell-surface receptors. We show that a simple equilibrium binding model accurately describes the activation data for CD4(+) T cells treated with MHC-peptide oligomers of varying valency. The model can be used to predict activation and binding behavior for T cells and MHC oligomers with different properties.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Binding Sites/physiology
- Binding, Competitive/physiology
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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36
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Bromley SK, Burack WR, Johnson KG, Somersalo K, Sims TN, Sumen C, Davis MM, Shaw AS, Allen PM, Dustin ML. The immunological synapse. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:375-96. [PMID: 11244041 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is initiated by the interaction of T cell antigen receptors with major histocompatibility complex molecule-peptide complexes in the nanometer scale gap between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell, referred to as an immunological synapse. In this review we focus on the concept of immunological synapse formation as it relates to membrane structure, T cell polarity, signaling pathways, and the antigen-presenting cell. Membrane domains provide an organizational principle for compartmentalization within the immunological synapse. T cell polarization by chemokines increases T cell sensitivity to antigen. The current model is that signaling and formation of the immunological synapse are tightly interwoven in mature T cells. We also extend this model to natural killer cell activation, where the inhibitory NK synapse provides a striking example in which inhibition of signaling leaves the synapse in its nascent, inverted state. The APC may also play an active role in immunological synapse formation, particularly for activation of naïve T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Cell Communication
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cell Polarity
- Chemokines/physiology
- Cholera Toxin/pharmacology
- Immunologic Capping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/ultrastructure
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/physiology
- Membrane Microdomains/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/ultrastructure
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Bromley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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37
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Viret C, He X, Janeway CA. Paradoxical intrathymic positive selection in mice with only a covalently presented agonist peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9243-8. [PMID: 11470911 PMCID: PMC55405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.161274698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y-Ae mAb and the 1H3.1 alphabeta T cell antigen receptor (TCR) are both specific for the I-Ealpha52-68 peptide bound to the I-A(b) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from I-A(b+) mice with a natural or transgenic (Tg) I-Ealpha chain activate mature 1H3.1 T cells and cause the deletion of 1H3.1 TCR Tg thymocytes. However, 1H3.1 T cells were neither activated nor inactivated by confrontation with APCs from I-Ab-Ep mice in which I-A(b) molecules are occupied only by the covalently associated Ealpha52-68 peptide. Instead, immature 1H3.1 TCR Tg thymocytes were efficiently positively selected into the CD4 lineage in the I-Ab-Ep thymus. This selection relied on specific recognition of the Ealpha52-68/I-A(b) complex because it was blocked by Y-Ae. 1H3.1 TCR Tg T cells maturing in the I-Ab-Ep thymus efficiently populated the periphery, displayed a naive phenotype, and were specifically reactive to the Ealpha52-68 peptide or to I-A(b+)I-Ealpha(+) APCs, indicating that 1H3.1 T cells were not antagonized in I-Ab-Ep mice. The data identify major histocompatibility complex class II molecules with only a covalently attached self-peptide as a ligand for in vivo positive selection of T cells specific for the same peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Viret
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA
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38
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Abstract
The mechanism of T cell receptor signaling is unclear. Included among models for TCR signaling is ligand-induced oligomerization in a fashion analogous to other cell surface receptors. Published kinetic, saturation binding, and light scattering experiments have been interpreted to suggest a propensity for soluble alpha beta TCR/peptide/MHC ectodomain complexes to oligomerize. Upon performing these experiments with soluble ectodomains of human class I and class II restricted alpha beta TCRs, we find no evidence for dimerization or oligomerization of complexes. Apparently, oligomerization in solution to a detectable extent is not a general property of soluble alpha beta TCRs or their complexes with ligand. Our results suggest that membrane-anchored, fully assembled TCRs should be studied to determine the role oligomerization plays in T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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39
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Chan C, George AJ, Stark J. Cooperative enhancement of specificity in a lattice of T cell receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:5758-63. [PMID: 11344310 PMCID: PMC33286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.101113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2000] [Accepted: 03/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most important models to account for the specificity and sensitivity of the T cell receptor (TCR) are the kinetic proofreading and serial ligation models. However, although kinetic proofreading provides a means for individual TCRs to measure accurately the length of time they are engaged and signal appropriately, the stochastic nature of ligand dissociation means the kinetic proofreading model implies that at high concentrations the response of the cell will be relatively nonspecific. Recent ligand experiments have revealed the phenomenon of both negative and positive crosstalk among neighboring TCRs. By using a Monte Carlo simulation of a lattice of TCRs, we integrate receptor crosstalk with the kinetic proofreading and serial ligation models and discover that receptor cooperativity can enhance T cell specificity significantly at a very modest cost to the sensitivity of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chan
- Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics and Its Applications, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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40
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Cochran JR, Aivazian D, Cameron TO, Stern LJ. Receptor clustering and transmembrane signaling in T cells. Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26:304-10. [PMID: 11343923 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0004(01)01815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells are activated via engagement of their cell-surface receptors with molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) displayed on another cell surface. This process, which is a key step in the recognition of foreign antigens by the immune system, involves oligomerization of receptor components. Recent characterization of the T-cell response to soluble arrays of MHC-peptide complexes has provided insights into the triggering mechanism for T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cochran
- Dept of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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41
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Hayball JD, Lake RA. Altered superantigenic ligands demonstrate the quantitative nature of T-cell activation. Immunol Cell Biol 2000; 78:623-32. [PMID: 11114973 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, a superantigen mutated in the TCR binding site (staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)delta61Y) was described, which behaved as a partial agonist for a Vbeta17-expressing T-cell clone. Evidence is now presented to demonstrate that there is distinct heterogeneity in the response of primary T cells to this protein. Some Vbeta17 T cells responded to SEBdelta61Y by modulating surface receptor expression consistent with activation, and by proliferating. Other Vbeta17 T cells did not proliferate, nor did they display a receptor expression phenotype consistent with activation. However, when repeatedly exposed to the altered superantigen, some of these non-responders entered cell cycle. This pattern of responses was not recapitulated by providing additional costimulation via CD28, although such treatment did induce some of the 'unresponsive' Vbeta17 T cells to upregulate the IL-2 receptor, indicative of partial activation. It was also found that the heterogeneous pattern could be replicated using very low doses of native SEB. The data are discussed in the context of models of T-cell activation in which differences in TCR ligand affinity and dose determine qualitatively different response phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Hayball
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science/Hanson Centre for Cancer Research, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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42
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Baker BM, Gagnon SJ, Biddison WE, Wiley DC. Conversion of a T cell antagonist into an agonist by repairing a defect in the TCR/peptide/MHC interface: implications for TCR signaling. Immunity 2000; 13:475-84. [PMID: 11070166 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the A6 alphabetaTCR/HTLV-1 Tax-peptide/MHC I complex with proline 6 of Tax substituted with alanine (P6A), an antagonist, is nearly identical to the structure with wild-type Tax agonist. Neither the proline in the agonist nor the alanine in the antagonist is contacted by the alphabetaTCR. Here, we demonstrate that antagonist activity of P6A is associated with low affinity of the A6 alphabetaTCR for Tax-P6A/HLA-A2. We show that stepwise repair of a packing defect in the TCR/MHC interface using N-alkylated amino acids results in stepwise increases in TCR affinity and activity. Kinetic and thermodynamic measurements suggest that for some ligands the range of T cell outcomes does not correlate with either their alphabetaTCR affinity or the half-life of the alphabetaTCR/peptide/MHC complex.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/metabolism
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Gene Products, tax/chemistry
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Glycine/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Proline/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Folding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sarcosine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Thermodynamics
- Ultracentrifugation/methods
- Water
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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43
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Cochran JR, Stern LJ. A diverse set of oligomeric class II MHC-peptide complexes for probing T-cell receptor interactions. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2000; 7:683-96. [PMID: 10980449 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(00)00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cells are activated by engagement of their clonotypic cell surface receptors with peptide complexes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, in a poorly understood process that involves receptor clustering on the membrane surface. Few tools are available to study the molecular mechanisms responsible for initiation of activation processes in T-cells. RESULTS A topologically diverse set of oligomers of the human MHC protein HLA-DR1, varying in size from dimers to tetramers, was produced by varying the location of an introduced cysteine residue and the number and spacing of sulfhydryl-reactive groups carried on novel and commercially available cross-linking reagents. Fluorescent probes incorporated into the cross-linking reagents facilitated measurement of oligomer binding to the T-cell surface. Oligomeric MHC-peptide complexes, including a variety of MHC dimers, trimers and tetramers, bound to T-cells and initiated T-cell activation processes in an antigen-specific manner. CONCLUSION T-cell receptor dimerization on the cell surface is sufficient to initiate intracellular signaling processes, as a variety of MHC-peptide dimers differing in intramolecular spacing and orientation were each able to trigger early T-cell activation events. The relative binding affinities within a homologous series of MHC-peptide oligomers suggest that T-cell receptors may rearrange in the plane of the membrane concurrent with oligomer binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Cochran JR, Cameron TO, Stern LJ. The relationship of MHC-peptide binding and T cell activation probed using chemically defined MHC class II oligomers. Immunity 2000; 12:241-50. [PMID: 10755611 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel chemically defined soluble oligomers of the human MHC class II protein HLA-DR1 was constructed to probe the molecular requirements for initiation of T cell activation. MHC dimers, trimers, and tetramers stimulated T cells, as measured by upregulation of the activation markers CD69 and CD25, and by internalization of activated T cell receptor subunits. Monomeric MHC-peptide complexes engaged T cell receptors but did not induce activation. For a given amount of receptor engagement, the extent of activation was equivalent for each of the oligomers and correlated with the number of T cell receptor cross-links induced. These results suggest that formation or rearrangement of a T cell receptor dimer is necessary and sufficient for initiation of T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cochran
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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Anton van der Merwe P, Davis SJ, Shaw AS, Dustin ML. Cytoskeletal polarization and redistribution of cell-surface molecules during T cell antigen recognition. Semin Immunol 2000; 12:5-21. [PMID: 10723794 DOI: 10.1006/smim.2000.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T cell antigen recognition is accompanied by cytoskeletal polarization towards the APC and large-scale redistribution of cell surface molecules into 'supramolecular activation clusters' (SMACs), forming an organized contact interface termed the 'immunological synapse' (IS). Molecules are arranged in the IS in a micrometer scale bull's eye pattern with a central accumulation of TCR/peptide-MHC (the cSMAC) surrounded by a peripheral ring of adhesion molecules (the pSMAC). We propose that segregation of cell surface molecules on a much smaller scale initiates TCR triggering, which drives the formation of the IS by active transport processes. IS formation may function as a checkpoint for full T cell activation, integrating information on the presence and quality of TCR ligands and the nature and activation state of the APC.
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Hemmer B, Pinilla C, Gran B, Vergelli M, Ling N, Conlon P, McFarland HF, Houghten R, Martin R. Contribution of individual amino acids within MHC molecule or antigenic peptide to TCR ligand potency. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:861-71. [PMID: 10623833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR recognition of peptides bound to MHC class II molecules is highly flexible in some T cells. Although progress has been made in understanding the interactions within the trimolecular complex, to what extent the individual components and their amino acid composition contribute to ligand recognition by individual T cells is not completely understood. We investigated how single amino acid residues influence Ag recognition of T cells by combining several experimental approaches. We defined TCR motifs for CD4+ T cells using peptide synthetic combinatorial libraries in the positional scanning format (PS-SCL) and single amino acid-modified peptide analogues. The similarity of the TCR motifs defined by both methods and the identification of stimulatory antigenic peptides by the PS-SCL approach argue for a contribution of each amino acid residue to the overall potency of the antigenic peptide ligand. In some instances, however, motifs are formed by adjacent amino acids, and their combined influence is superimposed on the overall contribution of each amino acid within the peptide epitope. In contrast to the flexibility of the TCR to interact with different peptides, recognition was very sensitive toward modifications of the MHC-restriction element. Exchanges of just one amino acid of the MHC molecule drastically reduced the number of peptides recognized. The results indicate that a specific MHC molecule not only selects certain peptides, but also is crucial for setting an affinity threshold for TCR recognition, which determines the flexibility in peptide recognition for a given TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hemmer
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Siiman O, Burshteyn A. Cell surface receptor-antibody association constants and enumeration of receptor sites for monoclonal antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20000801)40:4<316::aid-cyto7>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Detours V, Mehr R, Perelson AS. Deriving quantitative constraints on T cell selection from data on the mature T cell repertoire. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:121-8. [PMID: 10605002 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The T cell repertoire is shaped in the thymus through positive and negative selection. Thus, data about the mature repertoire may be used to infer information on how TCR generation and selection operate. Assuming that T cell selection is affinity driven, we derive the quantitative constraints that the parameters driving these processes must fulfill to account for the experimentally observed levels of alloreactivity, self MHC restriction and the frequency of cells recognizing a given foreign Ag. We find that affinity-driven selection is compatible with experimental estimates of these latter quantities only if 1) TCRs see more peptide residues than MHC polymorphic residues, 2) the majority of positively selected clones are deleted by negative selection, 3) between 1 and 3.6 clonal divisions occur on average in the thymus after completion of TCR rearrangement, and 4) selection is driven by 103-105 self peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Detours
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA
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Garcia KC. Molecular interactions between extracellular components of the T-cell receptor signaling complex. Immunol Rev 1999; 172:73-85. [PMID: 10631938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural and biochemical basis of antigen recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 signaling complex has been illuminated greatly over the past few years. Structural biology has contributed enormously to this understanding through the determination of crystal structures of many of the individual components of this complex, and some of the complexes. A number of general principles can be derived for the structure of the alpha beta TCR and its interaction with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) in class I systems, as well as interaction of the CD8 co-receptor with MHC. Large buried surface areas within the protein-protein interfaces, and varying degrees of shape complementarity appear critical for modulating the stability of the multicomponent, low-affinity macromolecular complexes consisting of TCR, pMHC, CD8 or CD4, and CD3 gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta. Significant structural alterations in TCR and pMHC, upon complex formation, hint at an as yet unclear role for conformational change in both recognition and activation. Subtle chemical alterations in key peptide residues which contact the TCR can have dramatic agonist or antagonist effects on receptor activation, which correlate only loosely with the TCR/pMHC complex affinity, implying an ability of the signaling complex to "sense" fine differences in the interface. The stoichiometry of an activated TCR signaling complex is still an unresolved issue, as is the structure and disposition of the CD3 components. However, functional experiments are bridging this gap and providing us with preliminary working models of the multimeric assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5124, USA.
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Bachmann MF, Ohashi PS. The role of T-cell receptor dimerization in T-cell activation. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:568-76. [PMID: 10562708 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T-cell specificity is encoded in single T-cell receptors (TCRs) but monovalent interactions with peptide bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) may not sufficiently account for the complexities associated with T-cell activation. This review proposes that TCRs undergo dimerization before activation and that this property might be essential for both T-cell antagonism and T-cell specificity, and may be pivotal for T-cell survival versus T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bachmann
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Grenzacherstr. 487, 4005 Basel, Switzerland.
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