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Locke A, Fitzgerald S, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Advances in Optical Detection of Human-Associated Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2020; 25:E5256. [PMID: 33187331 PMCID: PMC7696695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection is a global burden that results in numerous hospital visits and deaths annually. The rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria has dramatically increased this burden. Therefore, there is a clinical need to detect and identify bacteria rapidly and accurately in their native state or a culture-free environment. Current diagnostic techniques lack speed and effectiveness in detecting bacteria that are culture-negative, as well as options for in vivo detection. The optical detection of bacteria offers the potential to overcome these obstacles by providing various platforms that can detect bacteria rapidly, with minimum sample preparation, and, in some cases, culture-free directly from patient fluids or even in vivo. These modalities include infrared, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy, along with optical coherence tomography, interference, polarization, and laser speckle. However, these techniques are not without their own set of limitations. This review summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of utilizing each of these optical tools for rapid bacteria detection and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Locke
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.L.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.L.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.L.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Stenclova P, Freisinger S, Barth H, Kromka A, Mizaikoff B. Cyclic Changes in the Amide Bands Within Escherichia coli Biofilms Monitored Using Real-Time Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy (IR-ATR). APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:424-432. [PMID: 30654633 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819829081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the planktonic state of bacteria, their biofilm form represents severe complications in areas such as human medicine or food industry due to the increasing resistance against harsh conditions and treatment. In the present study, infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) spectroscopy has been applied as an analytic tool studying Escherichia coli ( E. coli) biofilm formation close to real time. We report on IR spectroscopic investigations on the biofilm formation via ATR waveguides probing the biofilm in the spectral window of 1800-900 cm-1 at dynamic flow conditions, which facilitated monitoring the growth dynamics during several days. Key IR bands are in the range 1700-1590 cm-1 (amide I), 1580-1490 cm-1 (amide II), and 1141-1006 cm-1 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which were evaluated as a function of time. Cyclic fluctuations of the amide I and amide II bands and a continuous increase of the EPS band were related to the starvation of bottom-layered bacteria caused by the nutrient gradient. Potential death of bacteria may then result in cannibalistic behavior known for E. coli colonies. Observing this behavior via IR spectroscopy allows revealing these cyclical changes in bottom-layered bacteria within the biofilm under continuous nutrient flow, in molecular detail, and during extended periods for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Stenclova
- 1 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Freisinger
- 2 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- 2 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kromka
- 1 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- 3 Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Di Martino P. Extracellular polymeric substances, a key element in understanding biofilm phenotype. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:274-288. [PMID: 31294215 PMCID: PMC6604936 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key elements in the establishment and maintenance of the biofilm structure and properties is the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is composed of water and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS): primarily polysaccharides, proteins and DNA. Characterization of the matrix requires component identification, as well as determination of the relative concentration of EPS constituents, including their physicochemical properties and descriptions of their interactions. Several types of experimental approaches with varying degrees of destructiveness can be utilized for this characterization. The analysis of biofilm by infrared spectroscopy gives information about the chemical content of the matrix and the proportions of different EPS. The sensitivity of a biofilm to hydrolytic enzymes targeting different EPS gives insight into the composition of the matrix and the involvement of matrix components in the integrity of the structure. Using both chemical and physical treatments, extraction and purification of EPS from the biofilm also provides a means of determining matrix composition. Purified and/or artificial EPS can be used to obtain artificial matrices and to study their properties. Using examples from the literature, this review will illustrate selected technologies useful in the study of EPS that provide a better understanding of the structure-function relationships in extracellular matrix, and thus the structure-function relationships of the biofilm phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Di Martino
- Groupe Biofilm et Comportement Microbien aux Interfaces, Laboratoire ERRMECe-EA1391, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, rue Descartes site de Neuville-sur-Oise 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, cedex France
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Vargas S, Rodríguez R, Quintanilla F, González-Torres M. Colloidal aggregation induced by the reduction in pH and the synthesis of new molecular structures during the milk fermentation process. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Vargas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales; Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Boulevard Juriquilla 3001 Santiago de Querétaro Querétaro 76230 México
| | - Rogelio Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales; Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Boulevard Juriquilla 3001 Santiago de Querétaro Querétaro 76230 México
| | - Francisco Quintanilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro; Cerro de las Campanas s/n Santiago de Querétaro México Santiago de Querétaro Querétaro 76230 México
| | - Maykel González-Torres
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México 04510 México
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Hou J, Veeregowda DH, van de Belt-Gritter B, Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC. Extracellular Polymeric Matrix Production and Relaxation under Fluid Shear and Mechanical Pressure in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01516-17. [PMID: 29054874 PMCID: PMC5734043 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01516-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscoelasticity of a biofilm's EPS (extracellular polymeric substance) matrix conveys protection against mechanical challenges, but adaptive responses of biofilm inhabitants to produce EPS are not well known. Here, we compare the responses of a biofilm of an EPS-producing (ATCC 12600) and a non-EPS producing (5298) Staphylococcus aureus strain to fluid shear and mechanical challenge. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed absence of calcofluor-white-stainable EPS in biofilms of S. aureus 5298. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with tribometry indicated that polysaccharide production per bacterium in the initial adhering layer was higher during growth at high shear than at low shear and that this increased EPS production extended to entire biofilms, as indicated by tribometrically measured coefficients of friction (CoF). CoF of biofilms grown under high fluid shear were higher than those when grown under low shear, likely due to wash-off polysaccharides. Measurement of a biofilm's CoF implies application of mechanical pressure that yielded an immediate increase in the polysaccharide band area of S. aureus ATCC 12600 biofilms due to their compression. Compression decreased after relief of pressure to the level observed prior to mechanical pressure. For biofilms grown under high shear, this coincided with a higher percent whiteness in optical coherence tomography-images indicative of water outflow, returning back into the biofilm during stress relaxation. Biofilms grown under low shear, however, were stimulated during tribometry to produce EPS, also after relief of stress. Knowledge of factors that govern EPS production and water flow in biofilms will allow better control of biofilms under mechanical challenge and better understanding of the barrier properties of biofilms against antimicrobial penetration.IMPORTANCE Adaptive responses of biofilm inhabitants in nature to environmental challenges such as fluid shear and mechanical pressure often involve EPS production with the aim of protecting biofilm inhabitants. EPS can assist biofilm bacteria in remaining attached or can impede antimicrobial penetration. The TriboChemist is a recently introduced instrument, allowing the study of initially adhering bacteria to a germanium crystal using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, while simultaneously allowing measurement of the coefficient of friction of a biofilm, which serves as an indicator of the EPS content of a biofilm. EPS production can be stimulated by both fluid shear during growth and mechanical pressure, while increased EPS production can continue after pressure relaxation of the biofilm. Since EPS is pivotal in the protection of biofilm inhabitants against mechanical and chemical challenges, knowledge of the factors that make biofilm inhabitants decide to produce EPS, as provided in this study, is important for the development of biofilm control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Hou
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deepak H Veeregowda
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Ducom Instruments Europe BV, Center for Innovation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Betsy van de Belt-Gritter
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lirtsman V, Golosovsky M, Davidov D. Surface plasmon excitation using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer: Live cell and bacteria sensing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:103105. [PMID: 29092505 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report an accessory for beam collimation to be used as a plug-in for a conventional Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The beam collimator makes use of the built-in focusing mirror of the FTIR spectrometer which focuses the infrared beam onto the pinhole mounted in the place usually reserved for the sample. The beam is collimated by a small parabolic mirror and is redirected to the sample by a pair of plane mirrors. The reflected beam is conveyed by another pair of plane mirrors to the built-in detector of the FTIR spectrometer. This accessory is most useful for the surface plasmon excitation. We demonstrate how it can be employed for label-free and real-time sensing of dynamic processes in bacterial and live cell layers. In particular, by measuring the intensity of the CO2 absorption peak one can assess the cell layer metabolism, while by measuring the position of the surface plasmon resonance one assesses the cell layer morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Lirtsman
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Golosovsky
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Davidov
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Zhou Y, Yao J, Ding Y, Yu J, Hua X, Evans JE, Yu X, Lao DB, Heldebrant DJ, Nune SK, Cao B, Bowden ME, Yu XY, Wang XL, Zhu Z. Improving the Molecular Ion Signal Intensity for In Situ Liquid SIMS Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:2006-2013. [PMID: 27600576 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) enabled by system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface (SALVI) has proven to be a promising new tool to provide molecular information at solid-liquid and liquid-vacuum interfaces. However, the initial data showed that useful signals in positive ion spectra are too weak to be meaningful in most cases. In addition, it is difficult to obtain strong negative molecular ion signals when m/z>200. These two drawbacks have been the biggest obstacle towards practical use of this new analytical approach. In this study, we report that strong and reliable positive and negative molecular signals are achievable after optimizing the SIMS experimental conditions. Four model systems, including a 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU)-base switchable ionic liquid, a live Shewanella oneidensis biofilm, a hydrated mammalian epithelia cell, and an electrolyte popularly used in Li ion batteries were studied. A signal enhancement of about two orders of magnitude was obtained in comparison with non-optimized conditions. Therefore, molecular ion signal intensity has become very acceptable for use of in situ liquid SIMS to study solid-liquid and liquid-vacuum interfaces. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhou
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Juan Yao
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Yuanzhao Ding
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiachao Yu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Xin Hua
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - James E Evans
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - David B Lao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - David J Heldebrant
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Satish K Nune
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Bin Cao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Mark E Bowden
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Xue-Lin Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Zihua Zhu
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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9
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Transformation Kinetics During Fermented Milk Production Using Lactobacillus Johnsonii (La1) and Streptococcus Thermophillus: A Comparison With Yogurt Inoculum. FOOD BIOPHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-015-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sah VR, Baier RE. Bacteria inside semiconductors as potential sensor elements: biochip progress. SENSORS 2014; 14:11225-44. [PMID: 24961215 PMCID: PMC4118370 DOI: 10.3390/s140611225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It was discovered at the beginning of this Century that living bacteria-and specifically the extremophile Pseudomonas syzgii-could be captured inside growing crystals of pure water-corroding semiconductors-specifically germanium-and thereby initiated pursuit of truly functional "biochip-based" biosensors. This observation was first made at the inside ultraviolet-illuminated walls of ultrapure water-flowing semiconductor fabrication facilities (fabs) and has since been, not as perfectly, replicated in simpler flow cell systems for chip manufacture, described here. Recognizing the potential importance of these adducts as optical switches, for example, or probes of metabolic events, the influences of the fabs and their components on the crystal nucleation and growth phenomena now identified are reviewed and discussed with regard to further research needs. For example, optical beams of current photonic circuits can be more easily modulated by integral embedded cells into electrical signals on semiconductors. Such research responds to a recently published Grand Challenge in ceramic science, designing and synthesizing oxide electronics, surfaces, interfaces and nanoscale structures that can be tuned by biological stimuli, to reveal phenomena not otherwise possible with conventional semiconductor electronics. This short review addresses only the fabrication facilities' features at the time of first production of these potential biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu R Sah
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Division, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Robert E Baier
- Industry/University Center for Biosurfaces, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Fahs A, Quilès F, Jamal D, Humbert F, Francius G. In Situ Analysis of Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances from a Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilm by Combined Vibrational and Single Molecule Force Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6702-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5030872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fahs
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Fabienne Quilès
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Dima Jamal
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - François Humbert
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
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Quilès F, Humbert F. On the production of glycogen by Pseudomonas fluorescens during biofilm development: an in situ study by attenuated total reflection-infrared with chemometrics. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:709-718. [PMID: 24835847 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.915956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to monitor Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms in situ, non-destructively, in real time, and under fully hydrated conditions. Changes accompanying the metabolic evolution of the sessile bacterial cells from the nascent biofilm monolayer to the beginning of the multi-layered structure in the presence of nutrients were identified via the ATR-FTIR fingerprints of the young biofilm on the ATR crystal. The ATR-FTIR spectra were analysed by classical methods (time evolution of integrated intensities and profile evolution of specific bands), and also by a multivariate curve resolution, Bayesian positive source separation, to extract the pure component spectra and their change of concentration over time occurring during biofilm settlement. This work showed clearly the overproduction of glycogen by sessile P. fluorescens, which had not previously been described by other research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Quilès
- a Université de Lorraine , Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, F-54500 , Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy , France
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Parikh SJ, Mukome FND, Zhang X. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic evidence for biomolecular phosphorus and carboxyl groups facilitating bacterial adhesion to iron oxides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 119:38-46. [PMID: 24859052 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to probe the binding of bacteria to hematite (α-Fe2O3) and goethite (α-FeOOH). In situ ATR-FTIR experiments with bacteria (Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli), mixed amino acids, polypeptide extracts, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and a suite of model compounds were conducted. These compounds represent carboxyl, catecholate, amide, and phosphate groups present in siderophores, amino acids, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and DNA. Due in part to the ubiquitous presence of carboxyl groups in biomolecules, numerous IR peaks corresponding to outer-sphere or unbound (1400 cm(-1)) and inner-sphere (1310-1320 cm(-1)) coordinated carboxyl groups are noted following reaction of bacteria and biomolecules with α-Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH. However, the data also reveal that the presence of low-level amounts (i.e., 0.45-0.79%) of biomolecular phosphorous groups result in strong IR bands at ∼1043 cm(-1), corresponding to inner-sphere Fe-O-P bonds, underscoring the importance of bacteria associated P-containing groups in biomolecule and cell adhesion. Spectral comparisons also reveal slightly greater P-O-Fe contributions for bacteria (Pseudomonad, E. coli) deposited on α-FeOOH, as compared to α-Fe2O3. This data demonstrates that slight differences in bacterial adhesion to Fe oxides can be attributed to bacterial species and Fe-oxide minerals. However, more importantly, the strong binding affinity of phosphate in all bacteria samples to both Fe-oxides results in the formation of inner-sphere Fe-O-P bonds, signifying the critical role of biomolecular P in the initiation of bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjai J Parikh
- Department of Land and, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, LAWR, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Fungai N D Mukome
- Department of Land and, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, LAWR, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Land and, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, LAWR, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Houari A, Seyer D, Kecili K, Heim V, Martino PD. Kinetic development of biofilm on NF membranes at the Méry-sur-Oise plant, France. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:109-118. [PMID: 23320545 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.752464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic formation of biofilms developing on nanofiltration (NF) membranes was studied for 2 years in the water production unit of Méry-sur-Oise, France. New membranes were set up in a pilot train integrated to the plant and autopsied after operation for 7, 80, 475 and 717 days. The biofouling layer was studied by confocal laser scanning microscope after 4',6-diamidino-2-phenyindole dihydrochloride and lectin staining, and by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and rheology experiments. Three stages of biofilm growth were discriminated: (1) the presence of sessile microcolonies embedded in an exopolymeric matrix (after filtration for seven days); (2) membrane coverage expansion through microcolony development and biofilm growth in three dimensions (up to 80 days filtration); and (3) biofilm maturation by densification (after filtration for 80-717 days). Biofilm maturation resulted in total coverage of the membrane surface and matrix residue diversification, development of the polysaccharide network, and the strengthening of matrix cohesion through viscosity and elasticity increases. The wettability and permeability of the fouled NF membranes decreased quickly and continuously throughout the biofilm development process. The longitudinal pressure drop (LPD) increased only after the biofilm reached a quantitative threshold. The decline in membrane permeability may be the result of contributions from many fouling mechanisms but the LPD was more substantially influenced by biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Houari
- Laboratoire ERRMECe (EA1391) , Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy-Pontoise cedex, France
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Lorite GS, de Souza AA, Neubauer D, Mizaikoff B, Kranz C, Cotta MA. On the role of extracellular polymeric substances during early stages of Xylella fastidiosa biofilm formation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 102:519-25. [PMID: 23164974 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The structural integrity and protection of bacterial biofilms are intrinsically associated with a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the bacteria cells. However, the role of these substances during biofilm adhesion to a surface remains largely unclear. In this study, the influence of EPS on Xylella fastidiosa biofilm formation was investigated. This bacterium is associated with economically important plant diseases; it presents a slow growth rate and thus allows us to pinpoint more precisely the early stages of cell-surface adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy show evidence of EPS production in such early stages and around individual bacteria cells attached to the substrate surface even a few hours after inoculation. In addition, EPS formation was investigated via attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To this end, X. fastidiosa cells were inoculated within an ATR liquid cell assembly. IR-ATR spectra clearly reveal EPS formation already during the early stages of X. fastidiosa biofilm formation, thereby providing supporting evidence for the hypothesis of the relevance of the EPS contribution to the adhesion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Lorite
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Sergio Buarque de Holanda, no 777 Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Giotta L, Mastrogiacomo D, Italiano F, Milano F, Agostiano A, Nagy K, Valli L, Trotta M. Reversible binding of metal ions onto bacterial layers revealed by protonation-induced ATR-FTIR difference spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3762-3773. [PMID: 21395289 DOI: 10.1021/la104868m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of microorganisms to adhere to abiotic surfaces and the potentialities of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy have been exploited to study protonation and heavy metal binding events onto bacterial surfaces. This work represents the first attempt to apply on bacteria the recently developed method known as perfusion-induced ATR-FTIR difference spectroscopy. Such a technique allows measurement of even slight changes in the infrared spectrum of the sample, deposited as a thin layer on an ATR crystal, while an aqueous solution is perfused over its surface. Solutions at different pH have been used for inducing protonation/deprotonation of functional groups lying on the surface of Rhodobacter sphaeroides cells, chosen as a model system. The interaction of Ni(2+) with surface protonable groups of this microorganism has been investigated with a double-difference approach exploiting competition between nickel cations and protons. Protonation-induced difference spectra of simple model compounds have been acquired to guide band assignment in bacterial spectra, thus allowing identification of major components involved in proton uptake and metal binding. The data collected reveal that carboxylate moieties on the bacterial surface of R. sphaeroides play a role in extracellular biosorption of Ni(2+), establishing with this ion relatively weak coordinative bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Giotta
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, University of Salento, Lecce, I-73100, Italy.
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Single-gene tuning of Caulobacter cell cycle period and noise, swarming motility, and surface adhesion. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 6:445. [PMID: 21179017 PMCID: PMC3018171 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2010.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We established that the sensor histidine kinase DivJ has an important role in the regulation of C. crescentus cell cycle period and noise. This was accomplished by designing and conducting single-cell experiments to probe the dependence of cell cycle noise on divJ expression and constructing a simplified cell cycle model that captures the dependence of cell cycle noise on DivJ with molecular details. In addition to its role in regulating the cell cycle, DivJ also affects polar cell development in C. crescentus, regulating swarming motility and surface adhesion. We propose that pleiotropic control of polar cell development by the DivJ–DivK–PleC signaling pathway underlies divJ-dependent tuning of cell swarming and adhesion behaviors. We have integrated the study of single-cell fluorescence dynamics with a kinetic model simulation to provide direct quantitative evidence that the DivJ histidine kinase is localized to the cell pole through a dynamic diffusion-and-capture mechanism during the C. crescentus cell cycle.
Temporally-coordinated localization of various structural and signaling proteins is critical for proper cell cycle regulation and polar cell development in the bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus. Included among these dynamically-localized regulatory proteins is the sensor histidine kinase, DivJ (Wheeler and Shapiro, 1999). Co-localized with DivJ in the early stalked phase is the phosphorylated response regulator DivK∼P (Jacobs et al, 2001), and the protease ClpXP (McGrath et al, 2006), which degrades the master cell cycle regulator, CtrA (Jenal and Fuchs, 1998). Recent single-cell measurements of surface attached C. crescentus cells have revealed an intriguing role for DivJ in the control of noise in cell division period (Siegal-Gaskins and Crosson, 2008). The noise of the cell cycle increases significantly upon disruption of the divJ gene, with a relatively small accompanying increase in the mean cell cycle time. The deterministic nature of the existing cell cycle models (Li et al, 2008, 2009; Shen et al, 2008) cannot explain the measured increase in cell cycle period and noise in a divJ null strain. Moreover, mechanistic descriptions of how DivJ and its signaling partners are localized and how these proteins underlie the control of polar cell development and cell adhesion in C. crescentus remain immature. The single-cell experiments and analysis presented herein reveal that C. crescentus cell cycle period and noise can be tuned by DivJ (Figure 2). Specifically, in the case of low (or no) divJ expression the cell cycle is perturbed, and this is quantified by way of the (measured) noise in the cell cycle period. The level of noise is readily controlled through regulated expression of the divJ gene (Figure 2B). A simplified protein interaction network of stalked C. crescentus cell cycle regulation involving minimal components (CtrA, CtrA∼P, DivK, DivK∼P, and DivJ) was constructed to explore such tunability at the molecular level. The agreement of our model with our (and other) experiments suggests this simplified protein regulatory network is sufficient to explain the major features of the C. crescentus cell cycle. Indeed, stochastic simulations of this model using the Gillespie method (Gillespie, 1976) establish the importance of robust DivJ-mediated phosphorylation of its cognate receiver protein, DivK, in regulating the variance of cell cycle oscillations. Increased variability in the concentration of DivK∼P at the single cell level under divJ depletion subsequently leads to increased noise in the regulation of CtrA phosphorylation and degradation. Our experiments and simulations provide evidence that the steady state level of DivK∼P at the single-cell level (as maintained by DivJ) is essential in maintaining regular timing of the cell division period in C. crescentus. In addition to its role in regulating cell cycle, divJ expression also affects polar cell development in C. crescentus. Specifically, the capacity of swarmer cells to adhere to a glass surface is suppressed at high levels of divJ expression. The effect of elevated divJ expression on the adhesive capacity of the cell is reflected in a reduced rate of two-dimensional biofilm formation. This effect is quantitatively captured by our mathematical model that relates single-cell surface adhesion physiology and biofilm formation dynamics. This result, and our observation that divJ expression tunes swarming motility in semi-solid growth medium, suggests a model in which increased DivJ concentration in the swarmer compartment (due to constitutive overexpression) ultimately results in improper development of polar organelles that are required for adhesion of swarming motility. Despite the appreciated significance of protein localization for bacterial physiological functions, the molecular mechanism of how polar protein localization is achieved has only been tested in a few cases (Shapiro et al, 2002; Thanbichler and Shapiro, 2008). Mechanisms such as the polar insertion model and diffusion-and-capture have been proposed but the community's knowledge is limited to very few examples (Charles et al, 2001; Rudner et al, 2002). We provide direct evidence from experiments and simulations that the DivJ histidine kinase becomes localized to the cell pole through a dynamic diffusion-and-capture mechanism during the C. crescentus cell cycle (Figure 7). We show that a kinetic model based on a Langmuir adsorption/desorption relationship (Figure 7D) is sufficient to explain the time evolution of the single cell fluorescence time traces (Figure 7C and E) and allows establishing quantitative correspondences between the simulated dynamics and experimentally determined DivJ–EGFP dynamics. This localization mechanism is consistent with a diffusion-and-capture model. In short, the model posits that proteins are randomly distributed and are freely diffusing until they are captured at the site where they ultimately reside (Rudner et al, 2002; Shapiro et al, 2002; Bardy and Maddock, 2007). With a diffusion-and-capture pathway, it has been argued that proteins can be adsorbed either dynamically or statically (Shapiro et al, 2009). Our analysis of DivJ–EGFP in single cells supports a dynamic diffuse-and-capture mechanism for DivJ localization. Sensor histidine kinases underlie the regulation of a range of physiological processes in bacterial cells, from chemotaxis to cell division. In the gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, the membrane-bound histidine kinase, DivJ, is a polar-localized regulator of cell cycle progression and development. We show that DivJ localizes to the cell pole through a dynamic diffusion and capture mechanism rather than by active localization. Analysis of single C. crescentus cells in microfluidic culture demonstrates that controlled expression of divJ permits facile tuning of both the mean and noise of the cell division period. Simulations of the cell cycle that use a simplified protein interaction network capture previously measured oscillatory protein profiles, and recapitulate the experimental observation that deletion of divJ increases the cell cycle period and noise. We further demonstrate that surface adhesion and swarming motility of C. crescentus in semi-solid media can also be tuned by divJ expression. We propose a model in which pleiotropic control of polar cell development by the DivJ–DivK–PleC signaling pathway underlies divJ-dependent tuning of cell swarming and adhesion behaviors.
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Busscher HJ, Norde W, Sharma PK, van der Mei HC. Interfacial re-arrangement in initial microbial adhesion to surfaces. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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DAVIT Y, ILTIS G, DEBENEST G, VERAN-TISSOIRES S, WILDENSCHILD D, GERINO M, QUINTARD M. Imaging biofilm in porous media using X-ray computed microtomography. J Microsc 2010; 242:15-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Quilès F, Humbert F, Delille A. Analysis of changes in attenuated total reflection FTIR fingerprints of Pseudomonas fluorescens from planktonic state to nascent biofilm state. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 75:610-616. [PMID: 20004611 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is a useful method for monitoring biofilm in situ, non-destructively, in real time, and under fully hydrated conditions. In this work we focused on changes in Pseudomonas fluorescens ATR-FTIR fingerprint accompanying the very early stages of biofilm formation: initial bacterial adhesion and the very beginning of biofilm development in the presence of nutrients. To help interpreting variations in the ATR-FTIR fingerprint of sessile bacteria, ATR-FTIR spectra of planktonic bacteria in different growth phases were also examined, and the average surface coverage and spatial arrangement of bacteria on the ATR crystal were determined by epifluorescence microscopy. The proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides ATR-FTIR spectral data recorded during growth of sessile bacteria were shown to be linked to changes in the physiological state of the bacteria, possibly accompanied by extracellular polymeric substances production. This work clearly showed by spectroscopic method how bacteria change drastically their metabolism during the first hours of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Quilès
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Nancy University, CNRS, UMR 7564, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France.
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Holman HYN, Miles R, Hao Z, Wozei E, Anderson LM, Yang H. Real-time chemical imaging of bacterial activity in biofilms using open-channel microfluidics and synchrotron FTIR spectromicroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 81:8564-70. [PMID: 19775125 DOI: 10.1021/ac9015424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Real-time chemical imaging of bacterial activities can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of biofilm structures and functions. Synchrotron-radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy can yield high spatial resolution and label-free vibrational signatures of chemical bonds in biomolecules, but the abundance of water in biofilms has hindered SR-FTIR's sensitivity in investigating bacterial activity. We developed a simple open-channel microfluidic system that can circumvent the water-absorption barrier for chemical imaging of the developmental dynamics of bacterial biofilms with a spatial resolution of several micrometers. This system maintains a 10 microm thick laminar-flow-through biofilm system that minimizes both the imaging volume in liquid and the signal interference from geometry-induced fringing. Here we demonstrate the ability of the open-channel microfluidic platform to maintain the functionality of living cells while enabling high-quality SR-FTIR measurements. We include several applications that show how microbes in biofilms adapt to their immediate environments. The ability to directly monitor and map bacterial changes in biofilms can yield significant insight into a wide range of microbial systems, especially when coupled to more sophisticated microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Ying N Holman
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Nichols PD, Mancuso Nichols CA. Microbial signature lipid profiling and exopolysaccharides: Experiences initiated with Professor David C White and transported to Tasmania, Australia. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 74:33-46. [PMID: 17669527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Developments and applications with signature lipid and exopolysaccharide (EPS) methodologies covering a thirty year period in the DC White laboratories at Florida State University and the University of Tennessee at Knoxville are illustrated. These powerful techniques were used to gain new insight into microbial communities, not obtainable by classical approaches. Selected case examples are highlighted and include: use of a specific dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) derivitization procedure with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to precisely determine double bond position and geometry; application of the DMDS procedure in taxonomic and environmental studies including the degradation of pollutant halogenated hydrocarbons in groundwater and subsurface aquifers; exploiting the ubiquitous nature of uronic acids in microbial EPS to quantify these exopolymers in complex environmental samples; development of rapid and non-destructive approaches including FT-IR to follow biofilm formation in a unique manner not possible with other approaches. The foundations laid in the DC White laboratories have seen a wide suite of applications in modern microbial ecology and associated fields. The training of young scientists by DC White will also ensure that his unique approach and quest for new and or novel methodologies for use in environmental microbiology will continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nichols
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
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Palmer RJ. Pictures of microbiology — The Biofilm Imaging Facility under Dr. David C. White. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 74:5-9. [PMID: 17698230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This contribution honoring David C. White (DC) summarizes the five years I interacted with him on a daily basis in his laboratory. Over this time we worked on many different projects all tied together by the unifying principle now recognized as central to bacterial life in nature: biofilms. My goal is to convey some of the excitement and joy of working with DC and, from my perspective, that means telling how the Biofilm Imaging Facility at the Center for Environmental Biotechnology (CEB) came into existence and describing some of the projects on which DC and I worked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Palmer
- Oral Biofilm Communication Unit, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bldg. 30, Room 310 30 Convent Drive Bethesda MD 20892, United States.
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Parikh SJ, Chorover J. Infrared spectroscopy studies of cation effects on lipopolysaccharides in aqueous solution. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007; 55:241-50. [PMID: 17275267 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of amphiphilic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) influences the behavior of free and cell-bound LPS in aqueous environments, including their adhesion to surfaces. Conformational changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 10 LPS aggregates resulting from changes in solution pH (3, 6, and 9), ionic strength [I] 1, 10, and 100 mmol L(-1), and electrolyte composition (NaCl and CaCl(2)) were investigated via attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. ATR-FTIR data indicate that LPS forms more stable aggregates in NaCl relative to CaCl(2) solutions. Time- and cation-dependent changes in ATR-FTIR data suggest that LPS aggregates are perturbed by Ca(2+) complexation at lipid A phosphoryl groups, which leads to reorientation of the lipid A at the surface of a ZnSe ATR internal reflection element (IRE). Polarized ATR-FTIR investigations reveal orientation of LPS dipoles approximately perpendicular to the IRE plane for both Na- and Ca-LPS. The results indicate that changes in solution chemistry strongly impact the conformation, intermolecular and interfacial behavior of LPS in aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjai J Parikh
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Doumèche B, Galas L, Vaudry H, Di Martino P. Membrane Foulants Characterization in a Drinking Water Production Unit. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2007. [DOI: 10.1205/fbp06020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marcotte L, Kegelaer G, Sandt C, Barbeau J, Lafleur M. An alternative infrared spectroscopy assay for the quantification of polysaccharides in bacterial samples. Anal Biochem 2007; 361:7-14. [PMID: 17169320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to produce extracellular polysaccharides has been regarded as an indication of biofilm-forming capacity. Therefore, the determination of the sugar content in bacterial samples becomes a significant parameter. The colorimetric methods currently used are rather sensitive to the nature of the sugars and therefore require knowledge of the sugar types present in the samples. Unfortunately, the types of sugars present in bacteria are generally unknown and often composed of a complex mixture. In this article, we propose an alternative method based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the estimation of the total sugar content in bacterial samples. The method is based on a systematic treatment of FTIR spectra obtained from dried bacteria samples. It is assumed that the total sugar amount can be estimated from the area of characteristic bands between 970 and 1182 cm(-1). In parallel, the amide II band (1560-1530 cm(-1)) associated with proteins, or the C-H stretching region (2820-3020 cm(-1)) associated with the biomass, can be used for normalization purposes. Therefore, the ratio of the band area in the sugar window over that of the amide II or C-H stretching can be used to report the sugar content in bacterial samples. This method has been validated on model bacterial mixtures containing sugars, proteins, and DNA. Results with real bacterial samples are also provided and show conclusively that increased sugar contents in biofilms can be identified. The proposed FTIR approach requires minimal sample preparation and a single acquisition, is rapid, and may be applied to any kind of bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Que., Canada H3C 3J7
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Serra D, Bosch A, Russo DM, Rodríguez ME, Zorreguieta A, Schmitt J, Naumann D, Yantorno O. Continuous nondestructive monitoring of Bordetella pertussis biofilms by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and other corroborative techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1759-67. [PMID: 17216159 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the application of several analytical techniques to characterize the development of Bordetella pertussis biofilms and to examine, in particular, the contribution of virulence factors in this development. Growth of surface-attached virulent and avirulent B. pertussis strains was monitored in continuous-flow chambers by techniques such as the crystal violet method, and nondestructive methodologies like fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform (FT) IR spectroscopy. Additionally, B. pertussis virulent and avirulent strains expressing green fluorescent protein were grown adhered to the base of a glass chamber of 1-microm thickness. Three-dimensional images of mature biofilms, acquired by confocal laser scanning microscopy, were quantitatively analysed by means of the computer program COMSTAT. Our results indicate that only the virulent (Bvg(+)) phase of B. pertussis is able to attach to surfaces and develop a mature biofilm. In the virulent phase these bacteria are capable of producing a biofilm consisting of microcolonies of approximately 200 microm in diameter and 24 microm in depth. FTIR spectroscopy allowed us not only to follow the dynamics of biofilm growth through specific biomass and biofilm marker absorption bands, but also to monitor the maturation of the biofilm by means of the increase of the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Serra
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, Calles 50 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Keirsse J, Lahaye E, Bouter A, Dupont V, Boussard-Plédel C, Bureau B, Adam JL, Monbet V, Sire O. Mapping bacterial surface population physiology in real-time: infrared spectroscopy of Proteus mirabilis swarm colonies. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:584-91. [PMID: 16808858 DOI: 10.1366/000370206777670558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We mapped the space-time distribution of stationary and swarmer cells within a growing Proteus mirabilis colony by infrared (IR) microspectroscopy. Colony mapping was performed at different positions between the inoculum and the periphery with a discrete microscope-mounted IR sensor, while continuous monitoring at a fixed location over time used an optical fiber based IR-attenuated total reflection (ATR) sensor, or "optrode." Phenotypes within a single P. mirabilis population relied on identification of functional determinants (producing unique spectral signals) that reflect differences in macromolecular composition associated with cell differentiation. Inner swarm colony domains are spectrally homogeneous, having patterns similar to those produced by the inoculum. Outer domains composed of active swarmer cells exhibit spectra distinguishable at multiple wavelengths dominated by polysaccharides. Our real-time observations agree with and extend earlier reports indicating that motile swarmer cells are restricted to a narrow (approximately 3 mm) annulus at the colony edge. This study thus validates the use of an IR optrode for real-time and noninvasive monitoring of biofilms and other bacterial surface populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Keirsse
- Laboratoire des Polymères, Propriétés aux Interfaces et Composites, Université de Bretagne-Sud, Campus de Tohannic, BP573, 56017 Vannes Cedex, France
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Xi C, Marks D, Schlachter S, Luo W, Boppart SA. High-resolution three-dimensional imaging of biofilm development using optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:34001. [PMID: 16822051 DOI: 10.1117/1.2209962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for high-resolution, real-time imaging of three-dimensional structure and development of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a standard capillary flow-cell model. As the penetration depth of OCT can reach several millimeters in scattering samples, we are able to observe complete biofilm development on all surfaces of a 1 mm x 1 mm flow-cell. We find that biofilm growing at the bottom of the tube has more structural features including voids, outward projections, and microcolonies while the biofilm growing on the top of the tube is relatively flat and contains less structural features. Volume-rendered reconstructions of cross-sectional OCT images also reveal three-dimensional structural information. These three-dimensional OCT images are visually similar to biofilm images obtained with confocal laser scanning microscopy, but are obtained at greater depths. Based on the imaging capabilities of OCT and the biofilm imaging data obtained, OCT has potential to be used as a non-invasive, label-free, real-time, in-situ and/or in-vivo imaging modality for biofilm characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwu Xi
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 61801, USA
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Barrett EW, Phelps MVB, Silva RJ, Gaumond RP, Allcock HR. Patterning poly(organophosphazenes) for selective cell adhesion applications. Biomacromolecules 2006; 6:1689-97. [PMID: 15877395 DOI: 10.1021/bm049193z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Five polyphosphazenes with different hydrophilicites were synthesized and screened in vitro. The purpose was to identify unique types of polymeric substrates that distinctly favored or markedly prevented cellular adhesion. The SK-N-BE(2c) human neuroblastoma cell line, utilized for its electrogenic responses, was used to test this differential adhesion. In particular, the objective was to specifically culture this cell line in a highly selective pattern. Each candidate polymer was cast into films and plated with neuroblastoma cells for 3 days. The polyphosphazene materials which showed negative cellular adhesive properties (-CAPs) were poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (TFE) and poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] (MEEP). The polyphosphazenes which showed positive cellular adhesive properties (+CAPs) were poly[(methoxyethoxyethoxy)(1.0)(carboxylatophenoxy)(1.0)phosphazene] (PMCPP), poly[(methoxyethoxyethoxy)(1.0)(cinnamyloxy)(1.0)phosphazene] (PMCP), and poly[(methoxyethoxyethoxy)(1.0)(p-methylphenoxy)(1.0)phosphazene] (PMMP). To test cellular selectivity, films of -CAP and +CAP were copatterned onto glass substrates. The micropatterned films were plated with SK-N-BE(2c) neuroblastoma cells for one week. The results showed that neuroblastoma cells adhere selectively (over 60%) to the +CAP microfeatures. We also showed that multiple properties can be achieved with a single material and that we can use TFE as both a -CAP and an insulation layer and PMCP as a conductive +CAP layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, 104 Chemistry Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Kang SY, Bremer PJ, Kim KW, McQuillan AJ. Monitoring metal ion binding in single-layer Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms using ATR-IR spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:286-91. [PMID: 16378433 DOI: 10.1021/la051660q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The binding of metal ions to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 cells attached to a ZnSe surface has been observed in this research through cation exchange experiments using ATR-IR spectroscopy. A biofilm consisting of a single layer of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 cells was formed on a ZnSe prism by flowing a bacterial suspension in a 0.03 mol L(-)(1) NaNO(3) solution at pH 5.0 across its surface. Exposure of the biofilm to chromium(III) nitrate solution resulted in increases in all band absorbances. This absorbance increase has been attributed to the binding of chromium(III) to the bacterial exopolymers associated with the prism surface. The chromium(III) binding causes the exopolymers to contract and move the bacterial cell closer to the ZnSe surface. Further study of chromium(III) ion exchange using a mutant P. aeruginosa with a truncated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chain resulted in much smaller absorbance changes. This observation supports the view that the extension of bacterial exopolymers and hence the distance of the bacterial cell from the surface is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as the presence of metal cations. Following chromium(III) cation exchange, the bacterial band absorbances remained constant even when the bacteria were washed with a 0.03 mol L(-)(1) NaNO(3) solution, indicating that the chromium(III) was irreversibly bound. Ion exchange with nickel(II) and cobalt(II) nitrate solutions within identical biofilms showed that these cations caused relatively small increases in absorbances that were reversible, indicating that nickel(II) and cobalt(II) are less strongly bound than chromium(III) within P. aeruginosa biofilms. The absence of discernible IR spectral changes with metal binding appears to indicate a predominantly electrostatic mechanism for binding of Cr(III), Ni(II), and Co(II) ions by bacteria in the early stages of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Broschat SL, Loge FJ, Peppin JD, White D, Call DR, Kuhn E. Optical reflectance assay for the detection of biofilm formation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:44027. [PMID: 16178660 DOI: 10.1117/1.1953347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the protocol for an inexpensive and nondestructive optical reflectance assay for the measurement of biofilm formation. Reflectance data are obtained using an Ocean Optics (Dunedin, Florida) USB 2000 spectrometer with a polychromatic light source. A fiber optic cable is used both for illumination and collection, and Ocean Optics OOIBase32 Platinum software is used for preliminary processing of the data. Differences in reflectance data collected at times ranging from 2 to 24 h distinguish between cell attachment and volume growth for two strains of Enterococci. Confocal scanning laser microscopy imaging is used to confirm these results. Phase contrast microscopy images are also obtained in conjunction with reflectance measurements for several different biofilm specimens. The experiments consider biofilm formation on glass and polystyrene substrata, but the method can be used for many other abiotic substrata of interest, both opaque and nonopaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira L Broschat
- Washington State University, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, P.O. Box 642752, Pullman, Washington 99164-2752, USA.
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Yoon TH, Johnson SB, Benzerara K, Doyle CS, Tyliszczak T, Shuh DK, Brown GE. In situ characterization of aluminum-containing mineral-microorganism aqueous suspensions using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:10361-10366. [PMID: 15544358 DOI: 10.1021/la048558y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In situ characterization of colloidal particles under hydrous conditions is one of the key requirements for understanding their state of aggregation and impact on the transport of pollutants in aqueous environments. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) is one of the few techniques that can satisfy this need by providing element- and chemical-state-specific 2-D maps at a spatial resolution better than 50 nm using soft X-rays from synchrotron radiation wiggler or undulator sources tuned to the absorption edges of different elements. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra can also be collected simultaneously at a similar spatial resolution and can provide phase identification in many cases. In this study, we report STXM images and XANES spectroscopy measurements at or above the Al K-edge (E = 1559.6 eV) of various Al-containing minerals and synthetic oxides [alpha-Al2O3 (corundum), gamma-Al2O3, gamma-AlOOH (boehmite), alpha-Al(OH)3 (bayerite), KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 (muscovite), (Al,Mg)8(Si4O10)4(OH)8.nH2O (montmorillonite), and Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3.4H2O (hydrotalcite)] and demonstrate the capability of this spectromicroscopic tool to identify different Al-containing mineral colloids in multiphase mixtures in aqueous solution. We also demonstrate that STXM imaging at or above the C K-edge (E = 284.2 eV) and Al K-edge can provide unique information on the interactions between bacteria and Al-containing nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions. STXM images of a mixture of Caulobacter crescentus and montmorillonite and corundum particles just above the C and Al K-edges show that the mineral particles and bacteria are closely associated in aggregates, which is likely due to the binding of bacteria to clay and corundum particles by extracellular polysaccharides.
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Donlan RM, Piede JA, Heyes CD, Sanii L, Murga R, Edmonds P, El-Sayed I, El-Sayed MA. Model system for growing and quantifying Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms in situ and in real time. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:4980-8. [PMID: 15294838 PMCID: PMC492445 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.8.4980-4988.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae forms biofilms, but little is known about its extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) or the kinetics of biofilm formation. A system was developed to enable the simultaneous measurement of cells and the EPS of biofilm-associated S. pneumoniae in situ over time. A biofilm reactor containing germanium coupons was interfaced to an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) germanium cell of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) laser spectrometer. Biofilm-associated cells were recovered from the coupons and quantified by total and viable cell count methods. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of biofilms formed on the germanium internal reflection element (IRE) of the ATR cell provided a continuous spectrum of biofilm protein and polysaccharide (a measure of the EPS). Staining of the biofilms on the IRE surface with specific fluorescent probes provided confirmatory evidence for the biofilm structure and the presence of biofilm polysaccharides. Biofilm protein and polysaccharides were detected within hours after inoculation and continued to increase for the next 141 h. The polysaccharide band increased at a substantially higher rate than did the protein band, demonstrating increasing coverage of the IRE surface with biofilm polysaccharides. The biofilm total cell counts on germanium coupons stabilized after 21 h, at approximately 10(5) cells per cm(2), while viable counts decreased as the biofilm aged. This system is unique in its ability to detect and quantify biofilm-associated cells and EPS of S. pneumoniae over time by using multiple, corroborative techniques. This approach could prove useful for the study of biofilm processes of this or other microorganisms of clinical or industrial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Donlan
- Biofilm Laboratory, ELB/DHQP/NCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop C-16, 1600 Clifton Rd., N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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37
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Poleunis C, Compère C, Bertrand P. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry: characterisation of stainless steel surfaces immersed in natural seawater. J Microbiol Methods 2002; 48:195-205. [PMID: 11777569 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been employed to study the biofouling of stainless steel samples immersed in seawater. The aim of these characterisations was to understand the initial mechanisms of biomolecule adsorption for relatively short immersion times (from 0 to 24 h). The results show that: (i) there were unavoidable sample "precontaminations" on the surfaces, despite precaution during their preparation and manipulation (washing, drying and storing); (ii) the major peaks detected were the substrate ones whatever the immersion time [However, some organic (nitrogen and oxygen containing) and inorganic secondary ions appeared and grew with the immersion time.]; (iii) the surface contaminations, the nonuniformity of the adsorbed material so as and bacteria have been clearly observed by high-lateral resolution molecular ToF-SIMS mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Poleunis
- Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux (PCPM), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Jass J, O'Neill JG, Walker JT. Direct biofilm monitoring by a capacitance measurement probe in continuous culture chemostats. Methods Enzymol 2001; 337:63-70. [PMID: 11398451 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)37006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jass
- Department of Microbiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Nivens DE, Ohman DE, Williams J, Franklin MJ. Role of alginate and its O acetylation in formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa microcolonies and biofilms. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1047-57. [PMID: 11208804 PMCID: PMC94973 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.3.1047-1057.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2000] [Accepted: 10/26/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection/Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (ATR/FT-IR) and scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM) were used to study the role of alginate and alginate structure in the attachment and growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on surfaces. Developing biofilms of the mucoid (alginate-producing) cystic fibrosis pulmonary isolate FRD1, as well as mucoid and nonmucoid mutant strains, were monitored by ATR/FT-IR for 44 and 88 h as IR absorbance bands in the region of 2,000 to 1,000 cm(-1). All strains produced biofilms that absorbed IR radiation near 1,650 cm(-1) (amide I), 1,550 cm(-1) (amide II), 1,240 cm(-1) (P==O stretching, C---O---C stretching, and/or amide III vibrations), 1,100 to 1,000 cm(-1) (C---OH and P---O stretching) 1,450 cm(-1), and 1,400 cm(-1). The FRD1 biofilms produced spectra with an increase in relative absorbance at 1,060 cm(-1) (C---OH stretching of alginate) and 1,250 cm(-1) (C---O stretching of the O-acetyl group in alginate), as compared to biofilms of nonmucoid mutant strains. Dehydration of an 88-h FRD1 biofilm revealed other IR bands that were also found in the spectrum of purified FRD1 alginate. These results provide evidence that alginate was present within the FRD1 biofilms and at greater relative concentrations at depths exceeding 1 micrometer, the analysis range for the ATR/FT-IR technique. After 88 h, biofilms of the nonmucoid strains produced amide II absorbances that were six to eight times as intense as those of the mucoid FRD1 parent strain. However, the cell densities in biofilms were similar, suggesting that FRD1 formed biofilms with most cells at depths that exceeded the analysis range of the ATR/FT-IR technique. SCLM analysis confirmed this result, demonstrating that nonmucoid strains formed densely packed biofilms that were generally less than 6 micrometer in depth. In contrast, FRD1 produced microcolonies that were approximately 40 micrometer in depth. An algJ mutant strain that produced alginate lacking O-acetyl groups gave an amide II signal approximately fivefold weaker than that of FRD1 and produced small microcolonies. After 44 h, the algJ mutant switched to the nonmucoid phenotype and formed uniform biofilms, similar to biofilms produced by the nonmucoid strains. These results demonstrate that alginate, although not required for P. aeruginosa biofilm development, plays a role in the biofilm structure and may act as intercellular material, required for formation of thicker three-dimensional biofilms. The results also demonstrate the importance of alginate O acetylation in P. aeruginosa biofilm architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Nivens
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choong
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, London, UK.
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41
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Otto K, Elwing H, Hermansson M. Effect of ionic strength on initial interactions of Escherichia coli with surfaces, studied on-line by a novel quartz crystal microbalance technique. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:5210-8. [PMID: 10464189 PMCID: PMC94024 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.17.5210-5218.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/1999] [Accepted: 06/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique was used to study the adhesion of nonfimbriated and fimbriated Escherichia coli mutant strains to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces at different ionic strengths. This technique enabled us to measure both frequency shifts (Deltaf), i.e., the increase in mass on the surface, and dissipation shifts (DeltaD), i.e., the viscoelastic energy losses on the surface. Changes in the parameters measured by the extended QCM technique reflect the dynamic character of the adhesion process. We were able to show clear differences in the viscoelastic behavior of fimbriated and nonfimbriated cells attached to surfaces. The interactions between bacterial cells and quartz crystal surfaces at various ionic strengths followed different trends, depending on the cell surface structures in direct contact with the surface. While Deltaf and DeltaD per attached cell increased for nonfimbriated cells with increasing ionic strengths (particularly on hydrophobic surfaces), the adhesion of the fimbriated strain caused only low-level frequency and dissipation shifts on both kinds of surfaces at all ionic strengths tested. We propose that nonfimbriated cells may get better contact with increasing ionic strengths due to an increased area of contact between the cell and the surface, whereas fimbriated cells seem to have a flexible contact with the surface at all ionic strengths tested. The area of contact between fimbriated cells and the surface does not increase with increasing ionic strengths, but on hydrophobic surfaces each contact point seems to contribute relatively more to the total energy loss. Independent of ionic strength, attached cells undergo time-dependent interactions with the surface leading to increased contact area and viscoelastic losses per cell, which may be due to the establishment of a more intimate contact between the cell and the surface. Hence, the extended QCM technique provides new qualitative information about the direct contact of bacterial cells to surfaces and the adhesion mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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42
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Busalmen JP, de Sanchez SR, Schiffrin DJ. Ellipsometric measurement of bacterial films at metal-electrolyte interfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3690-7. [PMID: 9758786 PMCID: PMC106516 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.10.3690-3697.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellipsometric measurements were used to monitor the formation of a bacterial cell film on polarized metal surfaces (Al-brass and Ti). Under cathodic polarization bacterial attachment was measured from changes in the ellipsometric angles. These were fitted to an effective medium model for a nonabsorbing bacterial film with an effective refractive index (nf) of 1.38 and a thickness (df) of 160 +/- 10 nm. From the optical measurements a surface coverage of 17% was estimated, in agreement with direct microscopic observations. The influence of bacteria on the formation of oxide films was monitored by ellipsometry following the film growth in situ. A strong inhibition of metal oxide film formation was observed, which was assigned to the decrease in oxygen concentration due to the presence of bacteria. It is shown that the irreversible adhesion of bacteria to the surface can be monitored ellipsometrically. Electrophoretic mobility is proposed as one of the factors determining bacterial attachment. The high sensitivity of ellipsometry and its usefulness for the determination of growth of interfacial bacterial films is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Busalmen
- INTEMA, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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43
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Holman HY, Perry D, Hunter-Cevera J. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption-reflectance (SEIRA) microspectroscopy for bacteria localization on geologic material surfaces. J Microbiol Methods 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(98)00069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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DRASTIC(Diffuse Reflectance Absorbance Spectroscopy Taking In Chemometrics). A novel, rapid, hyperspectral, FT-IR-based approach to screening for biocatalytic activity and metabolite overproduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3253(98)80010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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45
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Stollenwerk M, Fallgren C, Lundberg F, Tegenfeldt JO, Montelius L, Ljungh A. Quantitation of bacterial adhesion to polymer surfaces by bioluminescence. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1998; 287:7-18. [PMID: 9532260 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitation of microbes adhering to a surface is commonly used in studies of microbial adhesion to different surfaces. We have quantified different staphylococcal strains adhering to polymer surfaces by measuring bacterial ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by bioluminescence. The method is sensitive, having a detection limit of 10(4) bacterial cells. Viable counting of bacterial cells may yield falsely low results due to the presence of "dormant" and adherent bacteria. By using bioluminescence, this can be avoided. Cells of different bacterial species and cells of strains of the same species were shown to differ significantly in their basal ATP content (8.7 x 10(-13) - 5.2 x 10(-22) MATP). The size of adherent and planktonic bacteria decreased with time (0.7 micron-->0.3 micron, 20 days). During incubation in nutrient-poor buffer ("starvation"), the ATP content of adherent bacteria decreased after 24-96 h whereas that of planktonic bacteria was stable over 20 days. The presence of human serum or plasma did not interfere significantly with the test results. Since the ATP concentration of bacterial strains of different species varies and is also influenced by the growth conditions of bacteria (solid or liquid culture medium), a species-specific standard curve has to be established for bacteria grown under the same culture conditions. We conclude that the method is a sensitive tool to quantify adherent bacteria during experiments lasting for less than 6 h and constitutes a valuable method to be used in conjunction with different microscopical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stollenwerk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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Suci PA, Siedlecki KJ, Palmer RJ, White DC, Geesey GG. Combined light microscopy and attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for integration of biofilm structure, distribution, and chemistry at solid-liquid interfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:4600-3. [PMID: 16535743 PMCID: PMC1389299 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.11.4600-4603.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflected differential interference contrast microscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to obtain complementary data on the structural and chemical properties of a biofilm. This information was obtained nondestructively, quasisimultaneously, and in real time, thereby permitting the verification of time-dependent relationships between the biofilm's population structure, distribution, and interfacial chemistry. The approach offers opportunities to examine these relationships on a variety of substrata in the presence of a bulk aqueous phase under controlled hydrodynamic conditions.
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47
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Diffuse reflectance absorbance spectroscopy taking in chemometrics (DRASTIC). A hyperspectral FT-IR-based approach to rapid screening for metabolite overproduction. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC. Physico-chemical interactions in initial microbial adhesion and relevance for biofilm formation. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11:24-32. [PMID: 9524439 DOI: 10.1177/08959374970110011301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes initial microbial adhesion events in dental plaque formation, including the physico-chemistry of the interaction between micro-organisms and solid substrata, detachment phenomena under the fluctuating shear of the oral cavity, co-adhesion between pairs of microbial strains, and biosurfactant release. A hypothesis is forwarded on how these initial events might influence the final microbial composition and structure of the plaque, although it is simultaneously emphasized that the necessary techniques for verification of the hypothesis have only recently become available, and supporting evidence is still to be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Busscher
- Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Continuous nondestructive monitoring of microbial biofilms: A review of analytical techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Zeroual W, Choisy C, Doglia SM, Bobichon H, Angiboust JF, Manfait M. Monitoring of bacterial growth and structural analysis as probed by FT-IR spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1222:171-8. [PMID: 8031853 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to explore structural changes in bacteria under different incubation conditions. In particular, differences between Bradyrhizobium japonicum (BRJ) grown in liquid and on solid media were investigated, as well as the rearrangement of BRJ after transfer from one medium to the other. The FT-IR absorption bands located between 1200 and 900 cm-1 region, vary in spectral shape and intensity when BRJ were suspended in solution medium or plated on solid medium. In agreement with the electronic micrograph data, these spectroscopic changes are due to the changes involving the bacterial wall (peptidoglycan) when BRJ are plated in agar medium. By means of this FT-IR ultrastructural study of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria, it has been possible to follow and to evaluate the rate of the molecular change in bacteria without any destructive interference. This indicates that FT-IR spectroscopy can prove to be a valuable technique in the monitoring of metabolic events in bacterial cells relevant to agriculture as well as environmental and health sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zeroual
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Biomoléculaire, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
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