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da Silva Almeida LE, Fernandes P, de Assis SA. Immobilization of Fungal Cellulases Highlighting β-Glucosidase: Techniques, Supports, Chemical, and Physical Changes. Protein J 2022; 41:274-292. [PMID: 35438380 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidase is widely used in several industrial segments, among which we can highlight the pharmaceutical industry, beverages, biofuels, animal feed production, and the textile industry. The great applicability of this enzyme, associated with the high cost of its production, justifies the need to find ways to make its use economically viable on an industrial scale. Through enzyme immobilization, the biocatalyst can be reused more than once, without great impact on its catalytic activity, and higher operational and storage stabilities can be achieved as compared to the free form. Accordingly, this review brings information about different techniques and supports that have been studied in the immobilization of cellulases with a focus on β-glucosidase, as well as the application of these immobilized systems to supplement commercial mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Emanuelle da Silva Almeida
- Enzymology and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Health Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Avenida Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- DREAMS and Faculty of Engineering, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Aparecida de Assis
- Enzymology and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Health Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Avenida Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia, 44036-900, Brazil.
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Venezia V, Califano V, Pota G, Costantini A, Landi G, Di Benedetto A. CFD Simulations of Microreactors for the Hydrolysis of Cellobiose to Glucose by β-Glucosidase Enzyme. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E790. [PMID: 32825698 PMCID: PMC7570393 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass-derived compounds represents a valid strategy to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, with geopolitical and environmental benefits. In particular, β-glucosidase (BG) enzyme is the bottleneck in the degradation of cellulose because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellobiose, a known inhibitor of the other cellulolytic enzymes. However, free enzymes are unstable, expensive and difficult to recover. For this reason, the immobilization of BG on a suitable support is crucial to improve its catalytic performance. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to test the hydrolysis reaction in a monolith channel coated by BG adsorbed on a wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) washcoat. We initially defined the physical properties of the mixture, the parameters related to kinetics and mass transfers and the initial and boundary conditions thanks to our preliminary experimental tests. Numerical simulation results have shown great similarity with the experimental ones, demonstrating the validity of this model. Following this, it was possible to explore in real time the behavior of the system, varying other specified parameters (i.e., the mixture inlet velocity or the enzymatic load on the reactor surface) without carrying out other experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Venezia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | | | - Giulio Pota
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Gianluca Landi
- Instutute for Researches on Combustion-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Almerinda Di Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
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Abstract
Mesostructured silica nanoparticles offer a unique opportunity in the field of biocatalysis thanks to their outstanding properties. The tunable pore size in the range of mesopores allows for immobilizing bulky enzyme molecules. The large surface area improves the catalytic efficiency by increasing enzyme loading and finely dispersing the biocatalyst molecules. The easily tunable pore morphology allows for creating a proper environment to host an enzyme. The confining effect of mesopores can improve the enzyme stability and its resistance to extreme pH and temperatures. Benefits also arise from other peculiarities of nanoparticles such as Brownian motion and easy dispersion. Fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution have led to the need for alternative sustainable and renewable energy sources such as biofuels. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass has been considered as a strategic fuel source. Cellulases are a class of hydrolytic enzymes that convert cellulose into fermentable sugars. This review is intended to survey the immobilization of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases and β-glucosidase) onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their catalytic performance, with the aim to give a contribution to the urgent action required against climate change and its impacts, by biorefineries’ development.
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Ausanio G, Califano V, Costantini A, Perretta G, Aronne A, Pepe GP, Sannino F, Vicari LRM. Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation of β-glucosidase from a dopa/quinone target. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 132:109414. [PMID: 31731961 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
β-glucosidase (BG) plays a key role in determining the efficiency of the enzymatic complex cellulase for the degradation of cellulose into sugars. It hydrolyses the cellobiose, an inhibitor of the enzymatic complex. Therefore, the immobilization of BG is a great challenge for the industrial application of cellulases. Cellulases usually contains a BG amount insufficient to avoid inhibition by cellobiose. Here the BG was immobilized by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The frozen matrix was composed of water, water/m-DOPA and water/m-DOPA/quinone. The effect of the excipients on the final conformation of the enzyme after the MAPLE processing was determined. The enzyme secondary structure was studied by FTIR analysis. The catalytic performances of the deposited films were tested in the cellobiose hydrolysis reaction. The results demonstrate that the presence of the oxidized form of m-DOPA, the O-quinone form, can protect the protein native structure, with the laser inducing little or no damage. In fact, only the samples deposited from this target preserved the secondary structure of the polypeptide chain and allowed a complete hydrolysis of cellobiose for four consecutive runs, showing a high operational stability of the biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ausanio
- SPIN-CNR Sede di Napoli, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Industrial Production, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Aronne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Industrial Production, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piero Pepe
- SPIN-CNR Sede di Napoli, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Sannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Na, Italy
| | - Luciano R M Vicari
- SPIN-CNR Sede di Napoli, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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Nawaz MA, Karim A, Aman A, Marchetti R, Qader SAU, Molinaro A. Continuous degradation of maltose: improvement in stability and catalytic properties of maltase (α-glucosidase) through immobilization using agar-agar gel as a support. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:631-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zheng P, Wang J, Lu C, Xu Y, Sun Z. Immobilized β-glucosidase on magnetic chitosan microspheres for hydrolysis of straw cellulose. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang Y, Xu JL, Yuan ZH, Qi W, Liu YY, He MC. Artificial intelligence techniques to optimize the EDC/NHS-mediated immobilization of cellulase on Eudragit L-100. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7952-7962. [PMID: 22942683 PMCID: PMC3430214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13077952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two artificial intelligence techniques, namely artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) were combined to be used as a tool for optimizing the covalent immobilization of cellulase on a smart polymer, Eudragit L-100. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) concentration, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) concentration and coupling time were taken as independent variables, and immobilization efficiency was taken as the response. The data of the central composite design were used to train ANN by back-propagation algorithm, and the result showed that the trained ANN fitted the data accurately (correlation coefficient R2 = 0.99). Then a maximum immobilization efficiency of 88.76% was searched by genetic algorithm at a EDC concentration of 0.44%, NHS concentration of 0.37% and a coupling time of 2.22 h, where the experimental value was 87.97 ± 6.45%. The application of ANN based optimization by GA is quite successful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing-Liang Xu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-20-8705-7735; Fax: +86-20-8705-7737
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Gefen G, Anbar M, Morag E, Lamed R, Bayer EA. Enhanced cellulose degradation by targeted integration of a cohesin-fused β-glucosidase into the Clostridium thermocellum cellulosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10298-303. [PMID: 22689961 PMCID: PMC3387075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202747109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of recalcitrant plant-derived cellulosic biomass into biofuels is dependent on highly efficient cellulase systems that produce near-quantitative levels of soluble saccharides. Similar to other fungal and bacterial cellulase systems, the multienzyme cellulosome system of the anaerobic, cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum is strongly inhibited by the major end product cellobiose. Cellobiose-induced inhibition can be relieved via its cleavage to noninhibitory glucose by the addition of exogenous noncellulosomal enzyme β-glucosidase; however, because the cellulosome is adsorbed to the insoluble substrate only a fraction of β-glucosidase would be available to the cellulosome. Towards this end, we designed a chimeric cohesin-fused β-glucosidase (BglA-CohII) that binds directly to the cellulosome through an unoccupied dockerin module of its major scaffoldin subunit. The β-glucosidase activity is thus focused at the immediate site of cellobiose production by the cellulosomal enzymes. BglA-CohII was shown to retain cellobiase activity and was readily incorporated into the native cellulosome complex. Surprisingly, it was found that the native C. thermocellum cellulosome exists as a homooligomer and the high-affinity interaction of BglA-CohII with the scaffoldin moiety appears to dissociate the oligomeric state of the cellulosome. Complexation of the cellulosome and BglA-CohII resulted in higher overall degradation of microcrystalline cellulose and pretreated switchgrass compared to the native cellulosome alone or in combination with wild-type BglA in solution. These results demonstrate the effect of enzyme targeting and its potential for enhanced degradation of cellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Gefen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Anbar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ely Morag
- Designer Energy Ltd., 2 Bergman Street, Rehovot, Israel; and
| | - Raphael Lamed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Jabasingh SA. Optimization and Kinetics of Cellulase Immobilization on Modified Chitin Using Response Surface Methodology. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.29.9.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Anuradha Jabasingh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, Tamilnadu, India
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Xu J, Huo S, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Xu H, Guo Y, Liang C, Zhuang X. Characterization of direct cellulase immobilization with superparamagnetic nanoparticles. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.566326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Li C, Yoshimoto M, Fukunaga K, Nakao K. Characterization and immobilization of liposome-bound cellulase for hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2007; 98:1366-72. [PMID: 16822673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The liposome-bound cellulase was prepared by covalently coupling cellulase with the enzyme-free liposomes bearing aldehyde groups so that cellulase was located solely on the outer membrane of liposomes. The modified cellulase possessed the higher activity efficiency and lipid-based specific activity than the cellulase-containing liposomes reported previously. The enzyme-free liposomes bearing aldehyde groups were covalently immobilized with the chitosan gel beads and the free cellulase was coupled with the treated gel beads to prepare the immobilized liposome-bound cellulase. The activity efficiency of the immobilized liposome-bound cellulase was much higher than that of the conventionally immobilized cellulase. The results on reusability of the immobilized liposome-bound cellulase in the hydrolysis of either soluble or insoluble cellulose showed that the immobilized liposome-bound cellulase had the higher remaining cellulase activity and reusability than the conventionally immobilized cellulase for the hydrolysis of either type of cellulose. The liposomal membrane was suggested to be efficient in maintaining the cellulase activity during the hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhou Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611, Japan
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Sharma A, Khare SK, Gupta MN. Hydrolysis of rice hull by crosslinked Aspergillus niger cellulase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2001; 78:281-4. [PMID: 11341689 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A. niger cellulase was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde to obtain a heat-stable enzyme preparation for rice hull cellulose hydrolysis. Under optimized crosslinking conditions of 0.12 M glutaraldehyde, pH 7.0, temperature 40 degrees C and at 45 min of crosslinking, a preparation having 15% more activity than free enzyme was obtained which also had considerable improvement in heat stability at 65 degrees C and 70 degrees C. Whereas the free enzyme lost 80% of its activity in 4 h at 65 degrees C, the crosslinked preparation lost only 30% activity. The crosslinked preparation hydrolyzed cellulosic biomass more effectively giving 2.2 mg/ml glucose and 52% corresponding saccharification in 4 h at 65 degrees C as compared to 14% saccharification by free enzyme under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
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13
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Immobilization of β-glucosidase from a commercial preparation. Part 1. A comparative study of natural supports. Process Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(95)00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Suominen PL, Mäntylä AL, Karhunen T, Hakola S, Nevalainen H. High frequency one-step gene replacement in Trichoderma reesei. II. Effects of deletions of individual cellulase genes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 241:523-30. [PMID: 8264527 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Four cellulase genes of Trichoderma reesei, cbh1, cbh2, egl1 and egl2, have been replaced by the amdS marker gene. When linear DNA fragments and flanking regions of the corresponding cellulase locus of more than 1 kb were used, the replacement frequencies were high, ranging from 32 to 52%. Deletion of the major cellobiohydrolase 1 gene led to a 2-fold increase in the production of cellobiohydrolase II; however, replacement of the cbh2 gene did not affect the final cellulase levels and deletion of egl1 or egl2 slightly increased production of both cellobiohydrolases. Based on our results, endoglucanase II accounts for most of the endoglucanase activity produced by the hypercellulolytic host strain. Furthermore, loss of the egl2 gene causes a significant drop in the filter paper-hydrolysing activity, indicating that endoglucanase II has an important role in the total hydrolysis of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Suominen
- Research Laboratories, Alko Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
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Ishihara M, Uemura S, Hayashi N, Shimizu K. Semicontinuous enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 37:948-54. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260371008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Woodward J, Clarke KM. Hydrolysis of cellobiose by immobilized β-glucosidase entrapped in maintenance-free gel spheres. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02922607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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