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Sztáray J, Memboeuf A, Drahos L, Vékey K. Leucine enkephalin--a mass spectrometry standard. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:298-320. [PMID: 20669325 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present article reviews the mass spectrometric fragmentation processes and fragmentation energetics of leucine enkephalin, a commonly used peptide, which has been studied in detail and has often been used as a standard or reference compound to test novel instrumentation, new methodologies, or to tune instruments. The main purpose of the article is to facilitate its use as a reference material; therefore, all available mass spectrometry-related information on leucine enkephalin has been critically reviewed and summarized. The fragmentation mechanism of leucine enkephalin is typical for a small peptide; but is understood far better than that of most other compounds. Because ion ratios in the MS/MS spectra indicate the degree of excitation, leucine enkephalin is often used as a thermometer molecule in electrospray or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (ESI or MALDI). Other parameters described for leucine enkephalin include collisional cross-section and energy transfer; proton affinity and gas-phase basicity; radiative cooling rate; and vibrational frequencies. The lowest-energy fragmentation channel of leucine enkephalin is the MH(+) → b(4) process. All available data for this process have been re-evaluated. It was found that, although the published E(a) values were significantly different, the corresponding Gibbs free energy change showed good agreement (1.32 ± 0.07 eV) in various studies. Temperature- and energy-dependent rate constants were re-evaluated with an Arrhenius plot. The plot showed good linear correlation among all data (R(2) = 0.97), spanned over a 9 orders of magnitude range in the rate constants and yielded 1.14 eV activation energy and 10(11.0) sec(-1) pre-exponential factor. Accuracy (including random and systematic errors, with a 95% confidence interval) is ±0.05 eV and 10(±0.5) sec(-1), respectively. The activation entropy at 470 K that corresponds to this reaction is -38.1 ± 9.6 J mol(-1) K(-1). We believe that these re-evaluated values are by far the most accurate activation parameters available at present for a protonated peptide and can be considered as "consensus" values; results on other processes might be compared to this reference value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sztáray
- Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, Hungary
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Desiderio DM, Dass C. The Measurement of Leucine Enkephalinat the Femtomole Level by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry Methods. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718608064539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tabarin T, Antoine R, Broyer M, Dugourd P. Specific photodissociation of peptides with multi-stage mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2883-92. [PMID: 16167358 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report collision-induced dissociation (CID) and laser-induced dissociation (LID) performed at different wavelengths between 220 and 280 nm of the peptides leucine-enkephalin (protonated) and gramicidin A (sodiated). Hydrogen-atom losses and side-chain cleavages were observed in LID experiments. These losses depend on the laser wavelength and lead to the formation of radical ions. The fragmentations of these radicals, which are not observed in CID experiments, were investigated in multi-stage mass spectrometry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Tabarin
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire, UMR 5579 (Université Lyon I et CNRS), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Vachet RW, Bishop BM, Erickson BW, Glish GL. Novel Peptide Dissociation: Gas-Phase Intramolecular Rearrangement of Internal Amino Acid Residues. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9640758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Vachet
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Barney M. Bishop
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Bruce W. Erickson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Gary L. Glish
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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Lindh I, Griffiths WJ, Bergman T, Sjövall J. Charge-remote fragmentation of peptides derivatized with 4-aminonaphthalenesulphonic acid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1994; 8:797-803. [PMID: 8000077 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A series of small peptides has been studied by negative-ion fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation. It has been found that by derivatizing peptides with 4-aminonaphthalenesulphonic acid in a peptide linkage at the C-terminus, negative-ion formation can be enhanced and fragmentation in collision-induced dissociation reactions controlled. The peptide-naphthalenesulphonates show charge-remote fragmentations and the resultant spectra give sequence information.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lindh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Carraway AD, Burkhalter RS, Timkovich R, Peterson J. Characterization of heme c peptides by mass spectrometry. J Inorg Biochem 1993; 52:201-7. [PMID: 8254342 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(93)80041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, also called fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, has been used to determine proteolytic hydrolysis sites for peptides derived from c-type cytochromes that contain covalently attached heme c. An unexpected fragmentation occurs that breaks the covalent thioether bonds between the heme and the peptide, and the heme fragment further rearranges to give rise to an intense ion at m/z of 617 that corresponds to protonated iron protoporphyrin IX. The observation of this ion fragment can be used to unambiguously identify the presence of authentic heme c in peptides or peptide mixtures at the subnanomole level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Carraway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487-0336
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Ballard KD, Gaskell SJ. Origin of the tailing signal on the low-energy side of the main beam in mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectra. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1992; 3:644-655. [PMID: 24234569 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(92)85006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/1991] [Revised: 03/13/1992] [Accepted: 03/13/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tailing signal on the low-energy side of the precursor ion signal observed during fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometric (MIKES) analyses is due largely to ions of higher m/z value than the chosen precursor. The majority of these ions are independent, unfragmented species that emerge from the ion source with less than the full amount of kinetic energy predicted by the source potential. The tailing precursor ion signal observed under helium collision-activated decomposition conditions is too short to account for the protracted MIKES tail (as judged from mass-to-charge ratio-deconvoluted MIKES analyses performed on a BEqQ hybrid instrument), and a tailing precursor signal is not observed under unimolecular decomposition conditions. Measurements of the mass-to-charge ratios of the ionic species comprising the MIKES tail demonstrated that ions higher in mass-to-charge ratio than the chosen precursor are present throughout the tail, with the mass-to-charge ratio increasing as kinetic energy decreases. These ions possess the same momentum as the chosen precursor, and thus were formed prior to the magnetic field. The existence of intact, source-formed [M + H](+) ions with reduced kinetic energy was demonstrated through several types of tandem mass spectrometric experiments. These [M + H](+) ions with reduced kinetic energy do not appear to have undergone collisional deceleration, because they do not possess increased internal energy (as judged by observation of their fragmentation patterns). The kinetic energy profiles of unfragmented FAB-desorbed ions were determined and found to exhibit a tailing character similar in appearance to that of the MIKES tail. The population of ions emerging from the source under FAB conditions thus incorporates the characteristics necessary to account for the MIKES tail, namely, the presence of ions of a mass-to-charge ratio higher than the chosen precursor (due to matrix and other background ions), which possess reduced kinetic energy such that their momentum is identical to that of the selected precursor. These ions may arise via desolvation and declustering processes in the acceleration region of the ion source, or via FAB or chemical ionization processes in regions removed from the FAB target.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Ballard
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room 826E, 77030, Houston, TX
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Sequential mass spectrometry applied to the study of the formation of “internal” fragment ions of protonated peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85054-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu DX, Dass C, Wood G, Desiderio DM. Opioid and tachykinin peptides, and their precursors and precursor-processing enzymes, in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr A 1990; 500:395-412. [PMID: 2329143 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Opioid and tachykinin neuropeptides, which were derived from two biological sources (intact, and released from their corresponding precursors by the action of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuropeptidases), were characterized in human CSF by using a combination of post-high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) detection techniques. Peptides were separated using gradient and isocratic reversed-phase HPLC. Radioimmunoassay measured immunoreactivity corresponding to several different individual neuropeptides including methionine enkephalin, leucine enkephalin, substance P and beta-endorphin. Commercial enzymes (trypsin, carboxypeptidase B) were used to release methionine- and leucine-enkephalin from precursors. Human CSF also served as a source of endogenous neuropeptidases. Mass spectrometry produced fragment ions that corroborated the amino acid sequence of methionine enkephalin and of substance P derived from both sources (intact, from precursors). These results demonstrated the presence of endogenous intact neuropeptides, several different neuropeptide-containing precursors and appropriate precursor-processing enzymes in human CSF for precursors of methionine enkephalin, leucine enkephalin, beta-endorphin1-31 and substance P.
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Affiliation(s)
- D X Liu
- Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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Voyksner RD, Pack TW. Semi-quantitative method for high molecular weight neuropeptides by high-performance liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1989; 18:897-903. [PMID: 2478235 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200181009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) was evaluated and optimized for the determination of beta- and gamma-endorphin. Thermospray spectra for the endorphins could be acquired under ion evaporation conditions, when a low vaporizor temperature (94 degrees C) and high source temperature are used. The spectra showed [M + H]+, [M + Hx-1 + Nax]+(x = 1-3) together with double charged ions. Positive ion detection exhibited higher ion currents than negative ion detection. Thermospray HPLC/MS was used to generate a linear calibration curve from 10 to 300 pmol. Thermospray displayed good run-to-run reproducibility (2-7%) and accurately measured spiked quantities of beta- and gamma-endorphin within 15% of the spiked values.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Voyksner
- Analytical and Chemical Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Baeten W, Claereboudt J, Van den Heuvel H, Claeys M. Tandem mass spectrometry of leucine enkephalin and physalaemin using a hybrid instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200180914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Characterization of neuropeptides by fast atom bombardment and B/E linked-field scan techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(89)83032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometries have been used to determine the amino acid sequence-determining fragment ion information of opioid peptides containing from 5 to 10 amino acid residues. The opioids investigated include several enkephalins, dynorphin A fragments 1-7 through 1-10, and alpha- and beta-neoendorphins. Data obtained in the two ionization polarities provide complementary information and exhibit the C-terminal- and the N-terminal-containing amino acid sequence-determining fragment ions that are formed by cleavage of the bond between the carbonyl group and the alpha-carbon (-CHR-CO-), the peptide amide bond (-CO-NH-), and the amino-alkyl (-NH-CHR-) bond. The C-terminal sequence ions are dominant in the positive ion mode, whereas the C-terminal and N-terminal ions are equally important in the negative ion mode. Detection limits for full mass scans extend down to the picomole range. The apparent role of hydrophobicity of the amino acid residues on the fragmentation characteristics of the peptide is discussed.
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Bertrand MJ, Thibault P. Charge inversion spectra of the [M − H]− ions of Di- and polypeptides analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200130706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ishikawa K, Niwa Y. Computer-aided peptide sequencing by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200130709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wilson WE, Harvan DJ, Hamm C, Lazarus LH, Klapper DG, Yajima H, Hayashi Y. Physalaemin-like immunoreactive peptides from rabbit stomach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1986; 28:58-66. [PMID: 3759342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1986.tb03229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two physalaemin (PHY)-like immunoreactive peptides, designated PHLIPs, have been purified from extracts of rabbit stomach tissue. Fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry (FAB/MS) indicated that the m/z values for the PHLIP protonated molecular ions were 867.419 and 796.4. FAB/tandem MS spectra, coupled with a knowledge of the amino acid composition and the aid of a computerized fragment-matching program, indicated the amino acid sequences to be: (formula; see text) The sequences of PHLIPs-7 and -8 were confirmed with synthetic peptides. The PHY-antiserum cross-reactivity of the PHLIPs reflects homology at amino acid residues 1, 3, 4 and 5 for the mammalian and amphibian residues.
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Jankowski K, Paré JR, Bélanger J. Comments on a 'Proposal for a common nomenclature for sequence ions in mass spectra of peptides'. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1985; 12:631. [PMID: 2933086 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Spiteller G. Combination of Chromatographic Separation Methods with Mass Spectrometry?a Modern Technique for Studying Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198504511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Spiteller G. Kombination chromatographischer Trennmethoden mit der Massenspektrometrie – ein modernes Verfahren zur Stoffwechseluntersuchung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19850970606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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