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van Hage M, Polovic N, Wadén K, Binnmyr J, Hamsten C, Grönneberg R, Palmberg C, Milcic-Matic N, Bergman T, Grönlund H. Diversity of allergens contained in dog saliva. Reply. Allergy 2013; 68:1485-1486. [PMID: 24498643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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2
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Codina R, van Hage M, Polovic N, Wadén K, Binnmyr J, Hamsten C, Grönneberg R, Palmberg C, Milcic-Matic N, Bergman T, Grönlund H. Diversity of allergens contained in dog saliva. Allergy 2013; 68:1484-5. [PMID: 24351070 DOI: 10.1111/all.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Codina
- Greer Laboratories, Inc.; Lenoir NC USA
| | - M. van Hage
- Department of Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - N. Polovic
- Department of Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - K. Wadén
- Department of Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. Binnmyr
- Department of Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - C. Hamsten
- Department of Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm
| | - R. Grönneberg
- Department of Medicine; Respiratory Medicine Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm
| | - C. Palmberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - N. Milcic-Matic
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - T. Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - H. Grönlund
- Department of Medicine; Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Therapeutic Immune Design Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Polovic N, Wadén K, Binnmyr J, Hamsten C, Grönneberg R, Palmberg C, Milcic‐Matic N, Bergman T, Grönlund H, Hage M. Dog saliva - an important source of dog allergens. Allergy 2013; 68:585-92. [PMID: 23464525 PMCID: PMC3652036 DOI: 10.1111/all.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to dog (Canis familiaris) is a worldwide common cause of asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, dander extract in routine diagnostics is not an optimal predictor of IgE-mediated dog allergy. Our objective was to evaluate saliva as an allergen source for improved diagnostics of allergy to dog. METHODS IgE-binding proteins in dog saliva and dander extract were analysed by immunoblot and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using pooled or individual sera from dog-allergic patients (n = 13). Sera from 59 patients IgE positive to dander and 55 patients IgE negative to dander but with symptoms to dog were analysed for IgE against saliva and dander by ELISA. Basophil stimulation with dog saliva and dander extract was measured by flow cytometry among three dog-allergic patients. Additionally, IgE-binding protein profiles of saliva from different breeds were investigated by immunoblot. RESULTS Greater number and diversity of IgE-binding proteins was found in saliva compared to dander extract and varied among dog breeds. In saliva, Can f 1, 2, 3 and 6 were identified but also four new saliva allergen candidates. The majority of the 59 dog dander-positive sera (n = 44) were IgE positive to dog saliva. Among patients IgE negative to dander, but with symptoms to dog, 20% were IgE positive to saliva. The biological activity of saliva was confirmed by basophil degranulation. CONCLUSIONS Dog saliva is an allergen source for improved diagnostics of dog allergy. The IgE-binding protein profile of saliva from different dogs varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Polovic
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - K. Wadén
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. Binnmyr
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - C. Hamsten
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases Karolinska Institutet StockholmSweden
| | - R. Grönneberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, Respiratory Medicine Unit Karolinska Institutet StockholmSweden
| | - C. Palmberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - N. Milcic‐Matic
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - T. Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - H. Grönlund
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Therapeutic Immune Design Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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4
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Hyörä H, Mäkelä AL, Pakarinen P, Bergman T, Näntö V. Trace elements (copper, zinc and iron) in serum of rheumatic children living in south-western Finland. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 59 Suppl 7:403-5. [PMID: 3776597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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5
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Auld DS, Bergman T. Medium- and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene and protein families : The role of zinc for alcohol dehydrogenase structure and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 65:3961-70. [PMID: 19011745 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc plays an important role in the structure and function of many enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) of the MDR type (mediumchain dehydrogenases/reductases). Active site zinc participates in catalytic events, and structural site zinc maintains structural stability. MDR-types of ADHs have both of these zinc sites but with some variation in ligands and spacing. The catalytic zinc sites involve three residues with different spacings from two separate protein segments, while the structural zinc sites involve four residues and cover a local segment of the protein chain (Cys97-Cys111 in horse liver class I ADH). This review summarizes properties of both ADH zinc sites, and relates them to zinc sites of proteins in general. In addition, it highlights a separate study of zinc binding peptide variants of the horse liver ADH structural zinc site. The results show that zinc coordination of the free peptide differs markedly from that of the enzyme (one His / three Cys versus four Cys), suggesting that the protein zinc site is in an energetically strained conformation relative to that of the peptide. This finding is a characteristic of an entatic state, implying a functional nature for this zinc site.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Auld
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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6
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Bergman T, Zhang K, Palmberg C, Jörnvall H, Auld DS. Zinc binding to peptide analogs of the structural zinc site in alcohol dehydrogenase: implications for an entatic state. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 65:4019-27. [PMID: 18850316 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc binding to the peptide replica and analogs to residues 93-115 of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was examined by competition of the peptides and the chromophoric chelator 4-(2- pyridylazo)resorcinol for zinc and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of the zinc ligands. In the enzyme, zinc is coordinated by four Cys residues. In the peptide replica, zinc is bound to three Cys and one His residue. A four-Cys zinc coordination is observed only when His is removed, leading to increased zinc stability. ADH crystal structures reveal that the epsilon-amino group of the conserved residue Lys323 is within H-bond distance of the backbone amide oxygens of residues 103, 105 and 108, likely stabilizing the zinc coordination in the enzyme. The peptide data thus indicate structural strain and increased energy in the zinc-binding site in the protein, characteristic of an entatic state, implying a functional nature for this zinc site.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bergman
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Ahlsén M, Carlsson-Skwirut C, Jonsson AP, Cederlund E, Bergman T, Bang P. A 30-kDa fragment of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 in human pregnancy serum with strongly reduced IGF-I binding. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007; 64:1870-80. [PMID: 17593323 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-007-7201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP)-3 during pregnancy is likely to have both IGF-dependent and -independent effects on maternal, placental and fetal growth and metabolism. A 30-kDa proteolytic IGFBP-3 fragment was isolated from third trimester pregnancy human serum and identified by N- and C-terminal amino acid sequence analysis and mass spectrometry to correspond to residues 1-212 of the parent protein. This fragment is the dominating IGFBP-3 immunoreactive species in pregnancy serum. The 30-kDa fragment was also detected in serum of non-pregnant women where it coexists with intact IGFBP-3. Using biosensor technology, (1-212)IGFBP-3 was found to have 11-fold lower affinity for IGF-I compared to intact IGFBP-3, while a 4-fold decrease in affinity was found for IGF-II. Tests with des(1-3)IGF-I suggest fast binding of IGF-I to the N-terminal region of IGFBP-3 and similar affinity to a slow binding site in the C-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahlsén
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Rodushkin I, Bergman T, Douglas G, Engström E, Sörlin D, Baxter DC. Authentication of Kalix (N.E. Sweden) vendace caviar using inductively coupled plasma-based analytical techniques: Evaluation of different approaches. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 583:310-8. [PMID: 17386561 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Different analytical approaches for origin differentiation between vendace and whitefish caviars from brackish- and freshwaters were tested using inductively coupled plasma double focusing sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). These approaches involve identifying differences in elemental concentrations or sample-specific isotopic composition (Sr and Os) variations. Concentrations of 72 elements were determined by ICP-SFMS following microwave-assisted digestion in vendace and whitefish caviar samples from Sweden (from both brackish and freshwater), Finland and USA, as well as in unprocessed vendace roe and salt used in caviar production. This data set allows identification of elements whose contents in caviar can be affected by salt addition as well as by contamination during production and packaging. Long-term method reproducibility was assessed for all analytes based on replicate caviar preparations/analyses and variations in element concentrations in caviar from different harvests were evaluated. The greatest utility for differentiation was demonstrated for elements with varying concentrations between brackish and freshwaters (e.g. As, Br, Sr). Elemental ratios, specifically Sr/Ca, Sr/Mg and Sr/Ba, are especially useful for authentication of vendace caviar processed from brackish water roe, due to the significant differences between caviar from different sources, limited between-harvest variations and relatively high concentrations in samples, allowing precise determination by modern analytical instrumentation. Variations in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio for vendace caviar from different harvests (on the order of 0.05-0.1%) is at least 10-fold less than differences between caviar processed from brackish and freshwater roe. Hence, Sr isotope ratio measurements (either by ICP-SFMS or by MC-ICP-MS) have great potential for origin differentiation. On the contrary, it was impossible to differentiate between Swedish caviar processed from brackish water roe and Finnish freshwater caviar based solely on 187Os/188Os ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodushkin
- Division of Applied Geology, Luleå University of Technology, S-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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9
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Henriksson M, Nordling E, Melles E, Shafqat J, Ståhlberg M, Ekberg K, Persson B, Bergman T, Wahren J, Johansson J, Jörnvall H. Separate functional features of proinsulin C-peptide. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:1772-8. [PMID: 16003487 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-5180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proinsulin C-peptide influences a number of physiological parameters in addition to its well-established role in the parent proinsulin molecule. It is of interest as a candidate for future co-replacement therapy with insulin for patients with diabetes mellitus type 1, but specific receptors have not been identified and additional correlation with functional effects is desirable. Based on comparisons of 22 mammalian proinsulin variants, we have constructed analogues for activity studies, choosing phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts for functional measurements. In this manner, we find that effective phosphorylation of MAPKs is promoted by the presence of conserved glutamic acid residues at positions 3, 11 and 27 of C-peptide and by the presence of helix-promoting residues in the N-terminal segment. Previous findings have ascribed functional roles to the C-terminal pentapeptide segment, and all results combined therefore now show the importance of different segments, suggesting that C-peptide interactions are complex or multiple.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Henriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Melles E, Jörnvall H, Tryggvason S, Danielsson KG, Ekberg K, Tryggvason K, Wahren J, Bergman T. Degradation of proinsulin C-peptide in kidney and placenta extracts by a specific endoprotease activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61:2979-82. [PMID: 15583859 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-4313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of proinsulin C-peptide in mouse kidney and human placenta extracts was studied using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and nano-electrospray mass spectrometry. In total, 15 proteolytic cleavage sites were identified in human and mouse C-peptides. Early sites included the peptide bonds N-terminal of Val/Leu10, Leu12, Leu21, Leu24 and Leu26 in different combinations for the two tissues and two peptides. Notably, these cleavages were N-terminal of a hydrophobic residue, and all but one N-terminal of Leu. A late degradation product of the human peptide detected in the kidney extract was the C-terminal hexapeptide, containing just one residue more than the biologically active C-terminal pentapeptide of C-peptide. We conclude that the degradation of C-peptide in kidney and placenta follows similar patterns, dominated by endopeptidase cleavages N-terminal of Leu.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melles
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Fischer J, Beehner J, Bergman T, Johnson SE, Kitchen DM, Palombit RA, Rendall D, Silk JB. Factors Affecting Reproduction and Mortality Among Baboons in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. INT J PRIMATOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:ijop.0000019159.75573.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Melles E, Bergman T, Alvelius G, Jonsson A, Ekberg K, Wahren J, Jörnvall H. Proinsulin C-peptide and its C-terminal pentapeptide: degradation in human serum and Schiff base formation with subsequent CO2 incorporation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60:1019-25. [PMID: 12827290 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-3117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Processing of human proinsulin C-peptide and its C-terminal pentapeptide in blood serum was studied using reverse-phase HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry. The results reveal degradation of both peptides, with a longer half-life for intact C-peptide than for the C-terminal pentapeptide. Products from C-peptide degradation were not distinguishable from the peptide background, suggesting endopeptidase degradation of C-peptide. In contrast, a set of products from the C-terminal pentapeptide were identifiable and corresponded to successive losses from the N terminus, showing that the pentapeptide is degraded by aminopeptidase in serum. Consistent with this finding, a slower degradation was found for the N-acetyl-protected pentapeptide. Removal of serum proteins by acetone precipitation produced N-terminally carbamate-modified C-peptide via a Schiff base intermediate (a ketimine with acetone), to which CO(2) was added and acetone removed, generating a cyclic side chain via anhydride formation. The modification was not seen with the pyroglutamate form of C-peptide, with the N-terminally acetylated C-peptide, or with a control peptide having N-terminal Phe, but was found with human C-peptide, its N-terminal tetrapeptide, and a rat C-peptide fragment (all with N-terminal Glu). Hence, the modification appears to require N-terminal Glu, but this is not the only prerequisite since the C-terminal pentapeptide and another control peptide (also starting with Glu) were not modified. A peptide aldimine Schiff base leading to CO(2) incorporation was detected with formaldehyde in NaHCO(3). The observation that C-peptide forms Schiff bases with ketones/aldehydes, enhancing covalent attachment of CO(2), may have biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melles
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Singh IN, Goody RJ, Goebel SM, Martin KM, Knapp PE, Marinova Z, Hirschberg D, Yakovleva T, Bergman T, Bakalkin G, Hauser KF. Dynorphin A (1–17) induces apoptosis in striatal neurons in vitro through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate/kainate receptor-mediated cytochrome C release and caspase-3 activation. Neuroscience 2003; 122:1013-23. [PMID: 14643768 PMCID: PMC4822705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynorphin A (1-17), an endogenous opioid neuropeptide, can have pathophysiological consequences at high concentrations through actions involving glutamate receptors. Despite evidence of excitotoxicity, the basic mechanisms underlying dynorphin-induced cell death have not been explored. To address this question, we examined the role of caspase-dependent apoptotic events in mediating dynorphin A (1-17) toxicity in embryonic mouse striatal neuron cultures. In addition, the role of opioid and/or glutamate receptors were assessed pharmacologically using dizocilpine maleate (MK(+)801), a non-equilibrium N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, a competitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)/kainate antagonist; or (-)-naloxone, a general opioid antagonist. The results show that dynorphin A (1-17) (>or=10 nM) caused concentration-dependent increases in caspase-3 activity that were accompanied by mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and the subsequent death of cultured mouse striatal neurons. Moreover, dynorphin A-induced neurotoxicity and caspase-3 activation were significantly attenuated by the cell permeable caspase inhibitor, caspase-3 inhibitor-II (z-DEVD-FMK), further suggesting an apoptotic cascade involving caspase-3. AMPA/kainate receptor blockade significantly attenuated dynorphin A-induced cytochrome c release and/or caspase-3 activity, while NMDA or opioid receptor blockade typically failed to prevent the apoptotic response. Last, dynorphin-induced caspase-3 activation was mimicked by the ampakine CX546 [1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine], which suggests that the activation of AMPA receptor subunits may be sufficient to mediate toxicity in striatal neurons. These findings provide novel evidence that dynorphin-induced striatal neurotoxicity is mediated by a caspase-dependent apoptotic mechanism that largely involves AMPA/kainate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Singh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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Wade D, Silveira A, Rollins-Smith L, Bergman T, Silberring J, Lankinen H. Hematological and antifungal properties of temporin A and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid. Acta Biochim Pol 2002; 48:1185-9. [PMID: 11995990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Temporin A (TA) and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid peptide (CATA) were synthesized and assayed for their hemolytic, anticoagulant, and antifungal properties. CATA retains significant antifungal activity, is less hemolytic than TA, and inhibits blood coagulation. These results recommend further studies of the biological activities of CATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- Peptide Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University, Finland.
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15
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Wade D, Silveira A, Rollins-Smith L, Bergman T, Silberring J, Lankinen H. Hematological and antifungal properties of temporin A and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid. Acta Biochim Pol 2001. [DOI: 10.18388/abp.2001_3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Temporin A (TA) and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid peptide (CATA) were synthesized and assayed for their hemolytic, anticoagulant, and antifungal properties. CATA retains significant antifungal activity, is less hemolytic than TA, and inhibits blood coagulation. These results recommend further studies of the biological activities of CATA.
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16
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Jonsson AP, Aissouni Y, Palmberg C, Percipalle P, Nordling E, Daneholt B, Jornvall H, Bergman T. Recovery of gel-separated proteins for in-solution digestion and mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5370-7. [PMID: 11816562 DOI: 10.1021/ac010486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for mass spectrometry of gel-separated proteins resulting in significantly increased sequence coverage and in improved possibilities for detection and identification of posttranslational modifications was developed. In relation to the standard in-gel digestion procedure, the sequence coverage using a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was on the average increased by 30%. The method involves electroblotting of the gel-separated proteins to a poly(vinylidene difluoride) membrane. The proteins are extracted from the membrane using a solution of 1% trifluoroacetic acid in 70% acetonitrile and lyophilized. After reconstitution of the protein extract in digestion buffer, proteolytic cleavage is carried out in-solution as opposed to the standard in-gel digestion procedure. This allows recovery of large and hydrophobic peptides for mass spectrometry and reduces the risk for entrapment of proteolytic peptides in the gel matrix. The method was applied to proteins in the 30-40-kDa range with highly different structural properties. The improved ability to localize and determine protein modifications is shown for N-terminal acetylation and methylation of a histidine residue. Furthermore, the method enables fast screening of homologous protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Jonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Lewitt MS, Brismar K, Wang J, Wivall-Helleryd IL, Sindelar P, Gonzalez FJ, Bergman T, Bobek GA. Responses of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding proteins to nutritional status in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha knockout mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2001; 11:303-313. [PMID: 11735249 DOI: 10.1054/ghir.2001.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) plays a central role in glucose and lipid homeostasis. Mice lacking PPARalpha(-/-) have a sexually dimorphic phenotype. We have characterized the IGF system in wild type and PPARalpha-/- mice. In normal mice fasting IGF-I and the IGFBP-3 ternary complex were 2-fold higher in males than in females. PPARalpha influenced the IGF/IGFBP response to feeding, particularly in males. Compared to wild type, male PPARalpha-/- mice had 40% lower total fasting IGF-I concentrations, decreased ALS and less IGFBP-3 ternary complex formation, but within 4 h of refeeding there was an increase in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 ternary complex to values similar to controls. Circulating IGFBP protease activity was induced in male PPARalpha-/- mice during refeeding. IGFBP-1 and insulin concentrations were higher in males than females, and were increased by PPARalpha knockout, suggesting significant hepatic insulin resistance. We speculate that gender differences in the IGF system contribute to the PPARalpha-/- phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lewitt
- Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hirschberg D, Cederlund E, Crosas B, Jonsson A, Tryggvason S, Farrés J, Parés X, Bergman T, Jörnvall H. N-terminal acetylation in a third protein family of vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase/retinal reductase found through a 'proteomics' approach in enzyme characterization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001; 58:1323-6. [PMID: 11577987 DOI: 10.1007/pl00000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A recent finding of a novel class of retinol-active alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in frog prompted analysis of this activity in other vertebrate forms. Surprisingly, yet another and still more unrelated ADH was identified in chicken tissues. It was found to be a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) enzyme family, not previously known as an ADH in vertebrates. Its terminal blocking group and the N-terminal segment, not assigned by protein and cDNA structure analysis, were determined by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry after protein isolation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The N terminus is Acetyl-Ala- and the N-terminal segment contains two consecutive Asn residues. The results establish the new ADH enzyme of the AKR family and show the usefulness of combined gel separation and mass spectrometry in enzyme-characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hirschberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Chen Z, Eriste E, Jonsson AP, Norberg A, Nepomuceno D, Lovenberg TW, Bergman T, Efendic S, Jörnvall H, Sillard R. Ser(13)-phosphorylated PYY from porcine intestine with a potent biological activity. FEBS Lett 2001; 492:119-22. [PMID: 11248248 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a posttranslationally modified form of peptide YY (PYY) from porcine intestine and shown by MALDI-TOF and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry that it is phosphorylated at Ser(13). Phospho-PYY exhibits high affinity for binding to neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors Y1, Y2 and Y5. The IC(50) values with the Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes were for NPY 2.4, 3.1, and 3.3 nM, for PYY 2.3, 0.94, and 3.2 nM, and for phospho-PYY 4.6, 2.2, and 5.5 nM, respectively. Phospho-PYY potently inhibits forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in SK-N-MC cells with an IC(50) value of 0.5 nM compared to 0.15 nM for non-phosphorylated PYY. The finding of phosphorylation of PYY is unusual among hormonal peptides, and emphasizes the importance of direct protein analysis of gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Bergman T, Cederlund E, Jörnvall H. Chemical C-terminal protein sequence analysis: improved sensitivity, length of degradation, proline passage, and combination with edman degradation. Anal Biochem 2001; 290:74-82. [PMID: 11180939 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Use of a C-terminal sequencer with modified solvents, reagent concentrations, chromatographic parameters, temperatures, and reaction cartridge geometry yields four sets of improvements in chemical degradations. They are increased sensitivity, longer runs, passage of Pro residues, and practical combination with N-terminal degradation. Over 200 proteins and protein fragments with sizes between 20 and 600 residues were analyzed. C-terminal sequences could be interpreted for more than 10 residues at high picomole sample levels, while the 10-pmol level gave 4-5 residues. The average initial yield was 15% but up to 30% could be achieved. The improved performance allowed combination of C- and N-terminal degradations from the same sample application. After initial Edman degradation, the sample is moved to the C-terminal instrument for continued sequencing. Proteins available in limited amount are thereby efficiently analyzed. Lys, modified from the N-terminal degradation, may be detected as the alkylated thiohydantoin-phenylthiocarbamyl-Lys derivative in the C-terminal degradation. Notably, C-terminal sequence analysis could be proceeded through Pro residues which unexpectedly were no absolute hindrance. The improved technique provides characterization of truncation patterns and microheterogeneities in proteins down to the 10-pmol level and is a useful approach for analysis of N-terminally blocked polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
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21
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Jonsson AP, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Griffiths WJ, Bratt P, Strömberg N. Gln-Gly cleavage: correlation between collision-induced dissociation and biological degradation. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2001; 12:337-342. [PMID: 11281609 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tryptic digestion of the 150-residue human acidic salivary proline-rich protein 1 (PRP-1) generated eight peptides, two of which corresponded to the N-terminal 30-residue segment. In each of the other six tryptic peptides, a consensus repeat with the structure PQGPPQQGG was present. A facile Gln-Gly cleavage between the second and the third residues of the repeat was observed during collision-induced dissociation experiments. We postulate possible mechanisms to account for this reactivity, involving attack on the peptidyl carbonyl group by the Gln sidechain. Significantly, the Gln-Gly cleavage has been shown to be biologically important in the bacterial degradation of PRPs in saliva, generating bacteria-binding Pro-Gln C-termini. We suggest a link between the gas-phase chemistry and the biochemical degradation of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Jonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Alaiya AA, Oppermann M, Langridge J, Roblick U, Egevad L, Brindstedt S, Hellström M, Linder S, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Auer G. Identification of proteins in human prostate tumor material by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001; 58:307-11. [PMID: 11289312 DOI: 10.1007/pl00000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein patterns in cells collected from benign prostatic tissues and prostate carcinomas were analyzed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Polypeptide expression was evaluated by computer-assisted image analysis (PDQUEST). Proteins expressed by prostate tumors were identified via in-gel digestion and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. In addition to cytoskeletal and mitochondrial proteins, a 40-kDa protein was identified as prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). PAP expression decreased approximately twofold between benign and malignant tissue. Increased expression of heat shock protein 70 and decreased expression of tropomyosin 1 were also observed in the malignant tissue. The analysis of prostate material by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry shows that particular proteins are of interest as markers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Alaiya
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Jonsson AP, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Griffiths WJ. Gln-Gly cleavage: a dominant dissociation site in the fragmentation of protonated peptides. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001; 15:713-720. [PMID: 11319794 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the gas-phase dissociation of protonated peptides within the mass spectrometer is essential for automated high-throughput protein identification. In this communication we describe a facile cleavage of the Gln-Gly peptide bond under low-collisional energy conditions. A variety of synthetic peptides have been analysed where key amino acids have been substituted within the sequence PQGPPQQGGR, which is a consensus repeat present in the tryptic peptides of acidic proline-rich protein 1 (PRP-1). The collision-induced dissociation spectra obtained from the PRP-1 tryptic peptides and the synthetic peptides indicate that facile Gln-Gly cleavage occurs when an X-Gln-Gly-Y sequence is present in a peptide, where X is any amino acid and Y any amino acid other than Gly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Jonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Li T, Bratt P, Jonsson AP, Ryberg M, Johansson I, Griffiths WJ, Bergman T, Strömberg N. Possible release of an ArgGlyArgProGln pentapeptide with innate immunity properties from acidic proline-rich proteins by proteolytic activity in commensal streptococcus and actinomyces species. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5425-9. [PMID: 10948176 PMCID: PMC101810 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.9.5425-5429.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study suggests degradation of salivary acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) into potential innate-immunity-like peptides by oral Streptococcus and Actinomyces species. PRP degradation paralleled cleavage of Pro-containing substrates. PRP degradation by S. gordonii strain SK12 instantly released a Pyr(1)-Pro(104)Pro(105) and a Gly(111)-Pro(149)Gln(150) peptide together with a presumed Arg(106)Gly(107)Arg(108)Pro(109)Gln(110) pentapeptide. The synthetic Arg(106)Gly(107)Arg(108)Pro(109)Gln(110) peptide desorbed bound bacteria and counteracted sucrose-induced decrease of dental plaque pH in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Li
- Department of Cariology, Umeâ University, SE-901 87 Umeâ, Sweden
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25
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Lindh I, Hjelmqvist L, Bergman T, Sjövall J, Griffiths WJ. De novo sequencing of proteolytic peptides by a combination of C-terminal derivatization and nano-electrospray/collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2000; 11:673-686. [PMID: 10937790 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of synthetic peptides (3-15 residues), C-terminally derivatized with 4-aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid (ansa), have been analyzed on a hybrid magnetic sector-orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer, fitted with a nano-electrospray (nano-ES) interface. Deprotonated molecules generated by negative-ion ES were subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID) using either methane or xenon as the collision gas, at a collision energy of 400 eV (laboratory frame of reference). As a consequence of charge localization on the sulfonate group, only C-terminal fragment ions were formed, presumably by charge-remote fragmentation mechanisms. Interpretable CID spectra were obtained from fmol amounts of the small peptides (up to 6 residues), whereas low pmol amounts were required for the larger peptides. CID spectra were also recorded of derivatized, previously noncharacterised peptides obtained by proteolysis of cytosolic hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Interpretation of these CID spectra was based on rules established for the fragmentation of the synthetic peptides. This study shows that derivatization with ansa may be useful in the de novo sequencing of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lindh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Oppermann M, Cols N, Nyman T, Helin J, Saarinen J, Byman I, Toran N, Alaiya AA, Bergman T, Kalkkinen N, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Jörnvall H. Identification of foetal brain proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry comparison of samples from individuals with or without chromosome 21 trisomy. Eur J Biochem 2000; 267:4713-9. [PMID: 10903504 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein expression in foetal brain with or without chromosome 21 trisomy (Down's syndrome) was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Data generated by in-gel digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry allowed identification of 40 proteins. Most of these are common to syndrome and healthy subjects and represent different types of protein. However, a few proteins, identified as truncated structural proteins (tubulin, actin), were present in part of the trisomy samples but absent from the controls. This is interpreted to indicate increased proteolysis in the syndrome samples but could also reflect some altered expression or processing. Independent of the apparently increased proteolysis in the syndrome samples, and in spite of the use of total brain tissues, the results show that two-dimensional protein separation patterns are largely similar between the syndrome and control samples upon silver-staining, but that differences associated with structural components can be detected and identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oppermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Wuttge D, Bruzelius M, Lundahl A, Bergman T, Stemme S. Cellular immunity in atherosclerosis: T cells specifically recognize oxidatively derived aldehyde adducts. Atherosclerosis 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)80893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Sandberg JK, Franksson L, Sundbäck J, Michaelsson J, Petersson M, Achour A, Wallin RP, Sherman NE, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Hunt DF, Kiessling R, Kärre K. T cell tolerance based on avidity thresholds rather than complete deletion allows maintenance of maximal repertoire diversity. J Immunol 2000; 165:25-33. [PMID: 10861031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the flexible nature of TCR specificity, deletion or permanent disabling of all T cells with the capacity to recognize self peptides would severely limit the diversity of the repertoire and the capacity to recognize foreign Ags. To address this, we have investigated the patterns of CD8+ CTL reactivity to a naturally H-2Kb-presented self peptide derived from the elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha). EF1alpha occurs as two differentially expressed isoforms differing at one position of the relevant peptide. Low avidity CTLs could be raised against both variants of the EF1alpha peptide. These CTLs required 100-fold more peptide-H-2Kb complexes on the target cell compared with CTLs against a viral peptide, and did not recognize the naturally expressed levels of EF1alpha peptides. Thus, low avidity T cells specific for these self peptides escape tolerance by deletion, despite expression of both EF1alpha isoforms in dendritic cells known to mediate negative selection in the thymus. The low avidity in CTL recognition of these peptides correlated with low TCR affinity. However, self peptide-specific CTLs expressed elevated levels of CD8. Furthermore, CTLs generated against altered self peptide variants displayed intermediate avidity, indicating cross-reactivity in induction of tolerance. We interpret these data, together with results previously published by others, in an avidity pit model based on avidity thresholds for maintenance of both maximal diversity and optimal self tolerance in the CD8+ T cell repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Deletion
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Immune Tolerance
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligopeptides/biosynthesis
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Oligopeptides/isolation & purification
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/biosynthesis
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/immunology
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sandberg
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Jonsson AP, Griffiths WJ, Bratt P, Johansson I, Strömberg N, Jörnvall H, Bergman T. A novel Ser O-glucuronidation in acidic proline-rich proteins identified by tandem mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett 2000; 475:131-4. [PMID: 10858503 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human acidic proline-rich salivary protein PRP-1 and its C-terminally truncated form PRP-3 were analyzed by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Post-translational modifications were detected and characterized. A pyroglutamic acid residue was demonstrated at the N-terminus, Ser-8 and Ser-22 were shown to be phosphorylated and an O-linked glucuronic acid conjugation was identified. The latter modification was located to Ser-17 and found to be present in approximately 40% of the polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Jonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Abstract
Ladder sequencing of polypeptides involves progressive N- or C-terminal amino acid truncation via chemical or enzymatic treatments. Peptide ladders are generated in which each component differs from the next by one residue. The ladder components are analyzed by mass spectrometry, and the amino acid sequence is deduced from the mass differences between consecutive fragments. Chemical procedures are common in N-terminal degradation, whereas proteolytic digestion is often used in C-terminal sequence analysis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry is widespread for one-step readout of the peptide ladders and provides high sensitivity in combination with robustness and ease of use. The particular advantage of ladder sequencing in relation to other techniques for sequence analysis is the high data acquisition rate and the very good sample throughput that can be achieved. Multiple determinations are carried out within minutes at high sensitivity and low sample consumption. Several reports demonstrate analysis at the low picomole to femtomole level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis using SDS in phosphate buffer provides high resolution and short separation time for peptide and protein hydrolysate amino acids after derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate. The phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives are quantified in the picomole and femtomole range at signal-to-noise ratios better than 3:1 (for 50 fmol) and with a linearity correlation coefficient averaging 0.9938. The migration time and peak area variabilities were on average 1.1 and 2.7%, respectively. Complete separation of all the 18 amino acids normally found in polypeptide hydrolysates is achieved in less than 30 min using 75-microm capillaries while 50-microm capillaries require less than 15 min. Analysis of peptide and protein hydrolysates in the range 10-600 residues revealed excellent agreement with the known compositions at sensitivities better by large factors than the corresponding HPLC methodology (about 20-fold) and conventional ninhydrin-based analysis (about 1000-fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zahou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Bergman AC, Benjamin T, Alaiya A, Waltham M, Sakaguchi K, Franzén B, Linder S, Bergman T, Auer G, Appella E, Wirth PJ, Jörnvall H. Identification of gel-separated tumor marker proteins by mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2000. [PMID: 10726777 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000201)21: 3<679: : aid-elps679>3.0.co; 2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry was applied to study differences in protein expression between benign and malignant solid tumors from human beast, lung and ovary cells. Cells from freshly resected clinical material were lysed and the extracts were subjected to isoelectric focusing with immobilized pH gradients followed by second-dimensional separation on 10-13% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/polyacrylamide gels. Polypeptides were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry after in-gel protein digestion. Some of the upregulated polypeptides in malignant cells are of potential importance as markers of tumor proliferation. Twenty such proteins were identified, ten constituting novel identifications and ten sequence verifications of previously gel-matched proteins. The proteins identified span a wide range of functions, but several cases of protein truncation were found. Truncated forms of cytokeratins 6D and 8, and of cathepsin D were identified. Truncated froms of these over-expressed proteins support the presence of proteolytic processing steps in tumor material. The protein processing and the difference between protein and mRNA abundancies in tumors of different malignancy and origin suggest that studies at the protein level are important for an understanding of tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Leers MP, Kölgen W, Björklund V, Bergman T, Tribbick G, Persson B, Björklund P, Ramaekers FC, Björklund B, Nap M, Jörnvall H, Schutte B. Immunocytochemical detection and mapping of a cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope exposed during early apoptosis. J Pathol 2000. [PMID: 10398123 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199904)187:5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A neo-epitope in cytokeratin 18 (CK18) that becomes available at an early caspase cleavage event during apoptosis and is not detectable in vital epithelial cells is characterized. The monoclonal antibody M30, specific for this site, can be utilized specifically to recognize apoptotic cells, which show cytoplasmic cytokeratin filaments and aggregates after immunohistochemistry with M30, while viable and necrotic cells are negative. The number of cells recognized by the antibody increases after induction of apoptosis in exponentially growing epithelial cell lines and immunoreactivity is independent of the phosphorylation state of the cytokeratins. The generation of the M30 neo-epitope occurs early in the apoptotic cascade, before annexin V reactivity or positive DNA nick end labelling. In a flow cytometric assay, the majority of the M30-positive cells appear in the 'apoptotic' subG1 peak. Tests with synthetic peptides define positions 387-396 of CK18, with a liberated C-terminus at the caspase cleavage site DALD-S, as the ten-residue epitope of M30. This epitope starts at the end of coil 2 of the predicted CK18 structure, at a probable hinge region, compatible with the sensitivity to proteolytic cleavage. The definition of a specific caspase cleavage site in CK18 as a neo-epitope can be used for quantification of apoptotic epithelial cells with immunocytochemical techniques and is applicable to both fresh and formalin-fixed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Leers
- Department of Pathology, Atrium Heerlen, Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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34
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Leers MP, Kölgen W, Björklund V, Bergman T, Tribbick G, Persson B, Björklund P, Ramaekers FC, Björklund B, Nap M, Jörnvall H, Schutte B. Immunocytochemical detection and mapping of a cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope exposed during early apoptosis. J Pathol 2000. [PMID: 10398123 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199904)187:5<567::aid-path288>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A neo-epitope in cytokeratin 18 (CK18) that becomes available at an early caspase cleavage event during apoptosis and is not detectable in vital epithelial cells is characterized. The monoclonal antibody M30, specific for this site, can be utilized specifically to recognize apoptotic cells, which show cytoplasmic cytokeratin filaments and aggregates after immunohistochemistry with M30, while viable and necrotic cells are negative. The number of cells recognized by the antibody increases after induction of apoptosis in exponentially growing epithelial cell lines and immunoreactivity is independent of the phosphorylation state of the cytokeratins. The generation of the M30 neo-epitope occurs early in the apoptotic cascade, before annexin V reactivity or positive DNA nick end labelling. In a flow cytometric assay, the majority of the M30-positive cells appear in the 'apoptotic' subG1 peak. Tests with synthetic peptides define positions 387-396 of CK18, with a liberated C-terminus at the caspase cleavage site DALD-S, as the ten-residue epitope of M30. This epitope starts at the end of coil 2 of the predicted CK18 structure, at a probable hinge region, compatible with the sensitivity to proteolytic cleavage. The definition of a specific caspase cleavage site in CK18 as a neo-epitope can be used for quantification of apoptotic epithelial cells with immunocytochemical techniques and is applicable to both fresh and formalin-fixed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Leers
- Department of Pathology, Atrium Heerlen, Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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35
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Leers MP, Kölgen W, Björklund V, Bergman T, Tribbick G, Persson B, Björklund P, Ramaekers FC, Björklund B, Nap M, Jörnvall H, Schutte B. Immunocytochemical detection and mapping of a cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope exposed during early apoptosis. J Pathol 2000. [PMID: 10398123 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199904)187:] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A neo-epitope in cytokeratin 18 (CK18) that becomes available at an early caspase cleavage event during apoptosis and is not detectable in vital epithelial cells is characterized. The monoclonal antibody M30, specific for this site, can be utilized specifically to recognize apoptotic cells, which show cytoplasmic cytokeratin filaments and aggregates after immunohistochemistry with M30, while viable and necrotic cells are negative. The number of cells recognized by the antibody increases after induction of apoptosis in exponentially growing epithelial cell lines and immunoreactivity is independent of the phosphorylation state of the cytokeratins. The generation of the M30 neo-epitope occurs early in the apoptotic cascade, before annexin V reactivity or positive DNA nick end labelling. In a flow cytometric assay, the majority of the M30-positive cells appear in the 'apoptotic' subG1 peak. Tests with synthetic peptides define positions 387-396 of CK18, with a liberated C-terminus at the caspase cleavage site DALD-S, as the ten-residue epitope of M30. This epitope starts at the end of coil 2 of the predicted CK18 structure, at a probable hinge region, compatible with the sensitivity to proteolytic cleavage. The definition of a specific caspase cleavage site in CK18 as a neo-epitope can be used for quantification of apoptotic epithelial cells with immunocytochemical techniques and is applicable to both fresh and formalin-fixed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Leers
- Department of Pathology, Atrium Heerlen, Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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36
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Leers MP, Kölgen W, Björklund V, Bergman T, Tribbick G, Persson B, Björklund P, Ramaekers FC, Björklund B, Nap M, Jörnvall H, Schutte B. Immunocytochemical detection and mapping of a cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope exposed during early apoptosis. J Pathol 2000. [PMID: 10398123 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199904)187:53.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A neo-epitope in cytokeratin 18 (CK18) that becomes available at an early caspase cleavage event during apoptosis and is not detectable in vital epithelial cells is characterized. The monoclonal antibody M30, specific for this site, can be utilized specifically to recognize apoptotic cells, which show cytoplasmic cytokeratin filaments and aggregates after immunohistochemistry with M30, while viable and necrotic cells are negative. The number of cells recognized by the antibody increases after induction of apoptosis in exponentially growing epithelial cell lines and immunoreactivity is independent of the phosphorylation state of the cytokeratins. The generation of the M30 neo-epitope occurs early in the apoptotic cascade, before annexin V reactivity or positive DNA nick end labelling. In a flow cytometric assay, the majority of the M30-positive cells appear in the 'apoptotic' subG1 peak. Tests with synthetic peptides define positions 387-396 of CK18, with a liberated C-terminus at the caspase cleavage site DALD-S, as the ten-residue epitope of M30. This epitope starts at the end of coil 2 of the predicted CK18 structure, at a probable hinge region, compatible with the sensitivity to proteolytic cleavage. The definition of a specific caspase cleavage site in CK18 as a neo-epitope can be used for quantification of apoptotic epithelial cells with immunocytochemical techniques and is applicable to both fresh and formalin-fixed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Leers
- Department of Pathology, Atrium Heerlen, Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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37
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Bergman AC, Benjamin T, Alaiya A, Waltham M, Sakaguchi K, Franzén B, Linder S, Bergman T, Auer G, Appella E, Wirth PJ, Jörnvall H. Identification of gel-separated tumor marker proteins by mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:679-86. [PMID: 10726777 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000201)21:3<679::aid-elps679>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry was applied to study differences in protein expression between benign and malignant solid tumors from human beast, lung and ovary cells. Cells from freshly resected clinical material were lysed and the extracts were subjected to isoelectric focusing with immobilized pH gradients followed by second-dimensional separation on 10-13% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/polyacrylamide gels. Polypeptides were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry after in-gel protein digestion. Some of the upregulated polypeptides in malignant cells are of potential importance as markers of tumor proliferation. Twenty such proteins were identified, ten constituting novel identifications and ten sequence verifications of previously gel-matched proteins. The proteins identified span a wide range of functions, but several cases of protein truncation were found. Truncated forms of cytokeratins 6D and 8, and of cathepsin D were identified. Truncated froms of these over-expressed proteins support the presence of proteolytic processing steps in tumor material. The protein processing and the difference between protein and mRNA abundancies in tumors of different malignancy and origin suggest that studies at the protein level are important for an understanding of tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Chuman Y, Bergman A, Ueno T, Saito S, Sakaguchi K, Alaiya AA, Franzén B, Bergman T, Arnott D, Auer G, Appella E, Jörnvall H, Linder S. Napsin A, a member of the aspartic protease family, is abundantly expressed in normal lung and kidney tissue and is expressed in lung adenocarcinomas. FEBS Lett 1999; 462:129-34. [PMID: 10580105 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A pair of 35 kDa polypeptides (TAO1/TAO2) are expressed in more than 90% of all primary lung adenocarcinomas but not in other major malignancies. Mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides showed that TAO1/TAO2 is identical to napsin A, a recently described member of the aspartic proteinase family. The site of processing of pronapsin A to the mature form was located. Napsin expression was detected in human lung adenocarcinoma tumors, compatible with the marker nature of TAO1/TAO2 in the diagnosis of primary lung adenocarcinoma. This is important since identification of markers which can distinguish primary lung adenocarcinomas from distant metastases is desirable. Northern blot analysis showed expression of napsin also in normal lung and kidney tissue, and in situ hybridization showed expression in type II alveolar cells of the lung. This protease is concluded to have a specific functional role in the normal alveolar epithelium and is a candidate protease for the proteolytic processing of surfactant precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chuman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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39
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Abstract
This is a continuation study of the survival of antigenic material over the centuries using mummified human remains from the Andean area of South America. The fluorescent antibody kit from Meridian Diagnostics (Cincinnati, OH) was used to identify some Cryptosporidium species and Giardia species found in feces from the intestines of mummies 500 to 3,000 years old. The specimens that were positive by direct visualization using fluorescent antibody were then tested with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reaction using a Meridian kit just released on the market. Since all of the feces used were formed, it would seem that the organisms found were from carriers rather than active cases of disease. Similar fecal specimens were shown to harbor antigens from Helicobacter pylori almost 3,000 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Allison
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23237, USA
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40
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Furster C, Bergman T, Wikvall K. Biochemical characterization of a truncated form of CYP27A purified from rabbit liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 263:663-6. [PMID: 10512735 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During purification of CYP27A from rabbit liver mitochondria, a cytochrome P450 of different molecular size was co-isolated. The latter enzyme has an apparent M(r) 51,000 which is slightly lower than that of CYP27A. The 51,000-M(r) protein was found to be present in mitochondria from liver, small intestine, kidney, and spleen but not in lung, testis, heart, or brain mitochondria. Determination of the N-terminal sequence revealed that the 51,000-M(r) protein is a truncated form of CYP27A lacking the first 12 residues. The truncated enzyme was less efficient than the full-length CYP27A in the 27-hydroxylation of C(27)-sterols and much less efficient in the 25-hydroxylation of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3). The K(m) values for cholesterol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol were about the same with both enzymes whereas the K(m) for 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) was much higher with the truncated CYP27A. The results strongly indicate that the 51,000-M(r) protein is formed via proteolytic processing of CYP27A by endogenous protease(s) in some of the tissues examined. The truncation at the N terminus markedly impairs the ability of CYP27A to use 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) as substrate and to catalyze 25-hydroxylation in the bioactivation of vitamin D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Furster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, S-751 23, Sweden
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41
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Bonetto V, Andersson M, Bergman T, Sillard R, Norberg A, Mutt V, Jornvall H. Spleen antibacterial peptides: high levels of PR-39 and presence of two forms of NK-lysin. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 56:174-8. [PMID: 11213257 DOI: 10.1007/s000180050016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial peptides were isolated from porcine spleen by acetic acid extraction, ion exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. C-terminal ladder sequence analysis of a bioactive peptide with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry after digestion with carboxypeptidases P and Y showed that it is identical to the antibacterial proline/arginine-rich intestinal peptide PR-39. It is present at high levels in granulocytes of the spleen, and peptides with C-terminal proline amide and internal adjacent Pro residues can be analyzed with this method. In addition, two forms of NK-lysin (NKL) were found. One, NKLi, is identical to that isolated from pig intestine, and the other, NKLbw, to a mature peptide deduced from a clone from a porcine bone marrow cDNA library.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bonetto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Catrina SB, Catrina AI, Sirzén F, Griffiths W, Bergman T, Biberfeld P, Coculescu M, Mutt V. A cytotoxic, apoptotic, low-molecular weight factor from pineal gland. Life Sci 1999; 65:1047-57. [PMID: 10499872 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the pineal gland may play a role in tumour growth inhibition. In this respect, melatonin, as the major hormone of this gland, has been extensively studied. However, there is growing evidence for the existence of other yet unknown pineal factors that may have tumour growth inhibiting properties. Here we describe the partial purification of a highly cytotoxic low molecular weight (<400 Da) hydrophilic fraction (designated F2M3R), starting from a porcine pineal extract (PE), via methanol precipitation followed by reverse-phase HPLC. F2M3R is cytotoxic for a highly apoptosis-resistant human erythroleukemia cell line (K562) at a concentration as low as 30 microg/ml. The viability of the cells was not influenced by an identical prepared porcine pituitary extract or by melatonin. PE induces apoptosis in K562 cells as indicated by three different criteria: morphology, in situ TUNEL assay and bi-parametric FACS analysis with annexin V and propidium iodide, but does not influence the viability of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These observations warrant further purification and validation of the cytotoxicity in a panel of different human tumour and non-malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Catrina
- Dept. of Endocrinology II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
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43
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Bergman T, Palmberg C, Jörnvall H, Auld DS, Vallee BL. Zinc binding characteristics of the synthetic peptide corresponding to the structural zinc site of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 463:339-42. [PMID: 10352703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Leers MP, Kölgen W, Björklund V, Bergman T, Tribbick G, Persson B, Björklund P, Ramaekers FC, Björklund B, Nap M, Jörnvall H, Schutte B. Immunocytochemical detection and mapping of a cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope exposed during early apoptosis. J Pathol 1999; 187:567-72. [PMID: 10398123 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199904)187:5<567::aid-path288>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A neo-epitope in cytokeratin 18 (CK18) that becomes available at an early caspase cleavage event during apoptosis and is not detectable in vital epithelial cells is characterized. The monoclonal antibody M30, specific for this site, can be utilized specifically to recognize apoptotic cells, which show cytoplasmic cytokeratin filaments and aggregates after immunohistochemistry with M30, while viable and necrotic cells are negative. The number of cells recognized by the antibody increases after induction of apoptosis in exponentially growing epithelial cell lines and immunoreactivity is independent of the phosphorylation state of the cytokeratins. The generation of the M30 neo-epitope occurs early in the apoptotic cascade, before annexin V reactivity or positive DNA nick end labelling. In a flow cytometric assay, the majority of the M30-positive cells appear in the 'apoptotic' subG1 peak. Tests with synthetic peptides define positions 387-396 of CK18, with a liberated C-terminus at the caspase cleavage site DALD-S, as the ten-residue epitope of M30. This epitope starts at the end of coil 2 of the predicted CK18 structure, at a probable hinge region, compatible with the sensitivity to proteolytic cleavage. The definition of a specific caspase cleavage site in CK18 as a neo-epitope can be used for quantification of apoptotic epithelial cells with immunocytochemical techniques and is applicable to both fresh and formalin-fixed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Leers
- Department of Pathology, Atrium Heerlen, Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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45
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Bergman AC, Alaiya AA, Wendler W, Binetruy B, Shoshan M, Sakaguchi K, Bergman T, Kronenwett U, Auer G, Appella E, Jörnvall H, Linder S. Protein kinase-dependent overexpression of the nuclear protein pirin in c-JUN and RAS transformed fibroblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 55:467-71. [PMID: 10228560 DOI: 10.1007/s000180050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Signalling via the protein kinase Raf-MEK-ERK pathway is of major importance for transformation by oncogenes. To identify genes affected by inhibition of this pathway, c-JUN transformed rat fibroblasts were treated with a MEK1 inhibitor (PD98059) and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after cell lysis. Gene products with expression influenced by MEK1 inhibition were determined by mass spectrometry of fragments from in-gel tryptic digestions. The expression of pirin, a nuclear factor I-interacting protein, was lowered after inhibition of MEK1. Western blot analysis revealed increased expression of pirin in RAS and c-JUN transformed cells in the absence of PD98059. Inhibition of MEK1 also led to reduced expression of alpha-enolase, phosphoglycerate kinase, elongation factor 2 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3, the latter two being detected as truncated proteins. In contrast, the level of ornithine aminotransferase was increased. We conclude that inhibition of MEK1 results in major alterations of protein expression in c-JUN transformed cells, suggesting that this pathway is important for oncogene-induced phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Wang L, Munch-Petersen B, Herrström Sjöberg A, Hellman U, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Eriksson S. Human thymidine kinase 2: molecular cloning and characterisation of the enzyme activity with antiviral and cytostatic nucleoside substrates. FEBS Lett 1999; 443:170-4. [PMID: 9989599 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on amino acid sequence information from purified mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2), a cDNA of 1930 bp was cloned, containing an open reading frame encoding 232 amino acid residues starting with the N-terminal sequence determined from the native human protein preparation. Northern blot analysis with the cDNA coding region demonstrated several TK2 mRNAs, with 2 and 4 kb forms present in many tissues. We also characterised N-terminally truncated (starting at position 18) human TK2 with pharmacologically important antiviral and cytostatic nucleoside analogues. Results were highly similar to those with the native TK2 preparation. The anti-leukaemic drug arabinosyl cytosine is phosphorylated. The antitumour drug difluorodeoxycytidine and its metabolite difluorodeoxyuridine are good substrates, with K(m) values of 66 and 29 microM, respectively, and a relative Vmax of 0.6 compared to that of thymidine. Negative cooperativity was found with thymidine and the anti-HIV drug 3'-azidothymidine, but the reaction followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with deoxycytidine, arabinosyl cytosine, and arabinosyl thymine. The results demonstrate a broad substrate specificity and complex kinetics, and suggest a role for TK2 in the activation of chemotherapeutic nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
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47
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Alape-Girón A, Persson B, Cederlund E, Flores-Díaz M, Gutiérrez JM, Thelestam M, Bergman T, Jörnvall H. Elapid venom toxins: multiple recruitments of ancient scaffolds. Eur J Biochem 1999; 259:225-34. [PMID: 9914497 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nigroxins A and B, two myotoxic phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) from the venom of the American elapid Micrurus nigrocinctus, belong to a new PLA2 subclass. Their primary structures were established and compared with those of PLA2s that have already been studied with respect to myotoxic activity. The combination of amino acid residues Arg15, Ala100, Asn108 and a hydrophobic residue at position 109 is present exclusively in class I PLA2s that display myotoxic activity. These residues cluster within a surface region rich in positive charges and are suggested to play a role in the interaction with the target membrane of the muscle fibers. It is concluded that the myotoxic PLA2s resulted from recruitment of an ancient scaffold. Dendrotoxins and alpha-neurotoxins are similarly derived from other old structures, which are, however, now also present in nontoxic proteins that are widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. The evolutionary pathways by which elapid PLA2s acquired myotoxicity and dendrotoxins acquired K+-channel blocker activity are traced. They demonstrate how existing scaffolds were adapted stepwise to serve toxic functions by exchange of a few surface-exposed residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alape-Girón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquíca, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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48
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Jonsson AP, Carlquist M, Husman B, Ljunggren J, Jörnvall H, Bergman T, Griffiths WJ. Structural analysis of the thyroid hormone receptor ligand binding domain: studies using a quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 1999; 13:1782-1791. [PMID: 10482889 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19990930)13:18<1782::aid-rcm714>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The overall architecture of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are similar. There are now standard procedures to express and purify these proteins. A rapid and sensitive method for the structural analysis of these proteins is nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. In the present study we have analysed the LBD of the human thyroid hormone receptor-beta-1 (TR-beta) by quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The intact protein was analysed in a carboxymethylated form in an attempt to identify which cysteine residues are located on the surface. The protein molecular weight (31 652.5 Da) was determined with an accuracy of +/-1 Da, while masses of tryptic fragments were determined with an accuracy of at least 75 ppm. The sequence coverage of the tryptic peptide mass map was 93.2 %. Tryptic peptides were subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID) and the resulting product ions were mass measured with an accuracy of about 100 ppm. When accurate mass measurements were made with internal calibration, mass accuracies were improved to +/-2 ppm in mass spectra, and +/-20 ppm in CID spectra. From these data it was possible to determine the presence of post-translational modifications, locate the sites of carboxymethylation and, in addition, confirm the amino acid sequence of the expressed protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first characterisation of the TR-LBD-beta at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Jonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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Cederlund E, Bergman T, Jornvall H. C-terminal sequencer analysis of proteins. J Protein Chem 1998; 17:529-530. [PMID: 9723736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Cederlund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Bergman AC, Oppermann M, Jörnvall H, Bergman T. Mass mapping and sensitive Edman degradation of gel separated proteins. J Protein Chem 1998; 17:535-6. [PMID: 9723743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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