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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E701. [PMID: 33167492 PMCID: PMC7694497 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Jessberger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Per Einar Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
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Yang Y, Gu H, Yu X, Zhan L, Chen J, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Jiang J, Mei L. Genotypic heterogeneity of emetic toxin producing Bacillus cereus isolates from China. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 364:fnw237. [PMID: 27744366 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emetic toxin-producing Bacillus cereus (emetic B. cereus) is the third member of B. cereus group whose toxins are encoded by megaplasmids, beside anthrax and insecticidal toxins of B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis, respectively. A total of 18 emetic isolates collected from food poisoning events, clinical and non-random food samples in Zhejiang province of China, were analyzed by plasmid screening, pulse field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and toxic gene identification to investigate their genotypic diversity. In this study, 13 plasmid profile types, 14 pulse types and 6 different STs from emetic isolates were detected, in which ST 1035,1038,1053,1054 and 1065 were first assigned and reported. The toxic gene ces existed on its own, or coexisted with other toxic genes bceT, cytk, entFM and nhe, but never with hbl in emetic isolates. The results demonstrated that the emetic B. cereus strains from China were heterologous at genotypic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua Gu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832001, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiancai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiyu Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang Province, China
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Oh MH, Ham JS, Cox JM. Diversity and toxigenicity among members of the Bacillus cereus group. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 152:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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KAMATA Y, KANNO S, MIZUTANI N, AGATA N, KAWAKAMI H, SUGIYAMA KI, SUGITA-KONISHI Y. Sensitivity of Hep G2 Cells to Bacillus cereus Emetic Toxin. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1483-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi KAMATA
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1–18–1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158–8501, Japan
| | - Shinji KANNO
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1–18–1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158–8501, Japan
| | - Noriko MIZUTANI
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1–18–1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158–8501, Japan
| | - Norio AGATA
- Nagoya-city Public Health Research Institute, 1–11 Hagiyama-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467–8615, Japan
| | - Hiroshi KAWAKAMI
- Kyoritsu Women’s University, 2–2–1 Hitotubashi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101–8437, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi SUGIYAMA
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1–18–1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158–8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiko SUGITA-KONISHI
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1–18–1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158–8501, Japan
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Boar spermatozoa as a biosensor for detecting toxic substances in indoor dust and aerosols. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:2041-52. [PMID: 20732404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence, quantity and origins of potentially toxic airborne substances were searched in moisture damaged indoor environments, where building related ill health symptoms were suspected and reference sites with no health complaints. Boar spermatozoa were used as the toxicity sensor. Indoor aerosols and dusts were collected from kindergartens, schools, offices and residences (n=25) by electrostatic filtering, vacuuming, wiping from elevated surfaces and from the interior of personal computers. Toxicity was measured from the ethanol or methanol extracts of the dusts and aerosols. EC(50) was expressed as the lowest concentration of the airborne substance that inhibited motility of >50% of the exposed sperm cells compared to vehicle control, within 30 min, 1 day or 3-4 days of exposure. Remarkably toxic aerosols (EC(50) <or=6 μg ml(-1)) were found from 11 sites, all of these were sites with known or suspected for building related ill health. Toxic microbial cultures were obtained from subsamples of the toxic aerosols/dusts. From these cereulide, amylosin, valinomycin and a novel indoor toxin, stephacidin B were identified and toxicities measured. Airborn dispersal of valinomycin from Streptomyces griseus cultures was evaluated using a flow-through chamber. Significant amounts of valinomycin (LC-MS assay) and toxicity (boar sperm motility assay) were carried by air and were after 14 days mainly recovered from the interior surfaces of the flow chamber.
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Kim JH, Lim EG, Jang HC, Park JY, Lee SJ, Park MS, Choi GB, Lee BK. A Case of Emetic Toxin ProducingBacillus cereusStrains Isolated from Outbreak. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5145/kjcm.2009.12.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Gyoung Lim
- Microbe Division, Ulsan Institute of Health and Environment, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Jang
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Young Park
- Microbe Division, Ulsan Institute of Health and Environment, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sun Jin Lee
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Sun Park
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gil Bae Choi
- Microbe Division, Ulsan Institute of Health and Environment, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Bok Kwon Lee
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
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Taylor JMW, Sutherland AD, Aidoo KE, Logan NA. Heat-stable toxin production by strains ofBacillus cereus,Bacillus firmus,Bacillus megaterium,Bacillus simplexandBacillus licheniformis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 242:313-7. [PMID: 15621453 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Bacillus cereus can produce a heat-stable toxin (cereulide). In this study, 101 Bacillus strains representing 7 Bacillus species were tested for production of heat-stable toxins. Strains of B. megaterium, B. firmus and B. simplex were found to produce novel heat-stable toxins, which showed varying levels of toxicity. B. cereus strains (18 out of 54) were positive for toxin production. Thirteen were of serovar H1, and it was of interest that some were of clinical origin. Two were of serovars 17B and 20, which are not usually implicated in the emetic syndrome. Partial purification of the novel B. megaterium, B. simplex and B. firmus toxins showed they had similar physical characteristics to the B. cereus emetic toxin, cereulide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M W Taylor
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0BA, UK
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Toh M, Moffitt MC, Henrichsen L, Raftery M, Barrow K, Cox JM, Marquis CP, Neilan BA. Cereulide, the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus, is putatively a product of nonribosomal peptide synthesis. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:992-1000. [PMID: 15479414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine if cereulide, the emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, is produced by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). METHODS AND RESULTS NC Y, an emetic strain of Bacillus cereus, was examined for a NRPS gene using PCR with primers recognizing a fragment of a NRPS gene from the cyanobacterium Microcystis. The amplicon was sequenced and compared with other gene sequences using BLAST analysis, which showed that the amplicon from strain NC Y was similar in sequence to peptide synthetase genes in other micro-organisms, including Bacillus subtilis and B. brevis, while no such sequence was found in the complete genome sequence of a nonemetic strain of B. cereus. Specific PCR primers were then designed and used to screen 40 B. cereus isolates previously implicated in outbreaks of foodborne illness. The isolates were also screened for toxin production using the MTT cell cytotoxicity assay. PCR and MTT assay screening of the B. cereus isolates revealed a high correlation between the presence of the NRPS gene and cereulide production. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that cereulide is produced by a NRPS complex. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to provide evidence identifying the mechanism of production of cereulide, the emetic toxin of B. cereus. The PCR primers developed in the study allow determination of the potential for cereulide production among isolates of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toh
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ripabelli G, McLauchlin J, Mithani V, Threlfall EJ. Epidemiological typing of Bacillus cereus by amplified fragment length polymorphism. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 30:358-63. [PMID: 10792663 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple amplified fragment length polymorphism method was developed for the epidemiological typing of Bacillus cereus. The method was applied to 21 cultures from seven food poisoning and eight non-food poisoning incidents. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional serotyping using flagellar antigens and assessed in relation to epidemiological data. Amplified fragment length polymorphism was found to be highly reproducible and 16 different profiles (each unique to the 15 incidents) were recognized. The method was also able to discriminate three subtypes within serotype H1, which is responsible for the majority of the emetic type of B. cereus food poisoning in England and Wales.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ripabelli
- Division of Gastrointestinal Infections, Public Health Laboratory Service Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK
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Andersson A, Granum PE, Rönner U. The adhesion of Bacillus cereus spores to epithelial cells might be an additional virulence mechanism. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 39:93-9. [PMID: 9562881 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four out of ten Bacillus cereus strains produced spores able to adhere to monolayers of Caco-2 cells (human epithelial cells). One of these strains has been involved in an outbreak of food poisoning where the symptoms were more severe and persisted for longer than a normal B. cereus food poisoning. The hydrophobicity of the spores is a contributing factor for the adhesion to occur. The spores are able to germinate in an environment similar to that of the small intestine and then the vegetative cells can produce the enterotoxin directly at the target place. A concentrated and active form of the enterotoxin will be taken up by the epithelial cells in the small intestine. Spore adhesion could be an important virulence factor for some B. cereus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andersson
- Department of Food Science, SIK, Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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